This document is under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-ND Creative Commons Attribution Grid Workf

合集下载

英语报关问题解释

英语报关问题解释Captivating the essence of international trade, the intricacies of customs clearance in English can be both a gateway to global markets and a labyrinth of regulations. When venturing into the realm of exporting and importing, understanding the nuances of English customs documentation is not just beneficial but imperative.First and foremost, the term "customs clearance" refers to the process by which goods are approved to enter or leave a country. This process involves a meticulous examination of documents, a declaration of the goods, and the payment of duties and taxes as required. It's a crucial step that ensures compliance with national laws and international agreements, safeguarding the economic and security interests of the state.In the English language, customs clearance is often associated with a suite of documents that are as diverse as the goods themselves. The Commercial Invoice, for instance,is a crucial document that itemizes the shipment, providing a detailed description of the goods, their quantity, and value. This document is the cornerstone for calculating duties and taxes.Another pivotal document is the Bill of Lading, which serves as a contract between the shipper and the carrier, outlining the terms of the shipment and the conditions underwhich the goods are transported. It also acts as a receipt of shipment and a document of title, which can be essential for financial transactions.The Packing List, while seemingly straightforward, is equally important. It details the number of packages in a shipment, their contents, and often includes measurements and weights. This document aids in the identification and verification of the shipment's contents.Customs declarations are the formal statements made bythe importer or exporter, detailing the nature of the goods and their intended use. These declarations are subject to scrutiny and are vital for the assessment of duties and taxes.Moreover, understanding the terminology is key. Termslike 'Harmonized System Code' (HS Code), which is an internationally standardized system of names and numbers to classify traded products, or 'Customs Valuation', whichrefers to the process of determining the value of goods for duty purposes, are commonplace in the customs lexicon.Navigating the complexities of English customs clearance requires not only a grasp of the language but also a keen awareness of the legal and procedural frameworks. It's afield where attention to detail is as important as theability to communicate effectively in English.In conclusion, mastering the art of English customs clearance is a blend of technical knowledge, linguistic proficiency, and a strategic approach to international trade.It's a domain where every word, every document, and every declaration counts, making it an indispensable aspect of global commerce.。

英文合同常见条款表达方式

英文合同常见条款表达方式1. 前言Preamble一份标准英文合同通常可以分为前言( Preamble )、正文( Operative part )、附录( Schedule )及证明部分即结束词( Attestation )四大部分组成。

前言(Preamble )由Parties ^及Recitals ” 两部分组成。

“Parties ”为必备条款，在很多时候称为“ commencement ”即合同的开场白，主要介绍合同各方的名称或姓名、注册地及地址、邮编及在合同中的简称。

当然，并不是所有的合同都要详细介绍以上诸要素，在许多简单合同中，只是提一下各方的名称。

I. 以下为’Parties ”的常用表达方式：1. This Agreement is entered into by and between __ and ____ .本协议由以下双方_____ 和___ 签署。

2. This Agreement is entered into by and between __ (hereinafter referred to as ___ )and ___ (hereinafter referred to as " ____ "), whereby it is agreed as follows:本协议由以下双方_____ (以下简称_____ )和 ______ (以下简称___)签署，达成如下协议：注：在很多合同中，这部分加入签约事由，如：This Agreement is entered into through friendly negotiations between ____ Co.(hereinafter referred to as the ’Party A ”) and ________ Co. (hereinafter referred to as the’Party B ”)based on equality and mutual benefit to develop business on the terms and conditions set forth below:本协议由_____ （以下称为甲方）和以下称为乙方）为发展业务在平等互利的基础上签订，其条款如下：This Agreement is entered into between __________ (hereinafter referred to as "Company"),and ____ , (hereinafter referred to as "Employee") pursuant to paragraph VIII(2) of theEmployee Handbook, whereby it is agreed as follows:本“协议” —(以下简称“公司”与__________ (以下简称“雇员”根据“雇员手册”第Vlll(2)款签署，“协议”内容如下：ll. 以下为标准的“ Parties ”条款：3. This Agreement is made and entered into this ___ t h day of ____ in the year of ____by and between _____ , a company duly organized and existing under and by virtue of thelaws of ______ , with its principal place of business at ___________ (hereinafter referred to as “____ ”), and ___ , a company duly organized and existing under and by virtue of thelaws of ______ , with its principal place of business at ___________ (hereinafter referred to as “____ ”), whereby it is agreed as follows:本合约由_____ ，在_____ 法律之下并凭该等法律正式组织并存在的公司，其主要营业地点在 _____ (下称_____ ，与_____ ，在_____ 法律之下并凭该等法律正式组织并存在的公司，其主要营业地点______ (下称代理人) ，于______ 日签订和缔结，协议如下：lll. “Recitals ”由数个以"Whereas" 字样开头的句子所组合而成（这些句子俗称为“ Whereas Clauses ”，表示当事人乃是在基于对这些事实（例如订约的目的、背景来由等）的共同认识，订立此合约。

