计算机专业英语chapter3
计算机专业英语Unit03_SectionA_Proagramming_Language
例如，FORTRAN和COBOL等编程语言是为解决某些普遍的编程 问题类型而编写的——FORTRAN是为了科学领域的应用，而 COBOL是为了商业领域的应用。
6/47
Programming Languhough these languages were designed to address specific categories of computer problems, they are highly portable, meaning that they may be used to program many types of computers.
尽管所有的可执行程序最终都是以机器语言的形式被计算 机读入的，但它们并非都是用机器语言编写的. 直接用机器语言编程极端困难，因为指令是0和1的序列.
15/47
Programming Language－Language Types
（1）到计算机主存（随机存储器）的什么位置去找一两个数字 或简单的数据片；（2）要执行的简单操作，如将两个数字相 加；（3）在主存的什么位置存放该简单操作的结果；（4）到 什么位置去找下一条要执行的指令
14/47
Programming Language－Language Types
While all executable programs are eventually read by the computer in machine language, they are not all programmed in machine language. It is extremely difficult to program directly in machine language because the instructions are sequences of 1s and 0s.
专业英语写作Chapter 3 Exercise for essay writing
Exercises1. Study the following topic statements from different essays on the topic of the status of women in Hon, an imaginary country. Which method of organization (time order, exemplification, cause and effect or comparison and contrast) does each one indicate? How many paragraphs will the body of each essay probably contain?1) Although the status of women in Hon has improved remarkably in recent years, it is still very low when compared to the status of women in the countries of the Western world.2) Beginning in World War II and continuing through the period of economic boom, the status of women in Hon has changed remarkably.3) The status of women in Hon has improved remarkably in recent years in the areas of economic independence, political rights, educational opportunities, and social status.4) The status of women in Hon has changed remarkably in recent years due to increased educational opportunities and changes in the country’s law.2. Complete the following topic statements by adding subtopics to them.1) The basic causes of poverty are ____________________________________.2) A teacher must have the following qualities: __________________________.3) Technology is changing our lives in three important areas: _______________.4) Women generally live longer than men for two main reasons: _____________.5) The purpose of this report is to ______________________________________.3. Choose one of the following topics and write an opening paragraph. Be sure to include a topic statement in your paragraph.1) Choosing a career2) Space exploration3) Losing a job4) Pollution and the environment5) Violence on TV4. Write a concluding paragraph for the following opening paragraph. Follow these two steps:1) Summarize the main points or paraphrase the topic statement. Be sure to introduce the conclusion with a transition.2) Add your comments.The busy schedules that most adults face from day to day have created a rising health problem in the modern world. Stress affects almost everyone, from the highly pressured executive to the busy homemaker or student. It can cause a variety of physical disorders, ranging from headaches to stomach ulcers and even alcoholism. Stress, like a common cold, is a problem that can’t be cured; however, it can be controlled. A person can learn to control stress by setting realistic goles, enjoying a hobby and/ or physical exercise, and by maintaining a good, warm relationship with family and friends.Keys1.1) The topic statement indicates that the method of organization should be“comparison and contrast”. Examples of their low status in two or more areas compared with that of women in western societies should be given in this part. So, the body part of this essay will probably contain two or three paragraphs.2) The topic statement indicates that the method of organization should be “timeorder/chronological order”. The introduction of their status during World War II and the period of economic boom will be provided in this part. So, the body part of this essay will probably contain two paragraphs.3) The topic statement indicates that the method of organization should be“exemplification”. The description of women’s status in Hon in the areas of economic independence, political rights, educational opportunities, and social status will be written in this part. So, the body part of this essay will probably contain four paragraphs.4) The topic statement indicates that the method of organization should be “cause andeffect”. Two reasons will be given concerning the improvement in women’ s status.So, the body part of this essay will probably contain two paragraphs.2.1) The basic causes of poverty are lack of knowledge, poor health, laziness (or: overpopulation,low income, big family, natural disaster, geographic location, etc.)2) A teacher must have the following qualities: rich/profound knowledge, patience, humor,willingness to help students, well-prepared lessons,etc.3)Technology is changing our lives in three important areas: ways of communication,convenience in travel, medical care service.4)Women generally live longer than men for two main reasons: less pressure, fewer bad habitsthan men (or: endurance which helps to good health).5)The purpose of this report is to reveal the effect of distance education on lives and choices ofcourses and subjects in distance education.3.1) Choosing a career(1)Now people in growing number are coming to realize that choosing a proper career is one of the most important things in people’s life. If you don’t choose an appropriate career for yourself, you may be depressed, unhappy and lose confidence. Your decision for careercan be decided by your educational background, your interest and the prospect of the trade you are going to enter.