%b3%95研究温敏性接枝共聚物的微胶束化行为
生僻字pua码表
生僻字pua码表生僻字PUA码表是一个收录了许多生僻字和其对应的PUA码的字典。
PUA码是由汉字编码字符集扩展区中的私人使用区所创造的，主要是为了解决一些无法输入或显示的特殊字符或生僻字。
以下是一些生僻字及其对应的PUA码。
1. 龘（Unicode码：U+9F98）--- PUA码：&D836.&DF98这个字意为“巍峨”，形状独特，常用于地名或形容高大的事物。
2. 齉（Unicode码：U+9F49）--- PUA码：&D836.&DF49这个字意为“舌头快要出嘴巴”，形容人说话时舌头打结或粘连的样子。
3. 爨（Unicode码：U+7228）--- PUA码：&E1C4.&DF48这个字意为“烹饪”，形状复杂，常用于古代文献或研究食物烹饪的场合。
4. 纛（Unicode码：U+7EA3）--- PUA码：&D836.&DFE3这个字意为“古代的军旗”，形状像一杆长枪上挂满了鲜艳的旗帜。
5. 蠛（Unicode码：U+880B）--- PUA码：&D843.&DF0B这个字意为“一种小型昆虫”，常见于农田或草地中。
生僻字PUA码表为使用者在输入或显示生僻字时提供了便利。
通过使用PUA 码，我们可以在计算机或移动设备上正常显示和使用这些生僻字，而不会出现乱码或无法输入的情况。
需要注意的是，PUA码是一种较为专业的字符编码方式，普通用户在正常使用中并不需要了解或使用PUA码。
而生僻字PUA码表主要供研究、学术或特定领域的专业人士使用，以便在相关工作中能够正确处理和显示生僻字。
总之，生僻字PUA码表是一个非常实用的工具，可以帮助我们正确输入和显示生僻字，方便专业人士进行研究工作。
对于普通用户而言，了解其存在即可，无需深入理解和使用PUA码。
公共英语一级-57 (1)
鍏叡鑻辫涓€绾?57(鎬诲垎锛?3.00锛屽仛棰樻椂闂达細90鍒嗛挓)涓€銆亄{B}}绗竴閮ㄥ垎鍚姏鐞嗚В{{/B}}(鎬婚鏁帮細2锛屽垎鏁帮細10.00){{B}}绗竴鑺?鍥剧墖鍒ゆ柇{{/B}}鍦ㄦ湰鑺備腑锛屼綘灏嗗惉鍒?0涓彞瀛愶紝姣忓彞璇濋厤鏈塠A]銆乕B]銆乕C]涓夊箙鍥剧墖锛岃閫夋嫨涓庡彞瀛愬唴瀹圭浉绗﹀悎鐨勪竴骞呭浘鐗囷紝骞舵爣鍦ㄨ瘯鍗风殑鐩稿簲浣嶇疆銆傛瘡鍙ヨ瘽鍚庢湁15绉掗挓鐨勫仠椤匡紝浠ヤ究閫夋嫨鍥剧墖骞剁湅涓嬩竴缁勫浘鐗囥€傛瘡鍙ヨ瘽璇讳袱閬嶃€?BR> 涓嬮潰锛岃鍚繖浜涘彞瀛愩€?BR>{{B}}绗竴鑺?鍥剧墖鍒ゆ柇{{/B}}鍦ㄦ湰鑺備腑锛屼綘灏嗗惉鍒?0涓彞瀛愶紝姣忓彞璇濋厤鏈塠A]銆乕B]銆乕C]涓夊箙鍥剧墖锛岃閫夋嫨涓庡彞瀛愬唴瀹圭浉绗﹀悎鐨勪竴骞呭浘鐗囷紝骞舵爣鍦ㄨ瘯鍗风殑鐩稿簲浣嶇疆銆傛瘡鍙ヨ瘽鍚庢湁15绉掗挓鐨勫仠椤匡紝浠ヤ究閫夋嫨鍥剧墖骞剁湅涓嬩竴缁勫浘鐗囥€傛瘡鍙ヨ瘽璇讳袱閬嶃€?BR> 涓嬮潰锛岃鍚繖浜涘彞瀛愩€?BR>锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] I visited America last year.(2).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A. 鈭?/span>B.C.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] The train is coming.(3).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A. 鈭?/span>B.C.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] Put on your coot. It is very cold outside.(4).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A. 鈭?/span>B.C.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] He is waiting for the No. 4 bus.(5).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B. 鈭?/span>C.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] Lucy is drinking water.锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] She always remembers to give food to her dog on time.(2).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A. 鈭?/span>B.C.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] The cat is on the box.(3).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B. 鈭?/span>C.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] The shirt is on the next counter on your left.(4).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A. 鈭?/span>B.C.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] The pencil is on the book.(5).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] The nurse is examining his back.浜屻€亄{B}}绗簩鑺?瀵硅瘽鐞嗚В{{/B}}(鎬婚鏁帮細3锛屽垎鏁帮細15.00)鍦ㄦ湰鑺備腑锛屼綘灏嗗惉鍒?5涓璇濓紝姣忎釜瀵硅瘽鏈変竴涓棶棰樸€傝浠嶽A]銆乕B]銆乕C]涓変釜閫夐」涓€夊嚭绛旀锛屽苟鏍囧湪璇曞嵎鐨勭浉搴斾綅缃€傛瘡娈靛璇濆悗鏈?5绉掗挓鐨勫仠椤匡紝浠ヤ究鍥炵瓟闂鍜岄槄璇讳笅涓€闂鍙婂叾閫夐」銆傛瘡娈靛璇濊涓ら亶銆?BR> 涓嬮潰锛岃鍚繖浜涘璇濄€?BR>鍦ㄦ湰鑺備腑锛屼綘灏嗗惉鍒?5涓璇濓紝姣忎釜瀵硅瘽鏈変竴涓棶棰樸€傝浠嶽A]銆乕B]銆乕C]涓変釜閫夐」涓€夊嚭绛旀锛屽苟鏍囧湪璇曞嵎鐨勭浉搴斾綅缃€傛瘡娈靛璇濆悗鏈?5绉掗挓鐨勫仠椤匡紝浠ヤ究鍥炵瓟闂鍜岄槄璇讳笅涓€闂鍙婂叾閫夐」銆傛瘡娈靛璇濊涓ら亶銆?BR> 涓嬮潰锛岃鍚繖浜涘璇濄€?BR>锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).Who is ill in hospital?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Mary.B.[B]Mary's mother.鈭?/span>C.[C]Mary's father.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] M: Excuse me, can I speak to Mary? F: Sorry, she isn't in. She has gone to the hospital with her father because her mother is ill in the hospital.(2).What did the man NOT drink?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Coffee.B.[B]Beer.C.[C]Tea.鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: Would you like something to drink? M: Coffee and beer, please. (3).What will happen? [A]The man will pick the woman up at 8 o'clock. [B]There will be a party at 8 o'clock. [C]There will be a meeting at 8 o'clock.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B. 鈭?/span>C.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: Uh... When does the party start? M: Come any time after eight,all right?(4).Is the brown horse stronger than the white one?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]No, it isn't.鈭?/span>B.[B]Yes, it is.C.[C]It's not clear.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] M: I think the white horse is stronger than the brown one. F: Yes, I think se, too.(5).What did Goege do to the lady?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Borrowed her book.鈭?/span>B.[B]Bought her a book.C.[C]Lent her a book.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: George, have you brought my book? M: Yes, here you are. Thank you.锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).When are they going to meet?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]At 6:40.B.[B]At 7:20.鈭?/span>C.[C]At 7:00.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] M: Linda, shall I meet you at 7:00 at the park? F: Let's make it 20 minutes later.(2).How does the man usually come to school?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]By bus.B.[B]On foot.C.[C]By bike.鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: How do you usually come to school, by bus? M: No, I usually come to school by bike.(3).Why can't the man lend his bike?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]No, I don't want it.B.[B]His hike is not here.鈭?/span>C.[C]I want to lend it to you.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: Can I borrow your bike? M: Mine is at home, but I can borrow one for you.(4).What does the man mean?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]He has a good idea.B.[B]He does not know what to do.鈭?/span>C.[C]He does not know what to say.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: What shall we do now? M: Sony. I have no idea.(5).Where is Dick's uncle?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Maybe he is in the classroom.B.[B]Maybe he is in his office.C.[C]Maybe he is in a hospital.鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: Where are you going, Dick? M: I'm going to see my uncle. He is badly ill.锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).How soon will the sports meeting begin?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]In two hours.B.[B]In eight hours.C.[C]In one hour.鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] M: Is the sports meeting going to start at eight, Susan? F: Yes, Jack. It is already seven now.(2).Who will the man meet at nine o'clock?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Mr. Green.鈭?/span>B.[B]Mrs. Green.C.[C]His sister.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: Can you come and see me at nine o'clock? M: I'm afraid not. I'll be meeting Mr. Green at that time.