英文版保密协议 Confidentiality Agreement

Confidentiality AgreementThis Agreement is executed onBETWEEN1.(Disclosing Party)2. (Receiving Party A )3. (Receiving Party B)Background(A)The Parties to this Agreement have agreed to disclose and share certain information for the Purpose, and the Receiving Party has agreed to keep that information confidential, on the terms and conditions set out in this Agreement.1. Operative provisions1.1 DefinitionsIn this document:Agreement means this agreement together with any schedules or annexures any amendments made in accordance with this agreement; Confidential Information means all unpatented inventions, ideas, know-how, concepts, trade secrets, processes, techniques, software, products and all other intellectual property, financial and business information and all other commercially valuable information of the Disclosing Party which the Disclosing Party regards as confidential to it and all copies, notes and records and all related information generated bythe Receiving Party based on or arising out of any such disclosure. Confidential Information excludes, or as the case requires, ceases to include information which is, or becomes:(a) available to the public at the date of its disclosure to the Receiving Party;(b) at the date of its disclosure to the Receiving Party, already properly in the possessionof the Receiving Party in written form otherwise than by prior confidential disclosure from the Disclosing Party;(c) after the date of its disclosure to the Receiving Party, available to the public from sources other than the Receiving Party;(d) after the date of its disclosure to the Receiving Party, properly available to the Receiving Party from a third party having no obligation of confidentiality to the Disclosing Party;(e) demonstrated by the Receiving Party to be independently developed by an employee or agent of the Receiving Party having no knowledge of such information the subject of the disclosure; or(f) required to be disclosed by law;Disclosing Party means the Party which is disclosing information, including Confidential Information;Parties means the parties to this Agreement and their respective successors and permitted assigns, and Party means any one of them; Purpose means the provision of information relating toxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx to undertake due diligence work for the potential sale of the property and business with the controlling party of the property; Receiving Party means the Party which is receiving information, including Confidential Information;Representative of a party means a partner, director, officer, employee, related corporation (as defined in the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), representative (including financial adviser, legal adviser or accountant) or agent of the party.2. Disclosure and use of Confidential Information2.1In return for the Disclosing Party or any Representative of the Disclosing Party agreeing to disclose or make available any Confidential Information to the Receiving Party, the Receiving Party agrees:(a) to use all Confidential Information of the Disclosing Party solely for the Purpose;(b) to keep confidential all Confidential Information of the Disclosing Party (subject to disclosure permitted under clause 2.2); and(c) otherwise to comply with the terms of this Agreement.2.2The Receiving Party may disclose Confidential Information only to those of his Representatives who:(a) have a need to know (and only to the extent that each has a need to know) for the(b) are aware that the Confidential Information must be kept confidential and are subject to appropriate obligations of confidentiality; and(c) if requested by the Disclosing Party, have agreed in writing to comply with the terms of this document as if the Representative were a party to this document;or if required by law to do so.2.3 The Receiving Party must, at its own expense:(a)ensure, at all times, that each Representative to whom Confidential Information has been disclosed under clause 2.2 complies with this document and any agreement contemplated by paragraph 2.2(b) or by paragraph 2.2(c) (a Confidentiality Agreement);(b) notify the Disclosing Party immediately if it becomes aware of a suspected or actual breach of this document or a Confidentiality Agreement;(c) immediately take all steps reasonably required to prevent or stop the suspected or actual breach of this document or a Confidentiality Agreement;(d) comply with any direction issued by the Disclosing Party and provide any assistance reasonably requested from time to time regarding enforcement of this document or a Confidentiality Agreement; and(e) assign any Confidentiality Agreement to the Disclosing Party at its2.4The Receiving Party must, at all times:(a) deal only with the Disclosing Party or its appointed agent in relation to negotiation for the Sale of the xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx; (b) not to contact any person fro the abattoir operation without consent of Disclosing Party;(c) not to visit or inspect the abattoir operation without company or consent of Disclosing Party;3. Security and control3.1 The Receiving Party must:(a) establish and maintain effective security measures to safeguard Confidential Information of the Disclosing Party from disclosure, access or use not authorised by this document; and(b) keep Confidential Information under its control.4. Acknowledgements and indemnity4.1 The Receiving Party acknowledges that it is aware that any breach by the Receiving Party of any obligation in this document may result in the Disclosing Party suffering damage, and that an award of damages may be insufficient to compensate the Disclosing Party for that breach. Accordingly, in addition to other remedies that may be available, theDisclosing Party (and if applicable any other Representative of the Disclosing Party) may seek and obtain injunctive relief against such a breach or a threatened breach.4.2 The Receiving Party acknowledges and agrees that the Disclosing Party has executed this document on behalf of itself and other Representatives of the Disclosing Party, and that this document is intended to be for the benefit of the Disclosing Party and its Representatives.4.3The Receiving Party indemnifies the Disclosing Party and its Representatives (the “indemnitee”) from and against any and all losses, damages, expenses and legal costs (on a solicitor and own client basis and whether incurred by or awarded against the indemnitee) that the indemnitee may sustain or incur as a result, whether directly or indirectly, of any breach bythe Receiving Party of any obligation in this document.4.4 The Receiving Party acknowledges that the Disclosing Party or any of its Representatives:(a) makes no representations or warranties as to the accuracy or completeness of the Confidential Information or its usefulness in achieving any purpose; and(b) to the extent not excluded by law, disclaims and excludes all liability for all claims, expenses, losses, damages and costs that theReceiving Party may incur as a result of the Confidential Information, for any reason, being inaccurate or incomplete in any way or incapable of achieving any purpose.5. Intellectual property rightsThe Receiving Party acknowledges that this document does not transfer any interest in any intellectual property, and that the Disclosing Party retains (and does not waive) any rights the Disclosing Party may have in respect of patents, trade marks, copyright, moral rights or other intellectual property or proprietary rights enforceable under the laws of any country.6. ExclusionsThe obligations of confidentiality under this document do not extend to the excluded information.7. Return of Confidential Information7.1 The Disclosing Party may at any time require the Receiving Party to cease using its Confidential Information.7.2 On receiving a notice pursuant to clause 7.1, or upon completion of the Purpose, the Receiving Party’s right to possess or use Confidential Information of the Disclosing Party ceases and the Receiving Party mustimmediately, at the Disclosing Party ’s discretion:(a) return all Confidential Information to the Disclosing Party;(b) destroy and certify in writing to the Disclosing Party the destruction of all Confidential Information;(c) destroy and permit that the Disclosing Party to witness the destruction of all Confidential Information; or(d) destroy all copies, summaries, notes or reproductions of, all Confidential Information of the Disclosing Party in the Receiving Party’s possession or control.8. Continuing obligationsThe obligations of confidentiality under this document continue to apply to the Receiving Party(in addition to any permitted assignee) after assignment or termination of this document or completion of the Purpose.9. WaiverThe failure of the Disclosing Party at any time to insist on performance of any provision of this document is not a waiver of its right at any later time to insist on performance of that or any other provision of this document.10. AssignmentThe Receiving Party must not assign or otherwise transfer any or all of its obligations arising out of this document without the written consent of the Disclosing Party.11. Governing lawThis document is governed by the laws of, and any dispute will be heard in the courts of, the State of New South Wales, AXXXXX.12.ExecutionSIGNED AS AN AGREEMENT。

