多速率信号处理3

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第六部分:多速率信号处理

第六部分:多速率信号处理

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X p (e jw )
如果令n=kD,上式等效为 , 如果令
D为周期的 为周期的 脉冲串采样
D倍抽取 倍抽取 表示、传输和存储这 个已采样序列是很不 经济的,因为在采样 点之间明知都是零
脉冲串采样过程
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由上图可知,已采样序列xp[n] 和抽取序列xD[n] 的频谱差别只是频率尺度上的或归一化上 抽取的效果是将原来序列的频谱扩展到一个较宽 的频带部分,这也反映了频域和时域之间的关系。 抽取相当于时域压缩,故频域会扩展 同时可以看出,如果要避免混叠,则:
DωM < π

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取样率变换的多级实现
前面所讨论的取样率变换(抽取和内插),都是按 单级实现考虑的,即内插和抽取都一次完成。但 是实际中,当抽取倍数D和内插倍数I很大时,所需 的低通滤波器h[n]的阶数将非常高,乃至无法实现。 所以一个简单的想法就是通过多次小倍数的抽取和 内插完成

数字信号处理知识点汇总

数字信号处理知识点汇总

数字信号处理知识点汇总数字信号处理是一门涉及多个领域的重要学科,在通信、音频处理、图像处理、控制系统等众多领域都有着广泛的应用。

接下来,让我们一同深入了解数字信号处理的主要知识点。

一、数字信号的基本概念数字信号是在时间和幅度上都离散的信号。

与模拟信号相比,数字信号具有更强的抗干扰能力和便于处理、存储等优点。

在数字信号中,我们需要了解采样定理。

采样定理指出,为了能够从采样后的信号中完全恢复原始的连续信号,采样频率必须至少是原始信号最高频率的两倍。

这是保证数字信号处理准确性的关键原则。

二、离散时间信号与系统离散时间信号可以通过序列来表示,常见的有单位脉冲序列、单位阶跃序列等。

离散时间系统则是对输入的离散时间信号进行运算和处理,产生输出信号。

系统的特性可以通过线性、时不变性、因果性和稳定性等方面来描述。

线性系统满足叠加原理,即多个输入的线性组合产生的输出等于各个输入单独作用产生的输出的线性组合。

时不变系统的特性不随时间变化,输入的时移会导致输出的相同时移。

因果系统的输出只取决于当前和过去的输入,而稳定系统对于有界的输入会产生有界的输出。

三、Z 变换Z 变换是分析离散时间系统的重要工具。

它将离散时间信号从时域转换到复频域。

通过 Z 变换,可以方便地求解系统的差分方程,分析系统的频率特性和稳定性。

Z 变换的收敛域决定了其特性和应用范围。

逆 Z 变换则可以将复频域的函数转换回时域信号。

四、离散傅里叶变换(DFT)DFT 是数字信号处理中的核心算法之一。

它将有限长的离散时间信号转换到频域。

DFT 的快速算法——快速傅里叶变换(FFT)大大提高了计算效率,使得在实际应用中能够快速处理大量的数据。

通过 DFT,可以对信号进行频谱分析,了解信号的频率成分和能量分布。

五、数字滤波器数字滤波器用于对数字信号进行滤波处理,分为有限冲激响应(FIR)滤波器和无限冲激响应(IIR)滤波器。

FIR 滤波器具有线性相位特性,稳定性好,但设计相对复杂。

抽取和内插

抽取和内插

多速率信号处理及抽取和内插一:多速率信号处理1、在信号处理系统中有时需要不同的抽样率,这样做的目的有时是为了适应不同系统之间的级联,以利于信号的处理、编码、传输和存储,有时则是为了节省计算工作量。

数据速率的转换两种途径:1)数字信号数模转换模拟信号模数转换另一抽样率抽样2)数字信号处理数字信号处理基本方法抽样率转换目的:改变原有数字信号的频率方法:抽取和内插,低通滤波。