(3).Where are they talking?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]On the first floor.鈭?/span>B.[B]On the second floor.C.[C]On the third floor.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] M: Excuse me. Where's the manager's office, please? F: Er. Upstairs on the second floor, first door on the left.(4).Why hasn't their mother bought the tickets?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]She has no time to buy them.鈭?/span>B.[B]The ticket is expensive.C.[C]She has no money.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] M: Has mother bought the tickets for us yet? F: No, she hasn't. She was too busy.(5).What did the man drink?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Tea.鈭?/span>B.[B]Coffee.C.[C]Water.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: What would you like, tea or coffee? M: Tea, please.涓夈€亄{B}}绗簩閮ㄥ垎鑻辫鐭ヨ瘑杩愮敤{{/B}}(鎬婚鏁帮細15锛屽垎鏁帮細15.00)1.Xiao Zhang ______ in that factory for five years.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]is workingB.[B]worksC.[C]has worked鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] for鍚庨潰鍔犳椂闂存鏄幇鍦ㄥ畬鎴愭椂鐨勬爣蹇楋紝甯哥敤鏉ュ紩瀵肩幇鍦ㄥ畬鎴愭椂銆?/div>2.The nurse looked after the patient carefully ______ he recovered quickly.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]in caseB.[B]as soon asC.[C]so that鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负锛氶偅涓姢澹緢璁ょ湡鍦扮収椤剧梾浜猴紝鍥犳浠栨仮澶嶅緱寰堝揩銆俰n case鐨勬剰鎬濇槸鈥滀互闃诧紝涓囦竴鈥濓紱as soon as鐨勬剰鎬濇槸鈥滀竴鈥﹀氨鈥︹€濓紱鏄剧劧杩欎袱椤逛笉绗﹀悎棰樻剰銆俿o that鍦ㄥ彞瀛愪腑锛屼笉鍔犻€楀彿鐨勬椂鍊欙紝寮曞鐨勬槸缁撴灉鐘惰浠庡彞锛涘姞閫楀彿鐨勬椂鍊欙紝寮曞鐨勬槸鐩殑鐘惰浠庡彞銆傛牴鎹彞鎰忥紝鍙煡鏈彞涓虹粨鏋滅姸璇粠鍙ャ€?/div>3.Is that your ______ ?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]a bikeB.[B]bike鈭?/span>C.[C]bikes瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 杩欐槸涓€鑸枒闂彞锛屽叾璋撹鏄痠s锛屾墍浠ュ叾瀹捐搴斾负鍗曟暟銆?/div>4.He drives much ______ than he did three years ago.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]more carefully鈭?/span>B.[B]carefullyC.[C]more careful瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鍙ヤ腑鏈塼han锛屽彲鐭ユ鍙ヤ腑鎵€娑夊強鐨勬槸姣旇緝绾х殑鐭ヨ瘑锛岄鍏堝彲浠ユ帓闄锛涘悓鏃舵湰鍙ヤ腑鐨勮皳璇槸瀹炰箟鍔ㄨ瘝锛屽簲璇ョ敤鍓瘝鏉ヤ慨楗般€?/div>5.______ he is running!锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]What quicklyB.[B]How quickC.[C]How quickly鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 瀵逛簬鎰熷徆鍙ュ瀷鏉ヨ锛宧ow鍚庨潰鍔犲舰瀹硅瘝鎴栬€呭壇璇嶏紱what鍚庨潰鍔犲悕璇嶏紝鎺掗櫎A銆傚張鍥犱负run涓哄姩璇嶏紝淇グ鍔ㄨ瘝鐨勫簲璇ヤ负鍓瘝銆?/div> 6.One of my ______ came to see me on Sunday morning.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]classmateB.[B]classmates鈭?/span>C.[C]the classmates瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滄垜鐨勪竴涓悓鐝悓瀛﹀湪鏄熸湡澶╃殑鏃╂櫒鏉ョ湅鎴戜簡鈥濄€傝繖閲岄潰鏈夊浐瀹氳瘝缁勨€渙ne+of+澶嶆暟鍚嶈瘝鈥濄€?/div>7.Many books and newspapers in the world are written ______ English language.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]inB.[B]in the鈭?/span>C.[C]with瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鐢ㄢ€﹁瑷€鏃剁敤鈥渋n+璇█鈥濓紝鍙堝洜涓鸿繖鍙ヨ瘽鐗规寚鐨勬槸鑻辫銆?/div>8.鈥擧appy birthday to you!鈥?______ .锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]The same to youB.[B]Thank you very much鈭?/span>C.[C]OK瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 瀵规柟绁濅綘鐢熸棩蹇箰锛屽簲璇ヨ〃绀烘劅璋€?/div>9.We decided not to climb the mountain because it was raining ______ .锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]hardlyB.[B]stronglyC.[C]heavily鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滃洜涓洪洦涓嬪緱澶ぇ锛屾墍浠ユ垜浠笉鑳界埇灞变簡鈥濓紝褰㈠闆ㄤ笅寰楀ぇ锛屽父鐢╤eavily鏉ヤ慨楗般€?/div>10.I was listening to the music ______ there was a knock at the door.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]when鈭?/span>B.[B]whileC.[C]because瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滃綋鏁查棬澹板搷璧风殑鏃跺€欙紝鎴戞鍦ㄥ惉闊充箰鈥濓紝鏄椂闂寸姸璇粠鍙ャ€倃hile鐨勭敤娉曟槸鈥滃綋鈥︽鍦ㄥ彂鐢熺殑鏃跺€欙紝鏌愪汉(鏌愮墿)鍦ㄥ仛浠€涔堚€濄€俠ecause寮曞鍘熷洜鐘惰浠庡彞锛屼笉绗﹂鎰忋€?/div>11.He gave orders that the prisoners ______ free.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]are setB.[B]were setC.[C]be set鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 瀵逛簬澶嶅悎鍙ユ潵璇达紝濡傛灉涓诲彞涓惈鏈塷rder, suggest, advice绛夎瘝鏃讹紝浠庡彞甯哥敤铏氭嫙璇皵(should)+be(do)鐨勭粨鏋勶紝鍏朵腑should鍙互鐪佺暐銆?/div> 12.Two and a half months ______ too long, I think.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]areB.[B]is鈭?/span>C.[C]will be瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 褰揳nd杩炴帴涓や釜鏁拌瘝鐨勬椂鍊欙紝鍏惰皳璇伒寰氨杩戝師鍒欍€?/div> 13.There ______ many apples on the table.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]are鈭?/span>B.[B]isC.[C]have瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] There+be鏄竴绉嶅緢鍏稿瀷鐨勫€掕缁撴瀯锛屾湰鍙ヤ腑鐪熸鐨勪富璇槸many apples锛屾墍浠ュ叾璋撹搴旇涓哄鏁般€?/div>14.Mrs. Jones ______ in this school since she came to the city.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]workedB.[B]has worked鈭?/span>C.[C]works瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] since, for绛夎瘝鏄幇鍦ㄥ畬鎴愭椂鐨勬爣蹇椼€?/div>15.My brother asked me ______ shopping with him.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]goB.[B]goingC.[C]to go鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滄垜鍝ュ摜璁╂垜鍜屼粬涓€璧峰幓鍟嗗簵鈥濄€俛sk sb. to do sth.鏄浐瀹氳瘝缁勩€?/div>鍥涖€亄{B}}绗簩鑺?瀹屽瀷濉┖{{/B}}(鎬婚鏁帮細1锛屽垎鏁帮細10.00)闃呰涓嬮潰鐭枃锛屼粠鐭枃鍚庢墍缁欑殑[A]銆乕B]銆乕C]涓変釜閫夐」涓€夊嚭鑳藉～鍏ョ浉搴旂┖鐧藉鐨勬渶浣抽€夐」銆?BR>The American expression" burning your bridges' means acting in such a way which you de stroy any chance of turning back or changing your actions. It gets its name from war. An army that is forced back across a river may decide to burn the bridge{{U}} 41 {{/U}}crossing it. In this way, the army{{U}} 42 {{/U}}its enemy from using the bridge.{{U}} 43 {{/U}}, the army also destroys its own chance to{{U}} 44 {{/U}}back across the river. Most people who" burn their bridges today don't{{U}} 45 {{/U}}the army. But{{U}} 46 {{/U}}those armies, they move in a different direction with{{U}} 47 {{/U}}chance of turning back. There is one other{{U}} 48 {{/U}}that all bridge burners should not forget. It is a warning. "Don't cross yourbridges{{U}} 49 {{/U}}you come to them. "The meaning is clear: wait until the right time before you{{U}} 50 {{/U}}.锛堝垎鏁帮細10.00锛?/div>A.[A]beforeB.[B]after鈭?/span>C.[C]while瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈枃鏄burning your bridges杩欎釜璇嶈鐨勬晠浜嬨€傚畠鏉ユ簮浜庢垬浜夛紝涓€涓啗闃熻繃瀹屼竴搴фˉ鍚庯紝鐑ф帀浜嗚繖搴фˉ锛岃繖鏍峰彲浠ラ樆姝㈡晫浜虹敤杩欏骇妗ワ紝鎸′綇浠栦滑鐨勬潵璺紝鍚屾椂涔熸瘉鎺変簡鑷繁鍥炲幓鐨勮矾銆傜敤涓浗鐨勮瘽鏉ヨ锛屽嵆鈥滅疆姝诲湴鑰屽悗鐢熲€濄€?/div>A.[A]prevents鈭?/span>B.[B]avoidsC.[C]separates瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] prevent sb. from doing sth. 鏄浐瀹氳瘝缁勶紝鎰忔€濇槸鈥滈樆姝㈡煇浜哄仛鏌愪簨鈥濄€?/div>A.[A]InsteadB.[B]However鈭?/span>C.[C]Therefore瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滀粬浠樆鏂簡鏁屼汉鐨勬潵璺紝鐒惰€岃繖鏍峰仛涔熼樆鏂簡鑷繁鐨勯€€璺€濓紝寰堟槑鏄撅紝杩欓噷闇€瑕佸叿鏈夎浆鎶樻剰涔夌殑杩炶瘝銆?