2024商业银行房产抵押借款协议样本版B版

20XX 专业合同封面COUNTRACT COVER甲方：XXX乙方：XXX2024商业银行房产抵押借款协议样本版B版本合同目录一览1. 借款人与银行的基本信息1.1 借款人的基本信息1.2 银行的基本信息2. 借款金额与用途2.1 借款金额2.2 借款用途3. 借款期限与还款方式3.1 借款期限3.2 还款方式4. 利率与费用4.1 利率4.2 费用5. 抵押房产5.1 房产基本信息5.2 房产价值评估6. 抵押权设立与变更6.1 抵押权设立6.2 抵押权变更7. 借款的发放与支付7.1 借款的发放7.2 借款的支付8. 借款的管理与监督8.1 借款的管理8.2 借款的监督9. 借款的还款与解除9.1 正常还款9.2 逾期还款9.3 抵押权的实现10. 违约责任10.1 借款人的违约责任10.2 银行的违约责任11. 争议解决11.1 争议的解决方式11.2 争议的管辖法院12. 其他条款12.1 通知与送达12.2 合同的修改与解除12.3 合同的适用法律13. 附录13.1 房产抵押登记证明13.2 借款申请表13.3 其他相关文件14. 签署页14.1 借款人签字14.2 银行签字第一部分：合同如下：第一条借款人与银行的基本信息1.1 借款人的基本信息1.1.1 借款人名称：____________1.1.2 借款人地址：____________1.1.3 借款人联系人：____________1.1.4 借款人联系电话：____________1.1.5 借款人身份证号码：____________1.2 银行的基本信息1.2.1 银行名称：____________1.2.2 银行地址：____________1.2.3 银行联系人：____________1.2.4 银行联系电话：____________1.2.5 银行开户行名称：____________1.2.6 银行开户行地址：____________第二条借款金额与用途2.1 借款金额2.1.1 借款本金金额：人民币（大写）：____________元整（小写）：____________元2.1.2 借款利息金额：人民币（大写）：____________元整（小写）：____________元2.1.3 借款总额：人民币（大写）：____________元整（小写）：____________元2.2 借款用途2.2.1 借款人需明确说明借款的具体用途，并承诺用于合法、合规的用途第三条借款期限与还款方式3.1 借款期限3.1.1 借款期限为____________个月/年3.1.2 借款期限自借款发放之日起计算3.2 还款方式3.2.1 借款人同意按照银行规定的还款计划进行还款3.2.2 还款方式包括但不限于等额本息、等额本金、按期还息到期还款等第四条利率与费用4.1 利率4.1.1 借款利率为年利率____________%，按照银行规定的利率浮动方式进行调整4.1.2 利率调整方式：____________4.2 费用4.2.1 借款人应支付给银行的相关费用包括但不限于：贷款评估费、抵押登记费、保险费、罚息等4.2.2 费用的计算方式、收取标准和支付时间按照银行的规定执行第五条抵押房产5.1 房产基本信息5.1.1 房产地址：____________5.1.2 房产所有权人：____________5.1.3 房产面积：____________平方米5.1.4 房产用途：____________5.1.5 房产所有权证号：____________5.2 房产价值评估5.2.1 借款人应按照银行的要求进行房产价值评估5.2.2 房产评估价值：人民币（大写）：____________元整（小写）：____________元第六条抵押权设立与变更6.1 抵押权设立6.1.1 借款人同意将抵押房产设定为银行借款的抵押物6.1.2 抵押权设立的方式：____________6.1.3 抵押权设立的时间：____________6.2 抵押权变更6.2.1 如抵押权需变更，借款人应提前____________个工作日向银行提出申请，并说明变更原因及变更内容6.2.2 银行同意变更后，双方应签订抵押权变更协议，并办理相应的变更手续第八条借款的发放与支付8.1 借款的发放8.1.1 银行在确认借款人符合贷款条件后，将借款发放至借款人指定的银行账户8.1.2 借款发放时间：____________8.1.3 银行应提供借款发放的书面凭证8.2 借款的支付8.2.1 借款人应按照约定的用途使用借款资金8.2.2 借款人不得将借款资金用于非法、违规的用途8.2.3 借款人应确保借款资金的合理、有效使用第九条借款的管理与监督9.1 借款的管理9.1.1 借款人应按照银行的要求，定期提供借款资金使用情况的报告9.1.2 银行有权对借款人的借款资金使用情况进行检查、监督9.1.3 借款人应配合银行进行借款管理及监督工作9.2 借款的监督9.2.1 银行有权对借款人的财务状况、经营状况等进行监督9.2.2 借款人应保证其提供的信息真实、准确、完整9.2.3 银行有权要求借款人提供必要的证明材料第十条借款的还款与解除10.1 正常还款10.1.1 借款人应按照约定的还款计划进行还款10.1.2 借款人应按时足额支付借款本息10.1.3 借款人未按约定时间还款的，应支付逾期利息，逾期利息的计算方式为：逾期本金×逾期利率×逾期天数10.2 逾期还款10.2.1 借款人未按约定时间足额还款的，构成逾期还款10.2.2 银行有权采取包括但不限于催收、诉讼等措施追讨逾期借款10.2.3 逾期还款的借款人应承担因逾期还款产生的全部费用及损失10.3 抵押权的实现10.3.1 如借款人未按约定时间还款，银行有权依法实现抵押权10.3.2 银行实现抵押权的方式包括但不限于：拍卖、变卖抵押物等10.3.3 借款人应协助银行办理抵押权的实现手续第十一条违约责任11.1 借款人的违约责任11.1.1 借款人未按约定时间、金额还款的，应承担违约责任11.1.2 借款人未按照约定用途使用借款资金的，应承担违约责任11.1.3 借款人提供虚假信息的，应承担违约责任11.2 银行的违约责任11.2.1 银行未按照约定时间发放借款的，应承担违约责任11.2.2 银行未按照约定利率提供贷款的，应承担违约责任11.2.3 银行未按照约定履行借款管理及监督职责的，应承担违约责任第十二条争议解决12.1 争议的解决方式12.1.1 双方发生的争议，应通过友好协商解决12.1.2 如协商不成，任何一方均有权向合同约定的管辖法院提起诉讼12.2 争议的管辖法院12.2.1 双方约定，本合同争议的管辖法院为：____________人民法院第十三条其他条款13.1 通知与送达13.1.1 双方之间的通知、送达均以书面形式进行13.1.2 通知、送达地址为双方在合同中约定的联系地址13.2 合同的修改与解除13.2.1 合同的修改、解除需经双方协商一致，并书面确认13.2.2 合同的修改、解除不得影响借款人承担的违约责任13.3 合同的适用法律13.3.1 本合同适用中华人民共和国法律第十四条附录14.1 房产抵押登记证明14.2 借款申请表14.3 其他相关文件第二部分：其他补充性说明和解释说明一：附件列表：1. 房产抵押登记证明附件要求： original copy of the property mortgage registration certificate附件说明： This document serves as evidence of the registration of the mortgage on the property. It includes information about the property, the borrower, and the lender, as well as the terms of the mortgage.2. 借款申请表附件要求： original application form for the loan附件说明：This document contains the borrower's personal information, contact details, and the purpose of the loan. It also includes the borrower's consent to the terms and conditions of the loan agreement.3. 房产所有权证号附件要求： original copy of the property ownership certificate附件说明： This document proves that the borrower owns the property being mortgaged. It includes the property's legal description, the owner's name, and evidence of the owner's right to mortgage the property.4. 房产评估报告附件要求： original appraisal report of the property附件说明：This document provides an independent assessment of the property's value. It is used to determine the amount of the loan and the value of the collateral.5. 借款合同副本附件要求： photocopy of the loan agreement附件说明： This document is a duplicate of the original loan agreement. It includes all the terms and conditions of the loan, including the borrower's obligations and the lender's rights.6. 贷款发放凭证附件要求： original loan disbursement voucher附件说明： This document serves as proof that the lender has disbursed the loan amount to the borrower. It includes the date, the amount disbursed, and the recipient'saccount details.7. 还款计划表附件要求： repayment schedule附件说明：This document outlines the borrower's repayment obligations, including the due dates, payment amounts, and any interest due.8. 房产抵押设立证明附件要求： original certificate of establishment of mortgage附件说明： This document confirms that the mortgage has been properly established on the property. It includes the details of the mortgage and the date of its establishment.9. 房产抵押变更证明附件要求： original certificate of change in mortgage附件说明： This document is issued if there are any changes to the mortgage, such as an extension of the loan term or a reduction in the loan amount.10. 违约通知附件要求： original notice of default附件说明： This document is sent the lender to the borrower when a default occurs. It outlines the nature of the default and the steps required to cure the default.11. 催收信件附件要求： original collection letter附件说明： This document is sent the lender to the borrower to demand payment of the outstanding loan balance. It includes the total amount due, the due date, and the consequences of nonpayment.12. 法律文件附件要求： original legal documents附件说明： This category includes any legal documents that are part of the loan agreement, such as the deed of trust, the promissory note, and any other agreements that govern the relationship between the borrower and the lender.说明二：违约行为及责任认定：1. 逾期还款违约行为： Failure to make loan payments the due date.责任认定： The borrower is required to pay late fees and interest on the outstanding balance until the payment is received. In serious cases, the lender may have the right to declare the entire outstanding balance due immediately.2. 未按约定用途使用借款资金违约行为： Using the loan funds for purposes other than those agreed upon in the loan agreement.责任认定：The borrower is required to repay the outstanding balance immediately and may be subject to additional penalties or fines.3. 提供虚假信息违约行为： Providing false or misleading information to the lender.责任认定： The borrower is liable for any resulting losses or damages and may be required to repay the entire loan amount plus interest.4. 未按约定时间还款违约行为：Failure to make loan payments the agreedupon deadline.责任认定： The borrower is required to pay late fees and。