低通滤波:抽取和内插的前提条件是信号频带内没有频谱混叠,实现这一点需要用到低通滤波。

2、多速率滤波器-->具有线性相位的FIR滤波器。

常用的多速率滤波器:多速率FIR滤波器,积分梳状滤波器(CIC)和半带滤波器(HB);3、常用多速率信号处理结构第一级:CIC滤波器。

用于实现抽取和低通滤波第二级:fir实现的半带滤波器优点:工作在较低频率下,且滤波器参数得到优化,更容易以较低阶数实现,达到节省资源,降低功耗的目的。

二:抽取概念:使抽样率降低的转换。

1、整数倍抽取当信号的抽取数据量太大时,为了减少数据量以便于处理和计算,我们把抽样数据每隔(D-1)个取一个,这里D是一个整数。

这样的抽取称为整数抽取,D称为抽取因子。

2、抽取后结果:信号的频谱:信号的频谱周期降低1/D;信号的时域:信号的时域每D个少了(D-1)信号。

3、抗混叠滤波:在抽取前,对信号进行低通滤波,把信号的频带限制在抽样后频率的一半以下,这样,整数倍抽取的的问题就变成了一个低通滤波的问题。

信号时域图信号频域图程序运行后所得到的滤波前后信号的时域图,滤波器的频率响应图如上图。

从图中可以看出,经半带滤波器滤波后的信号,与原信号相比,波形没有改变,但抽样速率降低了一半;半带滤波器通阻带容限相同,具有严格线性相位。

三:内插概念:使抽样率升高的转换。

1、整数倍内插:在已知的相邻抽样点之间等间隔插入(I-1)个零值点。

然后进行低通滤波,即可求得I倍内插的结果。

2、内插后结果:信号的时域:已知抽样序列的两相邻抽样点之间等间隔多了I-1个值信号的频谱:信号的频谱周期增加了I倍。

多速率信号处理及其应用仿真【开题报告】

多速率信号处理及其应用仿真【开题报告】

开题报告通信工程多速率信号处理及其应用仿真一、课题研究意义及现状随着数字信号处理的发展, 信号的处理、编码、传输和存储等工作量越来越大。

为了节省计算工作量及存储空间, 在一个信号处理系统中常常需要不同的采样率及其相互转换, 在这种需求下, 多速率数字信号处理产生并发展起来。

它的应用带来许多好处, 例如: 可降低计算复杂度、降低传输速率、减少存储量等。

国外对多速率理论的研究起步较早, 很多学者在多速率理论的基础研究和应用研究方面取得了卓越的成果。

Vaidyanathan P.P. 等学者发表了大量的文章和著作, 涵盖了滤波器组的设计、准确重建的实现、数字通信、图像压缩与编码、信道估计等诸多基础理论和应用领域。

国内关于多速率数字信号处理理论的研究比国外起步晚, 基本是从20世纪90年代初期才开始系统的研究。

其中具有代表性的是清华大学宗孔德教授的著作, 书中系统、详细地介绍了多速率系统抽取、内插、多相结构和滤波器组等基础理论。

随后, 很多学者对该领域的某些问题进行了专门研究。

在信号处理界,多速率数字信号处理最早于20世纪70年代在信号内插中提出。

在多速率数字信号处理发展过程中,一个突破点是将两通道正交镜像滤波器组应用于语音信号的压缩,从此多速率数字信号处理得到了众多学者的重视。

特别是在多速率数字滤波器组的设计方面,涌现了多种完全重建滤波器的形式。

从20世纪80年代初开始,多速率数字信号处理技术在工程实践中得到广泛的应用, 主要用于通信系统、语音、图像压缩、数字音频系统、统计和自适应信号处理、差分方程的数值解等。

多速率数字信号处理理论在各个领域得到了蓬勃的发展,各种理论研究成果和应用层出不穷,并促进了整个数字信号处理领域的发展。

多速率信号处理自发展以来, 至今在基础理论方面已经趋于成熟, 其广泛的应用领域也得到了人们的重视。

多速率信号处理与其它信号处理理论的结合将有更好的应用前景, 例如与Fourier变换的一般形式———分数阶Fourier变换相结合, 可以利用分数Fourier变换处理时变、非平稳信号的长处来达到传统Fourier域中无法达到的系统性能。

项目2多速率信号处理

项目2多速率信号处理

多速率滤波器的FPGA实现一、多速率信号处理技术的优势多速率信号处理是软件无线电系统的基础理论,它通过内插和抽取来改变数字信号的速率,以适应软件无线电系统不同模块对信号速率的不同要求,是数字上、下变频的重要技术。

随着数字信号处理的发展,信号的处理、编码、传输、存储等工作量越来越大。

为了节省计算工作量和存储空间,在一个信号处理系统中常常采用不同的采样率处理以及这些不同采样率信号的相互转换,因此,多速率信号处理技术应运而生。

它的产生给系统设计带来了很多好处:(1)降低系统实现的复杂度(2)降低系统计算的复杂度(3)降低传输速率(4)减少存储量等。

二、多速率滤波器介绍常用的多速率滤波器有(1)多速率FIR滤波器(2)积分级联梳妆(CIC)滤波器(3)半带(HB)滤波器等。

多速率滤波器的作用有三点(1)抽取(降低信号速率)(2)内插(提高信号速率)(3)低通滤波。

三、对三种滤波器的性能分析及最优滤波方案多速率FIR滤波器由于其信号速率很高,使得FIR滤波器工作在很高的频率,如此,对硬件的要求就变得很高,需要大量的乘法器,造成使用资源多,功耗大的问题。

