厦门大学2006年博士生入学考试英语试卷
厦门大学考博英语-4
厦门大学考博英语-4(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Ⅰ Reading comprehension(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A(总题数：3，分数：30.00)In 1998 consumers could purchase virtually anything over the Internet. Books, compact discs, and even stocks were available from World Wide Web sites that seemed to spring up almost dally. A few years earlier, some people had predicted that consumers accustomed to shopping in stores would be reluctant to buy things that they could not see or touch in person. For a growing number of time-starved consumers, however, shopping from their home computer was proved to be a convenient alternative to driving to the store.A research estimated that in 1998 US consumers would purchase $ 7.3 billion of goods over the Internet, double the 1997 total. Finding a bargain was getting easier owing to the rise of online auctions and Web sites that did comparison shopping on the Internet for the best deal.For all the consumer interest, retailing in cyberspace was still a largely unprofitable business, however. Internet pioneer Amazon. com, which began selling books in 1995 and liter branched into recorded music and videos, posted revenue of $ 153.7 million in the third quarter, up from $ 37.9 million in the same period of 1997. Overall, however, the company's loss widened to $ 45.2 million from $ 9.6 million, and analysis did not expect the company to turn a profit until 2001. Despite the great loss, Amazon. com had a stock market value of many billions, reflecting investors' optimism about the future of the industry Internet retailing appealed to investors because it provided an efficient means for reaching millions of consumers without having the cost of operating conventional stores with their armies of salespeople. Selling online carried its own risks, however. With so many companies competing for consumers' attention, price competition was intense and profit margins thin or nonexistent. one video retailer sold the hit movie Titanic for $ 9. 99, undercutting (削价) the $ 19.99 suggested retail price and losing about $ 6 on each copy sold. With Internet retailing still in its initial stage, companies seemed willing to absorb such losses in an attempt to establish a dominant market position.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is TRUE according to the writer?A. Consumers are reluctant to buy things on the Internet.B. Consumers are too busy to buy things on the Internet.C. Internet retailing is a profitable business.D. More and more consumers prefer Internet shopping.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. √解析：[解析] 文章第一段“For a growing number of time-starved consumers，however，shopping from their home computer was proved to be a convenient alternative to driving to the store．”对于越来越多时间不充裕的消费者来说，与开车到商场购物相比，通过家用电脑购物被证实是一个方便的选择。
厦门大学博士入学考试试题
厦门大学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题Ⅰ. Reading Comprehension (30%)Part ADirections:There are two reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Y ou should decied on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1It is incongruous that the number of British institutions offering MBA courses should havegrown by 254 percent during a period when the economy has been sliding into deeper recession. Optimists, or those given to speed, assumptions, might think it marvelous to have such a resource of business school graduates ready for the recovery. Unfortunately, there is now much doubt about the value of the degree not least among MBA graduates themselves, suffering as they are from the effects of recession and facing the prospect of shrinking management structures. What was taken some years ago as a ticket of certain admission to success is now being exposed to the scrutiny of cost-conscious employers who seek “can-dos” rather than “might-dos”, and who feel that academia bas not been suffciently appreciative of the needs of industry or of theemployers'possible contribution.It is curious, given the name of the degree, that there should be no league table for UK business schools; no unani mity about what the degree should encompass; and no agreed system of accreditation. Su rely there is something wrong. One wonders where all the tutors for this massive infusion of business expertise came from and why all this mushrooming took place.Perhaps companies that made large investments would have been wiser to invest in already existing managers, perched anxiously on their own internal ladders. The Institute of Management's 1992 survey, which revealed that eighty-one per cent of managers thought they personally would be more effective if they received more training, suggests that this might be the case. There is, too, the fact that training alone does not make successful managers. They need the inherent qualifications. Of character; a degree of self-subjugation; and above all, the ability to communicate and lead; more so now, when empowerment is a buzzword that is at least generating genuflexions, if not total conviction.One can easily think of people, some comparatively unlettered, who are not lauded captains of industry. We may, therefore, not need to be too concerned about the fall in applications for business school places, or even the doubt about MBAs. The proliferation and subsequent questioning may have been an inevitable evolution. If the Management Charter Initiative, now exploring the introduction of a senior management qualification, is successful, there will be a powerful corrective.We believe now that management is all about change. One hopes there will be some of that in relationship between management and science within industry, currently causing concern and which is overdue for attention. No-one doubts that we need more scientsts and innovation to give us an edge in an increasingly competitive world. If scientists feel themselves undervalued and under-used, working in industrial ghettos, that is not a promising augury for the future. It seems we have to resolve these misapprehensions between science and .industry. Above all, we have tomake sure that management is not itself smug about its status and that it does not issue mission statements about communication without realizing that the essence of it is a dialogue. More empowerment is required and we should strive to achieve it.1. What is the writer's view in the reading passage?A.He believes that there are too many MBAsB.He believes that the degree is over-valuedC.He believes that standards are inconsistentD.He believes that the degree has dubious value2. According to the passage, employers_________.A.feel that they have not been consulted sufficiently about their needsB.consider that cost-consciousness is the most important qualificationC.are more concerned about the value of the degree than graduates themselvesD.feel that MBAs will not be necessary because of shrinkingmanagement structures3. According to the passage_________.A.managers need a degree and the ability to communicateB.training need to be done in groups to be successfulC.managers today must have good communication and leadership skillsD.industrial managers do not need to write letters.4. In the writer's opinion_________.A.science increases competitionB.scientists are undervaluedC.the management of science needs reassessmentD.management feels smug about its status5. Which of the information is true according to the passage?A.Most managers interviewed felt that their colleagues needed more trainingB.Employers today are looking for proven experience rather than potential abilityC.The Management Charter Initiative is an attempt to standardize MBAspanies would have benefited more from recruiting MBAs rather than investing in theirown staffPassage 2One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol ingestion as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant once. In the latter case, alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons aften they have consumed one or more drinks.Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward the food was unchanged.The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learningtheory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of employment, illness, and other sequels of repeated bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior come only later. The learning paradigm, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse. The way in which the clue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire the characteristics of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another drinking bout.The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce tile behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking.Ample experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learned. By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in drinking water, psychologists have been able to induce the ingestion of larger amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed. Other researchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement; that is, by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it. In this manner, animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demonstrating withdrawal symptoms.6. The author's primary purpose in the passage is to_________.A.support Alcoholics Anonymous as a means of coping with alcoholismB.present a learning paradigm that will help alcoholics to understand what causes theirdependence upon alcoholC.explain the application of a psychological approach to alcoholismD.help researchers Io formulate workable hypotheses about the treatment of alcoholism7. To which one of the following questions does the author provide enough information to formulate an answer?A.Why do people who are alcoholics continue to drink even though the consequences of theirdrinking are very unpleasant?B.How did Conger explain the behavior of alcoholics in terns of shock therapy?C.Under what circumstances does an alcoholic benefit from anxiety attacks?D.To what extent does stimulus generalization prevent alcohol ingestion from becoming thesignal for another bout of alcohol abuse?8. Which of the following statements is not directly stated but can be inferred from the passage?A.The behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory.B.People may be taught by experience to become alcoholies.C.Punishment may become the stimulus for added drinking.D.The behavior of alcoholics seems to defy accepted psychological theories.9. Which of the following, according to the passage, contribute (s) to alcoholism?Ⅰ. the need to reduce tensions and anxietiesⅡ. the anxieties resulting from guilt feelings about previous drinking boutsⅢ. punishment for alcoholic behaviorA.Ⅰ onlyB.Ⅰ and Ⅱ onlyC.Ⅰ, Ⅱ,and ⅢD.Ⅱ and Ⅲ only10. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?A.If the pleasurable taste of whisky leads to an acquired taste for brandy, then stimulusgeneralization has occurred.B.Slapping a child for misbehaving may over time encourage him to repeat his misbehavior.C.If a person has learned to drink under two sets of conditions, both must be present in order toinduce him to drink.D.The troubles experienced by alcoholics as a result of their alcoholism tend to encourage themto abstain from drinking.Part BSummary and TRUE or FALSE question. (10 points)Malnutrition during weaning age—when breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foods—is highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the etiology(病因学)is complex and multifactorial, the immediate causes are recognized as feeding at less than adequate levels for child growth and development, and recurrent infections, including diarrhea, resulting mainly from ingestion of contaminated foods. As a result, many young children, particularly between six months to two years of age, experience weight loss and impaired growth and development.Studies by investigators in various countries have concentrated on traditional food preparation methods and have resulted in offering cheap and practical answers to these problems based on familiar, indigenous and culturally acceptable home processing practices.Two such answers have arisen. Firstly cereal fermentation is used for reducing tile risk of contamination under tile existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in may households. Secondly, a tiny amonut of sprouted grains flour is used in preparation of weaning foods as a magic way to lessen the viscosity without decreasing energy density.A method to eliminate pathogenic (致病的)bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children considerably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age appears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrhoeal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice has been a traditional way of food preservation in many parts of the world. The anti-microbial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safety—documented since tile early 1900's —have been indicated in a number of studies.In Ghana, it is common to ferment maize dough before cooking it as porridge. In Kenya, cerealbased porridge and milk are traditionally fermented. Preserving milk in tile form of yogurt has been known to many households living in hot climate.What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to prevent or reduce contamination? A possible answer suggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. This explains why diarrhea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through the action of anti-microbial substances produced during fermentation. The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated.Whatever tile underlying mechanisms, the fact is that tile exercise reduces contamination without adding to tile household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast(酵母), or mixing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes needed. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to tile child.Although beneficial, unfortunately the practice is going out of fashion, partly because of current emphasis on tile use of fresh foods, particularly for children. For example, a study on the use of fermented foods for young children in Kenya, demonstrated that while foods are still frequently fermented at home for child feeding, their use is becoming less popular, particularly in urban area where commercial products are more available. Clearly they now need to be promoted.Directions:The statements below relate to the passage you have just read. Identify, whether they are TRUE or FALSE and mark the corresponding letter(T for True and F for False) on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.11. The fermentation of foods is investigated because it both inhibits food contamination and enhances storability.12. Anti microbial substances in fermented foods cause acidity.13. Fermented foods are free of contamination.14. It can be beneficial to ferment breast milk before feeding to young children.15. Cooked foods can be stored longer than fresh foods.16. Cereals can be fermented by adding water and letting the dough stand.17. Traditional fermented foods are being replaced by commercial products in some locations.Directions:Below is a summary of some of the main points of the passage. Read the summary and then select the best word or phrase from the box below; according to the passage. Y ou should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single lineMalnutrition and the resulting impaired growth and development in children of weaning age in developing countries results not only from (18)_________but also from infections caused bycontaminated food. Studies have addressed the problem of inadequate intake by using sprouted grains in food preparation. Contamination has been tackled with (19)_________. Both of these methods are, or were used traditionally and are practical and inexpensive.Fermented foods have highter (20)_________and also have anti-microbial qualities. This means that contamination is decreased and that their (21)_________is increased. Fermentation occurs when (22)_________is left to stand, occasionally with simple additives. These is, however, a trend away from this (23)_________to commercial products.Ⅱ. V ocabulary and Structure (10 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A. B. C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer sheet with a single line through the center1. Susan prefers to have her left_________photographed as she believes that's her better side.A.veilB.viewC.fringeD.profile2. Reading became difficult for the old lady, so the optician_________her a pair of glasses to make her reading possible.A.proscribedB.inscribedC.prescribedD.described3. Since any answer was likely to cause embarrassment to his party, the politician tried to_________the question.A.evadeB.deludeC.secludeD.invade4. The policeman tried to_________the teenage driver to obey the traffic laws rather than fine him directly.A.induceB.abductC.indulgeD.lure5. Y ou must_________yourself, or they will continue to bully you, so you will go on living in disgrace.A.promoteB.strengthenC.assertD.assess6. This teaching method is a _________ of many methods which have been used for decades in the country.A.symposiumB.symphonyC.spectrogramD.synthesis7. Mr. Scott asked for an assistant because his work load was too_________.A.preoccupiedB.onerousC.triflingD.omnipresent8. In the past most pilots have been men, but today the number of women_________this field is climbing.A.shammingB.devotingC.registeringD.pursuing9. The Coriolis force causes all moving projectiles on Earth to be_________from a straight line.A.distractedB.deviatedC.intriguedD.permeated10. The attack on Fort Sumter near Charleston_________a sharp response from the North, which led to the American Civil War.A.intent onB.provokedC.elatedD.pruned11. People of all countries are expected to _________ the principles of the United Nations and defend the peace in the world.A.inspectB.expeditedC.upholdD.reinstall12. She never_________to read the news but turned at once to the crossword on the last page.A.indulgedB.troubledC.exertedD.frustrated13. It demands artistic skill for a manager to _________ disputes among his employees.A.rectifyB.rebukeC.negotiateD.reconcile14. All the commodities sold in that shop are given one year's_________.A.assuranceB.warrantC.guaranteeD.insurance15. They are taught by their superiors that a soldier who _________ his post in time of war is to be shot.A.desertsB.deflectsC.detainsD.threw16. For many people, overeating and overspending are as _________ to Christmas as candles and holly.A.integralB.suitableC.inevitablepatible17. Because a circle has no beginning or end, the wedding ring is a symbol of _________ love.A.extravagantB.prominentC.prescientD.eternal18. The magician picked out several persons_________ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance.A.by accidentB.on averageC.on occasionD.at random19. We need one hundred more signatures befoe we take the _________ to the governor.A.pleaB.petitionC.patentD.claim20. Strict sanitary procedures formulated by our municipal government help to _________ out-breaks of diseases.A.previewB.forestallC.igniteD.fluctuateⅢ. Translation (15 points)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.1. The Single long a stock figure in stories, songs and personal ads. was traditionally someone at the margins of society: a figure of fun. pity or awe. In the place of withered spinsters and bachelors are people like Elizabeth de Kergorlay, a 29-year-old Parisian banker who views her independence and her own apartment as the spoils of professional success.As the sages would say, we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. 2. This isn't the stuff of gloomy philosophical meditations, but a fact of Europe's new economic landscape, embraced by demographers, real-estate developers and ad executives alike. 3. The shift away from family life to solo lifestyles, observes French sociologist, lean Claude Kaufmanns, is part of the “irresistible momentum of individualism” over the last century.4. The communications revolution, the shiftfrom a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have wreaked havoc on Europeans'private lives.More andmore of them are remaining on their own: they're living longer, divorcing more and marrying later—if at all. British marriage rates are the lowest in 160 years of records. INSEE, France's National Institute of Statistics, reports that the number of French people living alone doubled between 1968 and 1990.Europe's new economic climate has largely fostered the trend toward independence.5. The current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europe's shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American-style capitalism. Raised in an era of privatization and increased consumer choice, today's tech-savvy workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics.Modern Europeans are rich enough to afford to live alone, and temperamentally independent enough to want to do so. A recent poll by the Institute Francois dominion Publique, the Frech affiliate of the Gallup poll, found that 58 percent of Frenchrespondents vi ewed living alone as a choice, not an obligation. Other European singles agree. “I've always wanted to be free to go on adventures,” says Iris Expender, who lives by herself in Berlin.Ⅳ. Writing (15%)Nowadays we can see American films and TV programs pouring in, fast food restaurants popping up in our cities, and many other imported products dominating our markets. Many people are happy to see them whereas others worry about such trends. Give your opinion in an essay of no less than 250 words.试题详解Ⅰ. Reading Comprehension (30%)Part A1.C 从文中第三段可知；A，B，D三项文中提到过，但只是某些人的观点，作者并未完全赞同。
博士入学考试-1001英语
classrooms in recent years.
A) subordination B) participation
C) impact
D) assumption
3. It has been proven innumerable times that the various types of behavior, emotions, and interests that
A) analysis B) analyst
C) analyze
D) analytical
Page 1 of 5
16. It’s ________ that Mary was promoted because she works so hard.
A) understandable B) understanding C) understood
things about the meal I’d cooked.