英语能力介绍

英语能力介绍1Oh my goodness! Let me tell you about my English abilities. I have been passionate about English for a long time, and it has become an integral part of my life. When it comes to speaking, I performed incredibly well in the English speech contest. I was able to express my thoughts fluently and vividly, and the audience was deeply impressed by my confident and clear pronunciation. How amazing it was!As for listening, I can catch the key points accurately when listening to English podcasts or news. I can understand various accents and dialects, which enables me to communicate smoothly with people from different regions. Isn't it wonderful?Reading is also one of my strengths. I can quickly understand and summarize the main contents when reading English original works. I can delve into the world created by the authors and gain valuable knowledge and inspiration. How fulfilling it is!When it comes to writing, I can express my ideas precisely and logically. I can use rich vocabulary and proper grammar to write beautiful essays and articles. Isn't that great?In conclusion, my English abilities in listening, speaking, reading and writing have enabled me to explore the vast world of English and havebrought me countless wonderful experiences. How lucky I am to have such abilities!2Oh my goodness! Let me tell you about my English abilities. When it comes to communicating with foreign teachers, I can express my viewpoints smoothly without any obstacles. How amazing is that? I remember once during a discussion about environmental protection, I shared my thoughts and suggestions clearly. The foreign teacher was impressed by my fluent language and logical thinking. Isn't it wonderful?In terms of writing, I have a solid foundation as well. My grammar usage is always accurate, and the logic of my articles is strict and coherent. For instance, when writing an essay about cultural differences, I carefully organized my ideas and presented them in a well-structured manner. The teacher praised my writing, saying it was like a masterpiece! How proud I was at that moment!I believe my strong communication skills and excellent writing skills are my advantages in learning English. Do you think so? I will continue to work hard and improve my English abilities to reach a higher level. How exciting the journey ahead will be!3Oh my goodness! Let me tell you about how I've been boosting myEnglish skills. I used to struggle with this language, but now I'm making amazing progress! I firmly believe that consistency is the key. Every single day, without fail, I make it a point to recite a bunch of new words. This habit has really expanded my vocabulary. And reading English articles has also been a crucial part of my routine. By doing so, my comprehension skills have soared!Another thing that has worked wonders for me is attending English training courses. Through systematic learning, I've witnessed remarkable improvements, especially in my listening ability. Before, I would often get lost when listening to English, but now I can catch most of the important points. How exciting is that?I also actively engage in English conversations with friends and practice writing regularly. All these efforts have combined to bring about a significant transformation in my English proficiency. Isn't it amazing? I'm so proud of how far I've come and I'm determined to keep going and keep improving!4Oh my goodness! How important is the ability of English for personal development? Let me tell you! English proficiency can truly open up a world of opportunities. Imagine this, you have an excellent command of English, and suddenly, you are offered a chance to participate in an international exchange program. Isn't that amazing? You get to experiencedifferent cultures, meet new people, and broaden your horizons. This is all because of your good English skills!Also, when it comes to job hunting, English ability can be a huge competitive advantage. For instance, in a highly competitive job market, where everyone has similar qualifications, your outstanding English can make you stand out. You could land that dream job that requires frequent communication with international clients or partners. How wonderful would that be?So, dear friends, never underestimate the significance of having a strong English ability. It is like a key that unlocks countless doors to success and a passport that takes you to places you have never imagined. Isn't it time for us to work harder on improving our English skills?5Oh my goodness! When it comes to my English proficiency, it's truly a remarkable journey of exploration and growth. I have always prided myself on the accuracy of my language usage. Whenever I encounter a complex text, be it a specialized document or a profound literary work, I am able to dissect it with precision and extract the essence with ease. For instance, when translating professional literature, I can grasp the original meaning accurately and offer an impeccably precise translation. How amazing is that?The depth of my language understanding is another aspect that I amparticularly proud of. When delving into English literary masterpieces, I can penetrate the author's intentions and appreciate the subtleties of the language style. I can sense the emotions and thoughts hidden between the lines, as if I were having a profound conversation with the author. Isn't it fascinating?In conclusion, my English abilities have allowed me to navigate the vast sea of the language with confidence and finesse. I am constantly striving to enhance and refine these skills, for the world of English is a never-ending source of wonder and discovery!。