因此FIR滤波器在实际的多速率信号处理应用较少。

相应的,由于CIC滤波器和HB滤波器的结构简单、实现方便以及性能优良等特点,获得了广泛的应用。

鉴于此,在无线通信的多速率信号处理(数字上、下变频)等应用中多采用一种高效的滤波器组合结构,即采用不同的滤波器进行组合以实现不同的要求。

常用的结构如将CIC滤波器作为第一级滤波器实现抽取、低通滤波;而在第二级采用FIR实现的特殊滤波器(如半带滤波器),此时它们工作在较低的频率下,且滤波器的参数得到优化,因此更容易以较低的的阶数实现,节省了资源,降低功耗。

四、抽取的仿真分析所谓的多速率信号处理指的是改变信号的采样率(包括:内插和抽取)(1)抽取:将原始的采样数据每隔M-1个取一个形成新的采样序列。

M为抽取因子。

实现这一过程的装置为M-抽取器。

多速率信号处理的设计与实现(Design and implementation of multirate signal processing)

多速率信号处理的设计与实现(Design and implementation of multirate signal processing)

多速率信号处理的设计与实现(Design and implementation ofmultirate signal processing)This paper makes a great contribution to Weihai mountain in ShandongPdf documents may experience poor browsing on the WAP side. It is recommended that you select TXT first or download the source file to the local machine.Sixth phase of experimental science and technology in December 2006Experimental garden for College StudentsThreeDesign and implementation of multirate signal processingChen Yiou, Li GuangjunUniversity of Electronic Science and technology of China, Chengdu, 610054Thirty-threeAbstract: the multi rate signal processing is the basic theory of software radio, this paper introduces an efficient processing method of multi rate signal, which uses C IC filter and HB filter, F IR filter and polyphase filters for decimation and interpolation in order to achieve the purpose of changingthe signal rate. This paper introduces the basic principle of various filters, analyzes the problems needing attention in the design and implementation, and gives the design results of digital down conversion with this multirate signal processing method. Keywords: multi rate signal processing; C IC filter; HB filter; decimation; interpolation; polyphase filtering in the graph classification number: TN92 document identification code: A article number: 1672-4550 (2006) 06 - 0113 - 04D esign and Rea Liza tion of M ulti - Ra te S igna L Processi g n(University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu Abstract: M ulti 610054) - Rate signal p rocessing is a basic theory in softw a re rad io. This paper introduces a m ethod of multi - rate signal p rocessing which uses C IC filters, HB filters, F I filters and polyphase fil2 R of using this technique to design a digital down converter ters reach the goal. To of decim ation and interpolation, in order to change the rate of digital signals It in2 troduces the structures of the. Typ ical filters, analyzes some relevant issues, and brings forward the result Key words: multi - rate signal p rocessing; C I filter; HB filter deci; ate; interpolate; polyphase C m CHEN Yi2, L I Guang2jun ouC IC1 IntroductionMake spectrum worse. Therefore, the essence of multirate signal processing is to cooperate with several typical filters throughdecimation and interpolation in time domain so as to achieve the purpose of signal rate conversion. A typical multirate signal processing architecture is shown in figure 1. Filter n.HB extractionMulti rate signal processing is the basic theory of software radio system, it through the interpolation and extraction rate of change of the digital signal in software radio system to adapt to the different modules of the signal to the different rates of [1 - 2], is an important technology for digital down conversion and digital frequency. In practical engineering, in order to change the rate of digital signals and avoid signal frequency aliasing, usually adopt the following filter: C IC decimation filter, HB filter 2 times extraction or within the multiphase structure of F filter and IR filter.Wave filterFilter n.F IRPolyphase filter bankFilter n.HB interpolationFig. 1 a typical multirate signal processing architectureAlgorithm and implementation of more than 2 rate signal processingBecause the C IC filter is simple in structure and high in frequency, it is used in the first stage of high speed digital signal processing. After its integer multiple decimation,The rate of high-speed signals is greatly reduced. HB decimation filter computation than the general F IR filter small half, processing rate is higher, but because each filtersection only 2 times the extraction, so using HB filters N cascade of signalsThe basis of multirate signal processing is decimation and interpolation, which can be directly extracted and interpolated in time domain, which leads to the expansion and compression of the frequency domain,Thirty-threeThree[ePub] 2006 - 08 - 02[author] Chen Yiou (1982 -), female, graduate student, the main research direction is digital signal processing and ASIC design.- 113-December 2006 Experim ent Science & Technology Sixth2 times decimation. Since the C IC filter and the HB filter are all aliasing filters, the signal needs to be filtered by the F IR filter to eliminate the unwanted frequency components, and then the next step is to be processed. The polyphase filter banks can convert the fractional sampling rate, make the rate conversion more flexible, and also make the output speed of the whole system meet the needs of special applications. After the polyphase filter bank, the cascaded HB interpolation filter can also be used to improve the time resolution of the output signal. Next, the algorithm of each filter and the problems to be noticed in the design and implementation are introduced in detail. 211 integral comb filter (C IC filter) C IC filter is composed of integrator H1 (z) and comb filter: Omega D, Omega, omega (1 - D) /2 J -1 J) x a () x E H (E = D * a (S S 22), where D is a decimation factor. Because the sidelobe level of single-stage C IC filter is only higher than that of the main lobe levelH2 (z) is cascaded, and its frequency response is[3]NBandwidth of non aliasing signal in decimation. In this case, the signal bandwidth can be improved by first interpolating the data and then using the C IC filter to extract the signal bandwidth. According to the correlation formula, there are two ways to increase the bandwidth of non aliasing signal undercertain stopband attenuation. One is to reduce the decimation factor D, and the other is to improve the sampling rate. 212 half band filter (HB filter)Graph 210 order HB filterHB filter is a special kind of F I low pass filter, blanking RIn addition to zero at zero, the excitation response is zero at the other even points. Compared with the conventional F IR filter, it requires only half the amount of computation, and can handle higher speed data. Therefore, HB filter is especially suitable for dealing with decimation or interpolation of 2 times rate. According to the HB filter coefficients and the properties of decimation or interpolation, the general structure of F IR filters is simplified. Taking the 10 order HB filter as an example, the simplified HB decimation filter and the HB interpolation filter are shown in Figure 2 (a) and Figure 2 (b), respectively. It is worth noting that the HB filter is also a aliasing filter, and after filtering, aliasing occurs in the frequency domain. Therefore, the passband must be carefully designed and the output of the HB filter will be fully modulated by the F IR filter.Small 13146 dB, stopband attenuation is very poor, it will cause serious aliasing, it is difficult to meet the practical requirements. Therefore, multilevel cascaded C IC filters are often used in engineering. In the specific implementation, we should pay attention to the following questions [4]. 