Study of the content of different parts inSaussures involucrata HPLC fingerprint chromatogram
2023~2024学年江苏省镇江市八校高二下学期期末联考英语试卷
2023~2024学年江苏省镇江市八校高二下学期期末联考英语试卷1. How many pages does the woman want from someone working alone?A．Two. B．Three. C．Four.2. What does the woman do every day?A．She exercises. B．She sits in the park. C．She feeds the ducks. 3. What did the speakers both do this morning?A．They drank coffee.B．They made their lunch.C．They took a shower.4. Where are the speakers?A．In a store. B．In a bank. C．At home.5. How much money will the woman pay?A．$6. B．$8. C．$10.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
6. How does the woman feel about applying for jobs?A．Excited. B．Ashamed. C．Nervous.7. Where did the man fill out a job application?A．At a toy store. B．At a gas station. C．At a car rental agency. 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
8. Why will the boy read a book this weekend?A．He wants to take his mother’s advice.B．He has to do it for school.C．He thinks he’ll be bored.9. What is the relationship between the speakers?A．Classmates. B．Mother and son. C．Teacher and student.10. What type of book is The Story of Life?A．A fantasy story. B．A textbook. C．A science fiction story. 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
语言学名词解释
一、名词解释1.Diachronic历时的It refers to say of the study of developing of language and languages over time.研究语言随时间发展变化的方法。
2.Arbitrariness任意性Saussure first refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表达的意义之间没有天然或逻辑的联系。
It is refers to absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer.任意性是指语言符号和这些符号所指的实体间不存在任何物质的联系。
3.Parole言语It refers to the concrete utterances of a speaker.指语言在实际使用中的实现。
4.Creativity创造性By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness, which enables human beings to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences including the sentences that were never heard before.创造性是指语言具有能产型，因为语言有双重性和递归性,也就是说话者能够结合各个语言单位形成无尽的句子，其中很多句子是以前没有的或者没有听说过的。
英语词汇学自考题-17_真题-无答案
英语词汇学自考题-17(总分100,考试时间90分钟)Ⅰ.1. Lexicology is a branch of ______.A. language B. meaning C. linguistics D. etymology2. Lexicology inquires into the ______ and meanings of words.A. relations B. disciplines C. origins D. development3. English lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such as ______, semantics, stylistics, etymology, lexicography.A. idioms B. grammar C. morpheme D. morphology4. Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of ______ construct.A. word B. form C. morpheme D. root5. Modern English is derived from the languages of early ______ tribes with a fairly small vocabulary.A. Germanic B. Pacific C. Roman D. Celtic6. English lexicology deals with English ______.A. grammar B. vocabulary C. pronunciation D. spelling7. Stylistics is the study of style. It is concerned with the user's choices of linguistic elements in a particular ______ for special effects.A. situation B. context C. time D. place8. Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a ______ difference.A. spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic9. Semantics is the study of meanings of different ______ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.A. linguistic B. grammatical C. arbitrary D. semantic10. ______ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. Semantics is the study of the meaning of words.A. Semantics B. Linguistics C. Etymology D. Stylistics11. There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and ______.A. chronic B. realistic C. specific D. diachronic12. The "wife" now means "a married woman", but it has an obsolete meaning "woman" which is only preserved in "midwife", "housewife", etc. This is from a ______ point of view.A. diachronic B. synchronic C. prescriptive D. descriptive13. According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.A. sounds B. meaning C. form D. function14. A word is a ______ that stands for something else in the world.A. symbol B. system C. structure D. pattern15. A word is ______ of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A.a smallest form B. a minimal free form C. a constituent form D. a separate part16. We consider that the written form of a natural language is the written record of the ______ form.A. written B. practical C. oral D. grammatical17. The reason for that more and more differences occur between sound and form is that the English alphabet was adopted from the ______.A. Pacifics B. Germanics C. Celtics D. Romans18. In different languages, the same concept can be represented by ______ and the same sound can show ______.A. different sounds; different meanings B. same sounds; different meanings C. different sounds; same meanings D. same sounds; same meanings19. The differences between sound and form are due to the following EXCEPT ______.A. the fact of more phonemes than letters in English B. stabilization of spelling by printing C. influence of the work of scribes D. innovations made by linguists20. In old English sound and form are ______.A. different B. not the same C. consistent greatly D. inconsistent greatly21. The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.A. more slowly than B. as quickly as C. more rapidly than D. notso quickly as22. In spite of the differences, at least ______ percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns.A. sixty B. seventy C. eighty D. ninety23. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over ______ words.A. one billion B. two million C. two billion D. one million24. If we classify English words by use frequency, the two types of words are ______.A. the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary B. content words and functional words C. native words and borrowed words D. functional words and notional words25. Words can be classified according to the following criteria except ______.A. notion B. use frequency C. foundation D. origin26. Words may fall into content words and functional words by ______.A. use frequency B. notion C. origin D. stability27. Words of the basic word stock denote the **mon things and phenomena of the world around us. Which of the following words is related to the natural phenomena?A. Father. B. Fire. C. Evil. D. Old.28. Which of the following is not one of the obvious characteristics of the basic word stock? ______A. Creativity. B. Stability. C. Duality. D. All national character.29. Words of the basic word stock can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes, e.g. foot is the father of football, footage and footprint. This demonstrates that one of the characteristics of the words of the basic stock is ______.A. productivity B. polysemy C. stability D. collocability30. ______ refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and **municate among themselves.A. Slang B. Argot C. Jargon D. Archaism31. Nonbasic vocabulary includes ______.A. argot and jargon B. archaisms and neologisms C. technical terms D. all the above32. Which category do the following words fall into: photoscanning, trigonometry, sonata and audiovisual?A. Neologism. B. Jargon. C. Terminology. D. Slang.33. ______ belong to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.A. Terminology B. Jargon C. Slang D. Argot34. ______ are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.A. Neologisms B. Archaisms C. Jargons D. Terminologies35. The expression "can-opener", which means all-purpose key, belongs to ______.A. slangs B. terminologies C. argots D. archaisms36. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions. Which of the following is not an example of neologisms?A. SARS. B. Can-opener. C. Futurology. D. Freak out.37. ______ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.A. Argots B. Slangs C. Jargons D. Dialectal words38. ______ constitute the main body of the English vocabulary.A. Functional words B. Content words C. Numerals D. Pronouns39. Which types of words belong to functional words?A. Adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions. B. Adjectives, nouns, articles. C. Articles, prepositions, conjunctions. D. Verbs, pronouns, prepositions.40. Which of the following is not content word?A. Five. B. And. C. Earth. D. Never.41. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as ______ words.A. functional B. notional C. empty D. formal42. There are ______ functional words in the following sentence. It is fun to play with children.A.3 B.4 C.5 D. 643. "I'm sure that they **e today."There are ______ content words in the above sentence.A. 2 B.3 C.4 D. 544. Native words have ______ features.A. two B. seven C. five D. six45. Which are the features of native words?A. All national characters. B. Neutral in style. C. Frequent in use. D. All the above.46. The words borrowed from French or Latin are mostly ______.A. colloquial B. informal C. formal D. slangy47. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute ______ percent of the modern Englishvocabulary.A. 60 B. 70 C. 80 D. 9048. ______ are loan words that have naturalized or assimilated in English.A. Denizens B. Semantic-loans C. Translation-loans D. Aliens49. Which of the following isn't the denizen? A. Port. B. Cup. C.D. Skirt.50. Which of the following isn't the alien? A. B. Bazaar. C. Shift.D. Emir.51. Which of the following doesn't belong to the translation-loans?A. Mother tongue. B. Long time no see. C. Black humour. D. Status quo.52. The word "kowtow" in English is called an alien word because ______.A. it is a newly-created word from another language B. it has been assimilated into the English language C. it has undergone a semantic change D. it has retained its original pronunciation53. Which of the following belongs to the semantic-loans?A. Change. B. Pork. C. Dream. D. Tea.。
翻译研究方法
翻译研究方法翻译研究方法是一种学术研究手段，它强调在翻译工作中应用系统的、可量化的方法来研究母语和目标语之间的差异。
这些方法通常涉及对母语和目标语文本之间内容、结构和语法上的差异进行分析，以及识别并解释翻译者使用的不同翻译策略和技巧。
翻译研究方法的主要目的是分析和理解翻译工作的复杂性，并识别影响翻译质量的因素。
它主要关注的是母语与目标语之间的差异，以及翻译者如何将这些差异转化为有意义的翻译。
翻译研究方法的分析和理解可以帮助翻译者更好地理解语言，更好地解决翻译问题，并更好地理解文本之间的差异。
翻译研究方法涉及许多不同的概念，其中包括：母语分析、目标语分析、语言对比、翻译过程分析、翻译策略与技巧分析、原文内容分析、翻译研究结果分析等。
母语分析是母语文本的系统分析，以识别出母语文本中的语言特征和文本结构特征，例如句子构成、语法特征和词汇特征。
目标语分析是对目标语文本进行系统分析，以识别出其中的语言特征和文本结构特征，例如句子构成、语法特征和词汇特征。
语言对比是比较母语和目标语之间的不同之处，如语义差异、语法差异、语用差异等，以了解母语和目标语之间的差异，并提出翻译策略。
翻译过程分析是指深入研究翻译者面临的障碍，并识别翻译者正在使用哪些策略来解决这些障碍。
翻译策略与技巧分析是指研究翻译者使用的不同翻译策略和技巧，以及它们如何影响翻译质量。
原文内容分析是指对母语文本进行系统分析，以识别出其中的文化、历史和文学背景信息，以及文本中可能存在的隐喻和象征。
最后，翻译研究结果分析是指对翻译过程中的结果进行系统分析，以识别出那些影响翻译质量的因素，并提出有效的翻译策略和技巧。
翻译研究方法是一种重要的学术研究手段，它可以帮助翻译者更好地理解语言，更好地解决翻译问题，并更好地理解文本之间的差异。
该方法涉及多个不同的分析和理解概念，它们可以帮助翻译者更好地理解语言，更好地解决翻译问题，并有助于改善翻译质量。
Translation research methods are an academic research means that emphasize the application of systematic and quantifiable methods in translation work to study the differences between source language and target language. These methods usually involve the analysis of the differences in content,structure and grammar between source language and target language texts, as well as theidentification and interpretation of different translation strategies and techniques used by translators.The main purpose of translation research methods is to analyze and understand the complexity of translation work, and identify factors that affect the quality of translation. It focuses mainly on the differences between source language and target language, and how translators can turn these differences into meaningful translations. The analysis and understanding of translation research methods can help translators better understand languages, better solve translation problems, and better understand the differences between texts.Translation research methods involve many different concepts, including: mother tongue analysis, target language analysis, language comparison, translation process analysis, translation strategy and skill analysis, original content analysis, translation research resultsanalysis, etc. Mother tongue analysis is a systematic analysis of the mother tongue text to identify the language features and text structure characteristics in the mother tongue text, such as sentence composition, grammar features and vocabulary features. Target language analysis is a systematic analysis of the target language text to identify its language features and text structure characteristics, such as sentence composition, grammar features and vocabulary features. Language comparison is the comparison of the differences between source language and target language, such as semantic differences, grammatical differences, pragmatic differences, etc., to understand the differences between source language and target language, and to propose translation strategies.Translation process analysis refers to the in-depth study of the obstacles faced by translators and the identification of which strategies translators are using to overcome them. Translation strategy and skill analysis refers to the study of the different translation strategies and techniquesused by translators, and how they affect thequality of translation. Original content analysis refers to the systematic analysis of the source language text to identify its cultural, historical and literary background information, as well as possible metaphors and symbols in the text. Finally, translation research results analysis refers to the systematic analysis of the results of the translation process in order to identify the factors that affect the quality of translation and propose effective translation strategies and techniques.Translation research methods are an important academic research means that can help translators better understand languages, better solve translation problems, and better understand the differences between texts. This method involves several different analytical and understanding concepts, which can help translators better understand language, better solve translation problems, and contribute to improving the quality of translation.。
