2-Greece(1)希腊文化
英文作文希腊文化
英文作文希腊文化Greece, a country with a rich cultural heritage, has made significant contributions to the world in variousfields such as philosophy, art, and architecture. The ancient Greeks were known for their philosophical thoughts, with thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle layingthe groundwork for Western philosophy.The Greek mythology, with its fascinating stories of gods and heroes, has been a major influence on Western literature and art. The epic poems of Homer, such as the Iliad and the Odyssey, are considered some of the greatest works of literature in the Western canon.Greek architecture, with its iconic columns and temples, has left a lasting legacy on the world. The Parthenon, a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena, is a prime exampleof classical Greek architecture and is considered one ofthe most important cultural monuments in the world.In addition to philosophy, literature, and architecture, Greece has also made significant contributions to the field of sports. The ancient Olympic Games, held in Olympia, Greece, were a major event in the ancient world and have inspired the modern Olympic Games, which continue to be a symbol of international cooperation and sportsmanship.Greek cuisine is another aspect of Greek culture that has gained popularity around the world. From moussaka to souvlaki, Greek food is known for its use of fresh ingredients such as olive oil, herbs, and vegetables, and has become a favorite in many countries.The traditional Greek music, with its distinctive sounds of bouzouki and tzouras, reflects the country's rich musical heritage. Greek dances, such as the syrtaki and the zeibekiko, are an integral part of Greek culture and are often performed at festivals and celebrations.Overall, the cultural contributions of Greece have hada profound impact on the world, influencing various aspects of art, literature, philosophy, and more. Greece's richcultural heritage continues to be celebrated and appreciated by people around the world.。
西方文化概论第一讲2希腊城邦文化
（四）雅典的政治与文化
Athens
雅典人的城邦生活
开放文明的雅典 Athens
与保守愚昧的斯巴达相反，雅典是一个开放文明 的城邦，甚至带有几分浮华奢靡的成分。许多在 斯巴达被认为邪恶无用的东西，如金银财宝、美 食艳服、戏剧、哲学和辩论术等，在雅典却备受 尊崇。
斯巴达人向往简朴无华的生活，雅典人却爱美成 性，追求高雅华美的生活格调，重现财富和享乐； 斯巴达人靠着严峻的法律和艰苦的锻炼来培养一 种集体主义的勇敢精神，雅典人却出于对自由和 光荣的热爱而发展独立的个性。
弊病
历史事实表明，“陶片放逐法”也有其难 以克服的弊病，这个弊病就是依此法作出 的判决，在相当程度上取决于公民的情绪 ，而公民的情绪常常因受一些政治家的鼓 励波动不定。因此，公民对官员优劣的判 断未必都能深思熟虑，用贝壳或陶片投票 作出的判决也就未必准确。雅典民主政治 后期，党派斗争频繁尖锐，一些政客常常 以民主为号召，鼓动民众把“贝壳放逐法 ”作为打击政敌的武器。“贝壳放逐法”
如果选票总数未达到6000，此次投票即宣告 无效；如果超过6000，再按票上的名字将票 分类，得票最多的人士即为当年放逐的人 选，放逐期限为10年（一说为5年，但都可 以为城邦的需要而随时被召回）。被放逐 者无权为自己辩护，须在10天内处理好。
优点
每个公民都可以通过陶片表达自己的政治 意见和愿望，体现了古代雅典民主政治的 广泛性；有利于淘汰那些没有维护公民利 益的官员，反对有损公民利益的行为，同 时可以约束官员的行为，消除不稳定因素 ，从而有利于国家的稳定和正常民主秩序 的维护。
（二）早期希腊城邦的政治变革
希腊城邦政体的一般发展模式：
君主制—僭主制—民主制
（ 三 ） 斯 巴 达 的 政 治 与 文 化
古代希腊罗马文化
古代希腊罗马文化
古希腊文化是一种文化、宗教、哲学、艺术、体育等多方面的文化形式，它以希腊语为母语的人类，以波西米亚的文明为基础，以比萨斯的音乐、体育活动以及拉丁语为基础的帝国文化，近代以古典文学为基础的文化，最终形成了丰富多彩的古希腊文化。
这种文化的价值在于它不光仅代表着一个民族的文化，它也以其中一种形式展示了其中一种文化。
古罗马文化是希腊文化的后续文化，它以罗马帝国为基础，以罗马法律为基础的罗马文化以及它的传统，以及罗马神学，帝国文学等有着许多的类似古希腊文化的特色。
它不仅体现了古希腊文化的一些基本特征，而且吸收了许多古希腊文化的优点，并将其完善和发展，使其成为希腊文化的重要补充。
希腊文化和罗马文化简介
希腊文化和罗马文化
希腊文化和罗马文化是西方文化的源头，二者不但以成果辉煌著称于世，而且以理性精神独树一帜。
在上古世界，希腊文化和罗马文化像一个高能量的“精神能源”，呈辐射状向地中海周围地区强劲扩散，自古及今，一直影响着欧洲和世界的文明。
在希腊时代，希腊文化主要流行于以希腊半岛为核心的南欧地区。
希腊衰落后，继起统治欧洲的罗马人几乎原封不动地将希腊文化继承下来。
罗马人军事强大，然而文化却远远落后于希腊人。
他们以希腊为师，在文化的各个方面都模仿希腊。
罗马的神祇由希腊移植而来，罗马的哲学受希腊观念的影响，即使是罗马的雕塑，也多是对希腊雕塑的复制。
事实上，罗马人在意识形态上完全地被“希腊化”了。
可以这样说，罗马在军事上征服了希腊，然而希腊却从文化上征服了罗马。
在罗马帝国强盛时期，其统治范围除了希腊所在的南欧，还包括意大利、西班牙、高卢、多瑙河和莱茵河流域，远达不列颠，实际上已经囊括了整个西欧。
罗马对西欧的统治是以武力实现的，在对西欧的征服中，希腊文化也就借助罗马人的武力从南欧逐渐传播到西欧广大地区。
希腊文化传播并植根于欧洲，罗马人功不可没。
对此，恩格斯曾评价说：“没有希腊文化和罗马帝国奠定的基础，也就没有现代的欧洲。
”
1/ 1。
第一讲：希腊文化资料
（英）伊文思（Sir Arthur John Evans）： 揭开米诺斯文明之谜的考古学家
克里特文化
1. 早期 米诺斯文化属 金石并用时代， 约从公元前 2600到2000年， 是克里特原始 社会逐渐瓦解 的时期。