21111 processing gainThe processing gain of Q cascaded C IC filter is DQWith the increase of Q and increase the series extraction factor D, processing gain becomes larger, so the realization of C IC filter, can be inserted into a barrel at the end of the input shape shifter to adjust the gain, to ensure that each class has enough precision, and output to full output.The 21112 phase nonlinear PI C IC filter in 0 ~ 2 of the interval is not completely linear PI, every 2 /D will produce a phase jump, but in each PI interval is 2 /D interval, it is a linear phase. Since the useful signal of PI lies in its linear phase region (0~2 /D), the signals in the rest of the range must be suppressed, so the nonlinear phase has no effect on the filtering and the extracted results. In view of the effect, the C IC filter is still a linear phase filter. 21113 stopband attenuation of PI in the main lobe near 2 /D digital frequency, attenuation than the much larger attenuation in the first sidelobe peak point filter, PI is close to the 2 /D, the greater the attenuation, as long as the attenuation value of PI is large enough at this frequency, when the signal bandwidth is less than (be selected /D - 2, omega) to generate the signal bandwidth from the aliasing can be neglected. 21114 improve the aliasing free bandwidth in some application environments, the sampling rate is higher than the back-endHB filter and F IR filter can handle the highest rate, while theThe fractional multiplication of sampling rate can be achieved by I interpolation [5] and then D times extraction. Before the interpolation is inserted, the baseband spectrum width of the intermediate sequence is not less than the baseband spectrum width of the original input sequence spectrum or the output sequence spectrum, otherwise it will cause the signal distortion. A polyphase interpolation filter with 192 orders and 32 phases is taken as an example. As shown in Fig. 3, the 192 order filter is in accordance with every other orderThe signal bandwidth is greater than C IC filter with the minimum stopband attenuation of 114-More than 213 phase filterSixth phase of experimental science and technology in December 2006The principle of 31 taps as a group was divided into 32 groups, 6 in each groupTap. Each set of corresponding taps is delayed by one clock cycle, i.e., the external inputs are sent to the 32 group. For each group, the inputs corresponding to the 6 taps are multiplied by the tap factor of 31 taps apart, and the rest of the inputs are multiplied by 0. In this way, each group has been interpolated 32 times. When the output is controlled, the toggle switch is rotated at different speeds to realize the extraction of different rates, and the purpose of fractional rate conversion is achieved.Figure 4 N order F IR filter using DA algorithmImplementation of 3 algorithmMulti rate signal processing is the basic theory of software radio, and digital down conversion is one of the keys to software radio. The author uses the multi rate signal processing method for a high performance digital down conversion circuit is implemented on the A ltera FPGA Stratix S40, and designed the demodulation module, automatic gain module and coordinate conversion module, its performance has reached the most widely used digital down conversion chip: Intersil 50214B the level of. The integrated tool Quartus II 510 gives a comprehensive report on the DDC design as shown in Figure 5 (a): a total of 31401 basic logic units are used. The key path shown in Figure 5 (b) shows that the circuit can work stably at a clock frequency of 80 MHz even if the 30% margin is retained. Figure 6 is using the simulation software ModelSim to design[6]Implementation of phase decimation filter in figure more than 3The waveform obtained by simulation is consistent with the result of M atlab simulation, which proves the design is correct.In the frequency domain, the filtering effect is veryunsatisfactory, so the F IR filter must be filtered to eliminate the redundant frequency components before the post processing. There are two choices for the implementation of F IR filters: one is the traditional multiply add structure, but the other is the traditional multiplication and addition structure,When the order of the filter is high, the circuit runs very slowly, and the resource consumption is amazing. The other is using DA algorithm (distributed algorithm). The essence of DA algorithm is a look-up table method. It changes the order of the operations, calculates all possible products before work, saves them in the table, and looks up the tables at work. TheF IR filter structure using the DA algorithm is shown in figure4.The processing speed of DA algorithm only depends on the data width of input signalFor large scale product sum operations, the computation speed has obvious advantages. When the data width of the input signal is too large, the data will be transferredDA algorithm is improved to parallel string structure, which can get faster processing speedDegree. The lookup table used in DA algorithm should be stored in SRAM.214 F IR filterBecause the C IC filter and the HB filter are aliasing filteringFigure 5 example of Quartus design- 115-December 2006 Experim ent Science & Technology SixthReference[1] Li Shixin, [Liu Luyuan 1 Research on wavelet domain median filter design 2] Ma said, Zhang Xiangguang, Yang Miao 1 multi structure element based on generalized morphological filter [3] Yang Xiaoniu, Lou Cai Yi, Xu Jianliang 1 