A）complimentary B）complimented
C）complementary D）complement
5. He has some ________ ideas about what to do, but nothing specific.
A) lingers
B) invests
C) deserves
D) thrives
8. You should ________ your letter with a phone call.
A) follow
B) lift up
C) follow up
D) pass along
9. Bob’s __________comments insulted me
厦门大学考博英语-8
厦门大学考博英语-8(总分：105.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：10.00)1.The "formal learning" refers to all learning which takes place in the classroom, regardless of whether such learning is ______ by conservative or progressive ideologies.（分数：0.50）A.securedB.attainedC.manifestrmed √解析：[解析] D选项：informed的意思为“提供资料(或情报、消息等)”，如：He informed his staff that he Was going to Europe on business．(他告诉职员他要到欧洲出差。
)句意：“正规的学习”是指所有的学习都在课堂上进行，不论知识传授者的思想意识是保守还是进步。
故选D。
其他三项意思分别是：secured使安全，(使)获得；attained实现，得到；manifest清楚表示，显露。
2.The fire was finally brought under control, but not ______ extensive damage had been caused. （分数：0.50）A.before √B.sinceC.afterD.as解析：[解析] 句子的大意为：火势终于被控制住了，但还是造成了巨大的损失。
not before表示“在这之前”，所以A项符合题意。
3.Some crops are relatively high yielders and could be planted in preference to others to ______ the food supply.（分数：0.50）A.enhance √B.curbC.disruptD.heighten解析：[解析] enhance提高，促进，夸张，宣扬。
厦门大学(已有10试题)
厦门大学中文系文学理论与文学评论写作2008--2009语言文学基础2008—-2009文学2007文学基础2003——2006中西文艺理论基础2000—-2002,2004--2005文艺评论写作2000——2002中国现当代文学2000-—2006文艺理论2000—-2003，2006——2007中国文学史2001—-2002中国古代文学理论2001——2005中国文学批评史2006语言理论2004中外文学2000—-2002欧美文学与比较文学2004——2006戏剧基础知识2003—-2006文艺基础知识2003——2005美学与文艺理论2000-—2002美学与艺术概论2005语言学2008——2009历史系世界近代史2002世界现代史2002中国近现代史2003——2004世界近现代史2003——2004专门史2002经济专门史2001经济史1999—-2000中国古代史2000中国通史1999—-2002通史1999中国考古学1999-—2005考古学通论1999考古学概论2000——2002中国古代史1999——2005哲学系哲学基础理论2008—-2009中西哲学史2008——2009新闻传播系新闻与传播实务2007——2010（注：2007、2010年试卷为回忆版)新闻学与传播学基础2006——2009(注：2006——2007年试卷为回忆版）新闻业务1999——2006广告学原理1996—-1997，2001-—2002公共关系原理与实务2002中国传播史1999——2005传播学理论2001——2004传播实务2004,2006广告与公关2003（回忆版）2003年传播学复试题目人类学与民族学系人类学理论方法2003人类学概论1999—-2001，2003人类学通论2008——2009文化人类学1999--2001人类学史1999--2001民族学通论2008——2009经济系宏、微观经济学2005-—2009（2005有答案）西方经济学2002,2005经济学2003—-2004,2006，2009—2010世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002计划统计系宏、微观经济学2006，2009-2010西方经济学2002,2005经济学2003-—2004，2006，2009-2010世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002财政系宏、微观经济学2006，2009-2010西方经济学2002，2005经济学2003—-2004，2006,2009-2010世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002财政学1996——1998财政学综合考试1996——1998金融系金融学基础(联考)2002-—2010（2002-—2010有答案) 货币银行学综合考试1998—-2000货币银行学1998——2000货币银行学(复试）2000国际经济与贸易系宏、微观经济学2006，2009-2010西方经济学2002，2005经济学2003--2004,2006，2009-2010世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002国际贸易1998——2002经济研究所宏、微观经济学2006，2009—2010西方经济学2002,2005经济学2003——2004,2006,2009—2010世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002王亚南经济研究院经济学2003——2004,2006，2009-2010西方经济学2002,2005世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002会计系会计学2000--2005会计学综合考试2000-—2002管理学与管理经济学2003——2009（注:2005—-2007年为回忆版）企业管理专业综合考试(含人力资源管理、市场营销学）1998——2002 企业管理（含管理学、财务管理）1998—-2002企业管理系管理学与管理经济学2003—-2007（注：2005--2007年为回忆版)企业管理专业综合考试（含人力资源管理、市场营销学）1998——2002 企业管理（含管理学、财务管理)1998——2002管理科学系运筹学（管理科学系）2002——2009旅游系（无此试卷）法学院法理学与民法学2000--2006法理学1995——2002，2005-—2006法理学与民事诉讼法学2003——2006法理学与宪法学2002，2005——2010（2010为回忆版)民法学1990，1998——2002民法学与商法学2003——2006民法学与宪法学2005-—2006民法学与刑法学2007,2009—-2010（2010为回忆版）综合国际法学2003-—2005国际公法与国际私法1997—-2002国际经济法1997—-2002(国际法学专业)综合考试1997——1999（民商法学、经济法学专业）综合考试2002民事诉讼法2000—-2002商法学2003经济法学1998-—2003民事诉讼法与刑事诉讼法2003宪法学与行政法学2003刑法学与刑事诉讼法学2003，2005——2006行政法与行政诉讼法学2005-—2006政治学系政治学与公共管理学2007—-2009政治学与行政学2003——2006政治学原理2002行政学2002现代政治思想（中、西）2008-—2009公共管理系政策科学与经济学2007--2009政治学与公共管理学2007——2009政治学与行政学2003—-2006（word版本）政治学原理2002行政学2002综合考试（行政管理）2002——2006(注:无管理学部分）（word版本) 社会保障专业试题2004社会学系社会学原理2005，2008—-2009社会调查研究方法2005，2008-—2009人口研究所宏、微观经济学2006，2009—2010西方经济学2002,2005经济学2003——2004，2006，2009-2010政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002思想政治教育系政治学与公共管理学2007——2009政治学与行政学2003——2006政治学原理2002行政学2002政治学2008——2009中共党史与思想政治教育学2008——2009英文系二外法语2001，2003—-2005（注:2001年的试卷共14页,缺第4页）二外日语2003二外德语2006——2009英语基础知识2003—-2005（2005有答案）英语语言文学基础知识2002阅读及英美文学、语言学基础2003-—2009（2006-—2009有答案）（注：2006—-2009年的答案只有语言学基础部分的答案）阅读理解与英美文学基础知识1998——2000阅读理解及语言学、英美文学基础知识2001阅读与写作2002翻译与写作2003——2004写作与英汉互译2003—-2006,2009英语写作2000英汉、汉英翻译1998——2002欧洲语言文学系二外英语2003——2006，2009（2009有答案）公共外语教学部二外法语2001，2003-—2005（注：2001年的试卷共14页，缺第4页)二外日语2003二外德语2006—-2009英语基础知识2003--2005（2005有答案）英语语言文学基础知识2002阅读及英美文学、语言学基础2003——2009(2006——2009有答案）(注：2006—-2009年的答案只有语言学基础部分的答案）阅读理解与英美文学基础知识1998--2000阅读理解及语言学、英美文学基础知识2001阅读与写作2002翻译与写作2003——2004写作与英汉互译2003--2006,2009英语写作2000英汉、汉英翻译1998-—2002日本语言文学系二外英语2003—-2006，2009（2009有答案）基础日语2005-—2006综合日语2003——2006日本文学2004日本文学史2003日语语言文化2004音乐系音乐学基础2008—-2009中外音乐史2008——2009美术系设计史2007——2009设计史论2004——2006艺术概论2007——2009中外美术史2008—-2009物理系高等数学（无线电物理专业)1998，2001-—2005电子线路2001——2002,2008——2009［其中2001年试题名称为：综合考试] 普通物理学2002——2004,2006——2009（2006-—2007有答案)电动力学2002量子力学2002量子力学与电动力学2003——2004机电工程系自动控制原理2000-—2002，2004——2006，2008——2009模拟电路与数字逻辑2000-—2002微机原理2003-—2005微机原理及应用2000——2002电子线路2001--2002，2008——2009［其中2001年试题名称为：综合考试］普通物理学2002——2004，2006——2009（2006——2007有答案）电动力学2002量子力学2002量子力学与电动力学2003——2004数学科学学院综合基础Ⅱ（数学各专业）（含高等代数、抽象代数）2007,2010基础综合Ⅰ（含数学分析、实变函数、常微分方程）2005—-2006数学分析2003——2004高等代数2003化学系物理化学1990—-1991,2000—-2002，2004，2007——2009(2008有答案）高分子化学1999高分子化学与物理2008-—2010分析化学2008——2010无机化学2008—-2009化学工程与生物工程系高分子化学1999高分子化学与物理2008——2010传递过程与单元操作2008-—2009材料科学与工程系高分子化学1999高分子化学与物理2008-—2010材料科学基础2008-—2009基础化学2008——2010生命科学学院生物化学1999-—2001，2003--2010细胞生物学1994——2009微生物学2002——2010生物学2005普通生物学1994—-2000，2002——2003，2005生物学概论1999，2001，2004生态学2007——2010普通生态学2001——2010植物生态学1996——2003，2005普通生物学基础2004——2005海洋生态学1987——2002，2004——2005动物生理与海洋生态学2003普通动物学1998-—2003植物生理学1998——2002植物生理生化2003植物生物学2005——2009动物生物学2003，2005,2007-—2010动物学1993——2005海洋系生物化学1999——2001,2003-—2010细胞生物学1994-—2009微生物学2002—-2010生物学2005普通生物学1994——2000,2002—-2003，2005，2008--2009 生物学概论1999，2001，2004生态学2007——2010普通生态学2001——2010植物生态学1996-—2003，2005普通生物学基础2004——2005海洋生态学1987—-2002，2004——2005动物生理与海洋生态学2003普通动物学1998—-2003植物生理学1998——2002植物生理生化2003植物生物学2005——2009动物生物学2003,2005,2007——2010动物学1993—-2005海洋地质学2008——2009海洋管理概论2005——2009海洋科学导论2008——2009声学基础与数字电路2003——2009数学物理基础2008--2009无机化学2008——2009物理化学2008——2009环境科学中心环境评价规划与管理2001—-2009（其中2001、2002年分为规划管理与评价学两份试题）环境学导论2002—-2009环境工程学2007-2010有机化学（环境科学、环境管理专业）2002—-2006分析化学（环境科学、环境管理专业）2002——2006，2008——2009生物化学1999-—2001,2003-—2010细胞生物学1994——2009微生物学2002--2010生物学2005普通生物学1994——2000，2002——2003，2005生物学概论1999，2001,2004生态学2007——2010普通生态学2001—-2010植物生态学1996——2003，2005普通生物学基础2004——2005海洋生态学1987——2002，2004-—2005动物生理与海洋生态学2003普通动物学1998——2003植物生理学1998——2002植物生理生化2003植物生物学2005—-2009动物生物学2003，2005，2007--2010动物学1993——2005普通物理学2008——2009计算机科学系数据结构与计算机组成原理2003——2007数据结构与高级程序设计1997—-2002（2001有答案,答案只有数据结构部分）数据结构与C语言2004操作系统与编译原理1997-—2001组成原理与汇编语言2002电子工程系高等数学(无线电物理专业）1998,2001—-2005模拟电路与数字逻辑2000——2002信号与系统2007——2008（2007有答案）电路、信号与线性系统2003—-2006,2009（2006有答案）（注：2006年试卷缺电路的题，只有信号与线性系统的题，共4页，缺第3、4页）自动控制原理2000-—2002,2004——2006,2008-—2009电子线路2001——2002，2008——2009［其中2001年试题名称为：综合考试］普通物理学2002—-2004，2006-—2009(2006——2007有答案）电动力学2002量子力学2002量子力学与电动力学2003—-2004光电子技术2008——2009自动化系模拟电路与数字逻辑2000——2002自动控制原理2000——2002,2004——2006，2008-—2009电子线路2001——2002，2008——2009[其中2001年试题名称为：综合考试] 普通物理学2002——2004，2006——2009(2006-—2007有答案)电动力学2002量子力学2002量子力学与电动力学2003--2004数据结构2008—-2009通信工程系信号与系统2007-—2008(2007有答案)电路、信号与线性系统2003——2006，2009(2006有答案)（注：2006年试卷缺电路的题，只有信号与线性系统的题,共4页，缺第3、4页）电子线路2001—-2002，2008--2009[其中2001年试题名称为：综合考试]医学院生物医学研究院药物化学2008-—2009有机化学（医）2008-—2009生物化学2007——2009物理化学(医学院）2010生理学2010建筑系建筑设计2001——2002中外建筑历史2001——2002，2008——2009概念性快速建筑设计2008——2009建筑技术概论2008—-2009土木系材料力学2008——2009结构力学2008-—2009南洋研究院国际政治2003-—2009国际关系史2003——2009宏、微观经济学2006，2009—2010经济学2003——2004,2006，2009-2010西方经济学2002，2005世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002台湾研究院宏、微观经济学2006，2009—2010经济学2003-—2004，2006,2009—2010西方经济学2002，2005世界经济综合2000世界经济A 2000政治经济学2000综合考试（含政治经济学、宏观经济学）2002 政治学与行政学2004——2005（缺案例分析）中西文艺理论基础2000-—2002，2004—-2005 文艺评论写作2000-—2002中国现当代文学2000--2005文学基础2003——2004中外文学2000—-2002世界近代史2002世界现代史2002中国古代史2000通史1999中国近现代史2002——2004世界近现代史2003——2004现代政治思想（中、西）2008--2009教育研究院普通心理学1986-—1988,2000-—2005普通教育学2000——2005教育学1985,1987——1988高等教育学专业综合考试1985——1987心理学1985，1987发展心理学与教育心理学1987—-1988 中外教育史、比较教育学1999—-2001。
