湖北大学考博英语-1.doc
考博士英语试题及答案
考博士英语试题及答案一、词汇和语法（共20分，每题2分）1. The word "innovate" is most closely related to which of the following?A. CreateB. ImitateC. DuplicateD. Annihilate答案：A2. Which sentence is grammatically correct?A. She has been working here since she graduated.B. She has been working here since she graduated from university.C. She has been working here since she graduated university.D. She has been working here since she was graduated.答案：B3. The correct usage of the word "subsequent" is demonstrated in which sentence?A. The subsequent event was unexpected.B. The subsequent events were unexpected.C. The subsequent event was not expected.D. The subsequent events were not expected.答案：B4. What is the antonym of "abundant"?A. ScarceB. AbundantC. PlentifulD. Ample答案：A5. The phrase "at the mercy of" means:A. To be in a position of power.B. To be controlled by someone or something.C. To show mercy to someone.D. To be in a state of uncertainty.答案：B...二、阅读理解（共30分，每篇阅读5题，每题2分）Passage 1[文章内容略]6. What is the main idea of the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]7. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]8. The author's attitude towards the subject can be best described as:A. SkepticalB. OptimisticC. NeutralD. Pessimistic答案：[正确答案]9. What does the term "paradigm shift" refer to in the context of the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]10. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案][其他Passage及问题略]三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）[文章内容略]11. The blank [ ] should be filled with:A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]12. The word that best completes the sentence is:A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]...四、翻译（共20分，每题5分）13. Translate the following sentence into English: [中文句子]答案：[英文翻译]14. Translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: [英文句子]答案：[中文翻译]...五、写作（共10分）15. Write an essay of about 300 words on the topic "The Impact of Technology on Education".[写作指导略][学生作文略]注意：以上试题及答案仅为示例，实际考试内容会有所不同。
考博士英语试题及答案
考博士英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共40分）1. 阅读下列短文，然后根据短文内容回答问题。
（每题2分，共10分）[短文内容略](1) What is the main idea of the passage?(2) What does the author suggest about the future of technology?(3) Why are some people hesitant to adopt new technologies?(4) What is the role of education in technological advancement?(5) How can individuals contribute to the development of technology?2. 阅读以下文章，然后根据文章内容选择最佳答案。
（每题2分，共10分）[文章内容略](1) A(2) B(3) C(4) D(5) E3. 阅读以下文章，并根据文章内容回答问题。
（每题3分，共20分） [文章内容略](1) What is the primary purpose of the article?(2) How does the author describe the impact of globalization?(3) What are some of the challenges faced by developing countries?(4) What solutions does the author propose to address the issues?(5) What is the author's conclusion regarding the futureof globalization?二、词汇与语法（共30分）1. 根据句子意思，选择正确的词汇填空。
武汉大学博士英语结课考试及答案
一、段落分析Concept-defining(一)C ontent 内容（from paragraph level）1 Topic 话题（特点general笼统）2 Aspect (supporting sentence)from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理from idea/mentality to behavior从思想到行为from technology to societyfrom individual to social aspects从个体到社会from oneself to others从自身到他人from direct to indirect aspects从直接到间接from physical environment to economic and social structure从地理环境到社会经济结构3 Perspective (point of view)角度+ Key words=thesis 论点+evidence论据=theme主题（main idea）+aspects方面4 Form/Function形式（passage level）Structure: the organization of the whole articleIntroduction (what)Body (why)Conclusion (how)(二)P aragraph development1 Skill/Pattern；Fact/DetailStatistics统计Examples例证Statements阐述Quotation引言2 Method针对所选用的skill的方法1)topic order2)causal order = cause and effect3)spatial order = space order4)chronological order = time order5)problem and solution6)means and ends7)process and result8)classification9)hierarchical structure 分层次、等级的(from least to most)10)antithesis对偶、排比11)progression递进(a gradual process of change or developing over period of time)12)comparison (相似) and contrast(差异) 对比3 Logic relationship (from passage level) (what, why, how)1)Cause and effect因果关系=why & how2)Means and ends = process and purpose = how手段和目的；过程和目的3)Topic/idea and reason (introduction)= what & why4)Problem and solution = what & how5)Example = how(三)D eveloping Paragraph/Body(正文/主体)1Unity (一致性)—topic sentence切题，与开篇提出的论点相关2Development (发展性)—supporting sentences no more than 5 aspects论据是否充分Common Methods of Development1)exemplification例证2)facts事实3)citation引证4)comparison and contrast比较与对比5)analysis分析6)classification分类3Coherence (连贯性):主要指段落中的句子与句子之间在逻辑上和结构上的相互连贯—条理清楚、层次分明、衔接自然1)transitions/signposts过渡词/路标词2)from the most important to the least important or vice verse由重到轻，反之亦然3)general principle by classification:总原则（分类）from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理from individual to social aspects从个体到社会from oneself to others从自身到他人from direct to indirect aspects从直接到间接from physical environment to economic and social structure从地理环境到社会经济结构第一课的第三段：Our second major discovery was that the Information Marketplace will dramatically affect people and organizations on a wide scale.Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and manufacturing, it will also improve health care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and social encounters across the globe, and generally permeate the thousands of things we do in the course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures, and it will encourage new art forms, which may be criticized but will move art forward, as new tools have always done. It will also improve education and training, first in specific and established ways and later through breakthroughs that are confidently awaited. Human organizations from tiny companies to entire第一课的第十二段：The wise eye will also see that the Information Marketplace is much influential than its parts—the interfaces, middleware and pipes that make up the three-story building on which we stand. Once they are integrated, they present a much greater power—t he power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska, to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work, to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support. These powers are far greater than第八课的第一段：Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies.In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent第八课的第四段：It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: “This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.”Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to第八课的第六段：Humanity may not act in time to prevent the decimation of the rain forests, fossil fuels, arable land, and fisheries. In only 40 years, Ethiopia’s forest cover shrank from 30% to 1%. During the same time period, the rest of the world lost half of its rain forests. Powerful decision-making groups ignore those who sound an alarm; their political, economic, and religious agendas fail to address the第八课的第八段：If we are going to avoid the fate of the Easter Islanders, we must change the myths that are leading us toward extinction and find inspiring visions of a plausible and appealing future. The old myths have collapsed, but no new ones have emerged to fill the vacuum. For transformation to occur, human beings must actively shape the future, an enterprise that goes to the heart of mythmaking. If we are each a cell in what Peter Russell calls “The Global Brain,” then this is an第八课的第十二段：But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides——first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize——was followed by theunintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to aboriginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug第八课的第二十五段：The third principle is to identify real-life situations in which antagonists can find common ground. With a recognition of the limitations of linguistic exchange, postmodernists urge that groups “press beyond dialogue.” For example, athletes and musicians from all walks of life can generate smooth and effective teams or musical groups. Business executives and scientists from conflicting backgrounds are often able to work together to generate multinational corporations and二、文章结构分析第八课1-4段Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent ziggurat-like structures in central Africa.Easter Island, celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization, is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors. Current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1,600 years ago the island’s first settlers, explorers from Polynesia, found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators. They multiplied and prospered, distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sophisticated economy and complex political system. Rival clans erected ever-larger statues on platforms, emulating the stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears, trying to surpass each other with displays of power and wealth.Eventually, as the island’s population grew to 20,000 people, the forests were cut more rapidly than they regenerated. Trees were transformed into fuel, canoes, and houses, as well as rollers and ropes to transport the gigantic stone heads. In time, the absence of wood for sea going canoes reduced the fish catches, while erosion and deforestation diminished crop yields. The growing populace consumed the local bird and animal populations. When the island could no longer feed its human population, the political and religious oligarchy that had directed and distributed the local resources began to languish. Many archaeologists believe the ruling class was overthrown by warriors. In the ensuing disorder, clan fought clan fought clan, toppling and desecrating each other’s statues. When the Europeans arrived on Easter Sunday, 1772, the once-fertile island was barren and desolate. Its remaining inhabitants, only a fraction of the numbers a few generations earlier, were heirs to a once-greater society that had degenerated into violence, starvation, and cannibalism.It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: “This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.”Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to retain their positions and privileges.附：武汉大学博士研究生英语试题Part I Documental Analysis 20%Attention: Analyze the following paragraph according to the requirements of perspective, method and skill, and questions.But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides--first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize--was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to aboriginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, and spouse and child abuse went up.Part II Article Analysis 15%Attention:Fill the chart according to the requirements based on your understanding of the following article.1. We live in times that are harsh but exciting, where everyone agrees that we are moving to a new level of civilization. Principles, values, ways of life, will no longer be the same; but as yet we are not really ready for these changes; we are faced with inventing the future and also bringing it into operation, progressively; we make experiments and we frequently make mistakes; but we are beginning to know what we want when we talk of justice, freedom and democracy. The scientific and technological community is directly involved in the questions that arise. Following those of our generation, the demands of your generation will continue until these aims have been at least partially achieved.2. The closeness of scientific problems to political problems is such that scientific workers are not,far from it, protected from socio-economic vicissitudes. So much so that they sometimes express the same needs as all other workers and join them in this context; but they also call for specific measures. Like everyone else we need freedom but we especially need freedom of expression for our scientific and technological ideas; we need this even if it is only to put them forward for criticism. We don't ask for any particular privilege but we would like the efforts made to be evaluated at their actual worth, in the interests of society.3. If our federation is so active in working for a statement of the rights and responsibilities of scientific workers, it is because we wish to resolve this problem in a way appropriate to most countries.4. So you will certainly play an important part in society, even if this is not always readily recognized by society, because scientific and technological knowledge and expertise are the context in which future economic, social and political changes will take place. Whatever you do, you cannot ignore them and, whatever is said, society will not be able to ignore you. You will also have a decisive part to play, and perhaps an even more difficult one, in the scientific and technological community itself. The whole extension of this community and its interaction with society as a whole leads scientific workers to get involved in all political debates, crises and decisions. You will have to note the essential demands of science as such; it is not simply a matter of protecting society from unacceptable consequences; one must also protect scientific activity from political and financial meddling.5. It is vital to safeguard the basic honesty of science, the honesty that is basic to its method. Whenever, in the history of science, this honesty has been set aside, the consequences have been serious. I am not speaking merely of the suicide or disgrace of an individual but of the social and economic damage arising from such lapses. There are worse possibilities: at a time when problems are increasingly complex, with ever widening political implications, we need science to be technically dependable and socially credible. In a world of turbulence, science's saving grace is not simply material but lies in its rationality.Part III Writing 25%Attention: Write an essay on the following topic with substantial evidence and good reasoning (e.g.in a linear way) in more than 300 words.How to Write English Well as a PhD Candidate---- On My Class ExperiencePart I. Documental Analysis 20%Topic: ______________________________ ______________________________Perspective(s): ____________________________________________________Method(s): ______________________________________________________Skill(s): _______________________________ _______________________________Questions: ________________________________________________________Part II. Article Analysis 15%。
湖北考博英语作文
湖北考博英语作文As a student from Hubei province, I believe that pursuing a doctoral degree is a significant milestone in one's academic and professional journey. The process of preparing for the doctoral entrance exam is not easy, but it is a rewarding experience that helps to deepen one's knowledge in a specific field and develop critical thinking skills.The exam itself is a challenging test of one's academic abilities and research potential. It requires a thorough understanding of the subject matter, strong analytical skills, and the ability to articulate complex ideas clearly and concisely.In addition, the doctoral entrance exam also tests one's ability to conduct independent research and contribute original insights to the field. This is a crucial aspect of the doctoral program, as it prepares students to become experts in their chosen field and make meaningful contributions to society through their research.Overall, the process of preparing for and taking the doctoral entrance exam is a rigorous but rewarding experience that helps students to grow academically and professionally. It is a valuable opportunity to demonstrate one's knowledge, skills, and potential as a researcher, and to pursue one's passion for learning and discovery.作为湖北省的学生，我认为攻读博士学位是一个人学术和职业生涯中的重要里程碑。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-湖北省联考考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：9
2022年考研考博-考博英语-湖北省联考考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题What things in life are you most desirous（） attaining?问题1选项A.toB.forC.withD.of【答案】D【解析】desirous of为固定搭配，意为“想要...渴望...”。
选项D符合句意。
2.单选题The team’s efforts to score were（） by the opposing goalkeeper.问题1选项A.surpassedB.doubledC.frustratedD.furthered 【答案】C【解析】句意:球队努力得分, 但由于对方的守门员而惨遭失败。
只有选项C符合句意。
3.单选题Leaks from Edward Snowden, a system’s administrator turned whistleblowe r at the National Security Agency (NSA), America’s signals-intelligence agency, have confirmed that the Internet is insecure, and that modern spy agencies can—and do, on an industrial scale—tap virtually any form of online communication. But perhaps the most acute embarrassment so far has been caused by the revelation that the NSA may have been listening to phone calls made by the leaders of America’s allies,most notably those of the German chancellor, Angela Merkel. But how exactly is it done?A mobile phone is essentially a telephone with a radio attached. Anyone can listen in on the radio waves travelling between a handset and the base station to which it is connected. To prevent casual eavesdropping, phones often (although not always) use encryption, which disarranges the data so that only the intended recipient can make sense of it. But not all encryption is created equal. The encryption used in second-generation (2G) phones—a technology that dates back to 1991一is weak, and readily cracked by modern computers. The 3G standard includes stronger disarranging,although it is still not perfect. 