software radio principle and application [4] Chen Yong 1 FPGA high speed dedicated DDC [D] 1 [5] [6] [1] Qin Honggen, based on Pan Ganghua, Mei Jianping think 1 laboratory construction should follow the sustainable [2] has jumped 1 on Higher Vocational Education [J] 1 China quality education theory [3] Dong Jiashou, Zhang Wengui 1 of the laboratory construction and management [J]1 [M] 1 University of Electronic Science and technology 2003, 32 (1): 18 - 211 Intersil - 831 Inc1 HSP50214BFigure 6 ModelSim simulation waveform4 ConclusionThis paper studies the implementation of multirate signal processing, that is, using C IC filter, HB filter, F IR filter and polyphase filter and other typical filters to achieve signal extraction and interpolation. This paper introduces the basic principle of the algorithm, and analyzes the importantproblems which should be paid attention to in the design and implementation. The digital down conversion realized by the multi rate signal processing method has successfully passed the FPGA verification.(up to fifty-eighth pages)Ping, improve the ability of scientific research and development, out of a new way to train "double qualified" teachers. This has laid a solid foundation for further development of training bases and improving the level of practical teaching, speeding up the transformation of scientific research resources into educational resources.The new platform, the theory relating to teaching, course design and graduation design on this platform, including the integrated substation automation, railway signals, railway engineering machinery detection, vehicle detection and maintenance, the train scheduling sub project of electrified railway traction, good training environment for training "iron talents, part of the sub project has started construction.5 training base expansion and improvement ideasAccording to the current situation of talent demand, the focus of personnel training in domestic transportation Colleges (including the Railway College) has shifted, which has weakened the cultivation of the original railway talents. However, with the continuous development of the country's western development, infrastructure construction has been rapid development, Metro, light rail construction has begunoperation in some large cities. All of these require a great deal of expertise in modern railway knowledge. Therefore, Emei Campus Based on its own characteristics, for the railway development, and actively adjust the direction of personnel training, invite the units involved in the development of plan of personnel training, running the main professional focus on the needs of setting and updating of the railway, with the railway engineering characteristics focus on training practical talents. According to the school laboratory investment plan,Southwest Jiao Tong University launched the "323 Engineering Laboratory (process" that is 2 to 3 years, investment of about 200 million yuan of funds, focusing on the construction of 20 ~ 30 based laboratory and transformation of 20 specialized laboratories), Emei campus actively seize the opportunity, based on the existing training base, apply with characteristics of railway engineering practice the training base construction project, as the original innovation of teaching content and teaching methods.6 concluding remarksTraining base, as an important place of practice in Colleges and universities, is the key link of transforming students' theoretical knowledge into practical skills, and also fully embodies the level, quality and characteristics of University running. Therefore, it is an important task for universities to build a good training base with distinctive characteristics, which is of great importance to the cultivation of highly skilled and practical talents. ReferenceTo read all good books is to speak to many noble men.- 116-All: University of Electronic Science and technology of China, 2005: 10-441, Beijing: Tsinghua University press, 20031 and practice, 2003, 9 (1): 2631: University of Electronic Science and Technology Press, 20041Www1 Intersil1 com, 1995 - 05 - 011Improved algorithm of wave [J] 1 Journal of University of Electronic Science and technology of China, 2004, 33 (4):391-3941 [M] 1 Beijing: Publishing House of electronics industry, 20011The road of development [J] 1 laboratory research and exploration, 2004, 5 (23): 82Uwe implementation of FPGA M Eyer - Baese1 digital signal processing [M] 1-- DescartesDatasheet [DB /OL] 11. This paper makes great contributions to Weihai mountain in ShandongPdf documents may experience poor browsing on the WAP side. It is recommended that you select TXT first or download the source file to the local machine.Sixth phase of experimental science and technology in December 2006Experimental garden for College StudentsThreeDesign and implementation of multirate signal processingChen Yiou, Li GuangjunUniversity of Electronic Science and technology of China, Chengdu, 610054Thirty-threeAbstract: the multi rate signal processing is the basic theory of software radio, this paper introduces an efficient processing method of multi rate signal, which uses C IC filter and HB filter, F IR filter and polyphase filters for decimation and interpolation in order to achieve the purpose of changing the signal rate. This paper introduces the basic principle of various filters, analyzes the problems needing attention in the design and implementation, and gives the design results of digital down conversion with this multirate signal processing method. Keywords: multi rate signal processing; C IC filter; HB filter; decimation; interpolation; polyphase filtering inthe graph classification number: TN92 document identification code: A article number: 1672-4550 (2006) 06 - 0113 - 04D esign and Rea Liza tion of M ulti - Ra te S igna L Processi g n(University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu Abstract: M ulti 610054) - Rate signal p rocessing is a basic theory in softw a re rad io. This paper introduces a m ethod of multi - rate signal p rocessing which uses C IC filters, HB filters, F I filters and polyphase fil2 R of using this technique to design a digital down converter ters reach the goal. To of decim ation and interpolation, in order to change the rate of digital signals It in2 troduces the structures of the. Typ ical filters, analyzes some relevant issues,并提出结果关键词:多速率信号处理;C我滤波器;HB滤波器;分吃;插值;陈相C M 2,我guang2jun欧C IC1引言使频谱变坏。