/div>A.[A]go鈭?/span>B.[B]returnC.[C]take瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] go back鏄€滃洖鍘烩€濈殑鎰忔€濓紱return, take涓嶈兘鍜宐ack杩炵敤銆?/div>A.[A]joinB.[B]belong to鈭?/span>C.[C]leave瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滀粖澶╅偅浜涘ぇ閮ㄥ垎鐨勨€樿嚧姝诲湴鑰屽悗鐢熲€欑殑浜哄苟涓嶅畬鍏ㄥ睘浜庡啗闃熲€濄€?/div>A.[A]unlikeB.[B]like鈭?/span>C.[C]similar瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] like, be similar to鐨勬剰鎬濇槸鈥滃儚鈥︼紝涓庘€︾浉浼尖€濄€?/div>A.[A]no鈭?/span>B.[B]anyC.[C]not瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滀絾鏄繕鍍忔垬浜夋椂鏈熶竴鏍凤紝閭ｄ簺鈥樼疆姝诲湴鑰屽悗鐢熲€欑殑浜轰粛鐒舵槸涓嶇粰鑷繁鐣欎换浣曞悗閫€鐨勬満浼氱殑鈥濄€?/div>A.[A]expression鈭?/span>B.[B]lessonC.[C]word瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滆繖閲岄潰杩樻湁鍙︿竴绉嶆€濇兂鍜屾剰涔夆€濄€?/div>A.[A]afterB.[B]until鈭?/span>C.[C]when瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滅洿鍒颁綘璧板悜瀹冧滑鐨勬椂鍊欙紝浣犳墠鑳介€氳繃妗モ€濄€?/div>A.[A]leave鈭?/span>B.[B]comeC.[C]go瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滃湪浣犵寮€涔嬪墠锛岃绛夊埌鏈€濂界殑鏈轰細鈥濄€?/div>浜斻€亄{B}}绗笁閮ㄥ垎闃呰鐞嗚В{{/B}}(鎬婚鏁帮細4锛屽垎鏁帮細20.00){{B}}绗竴鑺?璇嶈閰嶄紞{{/B}}浠庝笂鏍忔墍缁欓€夐」涓€夊嚭涓庝笅鏍忓悇椤规剰涔夌浉绗︾殑閫夐」銆?BR>[A]twice[B]winter[C]fish[D]sleep[E]cool[F]uncle[G]talk锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).go to bed锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細D锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏍规嵁鍙ユ剰鈥滀笂搴婄潯瑙夆€濓紝鍗硈leep銆?/div>(2).say something with another person锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細G锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏍规嵁鍙ユ剰鈥滃悓鍙﹀涓€浜涗汉璇翠簺浠€涔堚€濓紝鍗硉alk銆?/div> (3).father's brother锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細F锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏍规嵁鍙ユ剰鈥滅埗浜茬殑寮熷紵鈥濓紝鍗硊ncle銆?/div>(4).two times锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細A锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏍规嵁鍙ユ剰鈥滀袱娆♀€濓紝鍗硉wice銆?/div>(5).the last season of a year锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細B锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏍规嵁鍙ユ剰鈥滀竴骞翠腑鐨勬渶鍚庝竴涓鑺傗€濓紝鍗硍inter銆?/div> {{B}}绗簩鑺?鐭枃鐞嗚В 1{{/B}}闃呰涓嬮潰鐭枃锛屼粠[A](Right)銆乕B](Wrong)銆乕C](Doesn't Say)涓変釜鍒ゆ柇涓€夋嫨涓€涓纭€夐」銆?BR>Children's stories such as" Little Red Riding Hood" and "The Three Little Pigs" have depicted wolves. as frightening animals. In reality, these animals are social, nurturing creatures. They often spend the better part of their day playing with and tending to their young.There are two recognized species of wolves: the gray wolf and the red wolf. The grey wolf, is the largest member of the wolf family.The grey wolf had one of the widest distributions of all mammals on the planet. It once roamed North America, Europe, and Asia, but years of persecution have reduced its numbers significantly, especially in Europe.In Alaska, the northwest territories, and the former Soviet Union, the grey wolf has a thriving population. In the Northwest United States, however, the grey wolf is almost extinct, with a population of perhaps 30. Farther south in the United States the grey has disappeared completely. In Mexico, researchers estimated that fewer than 10 greys survive.The grey wolf became extinct in England about 1486; it disappeared from Scotland in 1743 and from Ireland in 1770.锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).People knew the nature of wolf very well.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Right.B.[B]Wrong.鈭?/span>C.[C]Doesn't say.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏂囦腑绗竴娈靛彲浠ョ湅鍑猴紝浜虹被骞舵病鏈夊緢濂藉湴璁よ瘑鐙硷紝涓€鐩存妸瀹冨綋鍋氫竴绉嶅緢鍑剁嫚鐨勫姩鐗╋紝瀹為檯涓婂畠浠篃鍜屼汉绫讳竴鏍锋湁鐖卞績銆傚彲鐭ユ湰鍙ョ殑璇存硶鏄笉姝ｇ‘鐨勩€?/div>(2).Once grey wolf could be found in many parts of the earth.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Right.鈭?/span>B.[B]Wrong.C.[C]Doesn't say.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 浠庢湰鏂囩殑绗簩銆佺涓夋鍙互鐭ラ亾杩欑鐏拌壊鐨勭嫾鏄嫾绫讳腑鏁伴噺鏈€澶氱殑涓€绫伙紝瀹冨箍娉涘瓨鍦ㄤ簬鍖楃編銆佹娲插拰浜氭床绛夊湴锛屾墍浠ュ彞涓殑璇存硶鏄纭殑銆?/div>(3).We can find more and more grey wolf in Alaska.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Right.鈭?/span>B.[B]Wrong.C.[C]Doesn't say.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 浠庢枃涓鍥涙鐨勭涓€鍙ヨ瘽鍙煡姝ゅ彞璇濈殑璇存硶鏄纭殑銆?/div>(4).There are less grey wolf in Europe than in the United States.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Right.B.[B]Wrong.C.[C]Doesn't say.鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 杩欑瘒鏂囩珷骞舵病鏈夎鍦ㄦ娲插拰缇庢床鍝釜鍦版柟鐏扮嫾鏇村銆?/div>(5).Grey wolves take good care of the young.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Right.鈭?/span>B.[B]Wrong.C.[C]Doesn't say.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 浠庢枃涓涓€娈靛彲浠ョ煡閬擄紝鐙肩粡甯歌姳澶ч儴鍒嗙殑鏃堕棿鍜屽畠浠殑瀛╁瓙鍦ㄤ竴璧枫€?/div>{{B}}绗笁鑺?鐭枃鐞嗚В 2{{/B}}闃呰涓嬪垪鐭枃锛屼粠[A]銆乕B]銆乕C]涓変釜閫夐」涓€夋嫨鈥斾釜姝ｇ‘绛旀銆?BR> Betty is a fourth-year student. She is good at jumping. The school sports meeting will be held on May 4th and she entered(鎶ュ悕鐧昏)her name for the high jump and the long jump. But two days later she fell from a ladder and hurt her right foot. Her parents sent her to the nearest hospital. The first word she asked the doctor was, "Can I jump in seven days, doctor? I don't like to miss our school sports meeting. "Without a word, the doctor looked her over carefully and said, "Don't worry. It's not badly hurt, your foot will be much better by the end of April. On May 4th you are able to run and jump at sports. "锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).Betty is ______ .锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]in Grade Four鈭?/span>B.[B]a four year studentC.[C]Grade Four瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鐢辨湰鏂囩殑绗竴鍙ヨ瘽鍙煡銆?/div>(2).She entered her name for the high jump and the long jump because she ______ .锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]does well in jumping鈭?/span>B.[B]likes sportsC.[C]runs fast瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] she is good at jumping.鐨勬剰鎬濇槸鈥滃ス闈炲父鎿呴暱浜庤烦楂樺拰璺宠繙鈥濄€俠e good at鍜宒o well in閮芥槸鈥滄搮闀库€︹€濈殑鎰忔€濄€?/div>(3).Her parents took her to the doctor because ______ . [A]their ladder was broken [B]the hospital was near their home [C]something was wrong with Betty's foot锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏂囦腑璇粹€滀袱澶╁悗锛屽ス浠庢瀛愪笂鎽斾笅锛屼激浜嗗ス鐨勫彸鑴氣€濄€?/div>(4).The doctor said that ______ . [A]her foot was badly hurt [B]the wound(浼?in her foot was not serious [C]She'd better stay in bed锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B. 鈭?/span>C.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏂囦腑鏈夊彞璇滵on't worry. It's not badly hurt銆?/div>(5).Which is not true?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>[A]Betty would get better soon.B.[B]She likes sports.C.