英语词汇学试题复习参考（分章节）
英语词汇学试题复习参考（分章节）英语词汇学试题Introduction and Chapter 1Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry（练习1）I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarilythrough the use of _________construct.A. wordB. formC. morphemeD. rootis traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.A. SemanticsB. LinguisticsC. EtymologyD. StylisticsEnglish is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.A. GreekB. RomanC. ItalianD. Germanic4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.A. linguisticB. grammaticalC. arbitraryD. semanticis the study of style . It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effectsA. situationB. contextC. timeD. placeshares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference.A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.A. technicalB. artisticC. differentD. academic8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves.A. SlangB. JargonC. Dialectal wordsD. Argot9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.A. JargonB. ArgotC. Dialectal wordsD. Slang10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it.A. workersB. criminalsC. any personD. policemanare words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.A. ArgotB. SlangC. JargonD. Dialectal words12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.A. commonB. littleC. slightD. great13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings.A. newB. oldC. badD. good14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal15. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.A. contentB. notionalC. emptyD. newII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _____of words.lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, _____development, formation and ______.18.English lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology,______,etymology, stylistics, ________.19.There are generally two approaches to the study of words , namely synchronic and _______./doc/152063694.html,nguage study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and_______.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 2) content words and functional words 3) native words and borrowed words 4)characteristics of the basic word stock.A B21 . Stability ( ) A. E-mail22. Collocbility( ) B. aught23. Jargon( ) C. por24. Argot ( ) D. uponwords( ) E. hypo26. Neologisms ( ) F. at heart27. Aliens ( ) G. man28. Semantic-loans( ) H. dip29. Archaisms ( ) I. fresh30. Empty words ( ) J. emirIV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) characteristics of the basic word stock 2) types of nonbasic vocabulary.31. dog cheap ( ) 32 a change of heart ( )33. can-opener ( ) ( )35. bottom line ( ) ( )37. auld ( ) 38. futurology ( )( ) 40. take ( )V. Define the following terms.41. word 42. Denizens 43. Aliens 44. Translation-loans 45. Semantic-loans VI. Answer the following Questionsthe relationship between sound and meaning, sound and form with examples.47. What are the main characteristics of the basic word-stock Illustrate your points with examples.48. Give the types of nonbasic vocabulary with examples.VII. Analyze and comment on the following.49. Classify the following words and point out the types of words according to notion.earth, cloud, run, walk, on, of, upon, be, frequently , the, five, but, a , never.50. Group the following borrowed words into Denizens, Aliens, Translation-loans, Semantic-loans.Dream, pioneer, kowtow, bazaar, lama, master-piece, port, shirtKey to Exercises:I. 1. historical, usages 18. semantics, . vocabularyII.21. G 22. F23. E24. H25. C26. A27. the basic word stock; productivity32. the basic word stock; collocabilitybasic word stock; argotword stock; slang35. nonbasic word stock; jargon36. nonbasic word stock ;terminologyword stock; dialectal words38. nonbasic word stock ,neologisms39. nonbasic word stock; archaisms40. the basic word stock; polysemyV-----VI. (see the course book)VII. 49. Content words: earth, clould, run, walk, frequently, never, fiveFunctional words: on, of, upon, be, the, but, a.50. Denizens: port, shirt,Aliens: bazaar, kowtowTranslation-loans: lama, masterpieceSemantic-loans:dream, pioneerChapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 3 Word Formation I(练习2)I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternativeanswers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000( some put it 5,000)languages, whichcan be grouped into the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A. 500B. 4000C. 300D. 20002.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______language.A. inflectedB. derivedC. developedD. analyzed3.After the _________, the Germanic tribes called Angles ,Saxons, and Jutes came in greatnumbers.A. GreeksB. IndiansC. RomansD. French4.The introduction of ________had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. HinduismB. ChristianityC. BuddhismD. Islamism5.In the 9th century the land was invaded again byNorwegian and Danish Vikings. With theinvaders, many ________words came into the English language.A. GreekB. RomanC. CelticD. Scandinavian6.It is estimated that at least ______ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modernEnglish.A. 500B. 800C. 1000 .D. 9007.The Normans invaded England from France in 1066. The Norman Conquest started a continualflow of ______ words into English.A. FrenchB. GreekC. RomanD. Latin8.By the end of the _______century , English gradually came back into the schools, the lawcourts, and government and regained social status.A. 12thB. 13thC. 14th9.As a result , Celtic made only a ________contribution to the English vocabulary.A. smallB. bigC. greatD. smaller10. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and _______.A. GreekB. RomanC. IndianD. Russian11.In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which arederived from the dead language.A. SanskritB. LatinC. RomanD. Greek12.Greek is the modern language derived from _______.A. LatinB. HellenicC. Indian D . Germanic13.The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian allbelong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _______.A. SanskritB. LatinC. CelticD. Anglo-Saxon14.The ________family consists of the four Northern EuropeanLanguages: Norwegian, Icelandic,Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.A. GermanicB. Indo-EuropeanC. AlbanianD. Hellenic15.By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or socialpower and many of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin.A. 10th D. 13thII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as _______.17.. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings , Middle English was one of______.18.It can be concluded that English has evoked from a synthetic language (Old English) tothe present _____ language.19.The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups , which can be groupedinto an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-Iranian ,Armenian and Albanian; a Western set :Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, _______.20.It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500-1700)and _____ Modern English. III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) origin of the words 2)history off English development 3) language family.A B21. Celtic ( )22. religious ( )( ) C. Persian24. French ( )25. Old English ( ) E. abbot( ) F. skirtEnglish ( ) G. sunu28. Modern English ( ) H. lernen29. Germanic family ( ) I. freight( ) J. NorwegianIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify types of morphemes underlined.31. earth ( ) ( )33. predictor ( ) 34. radios ( )35. prewar ( ) 36. happiest ( )37. antecedent ( ) 38. northward ( )38. sun ( ) 40. diction ( )V. Define the following terms.41. free morphemes 42. bound morphemes 43. root 44. stemVI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.46. Describe the characteristics of Old English .47. Describe the characteristics of Middle English.48. Describe the characteristics of Modern English.VII. Answer the following questions with examples.49. What are the three main sources of new words50. How does the modern English vocabulary developKey to exercises:I.II. English 17. Leveled endings 18. analytic 19. Germanic (1700-up to the present )III.21. D 22. E 23. F 24. A 25. G 26. I 27. H 28. B 29. J 30. CIV.31. free morpheme/ free root 32. bound root 33. suffix 34. inflectional affix35. prefix 36. Inflectional affix 37. prefix 38. suffix 39. free morpheme/free rootroot( See the course book )VII. 49. The three main sources of new words are :(1)The rapid development of modern science and technology ,. astrobiology, greenrevolution ;(2)Social , economic and political changes; . Watergate, soy milk;(3)The influence of other cultures and language; . felafel, Nehru Jackets.50. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: (1) creation, . consideration, carefulness; (2) semantic change, . Polysemy, homonymy ; (3) borrowing ;. tofu, gongful. Chapter 3 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 4 Word Formation II（练习3）I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______.A.reversative prefixesB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locativeprefixes2.The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, mal practice,mis trust.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes3.The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes4.The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ .A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes5.The prefixes in words bi lingual ,uni form and hemis phere are ________.A. number prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. pejorative prefixesD. locativeprefixesare contained in words trans-world, intra-party and fore head.A.Prefixes of orientation and attitudeB. Prefixes of time and orderC. Locative prefixesD. Prefixes of degree or size7. Rugby ,afghan and champagne are words coming from ________./doc/152063694.html,s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames8. Omega,Xerox and orlon are words from _________./doc/152063694.html,s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames, fore tell and post-election contain________.A.negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. locative prefixes10.Mackintosh, bloomers and cherub are from _______A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames11.The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.A.negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes12.The prefixes in words anti-government , pro student andcontra flow are _____-.A.prefixes of degree or sizeB. prefixes of orientation and attitudeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes13.Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________./doc/152063694.html,s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames14.The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes15.The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixesII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as_____., also called ________, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems . Words formed in this way are called _________.18. __________ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.19. _________ is the formation of new words by combiningparts of two words or a word plusa part of another word . Words formed in this way are called blends or _____words.20 A common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called _______.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to types of suffixation.A B21. Concrete denominal noun suffixes ( ) A. priceless22. Abstract denominal noun suffixes ( ) B. downward23. Deverbal noun suffixes(denoting people.) ( ) C. engineer24. Deverbal nouns suffixes( denoting action, etc) （）D. darken25. De-adjective noun suffixes （）Ｅviolinist26. Noun and adjective suffixes ( )27. Denominal adjective suffixes ( ) G. arguable28. Deverbal adjective suffixes ( )29. Adverb suffixes ( ) I. adulthood30. Verb suffixes ( ) J. survivalIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of clipping 2) types of acronymy and write the full terms.( ) 32. stereo ( ) 33. flu ( ) 34. pub ( ) 35. c/o ( )36. V-day ( ) 37. TB ( ) 38. disco ( ) ( ) 40. perm ( )V.Define the following terms .41. acronymy 42. back-formation 43. initialisms 44. prefixation 45.suffixationVI. Answer the following questions with examples.46. What are the characteristics of compounds47. What are the main types of blendings48. What are the main types of compoundsVII. Analyze and comment on the following:49. Use the following examples to explain the types of back-formation.(1) donate ----donation emote----emotion(2) loaf—loafer beg------beggar(3) eavesdrop---eavesdropping babysit---babysitter(4) drowse—drowsy laze---lazy50. Read the following sentence and identify the types of conversion of the italicized words.(1) I’m very grateful for your help. (2) The rich must help the poor.(3)His argument contains too many ifs and buts. (4) They are better housed and clothed.