厦门大学2006年博士研究生入学考试试题(教育学原理试题及参考答案)
厦门大学2006年博士研究生入学考试试题(教育学原理试题及参考答案) 一、概念比较题1．教育与自我教育2．导生制与导师制3．学历与学力4．毛入学率与净入学率5．全民教育与终身教育二、论述题1．我国当代教学理论的发展经过了哪几个阶段?2．当代世界出现了哪几种教育思潮?三、评论题1．高考升学率是衡量学校教学质量的重要手段。
2．在大城市出现的“农民工子弟学校”是教育不平等的表现。
[参考答案]一、概念比较题1．教育与自我教育教育：广义的教育指凡是增进人们的知识和技能，影响人们的思想观念，具有教育意义的活动，除了包括我们通常所说的学校教育之外，还包括社会教育、家庭教育以及其他各种形式的教育活动。
狭义的教育主要是指学校教育，是教育者根据一定的社会要求，有目的、有计划、有组织地通过学校教育工作对受教育者的身心施加影响，促使他们朝着所期望的变化的活动。
自我教育：广义的自我教育指受教育者以一定的世界观和方法论，认识主观世界和教育自己的全部过程，又称自我修养。
即人们以自己已经形成的思想品德为基础，而提出一定的奋斗目标，监督自己去实现这些目标，并评价自己实践结果的过程。
狭义的自我教育即自我批评，是德育的一种方法。
自我教育应届于教育，教育同自我教育是统一的过程。
自我教育在一定意义上来说是教育的结果，又是进一步教育的条件或内部动力。
因此，在教育过程中要充分发挥受教育者自我教育的主体作用。
2．导生制与导师制导生制：19世纪中期，英国的“星期日”学校已有250万学生，师资成为问题，于是教会人士贝尔·兰喀斯特在伦敦创立了“导生制”学校。
其基本方法是先将学生编成小组，每组10人，再指定一个年龄较大且成绩突出者为“导生”，教师先教“导生”，“导生”再对小组进行教学。
导师制：早在19世纪，牛津大学就实行厂导师制，其最大特点是师生关系密切。
导师不仅要指导他们的学习，还要指导他们的生活。
近年来，国内各高校都在探索研究生教育以外的高等教育也能建立一种新型的教育教学制度——导师制。
厦门大学考博英语模拟试卷15(题后含答案及解析)
厦门大学考博英语模拟试卷15(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．When we listen to music,we are easily_____of events in the past.A．rememberedB．reflectedC．memorizedD．reminded正确答案：D解析：各项的意思是：remember“记住；回想起”；reflected“沉思或思忆往事”；memorize意思“记住，记忆”；remind“使某人回想起或意识到……”。
根据题意，只有D为正确答案。
2．They gave____broadcast while the performance was in process on the stage.A．liveB．livingC．livelyD．alive正确答案：A解析：各项的意思是：live“现场直播的，实况转播的”；living“活的，活着的”；lively“有生气的，活跃的；生动的，醒目的”；“活着的，活泼的，有活力的”。
根据题意，只有A为正确答案。
3．Travelling and meeting new people_____the mind of young people.A．expandedB．enlargedC．broadenedD．extended正确答案：C解析：各项的意思是：expand“(使事物)在尺寸、数量及重要性方面变大、增多及增强”；enlarge“使事物尺寸变大”；broaden“使事物变宽，变广阔，变广泛”；extend“使事物在时间或空间上更长、更大”。
根据题意，C为正确答案。
4．If you consider this problem____others’ interest,you may change your view.A．because ofB．withD．according to正确答案：D解析：各项的意思是：because of“因为”；with“和……一起；具有；对于”；due to意为“由于”；according to“根据，按照”。
厦门大学考博英语-1_真题-无答案
厦门大学考博英语-1(总分100,考试时间90分钟)Ⅰ**prehensionPart AThere are three reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.If there is one thing scientists have to hear, it is that the game is over. Raised on the belief of an endless voyage of discovery, they recoil (畏缩) from the suggestion that most of the best things have already been located. If they have, today' s scientists can hope to contribute no more than a few grace notes to the symphony of science.A book to be published in Britain this week, The End of Science, argues persuasively that this is the case. Its author, John Horgan, is a senior writer for Scientific American magazine, who has interviewed many of today's leading scientists and science philosophers. The shock of realizing that science might be over came to him, he says, when he was talking to Oxford mathematician and physicist Sir Roger Penrose.The End of Science provoked a wave of denunciation (谴责) in the United States last year. "The reaction has been one of complete shock and disbelief," Mr. Horgan says.The real question is whether any remaining unsolved problems, of which there are plenty, lend themselves to universal solutions. If they do not, then the focus of scientific discovery is already narrowing. Since the triumphs of the 1960s--the genetic code, plate tectonics (板块构造税), and the microwave background radiation that went a long way towards proving the Big Bang--genuine scientific revolutions have been scarce. More scientists are now alive, spending more money on research, than ever. Yet most of the great discoveries of the 19th and 20th centuries were made before the appearance of state sponsorship, when the scientific enterprise was a fraction of its present size.Were the scientists who made these discoveries brighter than today's? That seems unlikely. A far more reasonable explanation is that fundamental science has already entered a period of diminished returns. "Look, don't get me wrong," says Mr. Horgan. "There are lots of important things still to study, and applied science and engineering can go on for ever. I hope we get a cure for cancer, and for mental disease, though there are few real signs of progress."1. The sentence "most of the best things have already been located" could mean ______ .A. most of the best things have already been changedB. most of the best things remain to be changedC. there have never been so many best things waiting to be discoveredD. most secrets of the world have already been discovered2. John Horgan ______ . Ⅰ. has published a book entitled The End of Science Ⅱ. has been working as an editor of Scientific American Ⅲ. has been working many years as a literary critic Ⅳ. is working as a science writerA. Ⅰand ⅡB. ⅠonlyC. Ⅰand ⅣD. Ⅰ,Ⅱand Ⅳ3. There have not been many genuine scientific revolutions in the past few decades becauseA. there have been decreased returns in the research of fundamental scienceB. there are too many important things for scientists to studyC. applied science and engineering take up too much time and energyD. today's scientists are not as intelligent as those in the past4. The term "the Big Bang" probably refers to ______ .A. the genetic code theoryB. a geological theoryC. a theory of the origin of the universeD. the origin and the power of atomic energy5. The best title of this passage can be ______ .A. Great Scientific Discoveries Will Never Be PossibleB. The Harsh Challenge Has to Be Met by Modem ScientistsC. The State Sponsorship and Scientific Enterprise Are All in VainD. The Chance for Great Scientific Discoveries Becomes ScarceAstronaut Jim Voss has enjoyed many memorable moments in his career, including three space flights and one space walk. But he recalls with special fondness a decidedly earthbound (为地球引力所束缚的) experience in the summer of 1980, when he participated in the NASA-ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program. V oss, then a science teacher at West Point, was assigned to the Marshall Space Flight Center's propulsion (推进) lab in Alabama to analyze why a hydraulic fuel pump seal on the space shuttle was working so well when previous seals had failed. It was a seemingly tiny problem among the **plexities of running the space program. Yet it was important to NASA because any crack in the seal could have led to destructive results for the astronauts who relied on them."I worked a bit with NASA engineers," says Voss, "but I did it mostly by analysis". I used a handheld calculator, not a computer, to do a thermodynamic(热力学的)analysis." At the end of the summer, he, like the other NASA-ASEE fellows working at Marshall, summarized his findings in a formal presentation and detailed paper. It was a valuable moment for V oss because the ASEE program gave him added understanding of NASA, deepened his desire to fly in space, and intensified his application for astronaut status."It was not an easy process. V oss was actually passed over when he first applied for the astronaut program in 1978. Over the next nine years he reapplied repeatedly, and was finally accepted in 1987. Since then he has participated in three space missions. The 50-year-old Army officer, who lives in Houston, is now in training for a four-month mission as a crew member on the International Space Station starting in July 2000.Voss says the ASEE program is wonderful for all involved. "It brings in people from theacademic world and gives NASA a special property for a particular period of time. It brings some fresh eyes and fresh ideas to NASA, and establishes a link with our colleges and universities," V oss explains. "There's an exchange of information and an exchange of perspectives that is very important."For the academic side, V oss says, the ASEE program also "brings institutions of higher learning more insight into new technology. We give them an opportunity to work on real-world problems and take it back to the classroom".6. Why was the hydraulic fuel pump seal important for the space shuttle?A. Because previous seals all failed.B. Because it was **plex in running the space program.C. Because great care has to be taken of the hydraulic fuel pump sealing.D. Because any crack in the seals would cause disastrous results for the astronauts.7. The great significance of V oss' findings lies in ______. Ⅰ．