[C]She won the first place.鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏂囦腑鍙槸璇村ス鐨勮吙鍙椾激锛屽苟娌℃湁鏄剧ず濂规槸鍚﹁耽寰椾簡姣旇禌銆?/div>One day Nasreddin bought a donkey(椹?in the market, but while he was taking it home, two thieves followed him. One of them took the rope from the donkey's neck and tied(鎹?it round his friend's neck. Then he went away with the donkey.When Nasreddin got home, he turned and saw the young man. He was very surprised. "Where is my donkey?" he said angrily."I'm very sorry, "said the thief. "Once I said some very bad things to my mother and she changed me into a donkey. Now because a good man has bought me, she changed me back to a man again. Thank you. " Nasreddin untied the man and said, "Go. And never say, bad things to your mother again. "The next day, Nasreddin saw the same donkey in the market again. The other thief was selling it.Nasreddin went to it and said into its ear, "Young man, some people will never learn. "锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).Nasreddin was surprised because he ______ . [A]knew the young man was a thief [B]saw his donkey was gone [C]saw a young man behind him instead of his donkey锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] Nasreddin鐪嬪埌鑷繁鍚庨潰鐨勯┐鍙樻垚浜嗕竴涓汉锛屾墍浠ユ劅鍒板緢鎯婂銆?/div>(2).Where was his donkey?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]It had gone home.B.[B]It had been sold.C.[C]It had been stolen.鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏍规嵁绗竴娈电殑鎰忔€濆彲鐭ワ紝椹磋璐煎伔鍥炲浜嗐€?/div>(3).How did the young man treat his mother?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Badly.B.[B]With care.[C]We don't know.鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 杩欎釜骞磋交浜烘€庢牱瀵瑰緟浠栫殑姣嶄翰锛屾湰鏂囧苟娌℃湁娑夊強銆?/div>(4).In the last sentence, "some people" means ______ .锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]some personB.[B]the thief who was tied鈭?/span>C.[C]the other thief瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滃勾杞讳汉锛屼竴浜涗汉姘歌繙涓嶄細瀛︿範锛屼笉浼氬惛鍙栨暀璁€濄€傛槸Nasreddin鐩镐俊浜嗚醇鍓嶄竴澶╄鐨勮瘽锛屼互涓轰粬鍙堝彉鎴愪簡椹达紝鎵€浠ヨ浠栦笉鍚稿彇鏁欒銆?/div>(5).From this passage we can see that Nasreddin was ______ .锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]really a fool鈭?/span>B.[B]a farmerC.[C]kind and clever瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 浠庡叏鏂囨潵鐪嬶紝涓讳汉鍏叾瀹炲苟涓嶈仾鏄庯紝浠栧苟涓嶇煡閬撻偅浜烘槸璐硷紝骞剁浉淇′簡浠栫殑璋庤█锛屾妸浠栨斁浜嗭紝鐢辨鍙煡浠栧緢锠€?/div>鍏€亄{B}}绗洓閮ㄥ垎鍐欎綔{{/B}}(鎬婚鏁帮細4锛屽垎鏁帮細13.00)16.Judy arrived in Boston and wrote to her parents at once. Judy wrote to her parents 1 she arrived in Boston.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細as soon as锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥淛udy涓€鍒版尝澹】锛屽氨缁欏ス鐨勭埗姣嶄翰鍐欎俊鈥濓紝and寮曞鐨勬槸涓や釜鍚屾椂杩涜鐨勫姩浣溿€傚彲鐢╝s soon as鍙栦唬锛屽彧鏄痑s soon as寮曞鐨勬槸鏃堕棿鐘惰浠庡彞锛屽悗闈㈠簲璇ュ姞涓婁富璇€?/div>17.Listen to the teacher carefully and you will soon understand. 1 the teacher carefully, you will soon understand.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細If you listen to锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滆鐪熷惉鑰佸笀鐨勮锛屼綘寰堝揩灏变細鏄庣櫧鐨勨€濄€傚墠鍗婂彞鏄悗鍗婂彞鐨勬潯浠躲€傚彲鐢╥f杞崲鎴愭潯浠剁姸璇粠鍙ャ€?/div>18.We didn't go to Shanghai. We went to Hangzhou. We went to Hangzhou 1 . Shanghai,锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細instead of锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滄垜浠病鏈夊幓涓婃捣锛屽幓浜嗘澀宸炩€濓紝in-stead of鐨勬剰鎬濇槸鈥滃彇浠ｏ紝浠ｆ浛鈥濄€?/div>19.浣犵殑鏈嬪弸Peter鏉ュ寳浜窡浣犱竴璧峰害鏆戝亣锛屼綇鍦ㄤ綘(Li Ming)瀹躲€?浠诲姟锛?璇蜂綘缁欎粬鐖舵瘝鍐欏皝鐭俊锛屽憡璇変粬浠細路Peter宸茬粡瀹夊叏鍒拌揪锛屼綘鍘绘満鍦烘帴浠栵紱路Peter鍠滄涓浗椋熷搧锛?路浣犱滑宸茬粡鍙傝浜嗗ぉ瀹夐棬鍜岄暱鍩庯紱路涓嬪懆鍘昏タ瀹夊弬瑙傦紝灏嗕細鐜╁緱寰堝揩娲伙紱路甯屾湜浠栦滑鏈夋満浼氭潵涓浗銆?Dear Mr. and Mrs.Smith, How are you? Yours, Li Ming锛堝垎鏁帮細7.00锛?/div>__________________________________________________________________________________________ 姝ｇ‘绛旀锛?)瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鑼冩枃] Dear Mr. and Mrs. Smith. How are you? I'm glad to tell you that Peter has already arrived safely. I met him at the airport and took him back home. Peter likes the Chinese food very much. We have been to Tian' anmen Square and the Great wall. We are going to Xi' an next week. We are sure we'll have a good time. I hope you Will have the chance to come to China锛? Yours, Li Ming。
公共英语五级-听力理解(八)
鍏叡鑻辫浜旂骇-鍚姏鐞嗚В(鍏?(鎬诲垎锛?0.00锛屽仛棰樻椂闂达細90鍒嗛挓)涓€銆?b>缁冧範涓?/b>(鎬婚鏁帮細0锛屽垎鏁帮細0.00)浜屻€?strong>Part AYou will hear a conversation between a student, Mr. Wang, and his tutor, Dr. Wilson. As you listen, answer Questions 1 to 10 by circling TRUE or FALSE. You will hear the conversation only once. You now have 1 minute to read Questions 1 to 10.(鎬婚鏁帮細1锛屽垎鏁帮細10.00)锛堝垎鏁帮細10.00锛?/div>(1).Dr.Wilson and Mr.Wang have met before.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.姝ｇ‘鈭?/span>B.閿欒瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 1-10[Hearing a knock on the door]W: Come in please.M: Good morning Dr.Wilson.W: Good morning Wang. So nice to see you again.Take a seat...why don't you, please.When did you get to the university?M: I arrived yesterday.W: Well...Are you living in the college?M: No, I am with an English family...actually...because I want to improve my speaking.W: Oh, fine. Right, did you take a language proficiency test before you came?M: Yes. Uhh...my Overall Band is 6, but...unfortunately my speaking is only 5.W: OK, you know, here in this university, you have to take our own English test before you attend any lectures. So, first of all, what we've got to do is, we have to make an arrangement for the test date. Umm...will tomorrow be all right for you?M: Yeah, I have time tomorrow morning.W: Good, then.Tomorrow at ten. I don't think the test will be any problem for you. Now,let's make sure you make full use of your time here. Let's put it like this. What exactly do you want to accomplish in the next 12 months?M: I'm interested in computer language translation, I mean, from English to Chinese and Chinese to English. I'll try, if possible, to produce a software or a device which can serve as an interpreter.W: Yes, could you be a bit more specific about..er...the device?M: For instance, when you talk to the device in English it will translate your words into Chinese and vice versa.W: Uhuh...do you mean it'll be as competent as..er.., a human interpreter?M: Yes... well, I'll let it deal with general situations, at least.W: Fascinating... and how big will the device itself be, do you think?M: The size of a cigarette pack, I think. So people can put it in their pocket.W: Really.Well, that could be a Ph. D project.Tell me what you have done so far.M: In my four years of undergraduate study, I studied electronics, advanced mathematics, hardware designing, some computer languages and program writing.W: Yes, but