(5) The photograph yellowed with age. (6) We downed a few beers.Key to exercises :1. B2. C3. A4. B5. AII. 16. derivation , compounds 18. Conversion 19. Blending(pormanteau)III. 22. I 23. H 24. J. Front clipping, earthquake32. Back clipping, stereophonicand back clipping, influenzaclipping, public house35. Initialisms, care of36. Acronyms, Victory Day37. Initialisms, tuberculosis38. Back clipping, discotheque39. Front clipping, helicopter40. Phrase clipping, permanent wavesV-VI. (See the course book). There are mainly four types of back-formation.(1)From abstract nouns (2) From human nouns (3) From compound nouns and others(4) From adjectives50. (1)Verb to noun (2) Adjective to noun (3) Miscellaneous conversion to noun(4 ) Noun to verb (5) Adjective (6) Miscellaneous conversion to verbChapter 5 Word Meaning (练习4)I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting2._______is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the humanmind.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SenseD. Context3.Sense denotes the relationships _______the language.A. outsideB. withC. beyondD. inside4. Most English words can be said to be ________.A. non-motivatedB. motivatedC. connectedD. relatedis a(n) _______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. semanticallyC. onomatopoeicallyD. etymologically6.Hopeless is a ______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically7.In the sentence ‘ He is fond of pen ’ , pen is a ______ motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically8.Walkman is a _______motivated word.A. onomatopoeicallyB. morphologicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically9.Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content words have both meanings, and lexicalmeaning in particular.A. grammatical meaningB. conceptual meaningC. associative meaningD. arbitrary meaningunstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.A.Stylistic meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Affective meaning meaning indicates the speaker’s _______towards the person or thing in question.A. feeling .B. likingC. attitudeD. understanding12. _________ are affective words as they are expressions of emotions such as oh, dear me, alas.A. PrepositionsB. InterjectionsC. ExclamationsD. Explanations13. It is noticeable that _______overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because ina sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations.A.conceptual meaningB. grammatical meaningC. lexical meaningD. collocative meaningthe same language, the same concept can be expressed in ______.A. only one wordB. two wordsC. more than threeD. different wordsis the relationship between language and the ______.A. speakersB. listenersC. worldD. specific countryII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ______/doc/152063694.html,pounds and derived words are ______ words and the meanings of many are the sum totalof the morphemes combined.18. _______ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.19. The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In other words the historyof the word explains the meaning of the word.20. Lexical meaning itself has two components : conceptual meaning and _________.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of motivation 2) types of meaning.A B21. Onomotopooeic motivation ( ) A. tremble with fear22. Collocative meaning ( ) B. skinny23. Morphological motivation ( ) C. slender24. Connotative meaning ( ) D. hiss25. Semantic motivation ( ) E. laconic26. Stylistic meaning ( ) F. sun (a heavenly body)27. Etymological motivation ( )28. Pejorative meaning ( ) H. home29. Conceptual meaning ( ) I. horse and plug30. Appreciative meaning ( ) J. pen and awordthe following words or expressions and identify 1)types of motivation 2) types of meaning.31. neigh ( ) 32. the mouth of the river ( )33. reading-lamp ( ) 34. tantalus ( )35. warm home ( ) 36. the cops ( )37. dear me ( ) 38. pigheaded ( )39. handsome boy ( ) 40. diligence ( )III.Define the following terms .41. motivation 42. grammatical meanings 43. conceptual meaning 44. associative meaning 45. affective meaning IV.Answer the following questions . Your answers should be clear and short.46. What is reference 47. What is concept 48. What is senseV.Analyze and comment on the following.49. Study the following words and explain to which type of motivation they belong.50. Explain the types of associative meaning with examples.Key to exercises:I. 1. CII.16. meanings motivation meaningIII.21. DIV.31. Onomatopoeic motivation 32. Semantic motivation33. Morphological motivation 34. Etymological motivation35. Connotative meaning meaning37. Affective meaning 38. pejorative39. collocative meaning 40. appreciativeV-VI. See the course book.VI.49. (1) Roar and buzz belong to onomatopoeic motivation.(2)Miniskirt and hopeless belong to morphological motivation.(3) The leg of a table and the neck of a bottle belong to semantic motivation.(4) Titanic and panic belong to etymological motivation.50. Associative meaning comprises four types:(1)Connotative meaning . It refers to the overtones or associations suggested by theconceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word-meaning, but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular user of the language. For example, mother , denoting a ‘female parent’, is often associated with ‘love’, ‘care’, etc..(2)Stylistic meaning. Apart feom their conceptual meanings, many words have stylisticfeatures, which make them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form the stylistic meanings of words . For example, pregnant, expecting, knockingup, in the club, etc.,all can have the same conceptual meaning, but differ in their stylistic values.(3)Affective meaning. It indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thingin question. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories :appreciative or pejorative. For example, famous, determined are words of positive overtones;notorious, pigheaded are of negative connotations implying disapproval, contempt or criticism.(4)Collocative meaning. It consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation.In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. For example, we say : pretty girl, pretty garden; we don’t say pretty typewriter. But sometimes there is some overlap between the collocations of the two words.Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field (练习5)of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to ______.A. English onlyB. Chinese onlyC. all natural languagesD. some natural languages2.