克里特文化
2. 中期 青铜器时期， 约为公元前 2000-1600年， 出现阶级，建 立了国家。
迈锡尼文化
➢ 迈锡尼遗址位于伯 罗奔尼撒半岛东部。
➢ 阿卡亚人约于公元 前1600年前后进入 希腊中、南部。
➢ 国家经济受克里特 影响很大。
(德) 施里曼
发掘特洛伊
发掘迈锡尼
迈锡尼城堡和王宫
迈锡尼文化
➢ 迈锡尼社会属典型 的奴隶社会。
➢ 公元前12世纪初期 发生著名的特洛伊 战争。
几何陶风格
550-300 BC 黑绘
几何陶风格
Attic hydria
krater
几何陶风格
红绘： Kylie (drinking vessel)
几何陶风格
几何陶风格
几何陶风格
几何陶风格
东方风格
5. 希腊及其之前的艺术和建筑
➢ 希腊建筑 1. 建筑成就体现在神庙上。 2. 三种圆柱风格： 多利亚式 (Doric order ) 爱奥尼亚式 (Ionic order) 科林斯式 (Corinthian order)
希腊文化
导言一、西方文化史的含义1、什么是“西方”。
2、“文化史”的含义。
二、课程安排分五部分：希腊文化、罗马文化、中世纪基督教文化、文艺复兴文化和近现代欧美文化。
第一章古希腊文化近现代欧洲文化的起点和摇篮，有人说：希腊人创造力奴隶制条件下所能的最高成就的文化。
希腊史介绍历史分期：1、爱琴文明时代：公元前3000年到公元前12世纪。
2、荷马时代：公元前12-9世纪3、古风（古朴、殖民）时代：公元前8-6世纪。
4、古典时代：公元前5-4世纪。
5、希腊化时代4世纪末-2世纪中期。
近3000年的希腊文明史，共出现两次文化高峰：古典文化、希腊化文化。
第一节希腊文化产生和繁荣的原因一、民主制度和学术自由，这是希腊文化产生和繁荣的基础。
荷马时代以后，即公元前8世纪以后，希腊的社会生产力有了很大的进步，铁器使用日益普及，原始氏族制度已经瓦解。
希腊各地出现了一系列的奴隶制国家，它们均以一个城市为中心，包括若干乡镇组建起来的，这样的国家，我们称之为“城市国家”，简称“城邦”。
在所有希腊城邦中最具代表性的是斯巴达和雅典。
他们均为奴隶制共和国，这与东方各国极为不同。
东方君主制，西方为共和制。
原因为经济决定的，经济又为自然环境所决定的。
在共和制下，希腊城邦均实行公民集体统治，即有公民权者为统治者，无公民权者为被统治者。
在民主政治下，公民有权参与国家管理的权利，成为对国家对社会负责任的公民。
他们关心国家的命运，他们对国家队政治、经济都有绝对的发言权。
实际上是国家的真正主人。
正是这种民主政治和民主生活，才激发了希腊人渴求知识的强烈愿望和对真理的追求。
才产生了希腊人敏锐的智慧和观察力。
希腊的共和制又分为民主共和与贵族共和，以雅典为代表的是民主共和，以斯巴达为代表的是贵族共和。
希腊文化的繁荣主要是指以雅典为首的民主政治下文化的繁荣，因为和雅典相比，斯巴达的文化可以说是微不足道。
雅典位于希腊半岛东南部的阿提卡半岛，是以雅典城为中心建立起来的。
Greek希腊文化
Social & Pபைடு நூலகம்lical Structure (3)
• Politics: democracy (adult male citizens)
• Economy: slave labour, exploitation • Social life: sports, Olympus Mount (every four years) (revived in 1896)
• I could not hope • to touch the sky • with my two arms • Sappho (14)
• In gold sandals • dawn like a thief • fell upon me
Drama (14)
• Aeschylus: Prometheus Bound, Persian • Sophocles (17): Oedipus the King, Electra, Antigone
(22)
Socrates 苏格拉底 (23)
• the dialectical method : the method of argument, questions & answers (25)
Plato 柏拉图
Dialogues: • The Apology 辩解篇 • Symposium 会引篇 • The republic 理想国篇
Contending Schools of Thought (29)
the Sophists: teachers of the art of arguing
• the Cynics: Diogenes, "dog" 犬儒主义学派 • the Sceptics: not all knowledge was attainable 怀疑论学派 • the Epicureans: pleasure (freedom from pain & emotional upheaval), misunderstood 伊壁鸠鲁派（享乐主义学派） • the Stoics: duty 斯多葛学派
Greece希腊介绍
Romantic Paradise In EuropeCountry report of GreeceReporter:Paula 1008010115Smile 10050200482012-5-41.Basic Information(1)Name：The Hellenic Republic(2)Location：Greece is located in the southern end of the Balkans in southeastern Europe, northof the border with Bulgaria, Macedonia and Albania, the eastern border with Turkey and Aegean, and the southwest border with Ionian Sea and the Mediterranean.(3)Symbol：national flagnational emblemnational flower (Olea Europaea)national flag:The flag is composed by nine blue and white strips, and in the upper left hand corner there is a blue square within which a white cross is painted. The nine strips stand for the Greek motto: "Better to die than lose the freedom", which has nine syllables. The color blue on the flag is a symbol of the Christian faithnational emblem:The pattern of the Greek national emblem is a green olive branch surrounding the coat of arms with blue shield and white cross. Blue and white is the symbol colors of Greek, symbolizing this pure land between the sky and water, and the olive is a symbol of peace and wisdom. The simple and fluent lines on the Greek national emblem reflect the people's loyalty to Christ and the love for peace.(4)Natural Feature：The territory is mountainous and there are coastal plains; it is subtropicalMediterranean climate, little change of annual temperature, warm and humid in winter, hot and dry in summer. The average temperature in winter 6 ~ 13 ℃, 23 ~ 33 ℃in summer. (5)Territory：The territory of Greece is 131957 square kilometers, nearly the same size with thatof Anhui province.