have you done any practical jobs? I mean, have you written any programs for practical use?M: I was involved in a project for CAD in a shipyard~W: The computer aided design.That was probably a good experience, but, unfortunately, it may not help your present project much.Are you familiar with C-language?M: No.W: Uhuh... the phonetic processing system, do you know how such a system works?M: What do you mean by"phonetic processing system"?W: Well, you know, English is spoken by different people with different accents.Your English accent is different from mine, and of course mine is not the same as my colleagues'. So as I see it, your device would have to be able to recognise and understand different accents. M: Oh, I see. I think I can learn C-language and a phonetic processing system here.W: Well, that's probably true, but you've got only 12 months and you want a degree, don't you?M: Yes.W: OK, so there're two ways of studying for a degree here.You either take six courses, pass their exams and have your dissertation accepted or the other way is you do some research work and submit your project report.M: I think I'll take the second way.W: Fine, but are you sure you can finish your project in twelve months?M: I don't know, but I can work twelve hours a day and seven days a week.W: Well, I'd suggest you spend some time in our library, trying to find out what other students have done before and perhaps reconsider your own project, to some extent. You might narrow your research area, concentrating on solving one or two major problems. And, it'd be a good idea to talk to your colleagues in the lab, first. Anyway, I'm sure we can work out something good. Shall I see you again in three days' time?M: All right. I'll go away and do some thinking.Then rll talk to you about my new plan.W: Good. See you then.M: Thankyou. Bye-bye.(2).Wang prefers to live with an English family.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.姝ｇ‘鈭?/span>B.閿欒瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>(3).Wang intends to study how computer is used for language translation.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.姝ｇ‘鈭?/span>B.閿欒瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>(4).Back in his own country Mr.Wang studied C-language and chemistry.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.姝ｇ‘B.閿欒鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>(5).Wang has some experience in CAD.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.姝ｇ‘鈭?/span>B.閿欒瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>(6).Dr.Wilson is satisfied with Wang's past experience.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.姝ｇ‘B.閿欒鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>(7).Wang has little knowledge of the phonetic processing system.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.姝ｇ‘鈭?/span>B.閿欒瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>(8).Wang decides to take courses and pass exams.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.姝ｇ‘B.閿欒鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>(9).Dr. Wilson suggests that Wang should extend his stay at the university.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.姝ｇ‘B.閿欒鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>(10).Dr.Wilson asksWang to do a little more research before deciding on his project.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.姝ｇ‘鈭?/span>B.閿欒瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>涓夈€?strong>Part BYou will hear 3 conversations or talks and you must answer the questions by choosing A, B, C or D. You will hear the recording only once.Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following talk. You have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 to 1(鎬婚鏁帮細3锛屽垎鏁帮細10.00)锛堝垎鏁帮細3.00锛?/div>A.B. 鈭?/span>C.D.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 11-13Right, everybody. Welcome to Central College library services. My name's Kathy Jenkins. I'll give you a brief introduction to the library. We have a wellstocked bank of resources which are in three main locations: the library itself, with books and periodicals; the self-access language centre, with audio and video material; and the micro-computer lab. I'll start with the micro-computer lab, or micro-lab as we call it. It is fitted with 24 personal computers. If you are a member of the library, you may borrow CALL discs in French, German, Italian, Spanish and Russian as well as English. By the way, CALL stands for computer aided languagelearning: CA double L,"CALL", for short.You may also borrow a range of word processing and deslThere is always a queue to get to the terminals towards the end of term. Come in and get to know how to use the computers early in the term and use them regularly, rather than just before exams and essay deadlines, in order to avoid delay or disappointment.Training sessions are held on a regular basis, on the first and third Thursday of each month, and are free to full-time students of the college. See you there. Now, any questions?A.B.C. 鈭?/span>D.瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>A. 鈭?/span>B.C.D.瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>Questions 14 to 16 are based on the following conversation. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14 to 16.Questions 14 to 16 are based on the following conversation. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14 to 16.锛堝垎鏁帮細3.00锛?/div>(1).Who is the man?A. Student advison.B. Course teacher.C. Admissions officer.D. Department secretary.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A. 鈭?/span>B.C.D.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 14-16M: Have you settled in?W: Yes, I feel quite at home now. I haven't got used to the food yet but I'm enjoying the life on campus.M: Good. Now we'd better make sure you enjoy your studies. We offer a very wide range of options on the foundation course, as you know; but you can only take six courses. Do you know what you want to do yet?W: Yes, more or less; but I'm not sure whether to do biological sciences or German.M: Well, that's quite a difference. Let's see.., you've selected to do: physical sciences, basic electronics, art and design, CAD... that's computer-aided design and English.W: Yes, five courses.M: That's quite a range. Don't you want to do maths or computer programming, for example? W: Well, I'm interested in electronics -in computers -especially in writing computer games, rd like to produce educational software, educational games, eventually. I've taught myself a lot of programming and I was good at maths. I don't think I need either of them.M: Then, why do you choose to do art and design?W: That will be good for my graphics. I need that to produce games... CAD, too. I've never done computer aided design before.M: Now... right.., they've got some powerful packages in the computer graphics and CADoffices.., you'll enjoy that, So .,. that leaves English. It's mostly English literature. I know your English is all right. But as a first year student, you'll have to take Cambridge proficiency.W: All right.