多速率信号处理系统中的等效关系

多速率信号处理系统中的等效关系

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文档下载后可定制修改,请根据实际需要进行调整和使用,谢谢!本店铺为大家提供各种类型的实用资料,如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等,想了解不同资料格式和写法,敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you! In addition, this shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts, other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!多速率信号处理系统是一种能够以多种速率对信号进行采样和处理的系统。

多速率fir滤波

多速率fir滤波

多速率fir滤波多速率FIR滤波是数字信号处理中常用的一种滤波技术。

该技术的最大特点是可以将信号的采样频率降低,从而减少计算负担和存储空间。

同时,多速率FIR滤波还可以保持信号的高质量。

下面是对多速率FIR滤波的详细介绍。

一、什么是多速率FIR滤波?多速率FIR滤波是一种数字滤波器,其主要功能是根据需要对信号进行降采样,从而达到减少计算负担和存储空间的目的。

同时,滤波器还可以保持信号的高质量,因此在数字信号处理中被广泛应用。

二、多速率FIR滤波的构成多速率FIR滤波器由两部分组成,即抽取滤波器和插值滤波器。

1.抽取滤波器抽取滤波器是一种低通滤波器,主要功能是对原始信号进行降采样,并得到抽取后的信号。

因此,抽取滤波器的截止频率必须小于采样频率的一半,否则会导致信号混叠。

2.插值滤波器插值滤波器是一种低通滤波器,主要功能是对抽取信号进行插值,并得到插值后的信号。

插值滤波器的截止频率必须小于插值后的采样频率的一半,否则会导致信号混叠。

三、多速率FIR滤波的优点1.可以降低计算负担和存储空间,提高处理效率。

2.可以保持信号的高质量,避免信号失真。

3.可以降低系统功耗,延长系统寿命。

四、多速率FIR滤波器的应用1.语音和音频信号处理多速率FIR滤波器可以对音频信号进行降采样和插值,从而减少计算负担和存储空间,在语音识别和语音合成等领域中被广泛应用。