英文终止合同通知函范本

英文终止合同通知函范本Termination NoticeDear [Recipient],This letter serves as formal notice of the termination of the contract between [Party A] and [Party B], effective [termination date]. Please find the relevant details below:1. Parties involved:[Party A]Address:Contactperson:Telephone:[Party B]Address:Contact person:Telephone:2. Identity, Rights and Obligations of Both Parties:[Party A] is [company name], a legal entity organized under the laws of the People's Republic of China, with business registration number [registration number].[Party B] is [company name], a legal entity organized under the laws of [country], registered under [registration number].Under the terms of the contract, [Party A] had the obligation to [contract obligation], while [Party B] had the obligation to [contract obligation].3. Performance, Duration and Breach:The contract was entered into on [contract date] and was originally to remain ineffect until [expiration date]. However, [Party B] has breached the contract by [description of breach].[Party A] has performed all obligations under the contract according to its terms.4. Compliance with Chinese Law:Both parties agree to comply with all laws and regulations of the People's Republic of China relevant to this contract.5. Rights and Obligations of Both Parties:The termination of the contract does not affect the rights and obligations of either party incurred up to the date of termination.6. Legal Effectiveness and Enforceability:The termination of the contract is legally effective and enforceable, and settles all claims and rights between the parties arising from the contract.Please acknowledge receipt of this notice of termination.Sincerely,[Your Name][Your Position]。

National Identity《综合英语 (第三册)(第二版)》

• Do you think all people of your nationality would identify in the same way? Why or why not?
Tips: While certain common elements contribute to the formation of one’s national identity, the reasons for those choices can also be personal.
2) What is the national identity of the United States, and how does it relate to each of us as individuals?
Main menu
Part One: Navigation
2. Activities
Main menu
Part One: Navigation
• When it comes to the idea of national identity, what thoughts, feelings or question do you have? Tips: National feeling is, essentially, the individual’s feeling of relatedness to the national group or, more generally, a form of group belonging.
Teaching plan:
1. lead–in Questions for class discussion：
1) Where does a nation’s identity come from? How can individuals with so many different identities come together to form a national identity?

2023年国际货运代理从业人员资格考试国际货代英语

全国国际货运代理从业人员资格考试（国际货代英语）试卷及答案答案：一、单项选择.1.D.2.B.3.B.4.B.5.A.6.B.7.D.8.C.9.A.10.B.11.D.12.B.13.B.14.C.15.B.16.B.17.A;18.B.19.B.20.C.二、判断.1.F.2T.3.F.4.T.5.T.6.T.7.T.8.F.9.T.10.T.11.T.12.F.13.F.14.F.15.F.16.T.17..18.T.19.F.20.F.三、多选.（每题2分，共20分）1.ABC.2.BD.3.ABCD.4.AD.5.AB.6.AD.7.AB.8.BC.9.ABC.10.BC.四、英汉互译.（每题1分，共20分）1．英译汉(1)清关（通关）；(2)一般货品（件杂货、杂货、一般货品）；(3)保险费；(4)分批装运（分批装船）；(5)港口拥挤附加费；(6)装货单（装运单、下货纸）；(7)等级运价（等级费率、等级货品运价）；(8)跟单信用证统一通例.(9)集装箱货运站；(10)保函（保证函）。

2．汉译英(1)shippin.document（transpor.document,transportatio.document,shipmen.document）.(2)transshipmen.additional.(3) Ai.Waybill.(4)particula.average;(5)inheren.vice.(6)internationa.trade.(7)constructiv.tota.loss.(8)no tic.o.readiness.(9)custom.formalities.(10)carriag.o.good.b.road（nd）五、英文单证操作.（20分）(1)Chin.XY.impor.an.expor.corp..(2.t.orde..(3.UV.corporation.;(4.Golde.Star.018E.(5.Qingdao.(6.Osaka.(7.GSTU3156712/20’.(8.ITOCH.OSAK.NO.1-800.(9)(on.containe.contents.80.Cartons(CTS).(10.100.Cotto.Towel.(11..KGS;.(12)freigh.prepaid.(13.Qin gdao.Octobe.14...(14.Three(3).(15)BB.shippin.agenc.a.agen.fo.AA.shippin.Co.a.carrier;(1.Chin.XY.impor.an.expor.corp.;(2.100.Cotto.Towel.(3)USD9900;(4.coverin.th.Institut.Carg.Cla use.(A).th.Institut.Wa.Clauses.(5.Octobe.14.。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