4G, the newest standard, currently being used around the world, likewise offers more competent encryption—although documents leaked by Edward Snowden suggest that the spies are pressuring manufacturers to put secret “back doors” into their products.But getting involved in cryptography isn’t always necessary. Spy agencies can obtain details from telephone companies, either by asking them to cooperate or forcing them to. Another option is to impersonate the mobile network itself, by setting up a fake base-station and persuading the target’s phone to connect to it. At a hacker conference in 2010,a security researcher called Chris Paget gave a detailed demonstration of how this works, using less than $ 2,000 of off-the-shelf equipment (a fake base-station can instruct phones that connect to it to do all sorts of things,such as turn off their encryption). Police forces around the world use a similar gear to silently listen in on calls made by their targets. A recent book describes how the FBI has quietly removed several such fake base-stations- run by foreign embassies—from around Washington,D. C.Nor is it just calls. Text messages can also be snatched. Modern smartphones are general-purpose computers. Users store e-mails on them, fix their position with satellite navigation systems, and even use them for banking, making them very juicy targets indeed. Even if the phones themselves are secure, it is far from clear how secure the behind-the- scenes servers run by Google and Apple, which control the Android and iOS platforms respectively, really are. For the non-spies, there are cheaper, simpler options that often work, too. This week several journalists in Britain are standing trial for hacking the voicemail messages of everyone from serving politicians to murdered schoolchildren. Their methods were low-tech but effective: they smooth-talked employees of mobile-phone companies into handing over thefour-digit pass codes that prote ct their customers’ voicemail accounts. Or else they simplyguessed them, betting that the phone owners either hadn’t changed them from default settings or had chosen easy-to-remember ones, such as 1—2 —3—4. Whether the NSA used low-or high-tech methods to tap Mrs. Merkel’s phone remains a mystery—for now, at least.1.What is the purpose of this passage?2.How can encryption prevent casual eavesdropping?3.According to the context the word “impersonate”(Para. 3)might mean “（）”.4.What is the last paragraph about?问题1选项A.To reveal how Angela Merkel is tapped.B.To narrate the story of leaks from Edward Snowden.C.To explain how phones can be bugged.D.To show the advancement of high technology.问题2选项A.By stopping the usual radio waves.B.By disconnecting a telephone to a radio.C.By making the information incomprehensible.D.By creating equal code pages.问题3选项A.empowerB.designC.personifyD.copy 问题4选项A.Other illegal means to obtain personal information.B.Process of snatching text messages.C.The trial of several British journalists.D.Advice of how to use smartphones in proper ways.【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B【解析】第1题:1.结合文章内容可知,文章由第一段爱德华•斯诺登泄密的故事引出手机窃听,主要目的是为了说明手机是如何被窃听的,所以选项C正确。
湖北大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题2013年.doc
湖北大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题2013年(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：20.00)The new documentary Bully is powerful stuff. Try to get through even just the opening sequence without tearing up. Hopefully it will wake up parents, teachers, and school administrators. But let's also hope they respond thoughtfully to this burning film, because too often in our rush to address a problem, American educators and politicians have a well-intentioned overreaction that minimizes common sense in favor of blanket solutions. Many schools in the United States are genuinely trying to curb child-on-child abuse and, at long last, are paying more attention to the cruel, unpleasant remarks. But at the same time, we have to remember that not every unpleasant, or even adverse, interaction between students constitutes bullying. In some places, anti-bullying policies are now so expansive that they make eye-rolling a punishable Offense, lumping it in with other forms of verbal and physical assault. Doing so not only takes a serious issue to the realm of the absurd, it also dilutes the importance of anti-bullying efforts in general. If everything is bullying, then nothing is. Some kids have already figured out how to turn the new system on its head. In some schools' zeal to address bullying, every claim is immediately elevated beyond the classroom teacher to a meeting with the principal. A parent in California said that last month that an elementary-school bully began threatening to report her victims as bullies so they would have to suffer through such a meeting—and in effect creating a bullying hall of mirrors. We've been here before. Weapons and drugs in schools are a serious problem, too. In response, school districts, states, and the federal government began to favor zero-tolerance policies. In short order, "zero-tolerance" policies became the joking point for late-night comics as kids were suspended for bringing to school aspirin, acne medicine, or a G. I. Joe doll with a small plastic gun. The obvious lesson there and with bullying is that there is no substitute for discretion and judgment by the adults in charge. In some circumstances, eye-rolling could be abusive behavior just as aspirin can be used or abused. But adults shouldn't give up the hard role of making nuanced judgment calls by creating ridiculously rigid discipline codes. Replacing thoughtless inaction with thoughtless action won't solve the problem. （分数：4.00）(1).What does the author say about people's reaction to bullying? （分数：1.00）A.They wake up thoughtfully.B.They demonstrate little common sense.C.They attach importance to the film.D.They go too far.(2).What is the strategy of the kids in dealing with anti-bullying policies? （分数：1.00）A.To assault the principal at the meeting.B.To turn the classroom into a wall of mirrors.C.To pay attention to kids' verbal remarks.D.To render them ineffective by abusing bullying.(3).The "zero-tolerance" policies towards drugs and weapons ended up being ______. （分数：1.00）A.elevatedB.suspendedC.ridiculedD.condemned(4).The word "there" in the first line of the last paragraph refers to ______. （分数：1.00）A.with eye-rolling and punishable offensesB.with verbal and physical assautC.with aspirin and acne medicineD.with drugs and weaponsOur stomachs can often be a mystery to us and many of us don't realize just how much the food we eat can impact on our mood and mental well-being. According to charity Allergy UK, a shocking 45% of us suffers with food and drink intolerances, beverage—this is called food intolerance. Food intolerance is a much more common problem than food allergy and one of the most harmful symptoms can be low mood. 1 in 4 people in the UK will suffer problems with their mood or mental health every year, with anti-depressant prescriptions increasing by over 40% in the last 5 years. Recent research from York Test Laboratories, leading experts in food intolerance testing, has found that 97% of their customers reported problems relating to mood as a significant symptom of their food intolerance, of which 73% felt that their mood had significantly improved after altering their diets to remove foods to which they reacted. In addition, in a recent paper published in the Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, over 81% of patients reported a significant improvement in mood and mental well- being as a direct consequence of applying the dietary changes recommended by York Test. So how is it that the food we eat can have such a significant impact on our mood? Bidirectional connections between the gut and the brain are complex and are regulated in the body in three different ways: through nerves, hormones and the immune system. The gut mediates the body's immune response; at least 70 per cent of our immune system is situated in the gut and is used to expel and kill foreign invaders. Our gut contains some 100 million neurons (nerve cells), more than in either the spinal cord or the peripheral nervous system. All of these neurons lining our digestive system do much more than merely handle digestion or cause occasional nervous feelings. Our gut partly determines our mental state and plays key roles in certain diseases throughout the body. Many people will not be aware that 90% of serotonin(血清素), the brain's "happy hormone" is produced in the gut—it is for these reasons that the gut is often referred to as the 'second brain'. In addition, research has shown that depression is frequently associated with gastrointestinal (肠胃的) inflammation—a common symptom of food intolerance. By tackling unidentified food intolerances, not only will physical symptoms benefit, but mental health symptoms can often show significant improvement. There are a number of ways to identify potentially mood suppressing food intolerances. One that I recommend is scientifically validated and well researched is York Test. Its food and drink intolerance test called Food & Drink Scan can uncover potential food and drink triggers, allowing people to simply modify their diets with life changing health benef （分数：4.00）(1).The over 40 % increase of anti-depressant prescriptions in the last 5 years in the UK was attributed to ______. （分数：1.00）A.food intoleranceB.foreign invadersC.food allergyD.food triggers(2).Which is NOT one of the reasons why the gut is often referred to as the "second brain"? （分数：1.00）A.Our gut contains more nerve cells than in the spinal cord.B.The neurons in the gut contribute solely to effective digestion.C.90% of the brain's "happy hormone" is produced in the gut.D.Certain diseases result from our digestive system.