strengthening his determination to join in space flights Ⅱ. furthering his understanding of NASA Ⅲ. consolidating his astronaut status in NASA programsA. ⅠonlyB. ⅡonlyC. Ⅰ,Ⅱand m all includedD. ⅠandⅡonly8. How many flights will V oss have finished if his four-month mission starting in July 2000 ends up successfully?A. Three.B. Two.C. Four.D. Five.9.10. What does V oss want to stress in the last paragraph?A. The technological significance of the program.B. The educational significance of the program.C. The philosophical significance of the program.D. The historical significance of the program.The current emergency in Mexico City that has taken over our lives is nothing. I could ever have imagined for me or my children. We are living in an environmental crisis, an air-pollution emergency of unprecedented severity. What it really means is that just to breathe here is to play a dangerous game with your health.As patents, what terrorizes us most are reports that children are at higher risk because they breathe more times per minute. What more can we do to protect them and ourselves? Our pediatrician's (儿科医师的) medical recommendation was simple: abandon the city permanently. We are foreigners and we are among the small minority that can afford to leave. We arc here because of my husband's work. We are fascinated by Mexico--its history and rich culture. We know that for us, this is a temporary danger. However, we cannot stand for much longer the fear we feel for our boys. We cannot stop them from breathing.But for millions, there is no choice. Their lives, their jobs, their futures depend on being here. Thousands of Mexicans arrive each day in this city, desperate for economic opportunities. Thousands more are born here each day. Entire families work in the streets and practically live there. It is a familiar sight: as parents hawk goods at stoplights, their children play in the grassy highway dividers, breathing exhaust fumes. I feel **plaining about my personal situation; wewon't be here long enough for our children to form the impression that skies are colored only gray. And yet the government cannot do what it must to end this problem. For any country, especially a developing Third World economy like Mexico, the idea of barring from the capital city enough cars, closing enough factories and spending the necessary billions on public transportation is simply not an option. So when things get bad, as in the current emergency, Mexico takes half measures--prohibiting some more cars from circulating, stopping some factories from producing--that even its own officials concede aren't adequate.The word "emergency" implies the unusual. But when daily life itself is an emergency, the concept loses its meaning. It is human nature to try to adapt to that which we cannot change or to mislead ourselves into believing we can adapt.11. According to the passage, the current emergency in Mexico City refers to ______ .A. serious air pollutionB. economic crisisC. unemploymentD. natural disaster12. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A. Kids are in greater danger than grown-ups in Mexico City.B. The author is not a native Mexican.C. The author's husband is a pediatrician.D. The Mexican history and culture appeal to the author.13. The word "hawk" (Paragraph 3) most probably means ______ .A. sellB. transportC. placeD. deliver14. The Mexican government takes half measures to solve the pollution problem because ______ .A. Mexican economy depends very much on cars and factoriesB. it is not wise enough to come up with effective measuresC. Mexicans are able to adapt themselves to the current emergencyD. Mexicans enjoy playing dangerous games with their health15. The purpose of the passage is to ______ .A. describe the harmful air pollutionB. explain the way to prevent air pollutionC. show the worries about the air pollutionD. recommend a method to avoid air pollutionPart BThe passage below summarizes the main points of the passage. Read the summary and then select the best word or phrase from the box blow, according to the passage. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Every morning, Allie wakes up and accompanies her friend to the washroom. She turns on the light, soaps up a washcloth, and begins cleaning her friend's face. Is Anie an extremely **panion? Yes! Allie is a capuchin monkey who helps her disabled friend perform everyday tasks.Monkeys like Allie are just one of many kinds of animals that help improve--or even save--human lives. But not all animals are suited to do every job. Certain animals are "hired" forspecific jobs based on their traits, or characteristics. By using different methods of conditioning (training animals to act in a particular way in response to a stimulus, or signal), humans can teach animals toper form extraordinary tasks.Throughout history, humans have relied on animals' traits to get certain jobs done. For example, compared with humans, dogs are "far superior at tracking down odors", says Marian Bailey, an animal behaviorist at Henderson State University in Arkansas. That's because dogs have million of olfactory receptors, or smell nerves, in their noses.For that reason, hunters used dogs to track down prey even in ancient Egypt. Today, dogs my be employed to sniff out illegal substances in school lockers or earthquake victims buried beneath the rabble of the collapsed building or highway.Primates may not be good sinffers, but they can certainly lend a helping hand--or two. Monkeys are perfect helpmates for quadriplegics, people paralyzed from the neck down who are unable to use their own hands (and legs). Like humans, explains Bailey monkeys have opposable thumbs--thumbs that face the hand's other fingers--so monkeys can pick up objects. Capuchins learn to open doors, clean up spills, and unscrew bottle tops. They can even get a sandwich out of the refrigerator and load your favorite tape into the VCR.And speaking of VCRs, animals are even helping scientists make a videotape. Jennifer Hurley, an animal researcher at the Long Marine Lab in Santa Cruz, California, is training two sea lions to carry video cameras on their backs to record the natural behavior of whales.So how do you get an animal employee to do its job? The answer, career-training. Trainers teach the animals to obey their instructions through a process called conditioning.Most trainers condition animals by using positive reinforcement, rewarding an animal for doing something correctly, says animal behaviorist Bailey. For example, trainers teach their dogs how to sniff out drugs by hiding a towel with the smell of drags. "Dogs love to retrieve objects so the towel becomes a reward", says Morris Berkowitz, who heads up a canine drug-sniffing program in New York.After repeating this game of hide-and-seek many times, the dog begins to "associate the odor with a reward", says Berkowitz. When he gives **mand, or stimulus, the dog seeks cot drags (it's like learning to study hard for a tests in order to get a good grade as a reward.)At "Helping Hands--Monkey Helpers for the Disabled", capuchin monkeys are trained twice before being teamed with a disabled human. First, monkeys are placed with a foster family to become socialized to people. For five years, families help the monkeys adapt to a human environment, so the monkeys will trust and enjoy being around people.Taking the monkeys in when they're four to six weeks old is important, says Bailey. "That's when monkeys normally become socialized to other monkeys," she says.Second, trainers at Helping Hands train the monkeys to perform specific tasks to assist a particular person. For example, a monkey may be trained to scratch an itch, or slip a floppy disc into a computer dive. Trainers reward the monkeys by using positive reinforcement, such as food, drinks.Allie is a capuchin 16 who helps her disabled friend perform everyday tasks. Allie is a(n) 17 of many animals who can be 18 to do certain jobs. Besides monkeys, 19 and sea lions can also give people a helping 20 .Dogs are good at 21 down prey and sniffing out 22 and 23 because they havemillions of 24 in their nose Monkeys are good helper for the 25 , who cannot look after themselves. Sea lions can help scientists to record the 26 of whales because they :can 27 to the deep ocean. In addition, 28 are part of whales' natural environment, which makes the video more 29 .But animals cannot do the jobs 30 training. The main process of training is called 31 , which uses 32 . During the training, trainers 33 an animal for doing something 34 . For monkeys, the positive reinforcement can 35 a year before they are qualified for their jobs.