Available online athttp://www.ges2007.deThis document is under the terms of theCC-BY-NC-ND Creative Commons AttributionGrid Workﬂow Modelling Using Grid-Speciﬁc BPELExtensionsT.Dörnemann,T.Friese,S.Herdt,E.Juhnke and B.FreislebenDepartment of Mathematics and Computer Science,University of Marburg,Hans-Meerwein Straße,D-35032Marburg,Germanyemail:{doernemt,friese,seherdt,ejuhnke,freisleb}@informatik.uni-marburg.dephone:(+496421)2821521,fax:(+496421)28573AbstractThis paper discusses problems of Grid service composition using BPEL4WS.In particular,difﬁculties concerning the invocation of WSRF-based services areelucidated.A solution to this problem is presented by extending the BPEL spec-iﬁcation,and an implementation based on the ActiveBPEL workﬂow enactmentengine is described.1IntroductionService-oriented Grid computing has gained tremendous interest in academic as well as in business environments.Many of the applications,especially from academic environments,have been designed as monolithic solutions that are hard to adapt,even to slight changes in the application requirements.Required adaptations must be im-plemented by programmers specialized both in Grid middleware and applications.The paradigm shift to service-orientation in Grid middleware opens the possibility to use a far moreﬂexible software development approach,namely to compose applications from standard components,promising easier development and modiﬁcation of Grid ap-plications.The Business Process Execution Language for Web Services(BPEL4WS or BPEL)[1]has gained a lot of attention and broad adoption for composing compo-nent based business applications.The focus of the BPEL language is to enable the composition of basic web services into more complex applications.Its popularity in the business application domain makes BPEL very promising for process creation in the Grid domain,since many process execution,management and creation tools are expected to be developed in the future or are currently under development.Modern Grid middleware environments like the Globus Toolkit4(GT4)[2],Uni-core/GS[3]and gLite[4]are built on the Web Service Resource Framework(WSRF) [5]standard which extends web services.This allows the creation of so-called state-ful web services which can store the state of operations and other properties without breaking the compatibility to standard web services.In the Grid environment,however,BPEL has a major drawback:the current spec-iﬁcation(version1.1)is not capable of dealing with WSRF-compliant services[6,7] transparently to the workﬂow designer.The designer has to manually take care of creat-ing resources,copying identiﬁers and so on.Therefore,we present an extension to the2T.Dörnemann,T.Friese,S.Herdt,E.Juhnke,B.FreislebenBPEL language which allows the interaction with both stateless and stateful services and their resources in an easy to use fashion.This faciliates the seamless integration of Grid applications in business applications and vice versa.Our implementation based on ActiveBPEL Engine is brieﬂy described.Furthermore,our Eclipse-based collabora-tive workﬂow modelling tool[8]has been extended to reﬂect the changes to the BPEL vocabulary.The paper is organized as follows.Section2brieﬂy introduces the features of BPEL. The proposed extensions are presented in Section3.Section4describes implementation issues,and section5discusses related work.Section6concludes the paper and outlines areas for future work.2Business Process Execution LanguageThe Business Process Execution Language for Web Services(BPEL4WS)has emerged from the earlier proposed XLANG[9]and Web Service Flow Language(WSFL)[10]. It enables the construction of complex web services composed of other web services that act as the basic activities in the process model of the newly constructed service. BPEL offers a conceptual distinction between abstract processes that describe the ex-ternal view on the process model and executable processes that describe the workﬂow of the compound service and can be executed by a process execution engine in order to provide the functionality of the compound service to a client.Access to the process is exposed by the execution engine through a web service interface,allowing those pro-cesses to be accessed by web service clients or to act as basic activities in other process speciﬁcations.BPEL features several basic activities which allow for interaction with the services being arranged in the workﬂow.This activities cover invoke,receive and reply. Furthermore,it is possible to wait for some time(wait),terminate the execution of the workﬂow instance(terminate activity),copy data from one message to another (assign),announce errors(throw),or just to do noting(empty activity).To allow the composition of complex operations,a variety of structured activities exists.Sequence offers the ability to deﬁne ordered sequences of steps,flow ex-ecutes a collection of steps in parallel whereas the execution order is given by links between the activities.The switch activity allows branching,pick allows to execute one of several alternative paths and loops can be deﬁned using the while activity.Fur-thermore,BPEL includes the feature of scoping activities and specifying fault handlers and compensation handlers for scopes.Faults handlers get executed when exceptions occur,for instance,through the execution of the mentioned throw pensa-tion handlers are activated when faults occur or when compensation activities that force compensation of a scope are executed.All entities orchestrated in a workﬂow are seen as so-called"partners"in BPEL. Partners offer their functionality via their WSDL[11]port type description.The syn-tactical element partnerLink contains two attributes apart from the partner link type (which refers to the port type):myRole and partnerRole to specify which roles are played by the composition and the partner.During runtime,partners are mapped to actual service instances by the workﬂow-enactment engine.GES2007Grid Workﬂow Modelling Using Grid-Speciﬁc BPEL Extensions3 3Extensions to the Business Process Execution Language Very common in WSRF-based frameworks is the use of factory patterns to instanti-ate resources.A factory is a web service exposing an operation(createResource) to create resources.Invoking this operation creates a new resource,generates an unique ID to identify the resource in later service calls and associates the resource with a web service.Thus,to invoke a stateful web service,the invoking client needs to know the ID of the resource(s)to be used.Since BPEL1.1was designed to operate on non-stateful web services,there is no standard way to store the unique identiﬁer returned by the factory service and automatically use it in invoke operations on the service the resource was assigned to.Consequently,the identiﬁer needs to be manually copied to the ReferenceProperties element of the SOAP[12]message[13]which adds additional complexity to the process deﬁnition and requires detailed knowledge of the speciﬁcation of WSRF.A solution to this problem using standard BPEL activities has been presented byZager[14]who proposed to store the ID retrieved by the factory call,manually extract it using BPEL assign operations and copy it to the referenceProperty element of the WS-Addressingﬁeld to be used in the invocation