(3).What frequently has a causal connection with depression? （分数：1.00）A.A psychiatric disorder.B.Bidirectional treatment.C.Gastrointestinal inflammation.D.Unidentified physical problems;(4).What is the purpose in one's taking YorkTest? （分数：1.00）A.To validate the scientific research.B.To detect the source of food intolerance.C.To invent a modification of life style.D.To prescribe anti-depressant drugs.The plan to allow the reading public to rent e-books, much as they rent movies, has proved so much more contentious than its pioneer, the former Waterstones managing director Tim Coates, had hoped. That publishers are very cautious of the idea of his new Bilbary e-rental venture, which launched this week, is perhaps not entirely surprising: although the e-rentals automatically delete themselves when the borrowing time expires, they fear the scheme might harm sales. Less controversial, however, is Mr Coates' generous pledge to donate a good chunk of Bilbary's profits to campaigns to keep open libraries threatened by government budget cuts. Hundreds of the nation's 4,000 public libraries are at risk; and campaigners' attempts to persuade courts and councils to keep them open are largely failing. Closing libraries is inevitable, the argument goes, in an era when two out of three British homes have a computer. But that is far from the whole story. While 200 million books are sold every year, more than 310 million are borrowed. The one-in-three homes without a computer are those of the nation's poorer children, many of whom live without even a table at which they can do their homework. It is with only the mildest exaggeration that Alan Bennett, the playwright and campaigner, describes the closure of libraries as an act of "child abuse". To some, the word "library" conjures only negative associations, an irrelevant anachronism in an increasingly digital world. But a good library is far more than just a place to store books. It is a gateway to knowledge, a place well able to adapt to the computer age and in doing so support the curiosity, study and research of new generations. There are, of course, some libraries that are unfit for purpose. But those that use digital technologies as an aide, rather than treat them as a threat, more than hold true to their core purpose. And those that have made the leap are seeing visitor numbers rise, not fall. Britain's libraries do not need closing but they may need changing. We can only hope that Mr. Coates' support can help many of them to do so. （分数：4.00）(1).The argument about the closing of libraries stems from ______. （分数：1.00）A.the fall of sale of booksB.the advent of digital technologiesC.the government budget cutD.the world economic recession(2).The word "anachronism" in Para. 5 might mean ______. （分数：1.00）A.chronological errorB.phonological errorC.etymological errorD.historical error(3).Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage? （分数：1.00）A.Some people believe that libraries are out of date in digital age.B.In the UK, one out of three homes don't have computers.C.It is inevitable that digital libraries will replace the existing libraries.D.Some libraries need introducing digital technologies as an aide.(4).The author's attitude toward closing libraries can be described as ______. （分数：1.00）A.positiveB.negativeC.indifferentD.neutralMichael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University, maintains that "genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do. But with the righttraining we can go much further with that one third than we've been going. " Yessis believes that U. S. runners, despite their impressive achievements, are "running on their genetics". By applying more scientific methods, "they're going to go much faster". These methods include strength training as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union. Whereas most exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance, plyometrics focuses on increasing power —the rate at which an athlete can expend energy. Nutrition is another area that sports trainers have failed to address adequately. "Many athletes are not getting the best nutrition, even through supplements, " Yessis insists. Each activity has its own nutritional needs. Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries. Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken. "If we applied the Russian training model to some of the outstanding runners we have in this country," Yessis asserts, "they would be breaking records left and right. " One of the most important new methodologies is biomechanics, the study of the body in motion. A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes his performance, recording the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions. By applying Newton's laws to these motions, "we can say that this athlete's run is not fast enough; that this one is not using his arms strongly enough during take-off," says Dapena, who uses these methods to help high jumpers. To date, however, biomechanics has made only a small difference to athletic performance. Revolutionary ideas still come from the athletes themselves. For example, during the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, a relatively unknown high jumper named Dick Fosbury won the gold by going over the bar backwards, in complete contradiction of all the received high-jumping wisdom, a move instantly dubbed the Fosbury flop. Fosbury himself did not know what he was doing. That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists, who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations. Fosbury also required another element that lies behind many improvements in athletic performance: an innovation in athletic equipment In the end, most people who examine human performance are humbled by the resourcefulness of athletes and the powers of the human body. "Once you study athletics, you learn that it's a vexing complex issue, " says John S. Raglin, a sports psychologist at Indiana University. "Core performance is not a simple or mundane thing of higher, faster, longer. So many variables enter into the equation, and our understanding in many cases is fundamental. We've got a long way to go, " For the foreseeable future, records will be made to be broken. （分数：4.00）(1).What is the contribution of plybmetrics? （分数：1.00）A.Speeding up the rate of athletes' metabolism.B.Making clear specifications of physical exercises.C.Perfecting the technique pioneered in breaking recordsD.Helping runners develop strength and endurance.(2).The purpose of employing biomechanics films is to ______. （分数：1.00）A.provide materials for sports film shootingB.highlight areas for improvement in athletesC.assess the fitness levels of potential athletesD.skim off promising athletes through analysis(3).As regards the study of athletics, John S. Raglin believes that it is ______. （分数：1.00）A.fundamentalB.challengingplicatedD.theoretical(4).Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? （分数：1.00）A.Invention of the Fosbury Flop.B.Exploration of Athletic Performance.C.Effect of nutrition and training.D.Importance of genetics.When the press release arrived in our inboxes, we knew what would happen next. A Nobel laureate had stated that antioxidant supplements "may have caused more cancers than they have prevented. " Even the most fad-friendly sections of the UK media were bound to cover the story. In reality, Professor James Watson was only restating what we at Cancer Research UK have been pointing out for years. Large studies have repeatedly shown that, with the possible exception of vitamin D, antioxidant supplements have negligible positive effect on healthy people, at least in terms of important things such as preventing people getting cancer or dying prematurely. And some supplements—notably vitamins A, E and beta- carotene—even seem to slightly raise the risk of disease and early death. It's a topic we at Cancer Research UK come back to again and again on our science blog and on our social media pages. But huge swatches of the public remain convinced that "antioxidant" is a byword for "healthy. " What's so interesting about the antioxidant myth is its wider cultural and social dimension. Why is this perception so hard to shift? And is there anything we can do about it? One possible reason for our firm attitudes is the widespread use of the word "antioxidants" in adverts proclaiming the health benefits of various foods and drinks. This isn't for want of regulation, and the Advertising Standards Authority