2.图像信号处理多速率FIR滤波器可以对图像信号进行降采样和插值,从而减少计算负担和存储空间,在图像增强和图像压缩等领域中被广泛应用。

3.通信系统多速率FIR滤波器可以对数字信号进行降采样和插值,从而提高通信系统的性能。

在数字通信系统中,多速率FIR滤波器被广泛应用于通信解调和信号重构等领域。

综上所述,多速率FIR滤波是数字信号处理中应用广泛的一种滤波技术。

该技术的优点是可以降低计算负担和存储空间,同时保持信号的高质量,被广泛应用于音频信号处理、图像信号处理和通信系统等领域。

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一.滤波器的总体技术指标(单级实现的技术指标) 假设系统的总体指标是已知或事先能确定的,即 1.通带波纹: δ p 2.阻带波纹: δ s 3.通带的截止频率(下限频率) : f p 4.阻带的起始频率(上限频率) : f s 二.每级滤波器的技术指标 1.通带波纹 δ pi
设每一级滤波器的通带波纹为 δ pi ,总的通带波纹 δ p 与 δ pi 的关系为
f s = 50 Hz ;
z z z
ˆ (e jω0 ) 过渡带宽 Δf = 10 Hz 。 H
假设通带波纹 δ p = 0.01 ,阻带波纹 δ s = 0.001 ;
ˆ(n) ,则 FIR 滤波器的阶数 N 为 若采用等波纹法设计 h
N≈ D∞ (δ p , δ s ) D∞ (δ p , δ s ) 2.542 = = ≈ 1271 fs − f p ωs − ω p 2 × 10−3 F0 2π
第四章
抽样率变换的多级实现结构
本章主要讨论大抽取比或大内插比的抽样率变换的有效实现问题, 即在 M 1 ,L 1 情 况下,分析抽样率变换的多级实现结构的原理、方法。由于抽取器的结构和和内插器的结构互 为转置,所以,我们将重点讨论抽取器的多级实现。
4.1
一.什么是抽样率变换的多级实现结构 1.单级实现
Hale Waihona Puke 4.2第 1 级多级结构中滤波器的技术指标
第 2级
x ( n)
ˆ ( n) h 1
↓ M1
F1 =
ˆ (k ) h 2
F0 M1
↓ M2
F2 = F1 M2
" "
FK −1 =
第K级
y ( m)
ˆ (k ′) h K
FK −2 M K −1
↓ MK
FK = FK −1 MK
F0
假设:系统有 K 级构成;
1 ± δ p ≈ 1 ± (δ p1 + δ p2 + " + δ pK )
若设 δ p1 = δ p2 = " = δ pK ,则有
δp =
i
δp
K
( i = 1,2,", K )
(4.1)
2.阻带波纹 δ si 设每一级滤波器的阻带波纹为 δ si ,总的阻带波纹 δ s 与 δ si 的关系为