of the service the resource is assigned to.This solution is not very intuitive,requires a lot of additional code writing and requires changes to the WSDL description of the WSRF service.3.1GridInvokeOur proposed solution is based on introducing a new activity to the BPEL standard called gridInvoke(GI).It is derived from the invoke activity and transparently handles the invocation of state-aware WSRF services.This means that this new ele-ment of the language allows the invocation of state-aware services and the manipula-tion and querying of their resources.As described above,the resources to be assigned to the state-aware service must be created prior to the invocation.Therefore,we intro-duce the activities gridCreateResourceInvoke(GCRI)and gridDestroy-ResourceInvoke(GDRI)which handle the creation and destruction of WS-resources.The syntax of the constructs is described in listing1,lines10–15.1<partnerLinkSets>2<partnerLinkSet name="plsName">3<resourceLink name="rlnName">4<factory name="factoryName"partnerLink="factoryPL"/>5<resource name="resourceName"partnerLink="resourcePL"/>6</resourceLink>7</partnerLinkSet>8</partnerLinkSets>10<gridCreateResourceInvoke resourceLink="rlnName"11partnerLinkSet="plsName"/>12<gridInvoke resourceLink="rlnName"partnerLinkSet="plsName"13operation="opName"inputVariable="inVar"outputVariable="outVar"/>14<gridDestroyResourceInvoke resourceLink="rlsName"15partnerLinkSet="plsName"/>Listing1:Grid-speciﬁc extensions for the invocation of stateful WS4T.Dörnemann,T.Friese,S.Herdt,E.Juhnke,B.FreislebenThese activities need only to be invoked once before and after using the service.The required information,such as the the partner link of the factory service and the returned endpoint reference(EPR)pointing to the service the resource has been assigned to,are stored in so called Partner Link Sets(partnerLinkSet).This is done automatically and transparently to the BPEL designer at run-time of the process by the BPEL en-gine.Lines3-6of listing1deﬁne a resource link which consists of partner links of the factory and instance service to be used.By using the resource link in the activities in lines10-15,the BPEL engine automatically creates resources(GCRI)by invoking the createResource operation of the factory port type,uses the correct resources in gridInvoke and destroys(GDRI)the resource upon request(line14-15).As listing 1shows,apart from once creating a partner link set,only two lines(one atomic activity without the need to copy data using assign)of BPEL code are required to interact with stateful,WSRF compatible,web services.Figure1:Execution chain of gridCreateResourceInvoke,gridInvoke and gridDe-stroyResouceInvokeThe implementation of this extension will be brieﬂy described in section4.3.2Eclipse-Based BPEL Designer ApplicationTo make the development of Grid-enabled workﬂows as convenient as possible,we have developed an Eclipse-based BPEL designer application[8].It provides the abil-ity to adapt to the needs of different groups of developers,allowing Grid middleware experts to inspect and manipulateﬁne details of a Grid process(high-ﬁdelity editing) while hiding complicated details from application domain experts(low-ﬁdelity editing). Toﬁll the gap between high-and low-ﬁdelity editing,a collection of wizards assigns values to the hidden properties in the model elements,based on certain patterns and heuristics deﬁned for the overall system.Furthermore,the application allows real-time collaboration between users by sharing the process model over network connections.GES2007Grid Workﬂow Modelling Using Grid-Speciﬁc BPEL Extensions5Figure2:The grid-enabled BPEL designer displaying a simulation/optimization pro-cessAn integrated text-chat allows discussing the development process.Most notably,the BPEL designer application features an easy to use wizard for the creation of the ac-tivities explained above.After importing the services WSDL description(factory and instance),most of the required data is automatically generated by the wizard.4ImplementationThe implementation of our extensions to the BPEL standard is based on the BPEL engine developed by Active Endpoints[15],because the engine is quite robust and the source code is available(GPL).Figure3gives an overview of the logical components of the ActiveBPEL engine.Of special interest for our work are the Process Management and the Process component itself(highlighted in theﬁgure).The most important ex-tension is the construct of PartnerLinkSets which encapsulates the handling of WSRF resources.A SOAP handler component has been developed which automatically in-serts the Resource Key and other information needed to identify the resources into the SOAP Header of service calls.It is plugged into Apache Axis using the standard mech-anism(client conﬁg).Besides implementing classes for handling and storing properties of GridInvoke,GridCreateResourceInvoke and GridDestroyResourceInvoke,the Ac-tiveBPEL management GUI(web based)has been extended to reﬂect our changes to BPEL.6T.Dörnemann,T.Friese,S.Herdt,E.Juhnke,B.FreislebenFigure3:Logical components of the ActiveBPEL engine4.1Partner Link SetsPartnerLinkSets may contain multiple resourceLinks,each corresponding to a WSRF resource.Resource links consist of a factory service and a resource itself.Both,fac-tory and resource,handle the concrete partnerLink which points to the services to be invoked.The information where the resource is located is retrieved from the factory ser-vice and automatically copied to the resource link by our implementation.The resource key,which is important for Grid middleware correlation,is delivered by the factory ser-vice and–together with the endpoint information of the instantiated WSRF resource–stored in the resource element of the resourceLink.4.2Invoking a WSRF ResourceThe gridCreateResourceInvoke activity identiﬁes the corresponding partnerLinkSet before determining the resourceLink from it and constructing an invoke object.The created invoke object is added to the execution queue of the engine.As soon as the invoke is dequeued,any resourceLink information contained in that invoke is identiﬁed and the concrete endpoint is set in the Axis call.As soon as the response arrives,it is parsed and the resource key as well as the endpoint address are stored as a resource in the resourceLink.This information is handled by the partnerLinkSet data structure.When gridInvoke is called,it does a lookup for the partnerLinkSet and identiﬁes the resourceLink corresponding to it.The engine’s natural strategy to resolve a partner-Link is to look them up by their names.In order to use this mechanism,we decided to introduce unique identiﬁers for resources which are stored in the invoke object.Hence, the engine can resolve the resourceLink during the creation of an Axis call object.Sub-sequently,the correct endpoint information is saved within the call and the information about the resource key is put into the MessageContext(see SOAP Handler).GridDestroyResourceInvoke is used when a WSRF resource is not required any-more and therefore its lifetime should end.It constructs an invoke object in the same way gridInvoke does(but with the intention of destroying the resource).After a re-GES2007Grid Workﬂow Modelling Using Grid-Speciﬁc BPEL Extensions7 sponse arrives,the resource