大学物理课件英文版课件,现代物理An Aperitif of Modern Physics
《大学物理学绪论》课件
相对论与宇宙学研究
相对论
相对论是爱因斯坦提出的经典理论，描述了 引力和相对速度对时空的影响。未来的研究 将进一步探索相对论的预言和推论，例如引 力波探测和黑洞性质等，并寻求将相对论与 其他物理理论统一起来。
宇宙学
宇宙学是研究宇宙起源、演化和终极命运的 科学。未来的研究将致力于揭示宇宙的起源 和演化过程，包括宇宙大爆炸、星系形成、 恒星演化等，以及探索宇宙中存在的未知物
质和能量形式。
THANKS
感谢观看
生物医学
医学影像
放射治疗
物理学在医学影像技术中发挥了重要作用 ，如X射线、CT、MRI等影像设备的研发和 应用。
放射治疗是治疗肿瘤的重要手段之一，物 理学在放射源的选择、剂量控制和设备研 发方面有重要作用。
生物力学
生物传感器
生物力学研究生物体的力学性质和行为， 在生物医学工程、康复医学等领域有广泛 应用。
数学建模法
要点一
总结词
用数学语言描述物理规律和现象
要点二
详细描述
数学建模法是物理学研究中不可或缺的方法之一。它通过 建立数学模型来描述物理规律和现象，将物理问题转化为 数学问题，以便进行定量分析和计算。数学建模法在物理 学中广泛应用于各种领域，例如力学、电磁学、量子力学 和宇宙学等。通过数学建模法，可以更深入地理解物理规 律的本质，预测新现象并解决复杂问题。
理论推导法
总结词
通过数学模型和理论公式推导结论
详细描述
理论推导法是物理学研究中另一种重要的方法。它基于对物理现象的深入理解，通过建 立数学模型和理论公式来描述物理规律和现象。然后，通过逻辑推理和数学计算，从已 知的基本原理出发，推导出新的结论和预测。理论推导法的准确性和可靠性取决于理论
大学物理-电磁学(英文授课)
大学物理-电磁学（英文授课）IntroductionElectromagnetism is a field of physics that concerns itself with the study of electromagnetic forces and fields. It is a branch of physics that focuses on the interaction between electrically charged particles, including charged particles at rest and moving charges. This course is designed to help students understand the basic principles of electromagnetism, including electric and magnetic fields, electromagnetic radiation, and electromagnetic waves.Electric FieldsElectric fields are created by electric charges, which are either positive or negative. The electric field is said to be the space surrounding a charged particle. If another charged particle is placed in the electric field, it will experience a force. The direction of the force depends on the charge of the particle and the direction of the electric field.Magnetic FieldsMagnetic fields are created by moving charges. A magnetic field is said to be the space surrounding a magnetic object. If a charged particle is placed in a magnetic field, it will move in a circular path. The direction of the circular path depends on the charge of the particle and the direction of the magnetic field. Electromagnetic FieldsAn electromagnetic field is created by the interaction of an electric field and a magnetic field. Electromagnetic fields have both electric and magnetic components, and they travel through space at the speed of light. Electromagnetic waves are a form of electromagnetic radiation that carries energy. Electromagnetic radiation includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and gamma rays.Maxwell's EquationsMaxwell's equations describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields. They are a set of partial differential equations that relate the electric and magnetic fields to the electric charges and currents that are present. The equations describe how an electric field can produce a magnetic field, and a magnetic field can produce an electric field. They also describe how the electromagnetic fields propagate through space.Electromagnetic WavesElectromagnetic waves are waves of energy that are propagated through space by the interaction of electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic waves do not require any medium to propagate through. They can travel through a vacuum, which is why they are also known as vacuum waves.Electromagnetic waves are classified based on their frequency and wavelength. Radio waves have the lowest frequency, and gamma rays have the highest frequency. Radio waves have the longest wavelength, and gamma rays have the shortest wavelength.Applications of ElectromagnetismElectromagnetism has many practical applications in our daily lives. Some of the most common applications include electric motors, generators, transformers, telecommunication devices, medical imaging devices, and microwave ovens. Electromagnetism has also played a significant role in the development of modern technology, including computers, television, radio, and mobile phones.ConclusionElectromagnetism is a fascinating field of physics that has wide-ranging applications in our daily lives. This course provides students with a comprehensive understanding of electric and magnetic fields, electromagnetic radiation, and electromagnetic waves. By studying electromagnetism, students can gain a deeper appreciation for the fundamental principles that govern the behavior of the universe around us.Electromagnetism is one of the four fundamental forces of nature, along with gravity, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force. It is a field of physics with numerous applications in our modern society. Without the understanding of electromagnetism, we would not have the modern comforts that we have today, including electricity, the internet, cell phones, and many other devices.One of the most significant contributions of electromagnetism to modern society is the use of electric motors. Electric motors are devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.They are used in a wide range of applications, from household appliances to transportation systems. The underlying principle of electric motors is electromagnetic induction, which is the process of inducing an electric current in a conductor by varying the magnetic field around it.Another important application of electromagnetism is in generators. Generators are devices