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.27.28.29.30.31.32.33.34.35.Ⅱ Short Question AnswerRead the following passage and then give short answers to the following five questions.Today's worker is no longer willing to work in an authoritarian and dehumanizing environment. Workers want meaning in their work and balance in their lives. They want opportunities to contribute and to know how their work is effective. Employees want to work for organizations that respect them as individuals. They also want to know that they are working for an **pany that acts in a socially and environmentally responsible manner.Today, and in the future, companies must design work so that employees can take responsibility and be rewarded appropriately. By changing altitudes, and conditions in the workplace, organizations can help make work more meaningful.Repetitive factory routines and office work that simply moves paper from in-box to out-box are mindless task that destroy motivation and productivity. Research has shown that mental challenge is closely related to job satisfaction. Too little challenge in the work, as in completely automated tasks, generally leads to boredom and lowered satisfaction. on the other hand, too much challenge may lead to failure and frustration. Thus success or achievement in reaching an accepted standard of competence is an important factor in job satisfaction, today's workers want to be a valued part of the whole. They want to know that their work is important and how it fits into the corporate strategy. They want to know not only how the work they do affects others and the organization's goals, but how the/as individuals can make an impact. Employees will contribute their knowledge enthusiastically in a corporate culture that values the individual. The profitability of a company is related to the quality and efforts of its workers. Therefore, a direct relationship between job performance and reward makes work more meaningful. Compaq Computers, for example, has an unusually low turnover rate among its employees. Like **panies in **puter field, Compaq expects its people to work long and hard to achieve big results quickly. In **panies an atmosphere of constant push would inspire people to seek employment with less pressure somewhere else. Instead, high quality people stay with Compaq. **pany's culture emphasizes individual responsibility for results and high respect for individuals, Compaq benefits from creating opportunities for employees to perform to the vast of their potential and to be rewarded for their achievements.36. What is an **pany?37. What kinds of work will kill job satisfaction?38. What may happen if there is too much challenge in one's job?39. on what condition does high turnover of employees occur?40. How do employees contribute to the profitability under the corporate culture of Compaq Computers?ⅢV ocabulary and StructureFor each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that **pletes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answersheet with a single line through th41. "Better late than never" is a ______ that is very familiar to most English speakers.A. plauditB. plenaryC. plentyD. platitude42. Professor Smith and Professor Brown will ______ in presenting the series of lectures on American literature.A. alterB. alternateC. substituteD. exchange43. The facts have proved that they all have the ______ of solving practical problems.A. capabilityB. abilityC. capacityD. power44. In order to prevent stress from being set up in the metal, expansion joints are fitted which ______ the stress by allowing the pipe to expand or contract freely.A. relieveB. reconcileC. reclaimD. rectify45. The people of the village fought for the right to ______ cattle on the grassland.A. grazeB. grinC. graspD. grope46. I think the charge for overloaded luggage is excessive in ______ to its size.A. dimensionB. rateC. percentageD. proportion47. My panic was ______ and ceased when I began to have my class.A. transientB. permanentC. trivialD. contemporary48. He raised his eyebrows and stuck his head forward and ______ it in a single nod, a gesture boy, used then for O. K. when they were pleased.A. shruggedB. tuggedC. jerkedD. twisted49. The children like to ______ the new English teacher, who has a noticeable manner of walking.A. take outB. take overC. take downD. take off50. Cancer of the liver, if malicious, in ordinary ______ , will surely lead to death.A. fashionB. mannerC. practiceD. parlance51. They **pletely ______ by the heavy rain.A. drenchedB. drownedC. parchedD. merged52. The professor found himself constantly ______ the question: How could anyone do these things?A. presidingB. poringC. ponderingD. presuming53. This is not the right ______ to ask for my help; I am far too busy even to listen!A. momentB. situationC. opportunityD. circumstance54. A(n) ______ sentence is of doubtful meaning because it can be interpreted in more than one way.A. affirmativeB. unanimousC. negativeD. ambiguous55. The magician's talk creates a(n) ______ of attention so that the audience does not see how he does his tricks.A. diversionB. derivationC. disorderD. interference56. The ______ has left for the Antarctic and it **e back in six months.A. expeditionB. executionC. exploration 'D. delegation57. His plan is not practical and is ______ to failure.A. expectedB. doomedC. dueD. predicted58. The rain was very heavy and ______ the land was flooded.A. consequentlyB. continuouslyC. constantlyD. consistently59. After investigation it was proved that the ______ letter was written by a teacher.A. anonymousB. simultaneousC. spontaneousD. homogeneous60. It is not as difficult to store information as it is to ______ it quickly when it is wanted again.A. representB. retainC. restoreD. retrieve61. This book is about how these basic beliefs and values affect important ______ of American life.A. facetsB. formatsC. formulasD. fashions62. His thoughts were ______ from the painful topic by the sudden arrival of a close friend.A. dissuadedB. distractedC. discernedD. discounted63. The deputy managers, one of whom is ______ by each party, shall assist the general manager in his duties.A. nominatedB. summonedC. calledD. named64. The simplest animals are those whose bodies are simplest in structure and which do the things done by all living animals, such as eating, breathing, moving and feeling, in the most ______ way.A. bizarreB. primitiveC. advantageousD. unique65. Some people want only real flowers on their tables while others like to have ______ ones.A. fashionableB. syntheticC. falseD. artificial66. From the hill top we can see horses are ______ here and there in the pasture.A. gazingB. bitingC. lickingD. devouring67. She strongly ______ the government's hypocrisy in dealing with the Israeli-Palestine issue.A. denouncedB. impeachedC. renouncedD. degraded68. He ______ a hasty meal before going on with his thesis.A. snatchedB. scratchedC. scrapedD. seized69. The landlady fired the servant who ______ household funds for her own rise.A. robbedB. pocketedC. muggedD. clenched70. At last the policemen used tear gas to ______ the demonstrators.A. disperseB. dispatchC. disappearD. vanish71. The economic recession has meant that job ______ is a rare thing.A. securityB. safetyC. protectionD. secureness72. Grain production in the world is ______ ,but still millions