is removed from the partnerLinkSet.4.3SOAP HandlerThe SOAPHandler is integrated into the handler chain of Apache Axis.It inspects the MessageContext for given resourceKey information.If some information is found, the resource key is added to the SOAP header of the message,so that the Grid middle-ware can correlate the call with the correct WSRF resource.If no information is found, the call remains unchanged.In any case,the handler chain continues processing it. 4.4Management GUIAs mentioned above,the management GUI is a web-based frontend.It now has extended functionalities to be able to display our extension in the process graph view. 5Related WorkSeveral papers study the applicability of BPEL in service-oriented Grid environ-ments.For example,Leymann[13]extensively illustrates the advantages of using workﬂow systems with focus on Grid environments.It is argued that some extensions to the BPEL standard may be needed to fully integrate BPEL workﬂows in Grid envi-ronments.The author states that especially monitoring capabilities are missing and a separate standardization effort is required.Therefore,he concludes that Grid speciﬁc extensions of BPEL should be speciﬁed instead of deﬁning new Grid-speciﬁc standards.Slomiski[16]discusses beneﬁts and challenges of using BPEL in Grid environ-ments.The author compares both Open Grid Services Infrastructure(OGSI)[17]and WSRF[5]based Grid middlewares and concludes,that WSRF is much easier to use with BPEL than OGSI since WSRF deﬁnes extensions to WS technology instead of re-deﬁning it.Furthermore,questions such as supporting large data transfers,long running workﬂows and monitoring are brieﬂy discussed.However,the paper does not address the particular question of invoking stateful services from BPEL.Chao et al.[7]propose an architecture to enable Grid service composition based on OGSI and BPEL4WS.To hide complexity,their approach wraps Grid service clients as web services called Proxy Web Services.These Proxy Services are orchestrated in workﬂows using standard BPEL.All operations performed on the Proxy Services will be delegated to the actual Grid service.The approach seams feasible for OGSI which is,as already mentioned,much harder to use with BPEL than WSRF.However,it adds complexity to the Grid environment by creating a Proxy Service for every single Grid service.For this reason,the solution is not feasible for WSRF-based Grids.Amnuaykanjanasin and Nupairoj[19]present a similar approach for the orchestra-tion of OGSI-based Grid services using Proxy Services.The main difference to the work mentioned above is that security mechanisms(Globus Toolkit3security based on WS-Security[20])and notiﬁcations are supported.Furthermore,the authors present a tool for automatically creating Proxy Services.Despite the fact that the complexity8T.Dörnemann,T.Friese,S.Herdt,E.Juhnke,B.Freislebenof Grid environments is increased by this approach,the solution is interesting since it allows the usage of security and notiﬁcation features.Tan and Turner[6]describe their experience on orchestrating WSRF-based Grid services(Globus Toolkit4)using BPEL.They identify two main problems:(1)secu-rity mechanisms cannot be used due to technical problems like incompatible Axis[18] versions,and(2)it is not possible to easily address WS-resources.The author’s solu-tion to the addressing problem is to pass the endpoint reference identifying the created resource as an operation parameter to the Grid service.The service then has to iden-tify the resources using the reference received in the SOAP call.In our opinion,this approach is not feasible since it requires handling code in every Grid service to be or-chestrated.Hence,it is impossible to invoke existing standard services like WS-GRAM (Web Service Grid Resource Allocation and Management).6ConclusionsIn this paper,we have presented an extension to the BPEL language which allows the interaction with both stateless and stateful services and their resources in an easy to use manner.An implementation based on the ActiveBPEL Engine has been described, and our Eclipse-based collaborative workﬂow modelling tool[8]has been extended to reﬂect the changes to the BPEL vocabulary.A topic for further research is the seamless integration of security mechanisms(like WS-SecureConversation)as well as Virtual Organization Management into the BPEL engine and our workﬂow designing tool.Furthermore,workﬂow execution tracing and logging combined with metadata ex-traction is a promissing subject.Basically,this approach should enable the user to query a database containing all afore executed workﬂows for workﬂow runs with speciﬁc char-acteristics.Thus,users get the ability to compare results of i.e.the same workﬂow with different input data which might be useful for the analysis of experimental series and other applications.7AcknowledgementsThis work isﬁnancially supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research(BMBF)(D-Grid Initiative,InGrid Project).References1.IBM(2003)BPEL4WS:Business Process Execution Language for Web Services,/developerworks/webservices/library/ws-bpel/2.Globus Allicance,Globus Toolkit4.0,/toolkit/3.Unicore Forum,Unicore/GS,/4.EGEE Project,gLite,http://glite.web.cern.ch/glite/5.OASIS,Web Service Resource Framework(WSRF) 1.2,http://www.oasis-/committees/tc_home.php?wg_abbrev=wsrfGES2007Grid Workﬂow Modelling Using Grid-Speciﬁc BPEL Extensions9 6.K.L.L.Tan,K.J.Turner,Orchestrating Grid Services using BPEL and Globus Toolkit,7thAnnual PostGraduate Symposium on the Convergence of Telecommunications,Networking and Broadcasting,Liverpool,June2006.7.K.Chao,M.Younas,N.Grifﬁths,I.Awan,R.Anane,C.Tsai,Analysis of Grid ServiceComposition with BPEL4WS,Proc.of18th International Conference on Advanced Infor-mation Networking and Applications,2004,IEEE Press,p.284-289.8.T.Friese,M.Smith,B.Freisleben,J.Reichwald,T.Barth,M.Grauer,Collaborative GridProcess Creation Support in an Engineering Domain,Proc.of the13th International Con-ference on High Performance Computing,2006,IEEE Press9.Microsoft(2001):XLANG-Web Services for Business Process Design,/XLANG-C-200106.html10.IBM(2001):Web Services Flow Language,/software/solutions/webservices/pdf/WSFL.pdf11.World Wide Web Consortium(W3C),Web Service Deﬁnition Language(WSDL)1.1,/TR/wsdl.html12.World Wide Web Consortium(W3C),SOAP speciﬁcation1.2,/TR/soap/13. F.Leymann,Choreography for the Grid:towardsﬁtting BPEL to the resource framework,Concurrency and Computation:Practice and Experience,V olume18,Issue10,2005,Wiley &Sons,p.1201-121714.M.Zager,Business Process Orchestration with BPEL:BPEL supports time critical decisionmaking,SOA/Web Services,/read/155631_1.htm15.Active Endpoints,16. A.Slomiski,On using BPEL extensibility to implement OGSI and WSRF Grid workﬂows,Concurrency and Computation:Practice and Experience,V olume18,Issue10,2005,Wiley &Sons,p.1229-124117.Global Grid Forum(GGF),Open Grid Services Architecture 1.0,/documents/GFD.15.pdf18.Apache Axis(version1.21),/axis/19.Pichet Amnuaykanjanasin and Natawut Nupairoj,The BPEL Orchestrating Framework forSecured Grid Services,Proc.of the International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing(ITCC’05),V olume I,2005,IEEE Press,p.348-25320.OASIS,WS-Security speciﬁcation 1.1,http://www.oasis-/committees/tc_home.php?wg_abbrev=wss。