(2).Which subject does the student say she was good at?A. Computer programming.B. Art and design.C. Electronics.D. Mathematics.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D. 鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>(3).What will she most likely do eventually?A. Do basic electronics.B. Teach English literature.C. Produce educational games.D. Write computer programs.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>D.瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>Questions 17 to 20 are based on the following talk. You have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 to 20.Questions 17 to 20 are based on the following talk. You have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 to 20.锛堝垎鏁帮細4.00锛?/div>(1).What is George Orwell mainly known as?A. A literary critic.B. A war correspondent.C. A volunteer in the Spanish Civil War.D. A novelist.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D. 鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 17-20Today it's my turn to give the presentation. As we agreed last week, I'm going to introduce George Orwell, a famous English writer:George Orwell was born in India on 25 June, 1903 but his family returned to England four years later. He went to school in Sussex where he was very unhappy and then in 1917 he entered the famous English public school, Eton. Unlike most of his contemporaries he did not go to university after this but joined the Indian Imperial Police in 1922 and went to Burma. He disliked his job as a policeman and in 1927, after five years, he returned to England. He spent much of the following three years getting to know the poor and exploited in both London and Paris, and he also wrote articles for the newspapers, and poems. All his life he hated political and social injustice and much of his writing was concerned with this, trying to enlighten and change society through his books. In 1933 his first book, DOWN AND OUT IN PARIS AND LONDON was published, about his time amongst the poor in these two places. In 1936 he married Eileen O'Shaughnessy and later that year, in July, he travelled to Spain as a warcorrespondent. While there, he joined the republican side and fought for them against Franco in the Spanish Civil War.The following year he was seriously wounded in the throat and he returned to England in July 1937. In 1938 his sixth book, HOMAGETO CATALONIA, about his time in Spain, was published. In 1940 he became a correspondent with the BBC. Immediately after the Second World War, in 1945, one of his most famous books, ANIMAL FARM, was published. He became very ill with tuberculosis in 1948 but he managed to write the book "1984", a pessimistic novel about the future. It was published a year later in 1949. He died on 23 January 1950.Well, that's all about his life. Now shall we concentrate on his famous book ANIMAL FARM.(2).Where was George Orwell born?A. Spain.B. France.C. Burma.D. India.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D. 鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>(3).What is most important in Orwelrs life?A. Although English, he was actually not born in England.B. He was a student of the famous English public school, Eton.C. He tried to enlighten and change society through his works.D. He worked as a policeman in Burma for five year.s.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>D.瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>(4).What are the listeners going to do after the presentation?A. To ask the speaker questions.B. To discuss"ANIMAL FARM".C. To write essays on Orwell's life.D. To read the book"1984".锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B. 鈭?/span>C.D.瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>鍥涖€?strong>Part CYou will hear a talk given by a university lecture. As you listen, you must answer Questions 21 to 30 by writing not more than three words in the space provided on the right. You will hear the talk twice. You now have 1 minute to read Questions 21 to 30.(鎬婚鏁帮細1锛屽垎鏁帮細10.00)锛堝垎鏁帮細10.00锛?/div>(1).What's the average annual increase of foreign student population in the period between 1985 and 1990 in terms of percentage?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細12.5%/12.5percent锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 21-30For those of you who are either already studying in the United States or plan to one day, it might be interesting to know something about the foreign student population in the United States. For the academic year 1995/96 there was a total of approximately 344,000 foreign students studying in the United States.This figure of 344,000 may seem like a very large number until you compare it with the total population of 241,000,000.The foreign student population has been growing for a number of years and is still growing, but the rate of increase has dropped sharply during the 1990s. During the 1980s, the population grew quite rapidly. For example, between 1985 and 1990, the average yearly increase was 12.5%. However, the picture in the 1990s is quite different. The rate of increase has declined quite noticeably. In fact, the rate of increase between 1994/95 and 1995/96 was only 0.5%, or one-half of one percent. Although the overall rate of increase has dropped to only 0.5%, the number of students from some parts of the world is increasing while the number of students from other areas is decreasing. For example, during this same time period, that is between the academic years 94/95 and 95/96, there was a decrease in the number of students from the Middle East, while the number of students from South and East Asia increased.These changesin the number of students coming from different parts of the world no doubt reflected changing economic and political situations, i'm sure you are aware of many of these changes, and perhaps we can discuss them at our next meeting. For today let's