(6)Population：The population of Greece is 10,787,690, ranking 88th in the world.(7)Official Language：The official language of Greece is Greek, which belongs toIndo-European. Greek is one of the oldest languages in Europe and it once had a great influence on the whole European language.(8)Currency：The currency of Greece is EURO, and Drachma is the former one.(9)Capital：The capital of Greece is Athens, which has the same name of a goddess in Homer’sEpic who encouraged her people and fought with them.(10)N ation：About 98% of the people in Greece is Greek, the others are Turk, Macedonian andBulgarian.(11)S tate Religion：The state religion of Greece is Greek Orthodox. There are also Islam andorthodox Christianity(12)N ational Anthem：The national anthem of Greece is “Hymn to Liberty” , which is the longestnational anthem of the world.2.Brief historyThe Greek civilization was born in 800 BC. At that time, Greece established its own colony on the Mediterranean coast to and resisted the invasion of the Persian Empire.The ancient Greek was a collection of city-states. Greece used to be led by Macedonia andperished the Persian Empire under the leadership of Alexander III. Therewith, Greek culture was spread to Egypt, the Middle East and Central Asia, which known as the Hellenistic Age.Greece was conquered by the Republic of Rome in 168 BC. As a province of the Roman Empire, Greek culture continued to dominate the Eastern Mediterranean and affected people's life in Rome. In 395 AD, the Roman Empire was divided into the Eastern Roman Empire and the Western Roman Empire. Eastern Roman Empire with Constantinople as its center was deeply influenced by Greek culture; it had been resisting the aggression from the East and West for centuries. It didn’t belong to the Ottoman Empire until 1453 AD and the Ottoman Empire gradually conquered the whole of Greece.In 1821, the Greeks declared their independence. After the end of the Greek War of Independence in 1828, Greek monarchy was established in 1833. Throughout the 19th century and early 20th century, Greece continued to territorial expansion, until the Greek territory became what it is today in 1947.Greece announced to join NATO in 1949; the military staged a coup and deposed the king on April 21, 1967; the military regime collapsed in 1974. On June 11, 1975, Greece established the democratic republic. The Constitution provided for the state system as a "presidential parliamentary republic.In 1981, Greece formally joined the European Community (EC)3.Politics & EconomyPolitics:Greece is a parliamentary republic country. President is the head of the country, five years as a term with acceptable reappointment only once. The legislative power of country belongs to the parliament and the president and the executive power belongs to the president and the prime minister and the court handles the judicial power. The modification of the constitution in 1986 adds lots of restraint to the power of the president.The election system in Greece known as Proportional Representation is quite sophisticated. Small parties cannot have much influence. At the same time, the biggest party can control the parliament even though it doesn’t occupy the seats over a half. Every party needs at least 3% votes to hold a seat in the parliament.Economy：Greece joined the Euro-zone on January 1st, 2002.Tourism is the pillar industry, which occupies 15% of the GDP and foreign exchange income of Greece. As a main member that benefits financial aid from European Union (as much as 3% of its GDP), Greece experienced a stable growth in economy in the last few years.The main export commodities: food, beverages, petrochemical products and textiles.The main import commodities: machines, transport equipments, fuels and chemical products. Greece is one of the PIIGS (Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece and Spain). The problems need to be solved immediately including: reducing the unemployment rate, preventing the privatization of state-owned enterprises, improving the social insurance system, reforming tax system, and decreasing the deficiency of bureaucratic system.In February 2010, the Greek failure in repaying the debt of 300 billion euros might causebankruptcy, which brought a splash to all the European countries as the crisis of Greece might lead a bad influence on them. Resulting from the lack of diligence, luxurious lifestyle and the immoral way to join euro-zone, Greece caused the crisis of European sovereign debt, which almost disintegrated the euro-zone in 2011.4.Place to goTourism sight in Greece:There are a lot of famous buildings and beautiful tourist destination (scenic spots), many tourist attractions have beautiful or sorrow stories behind them, which make them become more attractive. Autumn is the most suitable (best) season to Greece and it can be really enjoyable to go there between September to October.Athens Acropolis ：Athens Acropolis was built in the 5th century BC; it occupies an area of about 4,000 square meters and is 150 meters above sea level. It is the culmination of the ancient Greek architecture and sculpture and it is one of the world's new seven wonders. It is also a symbol of the ancient civilization of Greece and Europe. Acropolis, Greece's most distinguished ancient buildings, is a comprehensive public buildings and the religious and political center.The word “Acropolis” means “city-state on the high hi ll”. Its existing main buildings include the Gate, the Parthenon, the Erik Curtis Dion Temple and the Erechtheum Temple and so on. The Goddess Temple of Athena victory is the oldest building of the city.In ancient Greek mythology, people once set up a new town by the Aegean Sea. Athena and Poseidon both hoped to become the patron saint of this city and they refused to give in. Later, the god king Zeus ruled that the one who give the most useful thing to human beings can own the city. Poseidon gave human beings a strong horse, which is a symbol of the war, while Athena gave them a leafy olive tree symbolizing peace. People yearn for peace not war, and this city finally belongs to Athena. From then on, she became the patron saint of Athens. Later it was put Athens as "peace-loving city."Aegean Sea ：Aegean Sea is a symbol of the romantic journey. The coastline of the Aegean Sea is very tortuous and it has a lot of harbors. They are about 2,500 islands, most of them belong to Greece and a small part of them belong to Turkey. The distance can be really short between the islands and you can see everything very clearly in the opposite island at the island you stay.There are many sayings about where the name “Aegean” comes from. Someone says it is a name of a queen who once lived in ancient Aegean and died in this sea at last; others says it comes from a king named Aegean, he thought his son dead and jumped into the sea, killed himself with a broken heart; there is also a saying that the word “Aegean” means wave.Mykonos ：The island Mykonos is famous for its dreamy and romantic scenery. The alleyway, the doors and the windows in red, green or blue, the white churches and the white windmills beside the marinamake it the most popular resort island.Mykonos attracts tourists from all over the world. There are many restaurants, bars and stores along the coast and it is called “little Venice”. The beach is a good place for people to swim and sunbathe during the day, the bars and the cafes on the west coastline will become livelier when dusk