that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. They are often used in power plants to generate electricity that is distributed to homes and businesses. The principle of electromagnetic induction is also used in generators. When a conductor moves through a magnetic field, an electric current is induced in the conductor.Electromagnetism also plays a central role in the functioning of transformers. A transformer is a device that changes the voltage of an alternating current (AC) power supply. Transformers are used to step up or step down the voltage of an AC power supply. They are used in power grids to maintain a constant voltage throughout the grid. The principle used in transformers is electromagnetic induction, with the primary and secondary coils of wire interacting with the magnetic field to produce the desired voltage change. Telecommunication devices, including radios, televisions, and cell phones, also rely on the principles of electromagnetism. The radio waves used for communication are a form of electromagnetic radiation. Radio waves are used to transmit and receive signals between devices. The workings of these devices depend on the principles of electromagnetic induction and electromagnetic radiation.In addition to powering devices, electromagnetism is used in medical imaging devices. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines use magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of the body's internal structures. The patient is placed in a powerful magnetic field, which causes the protons in their body to align with the field. A radio wave is then sent through the body, causing the protons to produce a signal. The signal is detected, and an image is produced based on the strength and location of the signal.Microwave ovens are another example of electromagnetism in action. These appliances use microwaves to cook food. Microwaves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with a frequency of around 2.4 GHz. The microwaves cause the water molecules in the food to vibrate rapidly, producing heat. This heats the food quickly and evenly, making it a popular method for cooking.The study of electromagnetism has also led to the development of modern technology. Computers, televisions, radios, and cell phones all rely on the principles of electromagnetism. The development of these technologies has revolutionized the way we live and communicate. The internet, for example, would not exist without the principles of electromagnetism.In conclusion, electromagnetism is a fascinating field of physics with numerous practical applications in our daily lives. It is the foundation of modern technology, and our society would not be the same without it. By studying electromagnetism, we can gain a deeper understanding of the world around us and appreciate thefundamental principles that govern our universe. As technology advances, we can expect even more exciting and innovative applications of electromagnetism in the years to come.。
《现代物理学》课件
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1 12
1 22
R
3 (1.097 107 m1 ) 4
12 121.6 nm Ultraviolet
Phys 320 - Baski
Bohr Model
• Problem: Classical model of the electron “orbiting” nucleus is unstable. Why unstable? – Electron experiences centripetal acceleration. – Accelerated electron emits radiation. – Radiation leads to energy loss. – Electron eventually “crashes” into nucleus.
Balmer Series
(visible)
En
1 n2
Lyman Series (ultraviolet)
E1 = -13.6 eV
n=1
Lyman
Phys 320 - Baski
Balmer Paschen
Example Data
Atomic Spectra: Rydberg Formula for H
– Large scattering angles of alpha particles from atoms in a metal foil indicate a “hard” nuclear model.
Phys 320 - Baski
Atomic Spectra
• In 1885, Balmer observed Hydrogen spectrum and saw colored lines. – Found empirical formula for discrete wavelengths of lines. – Formula generalized by Rydberg for all one-electron atoms.
2024版大学物理PPT完整全套教学课件pptx
科里奥利力的概念
在非惯性系中，当物体相对于非 惯性系有相对运动时，会受到科 里奥利力的作用，其方向垂直于 物体相对运动方向和非惯性系的 角速度方向。
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动量守恒定律和能量守恒 定律
动量守恒定律
定律表述
一个系统不受外力或所受合外力为零， 则系统的总动量保持不变。
适用范围
适用于宏观低速物体，也适用于微观高 速粒子；既适用于单个物体，也适用于 多个物体组成的系统。
大学物理涉及的知识面很广，包括力学、热 学、电磁学、光学、原子物理学等，因此要 拓宽知识面，掌握不同领域的知识。
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质点运动学
质点运动的描述
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位置矢量与位移
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位置矢量的定义和性质
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位移的计算方法和物理意义
质点运动的描述
加速度的定义、种类和计 算
速度的定义、种类和计算
速度与加速度
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观察和实验
物理学是一门以实验为基础的自然科学， 观察和实验是物理学的基本研究方法，通 过实验可以验证物理假说和理论，发现新 的物理现象和规律。
建立理想模型
理想模型是物理学中经常采用的一种研究 方法，它忽略了次要因素，突出了主要因 素，使物理问题得到简化。
数学方法
数学是物理学的重要工具，通过数学方法 可以精确地描述物理现象和规律，推导物 理公式和定理。
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动能定理的应用
用于解决刚体定轴转动中的功能 转换问题，如计算外力对刚体所 做的功、求解刚体的角速度等。
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机械振动和机械波
简谐振动
简谐振动的定义和基本概 念
阐述简谐振动是物体在一定位置附近做周期性 的往返运动，介绍振幅、周期、频率等基本概 念。
西尔斯当代大学物理双语PPT课件
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1.6 Vector Algebra
a Vector quantity can be expressed by a
• Every physical theory has a range of validity. • No theory has ever regarded as the final truth.