confine our talk to first, a discussion of the origin of these students, or, in other words, where they come from; second, the kinds of studies they pursue; and, finally, the academic levels they are found in. If we have a little time left, we might quickly discuss in which geographic areas most of them go to school.Let's discuss the origins of the foreign student population in the United States for the academic year 1995/96. Let's discuss it in order from those areas sending the most students to those areas sending the fewest students. If we look at the figures provided by the annual census of foreign students in the United States for the year 1995/96, we see that most of the foreign students studying in the United States during this year were from South and East Asia. This is a rather large geographical area which includes such countries as China, Korea, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, and Indonesia.The total number of students from this area, South and East Asia was 156,830. In other words, roughly 2 out of every 5 foreign students come from South and East Asia. Almost 24,000 of this total were from China. Malaysia was close behind with just a little over 23,000 students.The next largest number of students came from the Middle East.The number of students from the Middle East came to about one-third the number from South and East Asia.The fourth largest number came from South America. Next came Europe, Africa, North America, and Oceania. Let's recapitulate what we've said.The largest number of students studying in the United States during the academic year 1995/96 were from South and East Asia, followed by the Middle East, South America, Europe, Africa, North America, and Oceania.What fields are these large numbers of foreign students studying in? It probably won't surprise you to learn that the largest number are in the field of engineering. In fact,21.7% of the total number are studying engineering. Business and management is close behind, however, with a total of 18.9%.The third most popular field was mathematics and computer sciences with 10.3%. As you can see, engineering with 21.7%, business and management with 18.9%, and mathematics and computer sciences with 10.3% comprise about one half of the total number of foreign students.Let's talk about which academic levels these students can be found in. Foreign students can be found studying at all levels of higher education. As you might expect, the greatest number of them are studying at the undergraduate level -approximately 158,000.The second largest group study at the graduate level and that number is just under 122,000.The rest study at junior colleges or in non-degree programs. It is at the graduate level that foreign students have the most impact. While foreign students comprise only 2.7% of the total U.S. student population, they account for 8.7% of all the graduate students studying at U. S. institutions. Let me give you those percentages again so you can get a better feel for the overall picture. Foreign students make up only 2.75 of the total U. S. student population, but they make up 8.7% of the total graduate student population.Well, I see that's all the time we have today.We'll have to leave discussions of the geographic areas these students study in until another time.(2).Which part of the world contributed to an increase between 94/95 and 95/96?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細South (and) EastAsia/S(+) EAsia.锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>(3).When will the speaker talk about the economic and political changes?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細(at) (the) Next meeting / (the) following meeting.锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>(4).What will the speaker discuss first?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細Origin(s) of students / where students are from / student(s).锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>(5).Where do the three largest groups of students come from?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細China, Malaysia, (the) Middle East (in any order).锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>(6).What's the number of students from Malaysia?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細(over) 23 000.锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>(7).Which is the most popular field of study?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細Engineering.锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>(8).What's the percentage of students in business and management?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div> 濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細18.9% / 18.9 percent.锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>(9).In terms of academic levels, in which level do we find the smallest number?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細Junior colleges / non-degree programs.锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>(10).In summary, what did the speaker talk about?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細Foreign student(s) population.锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛?/div>。
descendant谐音记忆法
descendant谐音记忆法在现代社会，英语作为一种国际化的语言，其重要性不言而喻。
而对于我们这些非英语为母语的学习者来说，记忆英语单词无疑是一个巨大的挑战。
尤其是一些看似毫无关联的单词，如“descendant”这样的词，更是让我们感到头疼。
不过，今天我要向大家介绍一种有趣的记忆法——descendant谐音记忆法。
首先，我们要明白“descendant”这个单词的含义，它指的是后代、后裔。
那么，如何用谐音记忆法来记忆这个单词呢？这就需要我们找到一个与它读音相近的中文词语，以便于我们的记忆。
首先，我们可以将“descendant”读作“得死它”，这个读音似乎与我们通常对“后裔”的理解不太相符。
但实际上，这里的“得死它”是取其谐音，表示的是“后代、后裔”的意思。
这样一联想，是不是觉得这个读音还挺形象的呢？除了读音上的相似，我们还可以从词根词缀的角度来理解“descendant”的含义。
在英语中，“descend”是一个动词，表示“下降、下去”，而“ent”是一个后缀，表示“……人、……物”。
结合起来，“descendant”就是指从上往下走的人，也就是后代、后裔。
当然，这种记忆法不仅仅适用于“descendant”这一个单词。
实际上，它还可以应用于许多其他的单词。
比如，“delicious”可以读作“得来西”，与“得利息”谐音；而“abandon”可以读作“啊不本”，与“阿不苯”谐音。
这样一来，我们就可以通过这种谐音记忆法，轻松地记住这些看似毫无关联的单词了。
除了这种方法，我们还可以通过联想记忆法来记忆单词。
比如，“pest”可以想象成“拍死它”，这样一联想，是不是就记住了这个单词的含义呢？再比如，“university”可以想象成“由你纳西”，这样一联想，是不是就能记住这个单词是由“universe”（宇宙）和“school”（学校）组成的含义了呢？总之，descendant谐音记忆法是一种有趣且实用的记忆方法。
化学版《生僻字》，没有拼音你不会唱？这里有拼音版献上！