•Method of organization: exemplification•Number of paragraphs: three(2)Almost every young person will face the problem of choosing a career sooner or later. What aspects should you consider for your career choice? Personal interest, individual ability, salary level and the prospect of the company you will enter are all very important.•Method of organization: Exemplification (Illustration)•Number of paragraph: Four(3)With the development of our society and the change of our conventional thought, we have more standards to choose a good career nowadays than ever before in the areas of kinds of job, situations of employment and personal interests.•Method of organization: Comparison and contrast/Exemplification•Number of paragraphs: three(4)There’re no certain standards for a person to choose his career, because there’re too many factors which have to be considered. In my opinion, the most important factors are: prospect of the job, location and working-condition.•Number of paragraphs: three•Method of organization: Exemplification (illustration)2)Space exploration:During the last ten years, China makes lots of efforts in space exploration and makes a long-step progress, but when compared with western countries, China will have a long way to go to catch up with some developed countries.•Method of organization: Comparison and contrast•Number of paragraphs: two3)Losing a jobWhat will you do when you lose your job? Of course, different people have different ideas. Optimistic people treat/regard it as a new start while the pessimistic people think it theend of the world.•Method of organization: Comparison and contrast•Number of paragraphs: two4)Pollution and Environment(1)Nowadays, more and more people have realized that the pollution of the environment has been very severe. In some areas you may see a lot of wastes, and also you may see polluted rivers. There are many causes of the pollution of the environment, such as the purpose of earning more money, overpopulation, and lack of advanced waste-disposal techniques.Method of organization: cause and effectNumber of paragraphs: three(2)In recent years, the issue of pollution and the environment has been brought to public attention, it has already become a global problem. Personally, I think there are three causes of environment pollution: industrial arbitrary drainage, lack of human awareness and ineffective government control.Method of organization: Cause and effectNumber of paragraphs: three5)Violence on TV(1)TV, a product of modern technology, plays an important role in our modern lives. In spare time, watching TV is a common way for people to relax and get fun. However, violence on TV, which appears more and more often, should be responsible for the increasing rate of young offenders.Method of organization: Cause and EffectNumber of paragraphs: One or more(2)Over the last decades of years, as a new technology, TV has been becoming as much a part as food in people’s lives, especially for young people. They are absorbed in violent programs which have bad influence on their psychologies and behaviors. (Exemplification; possibly 2 paragraphs)(3)Young people have been exposed to violent TV programs of different degrees from cartoon to violent stories while they have been growing up.(Chronologically, 1 or more)(4)Violence on TV is criticized by sociologists because of its bad influence on children.(Cause and effect, 1 or more)(5)Compared with violence on books, violence on TV has greater influence on young people.(Comparison and contrast, one or more)4.(1)In conclusion, although stress is very popular /may happen to everybody/is a commonly seen feeling, it can be controlled/avoided/prevented/lessened/turned,etc. Doing sth. with proper aims, taking regular sports, getting along well with others can help to get rid of stress. So, in my opinion, if we follow these instructions, we will certainly free ourselves from stress and be in good health both physically and mentally/spiritually.(2)In conclusion, although the busy schedules can make almost everyone suffer from stress, a person can release the stress by sports, by entertainment, and by doing something that is his favorite. In my opinion, health is the most important thing. If a person wants to keep healthy, he must make stress least. In his spare time, he can do anything he likes, and make himself have a good mood. If he does so, stress can’t affect his health badly.。