1.2 Idealized Models A model is a simplified version of a physical
Chapter 1 Physical Quantities
and Vectors
.
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1.1 The nature of physics
• Physics is an experimental science. • Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns and principles that relate these phenomena. These patterns are called physical theories or physical laws, or principles.
ball move in a vacuum.
We ignore the earth’s rotation.
point masses
We make the weight constant.
.
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1.3 Standards and Units
Physics is an experimental science. Experiments require measurements.
大学物理英文版PPT
4.Units 单位
International System of Units SI: Syst me International d’Unit s 法语 is used in China
mass
m
kg:千克 kilogram
length
L m:米 meter
Time
t s:秒 second
5. Scalar and vector 标量和矢量 : Two types of physical quantities 量 :
主要讲授内容：
经典力学 相对论
电磁学
振动与波动 日常生活
波动光学
热学
量子论简介
puter 计算机科学
Medicine 医学
Physics
Chemistry 化学
Mechanics 机械学
Biology 生物学
Physics: fundamentals and methods.
References 参考书
主要贡献： •发明了望远镜,维护、坚持和发展了哥白尼学说, 发现木星的四个卫星； •摆的等时性、惯性定律、落体运动定律； •运动的合成原理和独立性原理,相对性原理； •方法：实验科学。
§1-1 Frame of Reference Particle 质点
1. Frame of Reference 参照系
C=A+B B
A
B C
A
In Cartesi an coordinate system 直角坐标系 :
A A xiA yjA zk
i,jankd are unit vectors along OX,OY,OZ Y
O
X
Z
大物课件英文版,狭义相对论,the special theorem of relativity
u x = u′ x +v u y = u′y uz = u′ z
The velocity components along a direction perpendicular to the motion are the same in two standard inertial reference frames.
t = t′
§25.1 reference frames and the classical Galilean relativity
2the Galilean spatial coordinate transformation equations
r r r r ′ = r − rO r r r u′ = u − v
x ′ = x − vt y′ = y z′ = z
t = t′
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§25.1 reference frames and the classical Galilean relativity
3the Galilean velocity component transformation equations dx ′ , u′x = dt ′ dx d( x ′ + vt ) = = u′ ux = x +v dt dt
a′ x = ax a ′y = a y a′ z = az
The acceleration components are the same in the two inertial reference frames.
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§25.1 reference frames and the classical Galilean relativity
§25.1 reference frames and the classical Galilean relativity
大学物理 英语版课件
)θ X
r
P
Right-angled Coordinates System
X-axis or abscissa Y-axis Z-axis 原点 :origin
z y
x
o
象限:quadrant 象限
Polar coordinates system (ρ,θ) Ball coordinates system (R,θ, )
The displacement of A is:
A = 17.7 i 17.7 j km
(a) Similarly, the magnitude of displacement of B is 40 km.
B =| B |= Bx 2 + By 2 = 40 km
tower car ) 60o B
z o
θ
R
y
x
column coordinates system (R, , z )
z
R
r =r= x +y
2
2
Y
Magnitude of the position vector
)θ O X
y θ = arctg x
angular position / direction angle
r
P
Chapter 1
Particle kinematics
What is particle?