go hungry.A. soaringB. staggeringC. shrinkingD. suspending73. These charming girls are the ______ of equal pay for men and women.A. advocatesB. adventurerC. successorsD. predecessors74. Many people nowadays save money to ______ for their old age.A. caterB. supplyC. provideD. equip75. The lack of money and facilities depressed and ______ them a lot.A. frustratedB. flatteredC. distractedD. diverted76. Some crops are relatively high yielders and could be planted in preference to others to ______ the food supply.A. enhanceB. curbC. disruptD. heighten77. They waited in the ______ for the front door to open.A. porchB. porchC. thresholdD. inlet78. She had recently left a job and had helped herself to copies of **pany's client data, which she intended to ______ in starting her own business.A. dwell onB. come uponC. base onD. draw upon79. All of us were impressed by her ______ complexion.A. fluffyB. floralC. floridD. fluid80. We don't know if the story is tree, but we'll try our best to ______ it.A. verifyB. justifyC. amplifyD. rectifyⅣ TranslationRead the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Real estate, in broad definition, is land and everything made permanently a part thereof, and the nature and extent of one's interest therein. In law, the word real, as it relates to property, means land as distinguished from personal property; and estate is defined as the interest one has in property.Real estate may be acquired, owned, and conveyed (or transferred) by individuals; business corporations; charitable, religious, educational, fraternal, and various other nonprofit corporations; fiduciaries, such as trustees and executors; partnerships; and generally by any legal entity as determined and defined by the laws of the various states of the US Limitations are established in connection with sales of real estate by minors, incompetents, and certain types of corporations, and generally in cases involving some form of legal disability or lack of capacity.(82) In such instances, it is necessary in some jurisdictions to make application to the courts for permission to sell, in other jurisdictions such transfers are governed by statute.(83) Real property is generally acquired by purchase, by descent and devise, or by gift. When acquired by purchase, a deed is given by the seller, or grantor, to the purchaser, or grantee.The deed contains a legal description of the property conveyed. It must be drawn, executed, and acknowledged in proper form to be entitled to record. (84)It is customary for the seller and the purchaser to enter into a contract, at which time the purchaser makes a deposit on account of the purchase price.(85) The purchaser engages an attorney or a **pany to search the title to the property. The **pany ensures that the seller can convey clear title, the transaction is then closed.81.82.83.84.85.V WritingWrite an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic given below.1. Good management can help the organization achieve its desired results. This is particularly true of the management of an organization full of scientists and research workers. What is your idea about a good management or a good manager of such a group of people?。
博士专业英语试题及答案
博士专业英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "sustainability" refers to the ability to endure over the long haul.A) TrueB) False2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of sustainable development?A) Economic growthB) Environmental protectionC) Social equityD) Unlimited resource consumption3. The phrase "paradigm shift" in academic writing often refers to:A) A change in the weatherB) A fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptionsC) A minor adjustment in perspectiveD) A change in political leadership4. The concept of "ecosystem services" is associated with which field of study?A) EconomicsB) EcologyC) SociologyD) Political science5. In the context of climate change, "mitigation" refers to:A) Adapting to the effects of climate changeB) Reducing greenhouse gas emissionsC) Planting more treesD) Moving populations to less affected areas6. The term "peer review" in academic publishing is a process where:A) Authors review each other's workB) Journal editors review all submissionsC) Experts in the field evaluate and critique manuscriptsD) The public reviews and comments on published articles7. Which of the following is not a type of renewable energy?A) Solar powerB) Wind powerC) Nuclear powerD) Hydroelectric power8. The "Kyoto Protocol" is an international treaty linked to:A) Biodiversity conservationB) Climate changeC) International tradeD) Space exploration9. "Circular economy" is a model of production and consumption that:A) Encourages the use of non-renewable resourcesB) Minimizes waste and promotes recyclingC) Focuses on mass production and consumptionD) Ignores the environmental impact of production10. The "Precautionary Principle" in environmental policy suggests that:A) Action should be taken only after full scientific certainty is achievedB) Scientific uncertainty should not be used as a reason to postpone measures to prevent harmC) Environmental policies should be based solely on economic considerationsD) Environmental harm should be accepted as a cost of economic growth二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The process of converting light energy into chemical energy in plants is known as __________.12. The greenhouse effect is primarily caused by the accumulation of __________ gases in the atmosphere.13. In a __________ economy, the goal is to minimize waste and make the most of resources.14. The term "biodiversity" refers to the variety of life in all its forms and levels of __________.15. The __________ Principle states that it is better to be safe than sorry when it comes to potential harm to the environment.16. The __________ is a global environmental facility that provides grants for projects that benefit the global environment.17. The __________ is a set of international rules for the trade and use of hazardous chemicals and pesticides.18. "Eco-friendly" products are designed to have the leastpossible __________ on the environment.19. The __________ is a measure of the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted directly or indirectly by human activities.20. The __________ is a branch of environmental science concerned with the study of the total environment of a given area, both physical and biological.三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）21. Define the term "sustainable development" and explain its three main pillars.22. What are the key components of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?23. Describe the role of "stakeholders" in the context of corporate social responsibility (CSR).24. Explain the concept of "ecological footprint" and why it is important for environmental conservation.四、论述题（每题25分，共50分）25. Discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with the transition to a low-carbon economy.26. Critically evaluate the effectiveness of international environmental agreements in addressing global environmental issues.五、翻译题（共30分）27. Translate the following paragraph from English to Chinese (15 points):"Environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity, and climate change are three of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. The need for sustainable solutionsthat balance economic growth, social development, and environmental protection is more urgent than ever."28. Translate the following paragraph from Chinese to English (15 points):"可持续发展是指在不损害后代满足其需求的能力的前提下，满足当代人的需求。
厦门大学考博英语模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)