have repeatedly upheld complaints about adverts that make unsupported claims about antioxidants'benefits. But the much weaker claim that a product merely "contains high levels of antioxidants" leaves health claims implicit, and keeps regulators at bay. A brand of "super- broccoli"—launched with much a public spectacle in late 2011—was bred to contain high levels of a chemical that ultimately, according to the product's website, "boosts our body's Antioxidant Enzyme levels. " So good it's capitalized. So the relentless drip-drip of health product advertising—particularly against a background of continual reports of Britain's ill-health—makes our trenchant hold on the antioxidants myth all the more understandable. We need this stuff, we're told. But there's probably a deeper reason for our collective refusal to swallow the bitter pill of scientific evidence. The actual, proven things that can reduce our risks of cancer, heart disease, diabetes—and all the other chronic nasties that come with an ageing population—are somewhat more uninteresting. Don't smoke. Stay in shape. Eat a balanced diet. Limit alcohol intake. Keep active. This is hard work. And as the resolution-filled new year kicks in, the exciting prospect of a healthier life is replaced by the realization that being healthy is a long-term project. Popping a pill instead of going to the gym is a tempting prospect for many of us. Confirmatory bias is a powerful thing. But the UK population is ageing, and likely to place a greater burden on the NHS in future. We owe it to ourselves, and those will be paying for our care, to make sure we're as healthy as possible for as long as possible. Putting our faith in a word, and a pill—however comforting it may sound —to do this for us is a mirage and a fallacy. Antioxidants do not prolong our lives nor prevent cancer, despite what we want to believe. （分数：4.00）(1).The reference to a Nobel laureate's comment on antioxidant supplements is to ______. （分数：1.00）A.introduce a topicB.reinforce an argumentC.enrich the descriptionD.confirm a hypothesis(2).What does the author say that leads to people's strong belief in antioxidants? （分数：1.00）A.The lack of regulation.B.The widespread insemination of medical knowledge.C.The "super-broccoli" story.D.The overwhelming health product commercials.(3).It can be concluded that people's collective belief in antioxidants is NOT based on ______. （分数：1.00）A.deeply-rooted cultural perceptionB.the continual reports of Britain's ill healthC.the existing proven knowledgeD.confirmatory biases(4).What is the author's opinion of taking antioxidant supplements? （分数：1.00）A.Keeping fit means building a mirage.B.Antioxidants provide a promising future prospect.C.Keeping fit involves more than taking antioxidants.D.Antioxidants can help stop ageing.二、Part Ⅱ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) earnestly attempts to measure which country will provide the best opportunities for a healthy, safe and prosperous life in the years ahead. Its quality-of-life index (21) the results of subjective life-satisfaction surveys how happy people say they are—to (22) determinants of the quality of life across countries. Being rich helps more than (23) else, but it is not all that (24) ; things like crime, trust in public institutions and the health of family life matter too. (25) , the index takes 11 statistically significant indicators into (26) They are a mixed bunch: some are (27) factors, Such as geography; others change only very slowly (28) time; and some factors depend on policies and the state of the world (29) . Despite the global economic crisis, times have in certain respects (30) been so good. Output growth rates have been (31) across the world, but income levels are at or near (32) highs. Life expectancy continues to (33) steadily and political freedoms have spread across the (34) . In other ways, however, the crisis has (35) a deep imprint on unemployment and personal (36) . After crunching its numbers, the EIU has Switzerland comfortably in the top spot, with Australia second. Small economies (37) the top ten, half of which are European. The Nordic countries shine, (38) the crisis-ridden south of Europe (Greece, Portugal and Spain) lags behind. The (39) European economies (Germany, France and Britain) do not do particularly well. America (40) back in 16th place. Despite their economic dynamism, none of the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) scores impressively. Among the 80 countries covered, Nigeria comes last: it is the worst place for a baby to enter the world in 2013. （分数：20.00）A.relegatesB.addsC.abdicatesD.linksA.prejudicedB.objectiiveC.fairD.neutralA.anythingB.somethingC.nothingD.everythingA.countsB.imploresC.diminishedD.waversA.In turnB.In retrospectD.In progressA.calculationB.accountC.implementationD.discountA.settledB.fixedC.controlledD.weightedA.onB.inC.forD.overA.atmosphereB.environmentC.economyD.wellbeingA.neverB.alreadyC.everD.yetA.acceleratingB.decliningC.recoveringD.withdrawingA.classicB.histrionicC.cubicD.historicA.increaseB.expandC.thriveD.expendA.spaceB.countryC.globeD.continentA.madeB.engravedC.createdD.leftA.securityB.invectiveC.invectiveD.scourgeA.stipulateB.distributeC.refuteA.whereasB.untilC.whereD.unlessA.highestrgestC.greatestD.richestA.recedesB.trailsnguishesD.twists三、Part Ⅲ English-Chine(总题数：1，分数：15.00)The UK has long prided itself on its road safety standards. Casualty figures are low compared with most other industrialized countries. But this positive record, coupled with the fact that the international trend continues downwards, is also why the first increase in road deaths for almost a decade should be a cause for concern. A breakdown of the 2010—11 figures shows where that concern could most usefully be directed. Deaths among drivers and passengers were up 6 per cent, with rural roads accounting for more of the rise than urban areas, and a disproportionate number of fatal accidents involving drivers under 24. The relatively high accident rate on rural roads has brought calls for a new speed limit in country areas of 40 mph. That is worth considering. There are many roads where the lack of a limit implicitly allows drivers to travel at 60 mph, even where the conditions should dictate otherwise. Arguments about the expense of new signs could be met by the introduction of a blanket limit on minor roads. Enforcement would, of course, be difficult. But the setting of a new norm would at the very least alert drivers to the dangers and foster greater caution. The number of fatal accidents involving younger drivers—it should really be no surprise that road accidents are the main cause of death among young adults—should raise questions once again about the rigor of the driving test. Consideration might also be given to whether, perhaps, the legal driving age should be raised. The downside, however, would also have to be weighed. Age may be less of a factor in accidents than inexperience, and any rise in the age at which someone may obtain a license could penalize those living in areas with poor public transport and encourage more teenagers to drive illegally. The most startling aspect of these statistics, though, is the 12 per cent rise in deaths among pedestrians. Many reasons could be advanced, not all of them related to worse behavior on the part of drivers. At least some of the increase could be attributable to technology, and the distractions of mobile devices and headphones. The danger that lurks when pedestrians are insufficiently aware of their surroundings should be spelt out more loudly and more often. There is another easy conclusion, too, that is being—but should not be drawn from the general rise in fatalities. Calls can already be heard, from MPs and others, for the Government to shelve its plan for a higher, 80 mph speed limit on motorways, or at least to put it to a Commons vote. Motorways, though, account for relatively few UK road deaths; rural roads are many times more dangerous. Concentrating on improvements to these secondary roads, and on pedestrian awareness everywhere, would be a better use of limited funds than reversing a sensible change that recognizes reality and improves enforcement. This is the message to be drawn from the latest road accident figures, and it should be heeded-even though it may not be what certain vocal groups of campaigners want to hear. （分数：15.00）(1).Arguments about the expense of new signs could be met by the introduction of a blanket limit on minor roads. Enforcement would, of course, be difficult. But the setting of a new norm would at the very least alert drivers to the dangers and foster greater caution.（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).Age may be less of a factor in accidents than inexperience, and any rise in the age at which someone may obtain a license could penalize those living in areas with poor public transport and encourage more teenagers to drive illegally.（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).Concentrating on improvements to these secondary roads, and on pedestrian awareness everywhere, would be a better use of limited funds than reversing a sensible change that recognizes reality and improves enforcement. （分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________四、Part Ⅳ Chinese-Engli(总题数：1，分数：15.00)1. 每逢新年，人们往往要定新年决心(New Year resolutions)。