化学版《⽣僻字》，没有拼⾳你不会唱？这⾥有拼⾳版献上！化学版《⽣僻字》⼀经推出！便得到了⼤家的⼀致好评~当然，许多⼩伙伴也发出了这样的呼吁：D应各位化学党的要求~歌词改编作者肖⽼师为⼤家献上化学版《⽣僻字》注⾳版（部分略有修改）化学党们！！快唱起来鸭！！化学版《⽣僻字》注⾳版改编:肖培林厦门双⼗中学我们化学的课本落笔书写写出有机⽆机⽅程让同学都认识化学课本的汉字⼀⽕⼀⽔都是物质造字命名先把元素观氢氧合并就会念羟(qǐang)汉字偏旁⼤多读半边醇(chún)醛(quán )醚(mí) 酮(tóng)酚(fēn)酯(zhǐ)醋(cù)酸(suān)Wu 氕(piē) 氘(dāo) 氚(chuān) 氢(qīng )Wu 烷(wán) 烯(Xi) 炔(quē) 烃(tīng)Wu 肼(jǐng) 肟(wò) 胺(àn) 胂(shèn)脎(sà)苯( běn ) 蒽(ēn) 萘(nài) 菲( fēi)锇(é) 铱(yī ) 铂(bó ) ⾦(jīn)巯(qiú) 咔(kā) 孢(bāo) 砜(fēng)嘧(mì) 啶(dìng) 喹(kuí) 啉(|in)苄(biàn) 腙(zōng) 萜( tiē ) 锑(tī)甾(zāi) 甙(dài) 苷(gān) 膦(lìn )泮(pàn) 汀(tīng) 羟(qǐang) 羧(suō)脲(niào) 胍(guā) 氰(qíng) 腈(jīng)钐(shān) 铕(yǒu) 钆(gá) 铽(tè)锿(āi) 钚(bù) 钍(tǔ) 荨(xún)镎(ná) 锕(ā) 钋(pō) 锎(kāi)镨(pǔ) 钕(nǚ) 钷(pǒ) )锌( xīn )茚( yìn )噻(sāi) 吩(fēn) 呋(fū) 喃(nán)噻(sāi) 唑 (zuò )吖(ā) 啶(dìng)吲(yǐn) 哚(duǒ) 钔(mén) 镄(fèi)吡(bǐ) 咯(luò) 吡(bǐ) 啶 (dìng)氦(hài) 氖(nǎi ) 氩( yà) 氪( kè )铹(láo) 锘(nuò) 嘌(piào) 呤(lìng)氟(fú ) 氯( lǜ ) 氙(xiān)氡(dōng)钪(kàng)铟(yīn) 钯(bǎ) 嗪(qín)氨(ān) 铵(ǎn) 胺(àn) 桉(ān)酰(xiān)羧(suō) 酞(tài) 芎(xiōng)哌(pài) 濞(bì) 檗(bò) 镝(dī)枸(jǔ) 橼(yuán) 羰( tāng ) 酊(dīng)我们化学的汉字组成物质使得世界万物⽣让同学都认识我们化学的汉字⼀⼟⼀⽊都是故事现在全化学各书到处有⽅程式学化学的⼈骄傲地把头抬起我们化学的汉字⼀苦⼀甜形成知识苯( běn ) 蒽(ēn) 萘(nài) 菲( fēi)锇(é) 铱(yī ) 铂(bó ) ⾦(jīn)巯(qiú) 咔(kā) 孢(bāo) 砜(fēng)嘧(mì) 啶(dìng) 喹(kuí) 啉(|in)苄(biàn) 腙(zōng) 萜( tiē ) 锑(tī)甾(zāi) 甙(dài) 苷(gān) 膦(lìn )泮(pàn) 汀(tīng) 羟(qǐang) 羧(suō)脲(niào) 胍(guā)氰(qíng) 腈(jīng)钐(shān) 铕(yǒu) 钆(gá) 铽(tè)锿(āi) 钚(bù) 钍(tǔ) 荨(xún)镎(ná) 锕(ā) 钋(bo) 锎(kāi)镨(pǔ) 钕(nǚ) 钷(pǒ) )锌( xīn )茚( yìn )噻(sāi) 吩(fēn) 呋(fū) 喃(nán)噻(sāi) 唑 (zuò )吖(ā) 啶(dìng)吲(yǐn) 哚(duǒ) 钔(mén) 镄(fèi)吡(bǐ) 咯(luò) 吡(bǐ) 啶 (dìng)氦(hài) 氖(nǎi ) 氩( yà) 氪( kè )铹(láo) 锘(nuò) 嘌(piào) 呤(lìng)氟(fú ) 氯( lǜ ) 氙(xiān)氡(dōng)钪(kàng)铟(yīn) 钯(bǎ) 嗪(qín)氨(ān) 铵(ǎn) 胺(àn) 桉(ān)酰(xiān)羧(suō) 酞(tài) 芎(xiōng)哌(pài) 濞(bì) 檗(bò) 镝(dī)枸(jǔ) 橼(yuán) 羰( tāng ) 酊(dīng)我们化学的汉字发⽣变化写出有机⽆机⽅程让同学都认识我们化学的汉字⼀⽯⼀⾦都是故事现在全化学各书到处有⽅程式学化学的⼈骄傲地把头抬起我们化学的汉字鉨(nǐ)镆(mó)钬(huǒ)铥(diū)形成知识优秀成绩钠镁铜铁铝众⼈皆努⼒之氧硫硒 (xī) 碲(dì)也欢迎⼤家把化学版《⽣僻字》唱出来吧！念出来也⾏！投稿⽅式请将改编好的歌词⽂本或录制好的⾳频发送⾄。
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ｓｔｒａｉｇｈｔ ｌｉｎｅｓ ｔｈａｔ ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅ ｔｈｅ ｓｕｒｆａｃｅ ｔｅｎｓｉｏｎ ｖｅｒｓｕｓ ｌｇ
ｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎ ｃｕｒｖｅｓ ｂｅｆｏｒｅ ａｎｄ ａｆｔｅｒ ｔｈｅ ｂｒｅａｋ．
性有关． 事实上Ｋａｗａｇｕｃｈｉ等的研究也表明¨…，
ＰＮＩＰＡＭ自身也具有明显的可降低水溶液表面张 力的作用．我们进行的光散射的研究中发现，在高 于ＰＮＩＰＡＭ相变温度时，Ｄｅｘｔｒａｎ．ｇ－ＰＮＩＰＡＭ在水 中聚集成３０～１００ ａｍ的微胶束‘５ Ｊ，而在２５℃时， Ｄｅｘｔｒａｎ．ｇ－ＰＮＩＰＡＭ在水溶液中则以１０ ｎｍ左右的 聚集粒子存在．因此认为即使在低于ＰＮＩＰＡＭ相 变温度时，Ｄｅｘｔｒａｎ—ｇ－ＰＮＩＰＡＭ共聚物在水溶液中 也不以均匀的无规线团的形式存在，而是以相对
最近，我们制备了以水溶性可生物降解的葡 聚糖为主链，具有温敏相变特性的聚（Ⅳ．异丙基 丙烯酰胺）为接枝链的葡聚糖一接枝一聚（Ⅳ．异丙基 丙烯酰胺）（Ｄｅｘｔｒａｎ—ｇ－ＰＮＩＰＡＭ）共聚物ｏ？３，研究了 该类共聚物的温敏相变过程和相变聚集形态．结 果表明，由于ＰＮＩＰＡＭ具有温敏的亲疏水性可逆 变化，当水溶液温度高于３２℃时，该接枝共聚体 系形成了具有纳米尺寸的微胶束，其尺寸可以通 过改变接枝率加以调控ｂ’…．
万方数据
２．２共聚物的接枝率与共聚物水溶液临界胶束 化行为的关系
对于两亲共聚物，由于非极性基团的存在，共 聚物分子有向空气／水界面富集的趋势．当溶液浓 度较低时，两亲共聚物分子首先在空气／水界面吸 附，疏水性部分伸向空气中，起到降低水的表面张 力的作用．随着两亲共聚物浓度的增加，分子在表 面的吸附量增大，表面张力逐渐降低．当共聚物的 浓度达到临界值，空气／水界面被共聚物分子铺展 完全．随着浓度的进一步增加，溶液中的共聚物分 子发生缔合，形成胶束，表面张力的变化趋于稳 定．此时的胶束浓度称为临界胶束浓度（ＣＭＣ）旧。．
Ｔａｂｌｅ ２ Ｔｈｅ Ｐｆ拈ｒｔＲ ｎｆ Ｃ％ｎｎ ｔｈＰ ｖａｌｉｌＰ ｎｆ ｒＭｒ
Ｄｅｘｔｒａｎ－ｇ－ＰＮＩＰＡＭ
ＣＭＣ（ｗｔ％）
１５℃
３７℃
｛
Ｚ
邑
ｄ
．呈
ｇ 艺
量
宝 ∽
一ｕｖｚＩ一＃ｏＩｓ口ｏ＿０３Ｂ℃；∽
Ｆｉｇ．４
Ｔｈｅ ｉｓｏｔｈｅｒｍ ｏｆ ｓｕｒｆａｃｅ ｔｅｎｓｉｏｎ ｉｎ ａｑｕｅｏｕｓ
＊２００３—１１．２８收稿，２００４．０１，１１修稿；国家自然科学基金资助项目（基金号５０１７５０２２），高分子物理与化学国家重点实验室（长春）科学基金 资助项目（２００３）；＊＊通讯联系人
万方数据
１期
李玉萍等：表面张力法研究温敏性接枝共聚物的微胶束化行为
１２５
３０ ｍｉｎ以上再进行测定．。
２结果与讨论
ｇ Ｚ 量
一
Ｃ ．殳 Ｃ 卫 Ｕ
ｄ
＝
∽
Ｆｉｇ．２ Ｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｃｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｓｕｒｆａｃｅ ｔｅｎｓｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ａｑｕｅｏｕｓ
ｓｏｕｌｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｈ－ｇｒａｆｔ ｄｅｘｔｒａｎ—ｇ·－ＰＮＩＰＡＭ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ Ｔｈｅ ｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ ｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎ ｉＳ ０．００１通过疏 水部分的分子间和分子内缔合作用形成疏水性内 核和亲水性外壳的胶束形式¨’２Ｉ．药物，尤其是疏 水性药物可以被包载于疏水性内核，这种表面亲 水的具有纳米尺寸（１０～１００ ｎｍ）的高分子微胶束 载药系统能够逃逸网状内皮系统（ＲＥＳ）的非选择 性吸收，展示了在药物控释领域的应用前景ｂ ｏ．
２．１共聚物水溶液的表面张力对时间和温度的 依赖性
图１是不同浓度的Ｄｅｘｔｒａｎ．ｇ－ＰＮＩＰＡＭ接枝共 聚物水溶液的动态表面张力曲线．结果显示，接枝 共聚物在空气／水界面的吸附表现出明显的时间 依赖性．浓度越大，接枝共聚物达到平衡表面张力 所需的时间越短．
ｇ Ｚ ｇ
一
皇 ．坌
￡ 旦 。
盘
ｊ
∽
值．我们认为，共聚物中的ＰＮＩＰＡＭ接枝链的温敏 相转变，即由１５℃时的亲水性转变成３７℃时的疏 水性，是导致上述结果的主要原因．该结果也表 明；利用Ｄｅｘｔｒａｎ．ｇ－ＰＮＩＰＡＭ共聚物的这一特性，有 可能得到不使用有机溶剂制备高分子微胶囊载药 控释体系的新方法．
ｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｓ ｏｆ ｄｅｘｔｒａｎ－－ｇ··ＰＮＩＰＡＭ ｃｏｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｓ ａｔ ｔｗｏ
ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｓ（１５℃ａｎｄ ３７℃）
Ｔｈｅ ａｒｒｏｗｓ ｍａｒｋ ｔｈｅ ＣＭＣ ｏｂｔｍｎｅｄ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｓ， ｔｈｅ ＣＭＣ ｖａｌｕｅ ｉｓ ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ ｃｒｏｓｓｉｎｇ ｐｏｉｎｔ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ
３
Ｋａｋｉｚａｗａ Ｙ，Ｋａｔａｏｋａ Ｋ．Ａｄｖ Ｄｒｕｇ Ｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｙ Ｒｅｖ，２００２，５４：２０３—２２２
４
Ｗａｎｇ Ｌ Ｑ，Ｔｕ Ｋ，Ｌｉ Ｙ，Ｚｈａｎｇ Ｊ，Ｊｉａｎｇ Ｌ．Ｒｅａｃｔｉｖｅ＆Ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌ Ｐｏｌｙｍ，２００２。５３：１９～２７
（●）Ｈ－ｇｒａｆｔ ｃｏｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｓ
的接枝率是通过控制自由基接枝聚合反应的时间 调控的．根据自由基聚合反应机理，该方法得到的 不同接枝率的接枝共聚物的接枝链的分子量应相 差不大，接枝率的变化主要反映ＰＮＩＰＡＭ在葡聚 糖主链上的接枝密度的不同．因此上述结果表明， 两亲性接枝共聚物的表面活性不仅仅与共聚物的 接枝链的长度有关，还与接枝率（接枝密度）密切 相关． ２．３温度对接枝共聚物的胶束化行为及其水溶 液的ＣＭＣ的影响
温度对Ｄｅｘｔｒａｎ．ｇ－ＰＮＩＰＡＭ共聚物水溶液表面 张力的影响见图２．共聚物水溶液的表面张力在 ３７℃时达到平衡的速度明显比１５ｃｃ快．温度对不 同接枝率共聚物水溶液表面张力的影响表现出完 全相同的趋势（图４）．虽然随着温度的升高，分子 运动加快，能够有效提高分子在界面的吸附重排 速度，可导致共聚物水溶液的表面张力在３７℃时 达到平衡的速度快于１５ｃＣ时的速度．但是，由测 试结果可以看到，共聚物水溶液在３７℃时的平衡 表面张力值显著地低于１５℃时的平衡表面张力
将高分子微胶束（囊）用于药物控释系统，胶 束的稳定性是保证药物释放体系安全性至关重要 的因素之一＂１，因此必须对用于药物控释载体的 共聚物的胶束行为及其临界胶束浓度进行深入系 统的研究．本文利用表面张力法考察了Ｄｅｘｔｒａｎ．ｇ－ ＰＮＩＰＡＭ接枝共聚物在水溶液中的胶束化行为， 测定了接枝率，温度等因素对该共聚物体系临界 胶束浓度的影响．
万方数据
李玉萍等：表面张力法研究温敏性接枝共聚物的微胶束化行为
１２７
分子数目较少的胶束形式存在
ＲＥＦＥＲＥＮＣＥＳ
１
Ｋａｔａｏｋａ Ｋ，Ｈａｒａｄａ Ａ，Ｎａｇａｓａｋｉ Ｙ．Ａｄｖ Ｄｒｕｇ Ｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｙ Ｒｅｖ，２００１，４７：１１３—１３１
２
Ｋｗｎｎ Ｇ Ｓ，ＹｏｋｏｙａｍａＭ，Ｏｋａｎｏ Ｔ，Ｓａｋｕｒａｉ Ｋ，ＫａｔａｏｋａＫ．Ｐｈａｒｍ Ｒｅｓ，１９９３，１０：９７０～９７４
１２６
高
分
子
学
报
２００５焦
喜
Ｅ
毫
Ｚ ￡ 一
ｊ 暑
￡
宴
重
￡
翌
基
∞
ｄ
嘉
＝
∽
ｌｇ［Ｈ－ｇｒａｆｔ ｃｏｐｏｌｙｍｅｒ］（ｗｔ％）
Ｆｉｇ．３
Ｔｈｅ ｉｓｏｔｈｅｒｍ ｏｆ ｓｕｒｆａｃｅ ｔｅｎｓｉｏｎ ｉｎ ａｑｕｅｏｕｓ
ｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｓ ｏｆ Ｄｅｘｔｒａｕ·ｇ—ＰＮＩＰＡＭ ｃｏｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｓ ａｔ ３７℃ （■）Ｌ－ｇｒａｆｔ ｃｏｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｓ，（▲）Ｍ—ｇｒａｆｔ ｃｏｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｓ，
Ｔａｂｌｅ １ Ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ ｏｆ ｄｅｘｔｒａｎ·－ｇ·－ＰＮＩＰＡＭ ｃｏｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｓ
砌叩ｃ。Ｇ础ｍｉｏｎｇｐｏｅｌ删ｙｍｅｅｒｎ，ｃ，％，㈣＝意＝器畿篙裟高勰蔫
Ｇ ｃＧ…“，＝鬻等磐筠舞
１．２表面张力法 采用拉脱法测定样品的表面张力，溶液浓度
变化范围为０．０００１ ｗｔ％～０．５ ｗｔ％．共聚物在水 溶液表面富集是一个动力学过程，需要一定的时 间才能达到平衡值．为此，通常每个样品均静置
从共聚物溶液的浓度与表面张力的关系曲线 上可以看到（图３），溶液浓度较低时，接枝共聚物 水溶液表面张力值随浓度的增加而下降．当溶液 浓度达到临界胶束浓度（ＣＭＣ）之后，溶液的表面 张力趋于稳定．其中高接枝率（Ｇ＝４２．９％）的共 聚物水溶液的ＣＭＣ值最低，为０．００１０ ｗｔ％，中等 程度接枝率（Ｇ＝３３．２％）的共聚物水溶液的ＣＭＣ 值次之，为０．００１３ ｗｔ％，低接枝率（Ｇ＝１９．７％）的 共聚物水溶液的ＣＭＣ值最低，为０．００２０ ｗｔ％．值 得指出的是，不同接枝率的Ｄｅｘｔｒａｎ—ｇ－ＰＮＩＰＡＭ共 聚物的水溶液在达到平衡后的表面张力值几乎完 全相同，与共聚物的接枝率及其水溶液的临界胶 束浓度无关．用于本文研究的葡聚糖接枝共聚物
１ 实验部分
１．１主要试剂与仪器 用于表面张力测定的水是将去离子水在高锰
酸钾存在下经蒸馏得到，此法处理的纯水的表面 张力为１５℃时，ｙ＝７３．９３ ｍＮ·ＩＴＩ～．Ｄｅｘｔｒａｎ—ｇ－ ＰＮＩＰＡＭ由本实验室合成Ｈ１，通过控制反应时间 得到不同接枝度的共聚物．接枝共聚物的表征结 果见表１．表面张力仪（日本岛津），５０１型超级恒 温槽（上海，精度±０．１℃）．