Unit Three Computer Software 计算机专业英语课件
Unit Three Computer Software
Unit Three Computer Software
• 本单元主要介绍计算机相关软件知识，软 件主要包含系统软件和应用软件两大类， 本单元着重介绍了常用的操作系统如 windows,Linux，及他们之间的比较，并 介绍了最新windows7的有关知识。
Unit Three Computer Software
• Passage One System Software • Passage Two Application Software • Passage Three Comparisons of Various Operating
System • Passage Four Windows 7 Operating System:
• Windows：Windows gets its name because of its ability to run multiple applications at the same time, each in its own window. Windows offers graphical user interface (GUI), presents the user with graphic images of computer functions and data. It provides a standard mechanism for copying or moving information from one program to another. This mechanism, called the clipboard, means that information created in one context is instantly reusable in another, you don't need to reenter information or work with clumsy datatransfer utilities. Windows：之所以称为窗口是因为它具有能同时运行多个
计算机专业英语Unit3
Section 2 Passages
பைடு நூலகம்
Section 3 Skill in Focus
•
Section 4 Extended Reading
Unit 3 Operation System
Section 1 Situational Dialogue
System Crash 1、在使用计算机的过程中，你遇到过系统崩溃的情况吗， 简单描述一下。
• • • •
Unit 3 Operation System
Section 2 Passage A： Categories of Operating System
1、你所知道的操作系统有哪些 2、你觉得未来操作系统的发展趋势是什么
Unit 3 Section 2 Passage A
• OS • software • application program • resource • error • batch processing • real-time • multi-tasking • multi-user • distributed • time sharing • desktop
• •
• •
Unit 3 Section 1
•
Zhang Ning: Well, there might many causes for system crash. One of them is software. The simplest operation like installing and uninstalling might cause a crash in system. Problems within the system may also do that, so you have to be very careful when deleting DLL files, modifying Windows registry, or upgrading the operating system. Another cause is the hardware problem. Have you tried backing up the files? It would be a great help in system restoration when the problem doesn’t lie in the hardware. Cheng Hong: The service personnel installed a ghost program for me when I bought the computer. Will I lose the data in my hard disk if it is restored? Qian Liang: Not except the data on C: drive, where files on your desktop or in My Documents are stored. You may move them into other locations with a bootable disk or under DOS if there are any. Cheng Hong: There are a lot of learning materials in My Documents and on the desktop. Would you please help me transfer them? It might save me the trouble of calling for customer services, and what’s more important, I’d learn a lot from you. Qian Liang: No problem.
计算机专业 英语第三单元翻译
第三章：Basic Application Softwareanalytical graph 分析图AutoContent wizard 自动制作内容向导basic application 基本应用bulleted list 项目符号列表business suite 商业组合button 按键cell 单元格character effect 角色效应chart 图表column 列computer trainer 计算机教师contextual tab 上下文件标签database 数据库database management system(DBMS) 数据库管理系统database manager 数据库管理器design template 设计模板dialog box 对话框editing 编辑field 字段find and replace 查找与替换font 字形font size 字体大小/尺码form 表单format 编排；格式化formula 公式function 函数galleries 图文集grammar checker 语法检查器home software 家庭软件home suite 家庭组合icons （计算机屏幕上表示命令、程序的)符号, 图像，图标integrated package 集成组件，完整的软件包label 标签master slide 母片menu 菜单menu bar 菜单栏numbered list 编号列表numeric entry 数字输入personal software 个人软件personal suite 个人软件组pointer 指针presentation graphics 演示图片；电子文稿程序productivity suite 生产组合query 查询range 范围recalculation 重算record 记录relational database 关系数据库report 报告ribbons 带状区row 行sheet 单层表单slide 幻灯片software suite 软件组sort 排序；分类specialized application 专业应用specialized suite 专业组件speech recognition 语音识别spelling checker 拼写检查器spreadsheet 电子制表软件table 表格text entry 文字输入thesaurus 同义词词典toolbar 工具栏utility suite 实用程序组what-if analysis 假定分析window 窗口word processor 文字处理器word wrap 自动换行workbook file 工作簿文件worksheet 工作表As we discussed in Chapter 1, t正如我们在第一章讨论的，有两种软件。
计算机专业英语Unit 3
Unit 3Text 11.Match each of the words or phrases with their Chinese meaning.disk 磁盘modem 调制解调器driver 驱动器printer 打印机display 显示器mouse 鼠标keyboard 键盘computer 计算机2.Fill a correct word learned in this text in each of the blanks.(1)The display of the computer is also called______.Screen(2)The function of a ____ is to print the information or data on a piece of paper.printer(3)The keyboard is one of the _____devices.input(4) A modem plays an important role when you want to use the ______.internet3. Translation.(1)我是一个操作员。
I am a computer programmer.(2)什么是电子计算机？What is a electronic computer?(3)我有一个键盘。
I have a keyboard(4)It costs me 4000 Yuan to buy a computer.买一台电脑需要花费我4000元人民币。
(5)I am now finding a file that was deleted by mistake.我正在找一个不小心被我误删的文件。
(6)There was some problems with my mouse. Maybe it’s not clean.我的鼠标器有点问题，也许是它不干净了。
计算机专业英语Chapter3课件
红黑树, 是一种平衡树 分支因子 n. 分支性 adj. 趋近 最差状况 单遍，单次 adj. 同样功能的 二叉树 n. 目录、存货清单
1 Terabyte=1024 GB 支付,支出
Notes
For example, a b-tree with a height of 2 and a branching factor of 1001 can store over one billion keys but requires at most two disk accesses to search for any node.