武大博士英语考试真题
武大博士英语考试真题In recent years, the English proficiency test for doctoral candidates at Wuhan University has gained significant attention and importance. This comprehensive examination serves as a crucial benchmark for evaluating the English language skills of aspiring doctoral scholars. The test is meticulously designed to assess various aspects of language proficiency, including reading comprehension, writing abilities, listening skills, and oral communication.The reading comprehension section presents candidates with a diverse range of academic texts, encompassing various disciplines and genres. These passages are carefully curated to challenge the candidates' ability to comprehend complex ideas, grasp nuances, and synthesize information from multiple sources. The questions accompanying these texts delve into the candidates' critical thinking skills, requiring them to analyze, interpret, and draw inferences from the provided material.The writing component of the examination is a true test of the candidates' ability to articulate their thoughts coherently and persuasively. Typically, candidates are asked to compose a well-structured essay on a given topic, demonstrating their command oflanguage, organization, and argumentative skills. This section not only evaluates their ability to convey ideas effectively but also their mastery of grammar, vocabulary, and overall writing proficiency.The listening section is designed to assess the candidates' ability to comprehend spoken English in various contexts. This may include academic lectures, discussions, or dialogues on a wide range of topics. The questions accompanying these audio materials test the candidates' ability to grasp main ideas, follow intricate arguments, and identify relevant details. Furthermore, this section often evaluates their note-taking abilities, a crucial skill for effective learning and research.The oral communication component of the examination measures the candidates' ability to express themselves clearly and confidently in spoken English. This may involve individual presentations, group discussions, or one-on-one interviews with examiners. Candidates are evaluated on their fluency, pronunciation, vocabulary usage, and ability to engage in substantive academic discourse. This section also assesses their ability to think critically and articulate their ideas in a coherent and persuasive manner.Preparing for the Wuhan University doctoral English proficiency test requires dedication, extensive practice, and a solid foundation in the English language. Candidates often seek guidance from experiencedinstructors, engage in mock tests, and immerse themselves in a variety of English language resources to hone their skills. The examination not only serves as a gateway to doctoral studies but also prepares candidates for the rigorous demands of academic research and international collaboration in their respective fields.Ultimately, the Wuhan University doctoral English proficiency test stands as a testament to the institution's commitment to excellence and its recognition of the pivotal role of English language proficiency in the pursuit of advanced research and scholarly endeavors. By successfully navigating this comprehensive examination, candidates demonstrate their readiness to contribute to the global academic community and embark on a journey of intellectual exploration and discovery.。
武汉大学考博英语翻译讲义
University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not. 报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。 It’s essential that the mechanic or technician understand well the characteristics of battery circuits and the proper methods for connecting batteries or cells. 重要的是，技术人员要深入了解电池电路的特性和连 接电池的正确方法。 Bacteria capable of causing disease are known as pathogenic, or disease-producing. 可引地漂拂在宽宽的前额上，脸是短短 的，上唇也是短短的，露出一排闪亮的牙齿，眉 毛又直又黑，睫毛又长又黑，鼻子笔直。
Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs. 外面漆黑一团，下着瓢泼大雨。 It is only shallow people who judge by appearance. 只有浅薄的人才会以貌取人。 It is better to do well than to say well. 说得好不如做得好。 He considered the National Security Council too large and bulky and thus too leaky, too many people who talked too much. 他认为国家安全委员会机构太庞大，人多嘴杂，容易 泄密。
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湖北大学考博英语-1(总分：55.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ Vocabula(总题数：10，分数：5.00)1.It is impossible to ______ whether she'll be well enough to come home from the hospital next month.∙ A. foresee∙ B. infer∙ C. fabricate∙ D. inhibit（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.2.I didn't say anything like that at all. You are ______ purposely my ideas to prove your point.∙ A. revising∙ B. contradicting∙ C. distorting∙ D. distracting（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.3.Equipped with modern science and technology people of today feel many assertions which were once taken as ______ truth absurd.∙ A. religious∙ B. profound∙ C. sacred∙ D. prominent（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.4.She accidentally swallowed the poison and death was ______.∙ A. instantaneous∙ B. simultaneous∙ C. symmetrical∙ D. insufficient（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.5.Many students find ______ jobs during their summer holidays.∙ A. contemptible∙ B. temperate∙ C. temporary∙ D. contemporary（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.6.Regular use of this moistening cream will help to ______ the rough, dry condition of your skin.∙ A. alleviate∙ B. abstract∙ C. evaporate∙ D. abbreviate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.7.The computer can ______ stored information in a matter of minutes.∙ A. reassure∙ B. release∙ C. retrieve∙ D. revive（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.8.The engineers have used special methods to ______ the bridge against danger from high winds.∙ A. suppress∙ B. lubricate∙ C. heave∙ D. ensure（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.9.The price of vegetables ______ according to the weather.∙ A. formulates∙ B. flourishes∙ C. fluctuates∙ D. frames（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.10.You will have to work hard to ______ the time you lost.∙ A. make use of∙ B. make up for∙ C. make way of∙ D. make room for（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、{{B}}Part Ⅱ Reading (总题数：4，分数：30.00)Once upon a time, innovation at Procter & Gamble flowed one way: from the United States outward. While the large Cincinnati-based corporation was no stranger to foreign markets, it usually sold them products that were already familiar to most Americans. Many Japanese families, for instance, swaddle their babies in Pampers diapers, and lots of Venezuelans brush their teeth with Crest. And of course (company executive assumed) American at home wanted these same familiar, red-white and blue brands. We might buy foreign-made cars, or chocolates, or cameras but household cleaners and detergents?Recently, however, P&G broke with this long-standing tradition. Ariel, a P&G laundry detergent, was born overseas, and is a familiar sight on store shelves in Europe and Latin America. Now bilingual packages of ArielUltra, a super-concentrated cleaner, are appearing on supermarket shelves in Los Angeles.Ariel's appearance in the United States reflects demographic changes making Hispanics the nation's fastest-growing ethnic group. Ariel is a hit with this population. In fact, many Mexican immigrants living in Southern California have been "importing" Ariel from Tijuana, Mexico. "Hispanics knew this product and wanted it," says P&G spokeswoman Marie Salvado. "We realized that we couldn't convince them to buy (our) other laundry detergents." P&G hopes that non-Hispanic consumers will give Ariel a try too.Ariel's already strong presence in Europe may provide a springboard for the company to expand into other markets as well. Recently P&G bought Rakona, Czechoslovakia's top detergent maker. Ariel, currently a top seller in Germany, is likely to be one of the first new brands to appear in Czech supermarkets. And Ariel is not the only foreign idea that the company hopes to transplant back to its home territory. Chinch, anall-purpose spray cleaner similar to popular European products, is currently being test-marketed in California and Arizona. Traditionally Americans have used separate cleaners for different types of surfaces, but market research shows that American preferences are becoming more like those in other countries.Insiders note that this new reverse flow of innovation reflects more sweeping changes at Procter & Gamble. The firm has hired many new Japanese, German, and Mexican managers who view P&G's business not as a one-way flow of American ideas, but a two-way exchange with other markets. Says Bonita Austin of the investment firm Wertheim-Schroeder, "When you met with P&G's top managers years ago, you wouldn't have seen a single foreign face." Today "they could even be in the majority."As Procter & Gamble has found, the United States is no longer an isolated market. Americans are more open than ever before to buying foreign-made products and to selling U. S.