is coming because tourists can get the best view for watching sunset there.The site of ancient Olympia:The site of ancient Olympia is in the western valley of Peloponnese, north to the Alfios (16 kilometers away from the outfall ）, about 190 kilometers west to the capital Athens. It is located in the wooded hills of Cronus and is the Holy Land of ancient Greece.In the tenth century BC, Olympia was a religious center for the worship of Zeus. In addition to the temple, a variety of sports facilities for the Olympic Games is retained here too. From the year of 776 AD, the Olympic Games held every four years in Olympia, and from the 18th century, groups of scholars came here to study and find the ruins of the ancient Olympic athletics relic. In 1766, the British Chandler first discovered the ruins of the temple of Zeus. Since then, a large number of archaeologists and historians from Germany, France and Britain have had a large-scale exploration in Olympia ruins and acquired a large number of precious data of the ancient Olympic athletics relic in 1881. In 1936, after the 11th Olympic Games, the IOC decided to use the balance to continue the exploration of the Olympia ruins and recover the stadium.Olympia created the Olympic Games; it is a symbol of mutual understanding, friendship, solidarity and fair competition.Delphi：Delphi is only two hours’ drive from Athens. It is the mysterious land of Greece and the “centre of the ancient world”. The mysterious Delphi town was p laced on “The world heritage list” in 1987. According to the Greek mythology, in order to make sure the "world center", Zeus released two eagles to let them fly in opposite direction, and the place they meet should be the "world center". He then made his son Apollo to manage the center of the world and gave him a pebble, which made Delphi become the origin of the "oracle". Because of the oracle, Delphi had become a very famous resort where people made pilgrimages. But later Christian rise, oracle activities were banned and the temple was sealed up, Delphi gradually turned into ruins.5.Thing to donumber the windmills：There are five windmills in a small seaside hill in the southwest of Mykonos Island, which is a sign of Mykonos, You can do one very interesting thing on the island, that is to number the windmills. Sitting on the hill with the one you love and number the windmills with him/her in your leisure time, how romantic it is!Visit Athos：Athos is located in the peninsula of Mount Athos in the Greek coast. There are eleven towns and more than 15,000 residents on the island, including more than 900 monks. Dozens of monasteriesin different sizes and styles are built on the hillside.In 1060, Athos developed the law of "the ban on women onto the island". Prohibiting women and even female animals onto the island, the island is also referred to as "The country of men” by the Greeks, even the photographs and drawings of women or women’s daily necessaries are not allowed to be brought to the island.Athos is free from the Greek law and directly charged by the monastery. It is the only place that has hierarchism and abstinence life. 900 monks of intellectual breadth are sent to the island as soon as they are born. They have never seen women, radios, televisions, telephones, musical instruments or newspapers in their life and are not allowed to sing or smoke.6.CultureThe prosperity of Greece has once created its splendid ancient culture. On the basis of the extensive absorption of cultures in west Asia and Egypt, the ancient Greeks made a creative contribution to mathematics, astronomy, medicine, architecture, sculpture, drama, poetry, philosophy, history, elocution etc.Food & DrinkAs part of the Greek culture, the Greek food has a history of 