Ideal Model
A geometrical point with certain mass
The shape and the size of the body Could be neglected. Mass is the most important
大学物理英文版PPT
Elastic mechanics
When a force is applied to an object, it may under deformation If the force is removed, the object returns to its original shape and size, the deformation is said to be elastic
Polarization refers to the direction of these movements within the plane perpendicular to the direction of promotion
Polarization is a property of electrical waves and is observed in both natural and artistic sources of light
Angular Momentum
Angular Momentum is the rotational equivalent of linear momentum It is defined as the product of an object's mass and its angular velocity, and it is conserved in closed systems
要点一
要点二
Magnetic induction intensity
The magnetic induction intensity or magnetic field strength is the magnet of the magnetic field at a given point in space
18大学物理 Ilya Prigogine--中英文讲稿
Ilya Prigogine---Structure, Dissi’pation and Life（伊利亚·普里高津---结构、耗散和生命）•In the history of modern natural science, there are three milestones which attract worldwide attention:•The first one is classical me’chanics associated with the name of the scientific giant Newton;•The second one is Relativity Theory Associated with Einstein's Name, the Founder of Modern Physics；•（在现代自然科学史上，有三个里程碑引起了全世界的注意：•第一个是与科学巨人牛顿的名字相关的经典力学；••第二个是相对论，与现代物理学的奠基人爱因斯坦的名字联系在一起；）•The third one is quantum mechanics associated with the names of Bohr, Heisenberg and others.•（第三个是与玻尔、海森堡等名字相关的量子力学。
）•••For decades, scientists all over the world have been looking up to the peak of science while looking forward to the rise of another giant monument, Ilya Prigogine----A physicist who views the world from the perspective of evolution. •（•几十年来，全世界的科学家都在仰望科学的巅峰，同时期待着另一座巨大的纪念碑——从进化的角度看待世界的物理学家伊利亚·普里高津的崛起。
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§26.1 Some important discoveries at the end of the 20th century
2. The discovery of X-rays
§26.1 Some important discoveries at the end of the 20th century
J. J. Thomson’s original tube
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§26.1 Some important discoveries at the end of the 20th century
a. Measured the charge of the cathode rays; b. Make a static electric deflection of the cathode rays; c. Measured the charge to mass ratio of the cathode rays; d. Prove the universal existence of the electron. The charge to mass ratio of electron
Radioactivity occur naturally and have with us on the earth from the very beginning. Henri Becquerel discovered Uranium, Marie Curie discovered Polonium and Radium Ernest Rutherford found that the substances emit several distinct types of radiations. One is a penetrating radiation, dubbed α, that propagates through several centimeters in air and can even penetrate very thin metal foils. Another less penetrating radiation, dubbed β, is easily stopped by even a sheet of paper. Another type, called γ, was discovered in 1900 and is much more penetrating than even the α radiation.
§26.2 The appearance of Plank’s constant h
1. Blackbody Radiation Thermal radiation
800K Sr Rb 1000K Cu 1200K 1400K
The color emitted by atoms after they have exited by heat is characteristic of the particular element they comprise.
2. Plank’s law and Plank’s constant hc
e0
(T,λ)
e 0 ( λ , T ) = 2π hc 2 λ − 5 ( e k λ T − 1) − 1
0
λ
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§26.2 The appearance of Plank’s constant h
In 1901, Plank assumed that the energy E associated with the light inside the cavity was present only in finite packets (bundles ) proportional to the frequency ν. E = hν Where h was an unknown constant that he hoped to be able to set to zero after taking appropriate mathematical limits. h = 6.626 × 10 −34 J ⋅ s It is a fundamental constant of nature, called by Plank the quantum of action. Now we called it Plank’s constant.
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§26.2 The appearance of PlanA body that absorbs all radiation incident on it is called ideal blackbody. 1879 Josef Stefan found an empirical relation between the power per unit area radiated by a blackbody and the temperature.
The characteristics of X-rays: a. It is generated whenever high-energy cathode rays strike solid materials. b. Matter is more or less transparent to X-rays.
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§26.3 The photoelectric effect
2. Experimental results and the troubles of the classical theory Bright light causes an increase in current but does not cause the individual electrons to gain higher energies. The maximum kinetic energy of the electrons is independent of the intensity of the light. Classically, more intense light has larger amplitude EM field and thus delivers more energy. That should not only enable a larger number of electrons to escape from the metal, it should also enable the electrons emitted to have more kinetic energy.
§26.3 The photoelectric effect
The maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons does depend on the frequency of the incident radiation. Thus, if the incident light is very dim but high in frequency, electrons with large kinetic energies are released. Classically, there is no explanation for a frequency dependence. For a given metal, there is a threshold frequency νc. If the frequency of the incident light is below the threshold, no electrons are emitted—no matter what the intensity of the incident light. Again, classical physics has no explanation of the frequency dependence.
§26.3 The photoelectric effect
1. Apparatus and phenomenon A photocell is made by enclosing a metal plate and a collecting wire in an evacuated glass tube. EM radiation(visible or UVB) falls on the metal plate; some of the emitted electrons make their way to the collecting wire, which complete the circuit. An ammeter measures the current in the circuit.
R = σT 4
§26.2 The appearance of Plank’s constant h
Wien’s displacement law λmaxT = 0.28978 × 10 −2 m ⋅ K
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§26.2 The appearance of Plank’s constant h
Experimental law of blackbody radiation
§26.1 Some important discoveries at the end of the 20th century
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§26.1 Some important discoveries at the end of the 20th century
3. The discovery of radioactivity
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§26.1 Some important discoveries at the end of the 20th century
J. J. Thomson (1856--1940)
§26.1 Some important discoveries at the end of the 20th century