-made products overseas.（分数：7.50）(1).According to the passage, which of the following is true?∙ A. The brands of Pampers, Crest, Ariel, and Cinch reflect the traditional one-way flow of Procter & Gamble.∙ B. In spite of market changes, Procter & Gamble still sticks to its long-standing tradition of one-way flow innovation.∙ C. Procter & Gamble has to change its one-way flow tradition because of the increased number of its foreign managers.∙ D. Today one may meet more foreign faces in Procter & Gamble than years ago.（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the passage, all of the following are true about Ariel except ______.∙ A. it is the best seller in Czechoslovakia∙ B. it is a laundry detergent product of Procter & Gamble∙ C. Ariel was born outside the United States∙ D. it already enjoys popularity in Europe（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(3).The "insider" (paragraph 5, line 1) is most probably ______.∙ A. someone who buys both Ariel and Cinch∙ B. someone who works within Procter & Gamble or knows it fairly well∙ C. someone who is a loyal customer of Ariel∙ D. someone once worked within Rakona（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the passage, Procter & Gamble hopes to transplant the foreign idea back to its home territory because ______.∙ A. Americans are more likely to buy foreign-made products than before∙ B. for most Americans foreign products are much more attractive than home-made ones ∙ C. the company has found that foreign-made products are superior to home-made ones in terms of quality∙ D. the company has hired more foreigners in its top management than before（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(5).The author may most probably agree that ______.∙ A. it is a trend that businesses today go global∙ B. businesses today are very reluctant to go global∙ C. American businesses can make more money if they only sell home-made products ∙ D. the market of the United States should not be that open（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human beings. Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms, particularly the exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain-forest habitats. Relatively little has been said, however, about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms of richness of life. An alien exploring the Earth would probably give priority to the planet's dominant, most distinctive feature—the ocean. Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away, it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy one-third of the Earth's surface. Given that two-thirds of the Earth's surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean, the total three- dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct species.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising, considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of species. One scientist found many different species of ants in just one tree from a rain forest. While every species is different from every other species, their genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteristics with 750 000 species of insects. If basic, broad categories such as phyla and classes are given more emphasis than differentiating between species, then the greatest diversity of life is unquestionably the sea. Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some representation there. To appreciate fully the diversity of abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small. Every spoonful of ocean water contains life on the order of 100 to 100 000 bacterial cells plus assorted microscopic plants andanimals, including larva's or organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more.（分数：7.50）(1).What is the main point of the passage?∙ A. Humans are destroying thousands of species.∙ B. There are thousands of insect species.∙ C. The sea is even richer in life than the rain forests.∙ D. Coral reefs are similar to rain forests.（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(2).Why does the author compare coral reefs with rain forests (Para.1)?∙ A. They share many similar species.∙ B. They are approximately the same size.∙ C. Most of their inhabitants require water.∙ D. Both have many different forms of life.（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(3).The passage suggests that most rain forest species are ______.∙ A. insects∙ B. bacteria∙ C. mammals∙ D. birds（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(4).The author argues that there is more diversity of life in the sea than in the rain forest because ______.∙ A. there are too many insects to make meaningful distinctions∙ B. more phyla and classes of life are represented in the sea∙ C. many insect species are too small to divide into categories∙ D. marine life-forms reproduce at a faster pace（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following conclusions is supported by the passage?∙ A. Ocean life is highly adaptive.∙ B. Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.∙ C. The sea is highly resistant to the damage done by pollutants.∙ D. More attention needs to be paid to preserving ocean species and habitats.（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.Education is one of the key words of our time. A man, without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states "invest" in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, is punctuated by textbooks--those purchasable wells of wisdom--what would civilization be like without its benefits?So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births; but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of "college" imaginable. Among the people whom we like to call savages all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life. It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modem education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"--if the term can be applied to people without a script--while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that 'all ourchildren could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries.Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents, therefore the jungles and the grasslands know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child.（分数：7.50）(1).The word "interest" in the first paragraph most probably means ______.∙ A. pleasure∙ B. returns∙ C. share∙ D. knowledge（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the passage, the author seems to be ______.∙ A. against the education in the very early historic times∙ B. in favor of the educational practice in primitive cultures∙ C. quite happy to see an equal start for everyone∙ D. positive about our present educational instruction（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(3).It can be inferred from the passage that ______.∙ A. the aim of "equal start" has already been reached among savages∙ B. savages in ancient times are more civilized than modern people∙ C. the modem education system is more democratic than before∙ D. there are no illiterates in civilized nations in today's society（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?∙ A. Education can't work without the benefits of textbooks.∙ B. We have not yet decided on our educational models.∙ C. Compulsory schooling is not existent in all nations.∙ D. Our spiritual outlook is better now than before.（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(5).The best title for this passage is ______.∙ A. Education and Modern Civilization∙ B. The Significance of Modern Education∙ C. Educational Investment and the Profit It Brings∙ D. Education: A Comparison between Past and Present（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.However important we may regard school life to be, there is no gainsaying the fact that children spend more time at home than in the classroom. Therefore, the great influence of parents cannot be ignored or discounted by the teacher. They can become strong allies of the school personnel or they can consciously hinder and thwart curricular objectives. Administrators have been aware of the need to keep parents informed of the newer methods used in schools. Many principals have conducted workshops explaining such matters as the reading readiness program, manuscript writing, and developmental mathematics.Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervisors, can also play an important role in enlightening parents. The many interviews carried on during the years as well as new ways of reporting pupils progress, can significantly aid in achieving a harmonious interplay between school and home.To illustrate, suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic processes night after night. In a friendly interview, the teacher can help the parent sublimate his natural paternal interest into productive channels. He might be persuaded to let Junior participate indiscussing the family budget, buying the food, using a yardstick or measuring cup at home, setting the clock, calculating mileage on a trip, and engaging in scores of other activities that have a mathematical basis. If the father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progress in mathematics and, at the same time, enjoying the work.Too often, however, teachers' conferences with parents are devoted to petty accounts of children's misdemeanors, complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestions for penalties and rewards at home. What is needed is more creative approach in which the teacher, as a professional adviser, plants ideas in parents' minds for the best utilization of the many hours that the child spends out of the classroom. In this way, the school and the home join forces in fostering the fullest development of youngsters' capacities.（分数：7.50）(1).The central idea conveyed in the passage is that ______.∙ A. home training is more important than school training because a child spends so many hours with his parents∙ B. teachers can and should help parents to understand and further the objectives of the school∙ C. parents unwittingly have hindered and thwarted curricular objectives∙ D. there are many ways in which the mathematics program can be implemented at home（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(2).The author directly discusses the fact that ______.∙ A. parents drill their children too much in arithmetic∙ B. principals have explained the new art programs to parents∙ C. a father can have his son help him construct articles at home∙ D. a parent's misguided efforts can be redirected to proper channels（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(3).It can reasonably be inferred that the author ______.∙ A. believes that schools are lacking in guidance personnel∙ B. believes present relationships between home and school are satisfying∙ C. feels that the traditional program in mathematics is slightly superior to the developmental program∙ D. feels that parent teacher interviews can be made much more constructive than they are at present（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(4).The author implies that ______.∙ A. participation in interesting activities relating to a school subject improves one's achievement in that area∙ B. school principals do more than their share in interpreting the curriculum to the parents ∙ C. only a small part of the school day should be set apart for drilling in arithmetic ∙ D. too many children are lazy and have poor work habits（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(5).The author's primary purpose in writing this passage is to ______.∙ A. tell parents to pay more attention to the guidance of teachers in the matter of educational activities in the home∙ B. help ensure that every child's capacities can fully develop when he leaves school ∙ C. urge teachers and school administrators to make use of a much underused resource of the parents∙ D. improve the teaching approach in mathematics in and outside the classroom（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.三、{{B}}Part Ⅲ Cloze{{/(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In most countries a PhD is a basic requirement for a career in academia. It is a(n) {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}to the world of independent research —a kind of intellectual {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}, created by an apprentice in close collaboration with a (n) {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}. The requirements to complete one {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}enormously between countries, universities and even {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Some students will first have to spend two years working on a {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}degree or diploma. Some will receive a stipend; others will{{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}their own way. Some PhDs {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}only research, some require {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}and examinations and some require the student to teach undergraduates. A(n) {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}can be dozens of pages in mathematics, or many hundreds in history. As a result, newly minted PhDs can be as young as their {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}20s or world-weary forty-{{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}.One thing many PhD students have in {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}is dissatisfaction. Some describe their work {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}"slave labor". Seven-day weeks, ten-hour days, low pay and uncertain {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}are widespread. You know you are a graduate student, {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}a comment, when your office is better decorated than your home and you have a favorite flavor of {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}noodles. "It isn't graduate school itself that is discouraging, " says one student, who confesses to rather enjoying the hunt for free pizza. "What's discouraging is realizing the end point has been pulled out of reach. "Whining PhD students are nothing new, but there seem to be genuine problems {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}the system that produces research doctorates (the practical "professional doctorates" in fields such as law, business and medicine have a more obvious value). There is an oversupply of PhDs. Although a doctorate is {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}as training for a job in academia, the number of PhD positions is {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}to the number of job openings.（分数：10.00）(1).∙ A. conclusion∙ B. introduction∙ C. stepping stone∙ D. milestone（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).∙ A. paper∙ B. project∙ C. masterpiece（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).∙ A. student∙ B. assistant∙ C. supervisor∙ D. editor（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).∙ A. change∙ B. alter∙ C. fluctuate∙ D. vary（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).∙ A. subjects∙ B. lessons∙ C. sectors∙ D. courses（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).∙ A. bachelor's∙ B. doctorate's∙ C. master's（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).∙ A. pay∙ B. find∙ C. fight∙ D. pick（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).∙ A. attend∙ B. participate∙ C. take∙ D. involve（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).∙ A. credits∙ B. exercises∙ C. classes∙ D. experiments（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).∙ A. thesis∙ B. book∙ C. assignment∙ D. report（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).∙ A. earlier∙ B. earliest∙ C. early∙ D. earliness（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).∙ A. something∙ B. somethings∙ C. anything∙ D. anythings（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).∙ A. odd∙ B. contradiction∙ C. similarity∙ D. common（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).∙ A. for∙ B. of∙ C. to（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).∙ A. prospects∙ B. perspectives∙ C. potentials∙ D. speculations（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).∙ A. going∙ B. goes∙ C. has gone∙ D. go（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).∙ A. fast∙ B. quick∙ C. rapid∙ D. instant（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).∙ A. for∙ B. with∙ C. upon（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).∙ A. compared∙ B. designed∙ C. suspected∙ D. admitted（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).∙ A. unrelated∙ B. uncorrelated∙ C. proportional∙ D. coincident（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.四、{{B}}Part Ⅳ Writing{(总题数：1，分数：10.00)11.Directions: You are supposed to write a letter to the editor of a journal in your field, thanking him for suggestions and advice for your paper submitted, and informing him of the modifications and improvements you have made.1. The letter should begin with "Dear Editor".2. You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.3. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.4. Do not write the address.（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。