4000 years and famous for its healthy diets. However, along with the increase of their incomes, the Greeks are gradually changing their traditional diet structure. Traditional Greeks eat much more fish, fruits and vegetables than meat. But modern Greeks like eating meat much more than before. More meat and fast food are making more and more obese people.A .OliveThe Greeks began to plant olives early on. They use them directly or as a minor ingredient of the main meal or cook food with their oil. The rate of heart disease in Greece is low.B .FetaFeta is a kind of white saline cheese; it looks a little bit like tofu, more like the Greek yogurt. People use ewe’s milk to make feta traditionally, but now milk is also used in many places. Feta is the most proud food of the Greeks, which can be eaten as an appetizer, snacks and staple food materials etc. The EU even sets the rule that only the Greek feta is the genuine one.C.Greek saladIt is made mainly of several fruits and vegetables. Black olives and feta are the supplementary raw materials.D .The Greek roast lambThe lamb chop is very fresh and tender and the flavor of goat is covered by the minor ingredient.E .Chicken spinach pieIt is a kind of light food without salt. You can feel very full after eating it.酥皮包里裹着鸡肉菠FishBecause Greece is pretty close to the Mediterranean, the Greeks like eating fish very much, like codfish, lobster, crab, unagi, snapper, mullets, shrimp and squid.DrinkIce water with lemon accompanies every meal in Greece. Many people enjoy strong coffee or strong tea, too. Adults may drink Greek wines or colorless ouzo.“Ouzo”Ouzo is also known as “anisette”. It is a kind of alcoholic beverage which you can only find in Greece. The alcoholicity of Ouzo is about 40% and it is made from grapes, pepper, fennel and other fruits and seeds with good smell. Add some ice water to Ouzo and it will turn into oyster white, like the spirit of ancient Greece. To the Greeks, drinking ouzo is an art and a way of life. The EU has also officially recognized ouzo as a Greek specialtyGreek wineGreece is not only one of the oldest wine production places, but also the oldest hometown of vineyards in Europe. There is a "Wine Festival" in Greece every year, when everyone will get together and enjoy the carnival time.DressingThe ancient dressing of Greece was made of rectangular fabrics without any clipping or seaming. People used pins and bands and bounded the fabrics on their bodies, creating a special style of “invisible form”. The main types are: doricchiton, ioricchiton, chlamys, pelops.PhilosophyThe Greek philosophy is the origin of western philosophy, the word "philosophy" came from the ancient Greek word “philo —sophia”, meaning love wisdom. For the Greek people, wisdom is not a perceptual knowledge, but the knowledge about the reason and principle of things.OlympicsThe Greeks made the tradition of holding sports meeting every four years in Olympia in 776 BC. During the games, the Greek players and the nearby people got together in the beautiful town——Olympia, which is located in southern Greece. Although military had been imprinted to the ancient Olympic sports, the games itself may be the big event that brought all the Greeks together.7.My opinion on this countryIn my opinion, Greece is a peaceful and romantic country. It is a place that has a long history and rich culture which makes it always seems peaceful and quaint. What’s more, it’s beautiful scenery and magnificent structures make it one of the most famous tourist attractions in the world.I love Greek blue and white houses and the blue sea most, and I’d love to go there with my family and enjoy the beautiful scenery on the beach one day. That will definitely be a wonderful experience in my life.。