厦门大学考博英语模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Cloze 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Structure and V ocabulary 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingClozeI have never seen Mrs. Clark before, but I know from her medical chart and the report I received from the preceding shift that tonight she will die. The only light in her room is coming from a piece of medical equipment, which is flashing its red light as if is warning. As I stand there, the smell hits my nose, and I close my eyes as I remember the smell of decay from past experience. In my mouth I have a sour, vinegar taste coming from the pit of my stomach. I reach for the light switch, and as it silently lights the scene, I return to the bed to observe the patient with an unemotional, medical eye. Mrs. Clark is dying. She lies motionless: the head seems unusually large on a skeleton body; the skin is dark yellow and hangs loosely around exaggerated bones that not even a blanket can hide; the right arm lies straight out at the side, taped cruelly to a board to secure a needle so that fluid may drip in; the left arm is across the sunken chest, which rises and falls with the uneven breath. I reached for the long, thin fingers that are lying on the chest. They are ice cold, and I quickly move to the wrist and feel for the faint pulse. Mrs Clark’s eyes open somewhat as her head turns towards me slightly. I bend close to her and scarcely hear as she whispers, “Water.” Taking a glass of water from the table, I put my finger over the end of the straw and allow a few drops of the cool moisture to slide into her mouth and ease her thirst. She makes no attempt to swallow; there is just not enough strength. “More,” the dry voice says, and we repeat the procedure. This time she does manage to swallow some liquid and weakly says, “Thank you.”She is too weak for conversation. So without asking, I go about providing for her needs. Picking her up in my arms like a child, I turn her on her side. Naked, except for a light hospital gown, she is so very small and light that she seems like a victim of some terrible famine. I remove the lid from a jar of skin cream and put some on the palm of my hands. Carefully, to avoid injuring her, I rub cream into the yellow skin, which rolls freely over the bones, feeling perfectly the outline of each bone in the back. Placing a pillow between her legs, I notice that these too are ice cold, and not until I run my hands up over her knees do I feel any of the life-giving warmth of blood. When I am finished, I pull a chair up beside the bed to face her and, taking her free hand between mine, again notice the long, thin fingers, graceful. I wonder briefly if she has any family, and then I see that there are neither flowers, nor pictures of rainbows and butterflies drawn by children, nor cards. There is no hint in the room anywhere that this is a person who is loved. As though she is a mind reader, Mrs. Clark answers my thoughts and quietly tells me, “I sent…my family…home…tonight…didn’t want…them…to see…” Having spent her last ounce of strength she cannot go on, but I have understood what she has done. Not knowing what to say, I say nothing.Again she seems to sense my thoughts, “You…stay…”Time seems to stand still. In the total silence, I feel my own pulse quicken and hear my breathing as it begins to match hers, breath for uneven breath. Our eyes meet and somehow, together, we become aware that this is a special moment between two human beings…Her long fingers curl easily around my hands and I nod my head slowly, smiling. Without words, through yellowed eyes, I receive my thank you and her eyes slowly close. Some unknown interval of time passes before her eyes open again, only this time there is no response in them, just a blank stare. Without warning, her shallow breathing stops, and within a few moments, the faint pulse is also gone. One single tear flows from her left eye, across the cheek and down onto the pillow. I begin to cry quietly. There is a swell of emotion within me for this stranger who so quickly came into and went from my life. Her suffering is done, yet so is the life. Slowly, still holding her hand, I become aware that I do not mind this emotional battle that in fact, it was a privilege she has allowed me, and I would do it again, gladly. Mrs. Clark spared her family an episode that perhaps they were not equipped to handle and instead shared it with me. She had not wanted to have her family see her die, yet she did not want to die alone. No one should die alone, and I am glad I was there for her. Two days later, I read about Mrs. Clark in the newspaper. She was the mother of seven, grandmother of eighteen, an active member of her church, a leader of volunteer associations in her community, a concert piano player, and a piano teacher for over thirty years.Yes, they were long and graceful fingers. A drip K liquid B secured L famine C decay M jar D preceding N slide E straw O thirst F faint P fluid G pit Q moisture H chart R loosely I palm S hit J lid T indication The medical【1】from the 【2】shift was the first【3】I got that Mrs. Clark would die. There was also a smell of 【4】in the room that【5】me in the【6】of my stomach. The patient’s skin hung【7】so a needle was【8】to let the【9】【10】in. She had a 【11】pulse and was thirsty, so I gave her a 【12】of a few drops of 【13】to 【14】into her mouth to ease her 【15】. Having managed to swallow some 【16】, she said “Thank you.” She was so small and light that she looked like a victim of some terrible 【17】. I removed the 【18】of a 【19】of cream and put some on the 【20】of my hand. Then I rubbed the cream into her yellow skin to make her feel better.1．正确答案：H2．正确答案：D3．正确答案：T 4．正确答案：C 5．正确答案：S 6．正确答案：G 7．正确答案：R 8．正确答案：B 9．正确答案：P 10．正确答案：A 11．正确答案：F 12．正确答案：E 13．正确答案：Q 14．正确答案：N15．正确答案：O16．正确答案：K17．正确答案：L18．正确答案：J19．正确答案：M20．正确答案：IReading ComprehensionThe main idea of these business—school academics is appealing. In a word where companies must adapt to new technologies and source of competition, it is much harder than it used to be to offer good employees job security and an opportunity to climb the corporate ladder. Yet it is also more necessary than ever for employees to invest in better skills and sparkle with bright ideas. How can firms get the most out of people if they can no longer offer them protection and promotion? Many bosses would love to have an answer. Sumantrra Ghoshal of the London Business School and Christopher Bartlett of the Harvard Business School think they have one: “Employability.” If managers offer the right kinds of training and guidance, and change their attitude towards their underlings, they will be able to reassure their employees that they will always have the skills and experience to find a good job—even if it is with a different company. Unfortunately, they promise more than they deliver. Their thoughts on what an ideal organization should accomplish are hard to quarrel with: encourage people to be creative, make sure the gains from creativity are shared with the pains of the business that can make the most of them, keep theorganization from getting stale and so forth. The real disappointment comes when they attempt to show how firms might actually create such an environment. At its hub is the notion that companies can attain their elusive goals by changing their implicit contract with individual workers, and treating them as a source of value rather than a cog in a machine. The authors offer a few inspiring example of companies—they include Motorola, 3M and ABB—that have managed to go some way towards creating such organizations. But they offer little useful guidance on how to go about it, and leave the biggest questions unanswered. How do you continuously train people, without diverting them from their everyday job of making the business more profitable? How do you train people to be successful elsewhere while still encouraging them to make big commitments to your own firm? How do you get your newly liberated employees to spend their time on ideas that create value, and not simply on those they enjoy? Most of their answers are platitudinous, and when they are not they are unconvincing.21．We can infer from the passage that in the past an employee______.A．had job security and opportunity of promotionB．had to compete with each other to keep his jobC．had to undergo training all the timeD．had no difficulty climbing the corporate ladder正确答案：A解析：从第1段的句子可以看出，过去一个好的职员很容易获得事业保险(job security )和晋升的机会(opportunity to climb the corporate ladder)。