F1
次乘法/秒
z
运算量为 N 2 F2 = 5500
两级实现的总运算量为: 27800 + 5500 = 33300 ≈ 0.33 × 10 次乘法/秒;
5
两级实现比单级实现时的运算量降低了大约 4 倍! !
结论:
1.单级结构运算量大的主要原因:归一化的过渡带宽
fs − f p F
太小;
2.多级结构能降低运算量的原因:加大归一化的过渡带宽 (1) 增加过渡带 f s − f p
f s 200 Hz
f
V (e jω1 ) 以 F2 = 100 Hz 为周期重复叠加后得到 Y (e jω2 ) ;
选择 f p2 = 40 Hz ; 选择 f s2 = 50 Hz ;
ˆ (e jω1 ) 过渡带宽 Δf = 10 Hz ,与单级相同; H 2 2
输入抽样率为 F1 = 200 Hz ,比单级降低了 25 倍 ! 所以归一化的过渡带宽为
40 ~ 50 Hz 。要求
(1) (2) 抽取后的信号在 40 ≤ f ≤ 50 Hz 的频率范围内不允许混叠; ( 讲解 ) 抽取后的信号在 40 ≤ f ≤ 50 Hz 的频率范围内允许混叠; ( 课后作业 )
试分别寻求上述两种情况下,使用 FIR 滤波器的多级实现方案(假设 FIR 滤波器的设 计采用等波纹法) 第一步:罗列方案 1.二级实现方案( K = 2 )
二.求解方法 — 穷举法 具体步骤为: 1.对每一个确定的 K ( K = 2,3,", Q )值,根据运算量最小的原则,分别找到相应的最
佳组合方案,共有 Q − 1 组,即 {M i }i =1 , {M i }i =1 ," , {M i }i =1 ;
2 3 Q
2.比较上述的 Q − 1 组实现方案,找到最优方案。 例 4-2:已知 x( n) 的抽样率 F0 = 5000 Hz ,现欲对它进行 50 倍抽取。若整个抽取系统的指标 为:通带波纹 δ p = 0.01 ,阻带波纹 δ s = 0.001,信号的通带为 0 ~ 40 Hz ,过渡带为
δ s = δ s δ s "δ s
1 2
K
由于 δ si 1 ,所以适当地选择 δ si > δ s 就可以满足要求。一般情况下,为了给设计留有裕 度,通常取
δs = δs
i
( i = 1,2,", K )
(4.2)
3.通带截止频率 f pi
各级滤波器都应该使总通带频率范围内的信号无失真地通过,故各级通带的上限频率都应 该相同,即
1 ± δ p = (1 ± δ p1 )(1 ± δ p2 )" (1 ± δ pK ) = 1 ± (δ p1 + δ p2 + " + δ pK ) ± (δ p1δ p2 + δ p1δ p3 + ") ± (δ p1δ p2 δ p3 + ") ± "
由于 δ pi 1 ,所以二次及以上的高次乘积项都可以忽略,于是
x(n)
F0 =
ˆ( n) h
w( n)
↓M F1 =
y ( m)
1 T0 ω0 = 2π f / F0
1 F = 0 T1 M ω1 = 2π f / F1 = M ω0
按题意, M = 50 , ω1 = 50ω0 , F0 = 5000 Hz , F1 = 100 Hz 。 (1) Y (e
jω1
f pi = f p
4.阻带起始频率 f si (1) 最后一级(第 K 级)的 f sK
( i = 1,2,", K )
(4.3)
经过第 K 级的抽取后,不允许产生频谱混叠,所以
f sK = f s ≤
(2) 第 i 级的 f si ( i = 1,2,", K − 1 ) z
1 FK 2
(4.4)
基本概念
用一次抽取或/和内插操作来完成所需要的抽样率变换。如单级抽取器
x ( n) F0 = 1 T0 y ( m)
ˆ( n) h
↓M F1 = 1 F = 0 T1 M
2.多级实现 用二次或二次以上的抽取或/和内插操作来完成所需要的抽样率变换。 二级实现的抽取器,如下图所示,其中 M = M 1M 2
(2) 降低输入抽样率 F 3. 通带波纹 δ p 和阻带波纹 δ s 对滤波器的阶数影响较小。 三.多级实现的途径 1.寻求最优化方法,即以运算量最小为原则,找到最佳的抽取(或内插)因子组合; 2.使用半带滤波器的多级实现方法,这个方法适合于 M = 2 的情况;
K
3.使用梳状滤波器和半带滤波器的多级实现方法,这个方法适合于抽取比(或内插比)为 任意值的情况。
输入抽样率仍为 F0 = 5000 Hz ,所以归一化的过渡带宽为 增加了 10 倍!
100 = 2 × 10−2 ,比单级 5000
z z
假设通带波纹 δ p1 = δ p2 = 0.01/ 2 = 0.005 ,阻带波纹 δ s1 = δ s2 = 0.001 ;
ˆ (n) ,则 FIR 滤波器的阶数 N 为 若采用等波纹法设计 h 1 1
Ni Fi
(次乘法/秒) (次乘法/秒)
∑N F
i =1 i
K
i
4.3
一.问题描述
基于优化过程的多级结构设计
已知: F0 , M , f p , f s , δ p , δ s 求解: K 及 M i (
∏M
i =1
K
i
=M ) ,使总的运算量最小,即
⎧K ⎫ min ⎨∑ N i Fi ⎬ K ,{ M i } ⎩ i =1 ⎭
fs − f p F0 = 2 × 10−3 太小,导致 N 很大;
两个重要的观察: 归一化过渡带宽
增加过渡带 f s − f p ,或降低输入抽样率 F0 ,都可以增加归一化过渡带宽,从而减小 FIR 滤波器的阶数 N ,降低实现时的运算量。 (3) 运算量 若采用有效结构,则运算量为
NF0 = NF1 = 127100 = 1.271 × 105 次乘法/秒 M
N1 ≈ D∞ (δ p1 , δ s1 ) D∞ (δ p1 , δ s1 ) 2.7614 = = ≈ 139 ωs1 − ω p1 f s1 − f p1 2 × 10−2 F0 2π
z
运算量为 N1F1 = 139 × 200 = 27800 次乘法/秒
Z (e jω1 )
fp
(2) 第二级实现 z z z z z
10 = 5 × 10−2 ,比单级降低了 25 倍! 200
z
ˆ (n) ,则 FIR 滤波器的阶数 N 为 采用等波纹法设计 h 2 2
N2 ≈ D∞ (δ p2 , δ s2 ) D∞ (δ p2 , δ s2 ) 2.7614 = = ≈ 55 ωs2 − ω p2 f s2 − f p2 5 × 10−2
W (e jω0 ) 以 F1 = 200 Hz 为周期重复叠加后得到 Z (e jω1 ) ;
z z z z
为了保证信息不损失,可以选择 f p1 = 50 Hz 由于频谱重复周期为 200 Hz ,阻带起始频率最大可选择为 f s1 = 150 Hz ;
ˆ (e jω0 ) 过渡带宽 Δf = 100 Hz ,比单级增加了 10 倍! H 1 1
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