3. A b-tree has a minimum number of allowable children for each node known as the _________________________________.
4. For n≥1, the height of an n-key b-tree T with minimum degree of t will be no more than _________________.
如果结点在插入前不满，则不需要做特殊处理。但是，如果结 点是满的，为了给新的键提供空间，就需要将结点拆分。
Since each access to a node may correspond to a costly disk access, it is desirable to avoid the second pass by ensuring that the parent node is never full. To accomplish this, the presented algorithm splits any full
计算机专业英语 Unit 3 Operating System
contiguous memory free up memory
magnetic disk optical media non-volatile storage
连续内存 释放内存
磁盘 光盘 非易失性存储
New Words and Useful Expressions
access time network adapter peripheral device circuit board chain of command 存取时间 网络适配器 外设 电路板 命令串
Real-time operating system (RTOS)
Real-time operating systems are used to control machinery, scientific instruments and industrial systems. Little user-interface capability, and no end-user utilities, since the system will be a "sealed box" when delivered for use. A very important part of an RTOS is managing the resources of the computer so that a particular operation executes in precisely the same amount of time, every time it occurs.
Specific Operating System
There are hundreds of other operating systems available for special-purpose applications, including specializations for mainframes, robotics, manufacturing, real-time control systems and so on.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Section A Programming Language
Introduction
Programming languages vary greatly in their sophistication and in their degree of versatility. Some programming languages are written to address a particular kind of computing problem or for use on a particular model of computer system. For instance, programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL were written to solve certain general types of programming problems-FORTRAN for scientific applications, and COBOL for business applications.Although these languages were designed to address specific categories of computer problems, they are highly portable, meaning that they may be used to program many types of computers. 编程语言在复杂度和功能性上有很大的不同。 一些编程语言为一个 特殊种类计算的问题或为在计算机系统一个特殊模型使用。 例如，编程 语言FORTRAN和COBOL用于解决某些类型的编程问题，其中，FORTRAN语言 用于科学计算，而 COBOL语言用于解决一般商业应用问题。虽然这些语 言被设计成解决一定类型的计算问题，但他们是非常灵活的，也就说他 们可以被用于解决许多类型的计算。
计算机专业英语
Section A Programming Language
Introduction
Other languages, such as machine languages, are designed to be used by on specific model of computer system, or even by one specific computer in certain research applications. The most commonly used programming languages are highly portable and can be used to effectively solve diverse types of computing problems. Languages like C, PASCAL, and BASIC fall into this category. 其他语言，例如机器语言，在计算机系统具体模型被使用，甚 至由一台具体计算机在某些研究应用领域内使用。 最常用的编程语 言，像C、PSACAL、BASIC语言，是非常灵活的，可以有效地解决各 种类型的计算问题。
compiler[计]编译器 LISP [计]LISP 语言，表处理语言 SIMULA [计]SIMULA语言，仿真语言，模拟语言 PROGLOG [计]PROGLOG语言，一种逻辑程序设计语言 ALGOL [计]ALGOL语言，一种算法语言 Ada [计]Ada语言 SMALLTALK [计]SMALLTALK语言，IBM开发的面向对象的语言 SQL [计]结构化查询语言 redeclared [计]重新声明
attribute n.属性, 品质, 特征, 加于, 归结于
inherit vt.继承, 遗传而得 artificial intelligence n.人工智能
emerge vi.显现, 浮现, 暴露, 形成, (由某种状态)脱出, (事实)显现出来
计算机专业英语
Section A Programming Language Abbreviations:
instruction n.指示, 用法说明(书), 教育, 指导, 指令 natural languages 自然语言 ambiguous adj.暧昧的, 不明确的 multiple adj.多样的, 多重的 n.倍数, 若干 v.成倍增加 punctuation 标点，标点符号 linguisticadj.语言上的, 语言学 上的 sophistication 强词夺理，诡辩，混合 versatility 多功能性 portable 轻便的，手提式的，便携式的 executable 实行的，执行的 statements n.声明, 陈述, 综述 command n.命令, 掌握, 司令部 v.命令, 指挥, 克制, 支配, 博得, 俯临 manipulate vt.(熟练地)操作, 使用(机器等), 操纵(人或市价、市场), 利 用, 应付, 假造 procedure-oriented 面向过程的 functional adj.功能的，函数的
计算机专业英语
Section A Programming Language
Language Types
1.Machine Languages In machine languages, instructions are written as sequences 1s and 0s, called bits, that a computer can understand directly. An instruction in machine language generally tells the computer four things (1) where to find one or two numbers or simple pieces of data in the main computer memory (Random Access Memory, or RAM), (2) a simple operation to perform, such as adding the two numbers together, (3) where in the main memory to put the result of this simple operation, and (4) where to find the next instruction to perform. 在机器语言中，指令是由一些被称为比特的0和1序列组成，它们 是能够被计算机直接理解的。在机器语言中，通常一条指令要告诉计算 机四件事情：（1）到内存的什么地方去取一个或两个数据，或者一个简 单的数据块（2）一个简单的数据操作，例如将两个数相加（3）这个简 单的操作的结果放到内存的什么位置（4）到哪里去找要执行的下一个指 令。
Computer English
Chapter 3 Computer Languages
转载请注明
计算机专业英语
Section A Programming Language New Words & Expressions:
计算机专业英语
Section A Programming Language
Introduction
Programming languages, in computer science, are the artificial languages used to write a sequence of instructions (a computer program)that can be run by a computer. Similar to natural languages, such as English, programming languages have a vocabulary, grammar, and syntax, However, natural languages are not suited for programming computers because they are ambiguous, meaning that their vocabulary and grammatical structure may be interpreted in multiple ways. The languages used to program computers must have simple logical structures, and the rules for their grammar, spelling, and punctuation must be precise. 编程语言，在计算机科学中，是一种人工语言用于编写可以由计算 机负责操行的指令序列(即计算机程序)。 类似自然语言，例如英语， 编程语言有词汇，语法，并且句法，然而，自然语言并不适用于计算机 编程，因为他们是模棱两可的，也就是说他们的词汇量和语法结构可能 有多种解释方式。被用于计算机编程的语言必须有简单的逻辑结构，并 且他们的语法、拼写和标点的规则一定是精确的。
FORTRAN 公式翻译程序语言 COBOL[计] Common Business-Oriented Language面向商业的通用 语言
PASCAL n.[计]PASCAL语言 Assembly languages n.汇编语言 register [计]寄存器 Random Access Memory 随机存储器
计算机专业英语
பைடு நூலகம்
Section A Programming Language
Language Types
Programming languages can be classified as either low-level languages or high –level languages. Low-level programming languages, or machine languages, are the most directly by a computer. Machine languages differ depending on the manufacturer and model of computer. High-level languages are programming languages that must first be translated into a machine language before they can be understood and processed by a computer. Examples of High-level languages are C,C++,PASCAL, and FORTRAN. Assembly languages are intermediate languages that are very close to machine languages and do not have the level of linguistic sophistication exhibited by other high-level languages, but must still be translated into machine language. 编程语言可以分为低级语言和高级语言。低级语言，或者说机器语 言，是最贴近计算机的语言。机器语言依赖于计算机制造商和计算机模 型。 高级语言是在他们可以由计算机理解和处理之前必须首先翻译成 机器语言的编程语言。 高级语言的例子有：C、C++、PASCAL和FORTRAN。 汇编语言是非常接近机器语言的中间语言，没有其他高级语言的复杂语 法，但是必须仍然翻译成机器语言。