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and developmentof the semantic structure of one and same word .A. linguisticB. diachronicC. synchronicD. traditional3._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and thesecondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection4. _________ is the semantic process in which the meaning ofa word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.A. DerivationB. RadiationC. InflectionD. Concatenationimportant criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. etymologyD. usage6. ________refer to one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.A. PolysemantsB. SynonymsC. AntonymsD. Hyponyms7. The sense relation between the two words tulip and floweris _______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymy8. _________ are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, . bow/bau/; bow/beu/.A. HomophonesB. HomographsC. Perfect homonymsD. Antonyms9. The antonyms: male and female are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms10.The antonyms big and small are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms11.The antonyms husband and wife are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms/doc/152063694.html,position and compounding in lexicology are words of _______.A. absolute synonymsB. relative synonymsC. relative antonymsD. contrary antonyms13.As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly ______, they are often employedin a conversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule.A. homographsB. homophonesC. absolute homonymsD. antonyms14.From the diachronic point of view, when the word was created, it was endowed with onlyone meaning . The first meaning is called ______.A. primary meaningB. derived meaningC. central meaningD. basic meaning15.Synchronically, the basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called_______.A. primary meaningB. derived meaningC. central meaningD. secondary meaningII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.One important criterion for differentiation of homonyms from polysemants is to see their____, the second principal consideration is ________.17.In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one ______whereas homonyms。
词汇学考试精简笔记-Charter1-4
词汇学考试精简笔记-Charter1-4Introduction0.1 The Nature and Domain of English LexicologyThe definition of Lexicology: (P1)Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words (WNWD), the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 0.2 The Relation to Other DisciplinesThe definition of Morphology: (P1)Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of morpheme construct.The definition of Etymology: (P2)Etymology is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.The definition of Semantics: (P2)Semantics is the study of meanings of different linguistic levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.The definition of Stylistics: (P2)Stylistics is the study of style.The definition of Lexicography: (P2)Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words.The difference of Lexicography and Lexicology: (P2)A lexicographer’s task is to record the language as it is used so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, providing authoritative reference, whereas the student of lexicology is to acquire the knowledge and information of lexis so as to increase their lexical awareness and capacity of language use.Chapter 1Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1.1 What is a WordIn visual terms, a word can be defined as a meaningful group; according to semanticists, a word is a unit of meaning. (P6) 选择、填空The definition of Word: (P7) 名词解释A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A word comprises the following points:1. A minimal free form of a language;2. A sound unity;3. A unit of meaning;4. A form that can function alone in a sentence.1.2 Sound and MeaningThe connection of Sound and Meaning两者之间的关系: (P7) 选择、填空The symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is no logical relationship, the relationship is conventional.Woman, for example, becomes ‘Frau’ in German, ‘Fremme’ in French and ‘Funu’ in Chinese.：体现了sound，meaning的关系1.3 Sound and FormThe reasons caused the difference between Sound and Form: 读⾳和拼写不⼀致的原因(P8-9 具体例⼦看书本) 简答题1. The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does nothave a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2. Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and insome cases the two have drawn far apart.3. A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.4. Finally comes the borrowing, which do not conform to the rules of English pronunciation and spelling.*Printing印刷术was established in the late 1500.Sound and form is imperfect: (P10)The written form of English is, therefore, an imperfect representation of the spoken form.1.5 Classification of Words*Three classifications of words: (P11) 选择、填空Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.1.5.1 Basic Word Stock and Nonbasic VocabularyThe difference between BW and NBW: (P11)BW is in use in a high frequency; and NBW is not.The features of Basic Word (P11-12) 简答题●All national character 全民通⽤性●Stability 相对稳定性●Productivity 多产性●Polysemy ⼀词多义●Collocability 搭配性Therefore, ‘all national character’is the most important of all features that may differentiate words of common use from all others.The definition of Productivity: (P12)They can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes.The definition of Polysemy: (P12)Words belonging to the basic word stock often possess more than one meaning because most of them have undergone semantic changes in the course of use and become polysemous.The definition of Collocability: (P12)Many words of the basic word stock enter quite a number of set expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like.The types of Nonbasic word vocabulary (P13-15) 简答题●Terminology 专业术语●Jargon ⾏话●Slang 俚语●Argot ⿊话●Dialectal words ⽅⾔●Archaisms 古词语●Neologisms 新词语The definition of Terminology: (P13)It consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine.●例⼦有：mathematics, music, education.The definition of Jargon: (P13)It refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.●例⼦有：bottom line, bargaining chipsThe definition of Slang: (P14)Slang belongs to the sub-standard language亚标准语⾔, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.Slang is created by changing or extending the meaning of existing words.The definition of Argot ⿊话: (P15)Argot generally refers to the jargon of criminals.The definition of Dialectal words: (P15)Dialectal words are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.The definition of Archaisms: (P15)Archaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.The definition of Neologisms: (P15)Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.1.5.2 Content Words and Functional WordsThe difference between Content words and Functional words: (P16) 简答题●Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words.●Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As theirchief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words.1.5.3 Native Words and Borrowed WordsThe definition of Native Words: (P17)Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes (⽇⽿曼部落).The 2 features of Native Words: (P17)1. Neutral in style (French or Latin are literary and in formal style) ⽂体中⽴，即任何场所可⽤2. Frequent in use使⽤频繁The definition of Borrowed Words: (P18)Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowing in simple terms. 三个⿊体字同义Four classes of Borrowed Words: (P19)1. Denizens 同化词Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now well assimilated into the English language.2. Aliens ⾮同化词Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.3. Translation-loans 译借词、外来词Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.4. Semantic-loans借义词Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form.Chapter 2The Development of the English vocabulary2.1 The Indo-European Language FamilyThe Indo-European Language has approximately 3000languages and group into roughly 300language families on the basis of Basic Word and Grammar. It is made up of most of language of Europe, the Near East, and India.印欧三⼤语系(P23) Germanic family = Scandinavian languages斯堪的纳维亚语的;北北欧⽇⽿曼语系(P24)The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.In western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic(希腊语的). (P24)2.2.1 Old English (450 – 1150) (P25)The Germanic tribes are the earliest.The introduction of Christianity had a great impact on the English vocabulary. It brought many new ideas and customs and also many religious terms such as abbot, candle, alter, amen, apostle.The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words, e.g. handbook. (P26)Old English is a highly inflected language.Skirt, skill, window, leg, grasp, birth, they, their, them, egg, these words are from Scandinavian origin.2.2.2 Middle English (1150 – 1500) (P26)Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. 诺曼⼤帝带来了⼤量的法语词。
词汇学复习文档
I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 30% 1.______ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. A. Stylistics B. Linguistics C. Etymology D. Semantics2. Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes. A. Greek B. Germanic C. Italian D. Roman3. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _______ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc. A. linguistic B. grammatical C. arbitrary D. semantic4. Stylistics is the study of style. It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular_______ for special effects A. context B. situation C. time D. place5. Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference. A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic6. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas. A. different B. artistic C. technical D. academic7. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. A. common B. little C. slight D. great8. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ____meanings. A. new B. old C. bad D. good9. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. A. functional B. notional C. empty D. formal 10. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called ___words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category. A. content B. new C notional D. empty11. It is assumed that the world has approximately _____ languages, which can be grouped into the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar. A. 5000 B. 4000 C. 3000 D. 2000 12. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ____language. A. inflected B. derived C. developed D. analyzed 13. After the ___, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes came in great numbers. A. Greeks B. Indians C. French D. Romans 14. The introduction of ____had a great impact on the English vocabulary. A. Hinduism B. Buddhism C. Christianity D. Islamism15. In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the invaders, many _____words came into the English language. A. Greek B. Roman C. CelticD. Scandinavian16. The Normans invaded England from France in 1066. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of ______ words into English. A. French B. Greek C. Roman D. Latin 17. By the end of the _______century , English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and government and regained social status. A. 12th B. 13th C. 14th D.15th 18. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and _______. A. Greek B. Roman C. Indian D. Russian 19. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language_______. A. Sanskrit B. Latin C. Roman D. Greek 20. Greek is the modern language derived from _______. A. Latin B. Hellenic C. Indian D. Germanic 21. The five Romance languages, namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _______. A.Sanskrit B. Latin C. Celtic D. Anglo-Saxon 22. The original meaning of manuscript is ________. A. any author’s work B. handwriting C. any author’s works D. a piece of paper 23. The extended meaning of journal is ______ A. daily paper B. any paper C. magazines D. periodical 24. The original meaning of wife is _______. A. a married woman B. a young woman C. woman D. widowed woman 25. The original meaning of success is ______. A. result B. progress C. event D. incident 26. Loud colours belongs to ______. A. transfer between abstract and concrete meanings B. transfer of sensations C. transfer from objective to subjective D. transfer from subjective to objective 27. Jack of all trades is an idiom ________. A. nominal in nature B. adjectival in nature C. verbal in nature D. adverbial in nature ( ) 28. Spend money like water is an example of _____. A．metaphor B. simile C. metonymy D. synecdoche 29. From cradle to grave is an example of _________. A. simile B. metaphor C. synecdoche D. metonymy ( ) 30. By hook and by crook is an example of ________.A. alliterationB. rhymeC. reiterationD. repetition II. Complete the following statements by choosing a word or expression listed below, according to the course book . 20% A. grammatical B. cultural background C. content D. elevationE. homonymy31. Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and _____. 32. Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, ____and transfer. Of these, extension and narrowing are by far the most common.33. Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and ______ context.34. The extra-linguistic context may extend to embrace the entire _____, which may also affect the meaning of words. 35. Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and _____.31.( ) 32.( ) 33.( ) 34.( ) 35.( ) A. lexicography B. diachronic C. meaningsD. vocabularyE. morphological36.Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _____of words.37.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, historical development, formation and usages.38. English lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, semantics, etymology, stylistics, _____.39. There are generally two approaches to the study of words , namely synchronic and _______. 40. Language study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and_______.36.( ) 37.( ) 38.( ) 39.( ) 40.( )III. Study the following words or expressions and identify types of morphemes underlined. 10% A. bound root B. free morpheme/free root C. suffix D. prefix E. inflectional affix41. earth ( b ) 42.contradict ( a )43. predictor ( ) 44. radios ( )45. prewar ( ) 46. happiest ( )47. antecedent ( ) 48. northward ( )49. sun ( ) 50. dictionary ( )IV. Briefly define the following terms. 20%51.etymology 52.aliens 53.motivation 54. Synonyms 55. rootV. Answer the following questions. Write your answers in the space given below. 20%56. What are the main processes of word formation? Give an example for each of them.57. According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing, how many classes of loan-words can be classified? Give examples for each of them.英语词汇学练习答案I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 30% (one point for one item)1. -30CBAAD CAABD CADCD ABDAB BBDCA BABDBII. Complete the following statements by choosing a word or expression listed below, according to the course book. 20% (two points for one item)31-40CDABE CEABDIII. Study the following words or expressions and identify types of morphemes underlined. 10% (one point for one item)41-50BACED EDCBAIV. Briefly define the following terms. 20% (four points for one item)51. Etymology, in short, is the study of the origin and history of words and their meanings.52. Aliens are words borrowed from a foreign language without any change of the foreign sound and spellings. They are usually considered as foreign words.53 Motivation is the relationship between the structure of a word and its meaning. Three are three kinds of motivation, namely, phonetic motivation, grammatical and motivation by meaning.54. Synonyms are traditionally defined as words different in sound and spelling but identical or similar in meaning. Words are synonymous or similar in meaning only in a certain sense, not in all meanings.55. [P171] A root is the base form of a word that expresses its essential meaning, a meaning that never changes, even though affixes may be added at the beginning of a word or at the end of a word. The term root is that part of the word left when all affixes are removed.V. Answer the following questions. Write your answers in the space given below. 20%56. What are the main processes of word formation? Give an example for each of them.57. According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing, how many classes of loan-words can be classified? Give examples for each of them.补充define terms51 (full) conversion52. specialization53. root54. collocation55. motivation。
英文专业词汇学考试复习资料---精品管理资料
Chapter 1 The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1、The Definition of a WordLexicology focuses on the study of meanings and origins of words。
According to semanticists(语义学家), a word is a unit of meaning.A word is a minimal（最小的）free form of a language that has a given sound，meaningand syntactic function（句法功能).2、 VocabularyAll the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary。
3、 Sound and MeaningThe relationship between sound and meaning is no logic4、 Sound and FormThere was more agreement between sound and form in Old English than in Modern English。
With the development of the language，more and more differences arose between sound and form.（1）、What is the relationship between sound and meaning? Give examples to illustrate it.The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional。
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)" ! 6 方法与结果 6 取供试液各 % !$， 注入高效液 相色谱仪， 记录色谱图 （ 图 &） ， 应用中药色谱指纹图 谱相似度评价系统 （ +!!4( 版中国药典委员会） ， 将 所得图谱进行色谱峰匹配， 结果见表 + ， 以天山雪莲 全草图谱为参比图谱 （ :1 ） ， 计算图谱之间的相 似 度， 结果见表 1 。以芦丁为对照品， 计算天山雪莲不 同部位中芦丁的含量， 结果见表 & ， 芦丁含量高低依 次为花苞片、 叶、 全草、 复头状花序、 茎。
〔 $〕 " * 含量测定
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疆雪莲含有多种化学成分， 其中黄酮类成分是抗氧
"% ! * 供试溶液的制备* 干燥的叶、 花苞片、 复头状 花序和茎粉碎过 !% 目筛， 各取 $ A， 精密称定， 分别 加入 !%% BC 的 (.D 乙醇， 回流提取 -% B>E， 过滤后 定容至 !%% BC 作为供试液。 "% " * 对照溶液的制备 * 取芦丁对照品适量， 精密 称定， 加甲醇溶解， 配制成浓度为 %+ $%-% BA F BC 的 溶液。 "% # * 标准曲线制备* 分别取经显色后的对照品溶 液、 样品溶液， 在 #%% " 1%% EB 波长范围内进行扫 描， 结果对照品最大吸收波长均为 .!% EB。 精密吸取芦丁对照品溶液 %+ . 、 !+ % 、 $+ % 、 0+ % 、 #+ % BC 分别置于 !% BC 容量瓶中， 各加 -%D 乙醇使 成 . BC， 再加 .D 亚硝酸钠溶液 %+ 0 BC， 摇匀， 放置 B>E； 加 !%D 硝酸铝溶液 %+ 0 BC， 摇匀， 放置 - B>E； 加 !%D 硝酸铝溶液 %+ 0 BC， 摇匀， 放置 - B>E； 加! BGC F 4 氢氧化钠溶液 # BC， 摇匀； 加 -%D 乙醇至刻
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参
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! * 国家药典委员会 + 中华人民共和国药典 + 一部 + 北京：
・资源・
天山雪莲不同部位总黄酮含量及高效液相指纹图谱分析
黄* 毅! * 周* 茜$ * 闫* 明! * 徐* 芳! * 康爱荣! * 严* 欢! * 洪立军$ * 王新堂! * 仲* 婕! （ !+ 新疆维吾尔自治区药物研究所， 乌鲁木齐 10%%%$ ；$+ 新疆协和天然物产有限公司， 乌鲁木齐 10%%%$ ）
〔 !〕
色谱仪 （ 岛 津 45)/’ ） 及 二 极 管 阵 列 检 测 器、 ?@4) !-& 离心机 （ 上海安亭科学仪器厂） 。天山雪莲样 品采自新疆协和天然物产有限公司雪莲种植基地 （奇台县） ， 同株植物分为叶、 花苞片、 复头状花序和 茎四个部位。对照品芦丁 （ 中国药品生物制品检定 所） 。
中药材第 $1 卷第 !! 期 $%%. 年 !! 月
度。以加 !" ! #$ 对照品为空白， 于 %&! ’# 处测定 吸收值 （ (） ， 以 ( 与芦丁的含量 （ )） 作直线回归， 得 标准曲线， 其回归方程为： ( * &" +,-%) . !" !!+% ， / * !" 0000 （ ’ * %） ， 线性范围为： !" &!1! 2 !" 3+4 #5。 !" # 6 样品测定 6 精密吸取一定量样品溶液， 分别 置于 &! #$ 容量瓶中， 各加 -!7 乙醇使成 % #$， 于 %&! ’# 处测定吸收值， 并代入标准曲线方程计算含 量。 !" $ 6 稳定性试验6 每隔 - 秒钟测定一次供试液的 吸收 值， 共 测 定 近 4 8， 结果吸收度在放置时为 !" 434 ， 放置 4 8 变为 !" 4,- ， 提示供试液在显色后应 尽快测定。 !" % 6 回收率实验6 精密量取样品溶液 !" + #$， 共份， 分别加入 !" % 、 &" ! 、 &" % #$ 的芦丁标准溶液于 &! #$ 容量瓶中按 “ 标准曲线的制备” 项下操作， 得平均 回收率为 &!&" !7 ， 9:; * &" !7 。 !" & 6 精密度试验 6 取同一份样品供试液， 重复测 定 - 次， 结果 9:; 为 !" -7 。 !" ’ 6 重现性试验6 取同一份样品， 平行操作制备 % 份供试液， 测定结果 9:; 为 !" 37 。 !" ( 6 结果6 天山雪莲不同部位总黄酮的测定结果 见表 & 。在四个部位中， 总黄酮含量依次为叶、 花苞 片、 复头状花序、 全草、 茎。 ) 6 <=>? 色谱图相似度比较
* * 菊科天山雪莲 !"#$$#%&" ’()*+#,%"-" 9:;+ <= 9>;+ 民间多用于治疗风湿性关节炎、 月经不调、 镇痛、 宫 寒腹痛等症， 近年来雪莲作为民族药在抗辐射损伤、 抗氧化、 清除自由基、 抗炎等方面备受关注 化、 抗紫外吸收的主要成分之一。 天山雪莲为多年生一次性开花草本， 属国家二 类珍稀药用植物。雪莲生长缓慢， 从种子萌发到开 花结实， 在人工栽培条件下需 0 " . 年。每年的生长 期从 # 月底开始， 到 !% 月中旬叶片随即逐渐变黄枯 萎进入休眠。待第二年生长期， 重新长出新叶， 数量 均较上一年多。经过 $ " 0 年进入生殖生长。开花 时间为每年 . 月初至 / 月底， ( 月中旬果实陆续成 熟后， 植株逐渐枯黄死亡。进入休眠期的植株叶片 逐渐枯萎， 但顶芽周围的小叶片对顶芽有保护作用， 可使雪莲正常越冬。在休眠期到来之前， 保留顶端 的少数叶片， 而将其余叶片全部割去， 并不影响来年 继续生长及最终开花结果。通常对雪莲每年生长的 叶片未作为药材使用。为充分利用此稀有资源， 测 定了雪莲叶及植株不同部位的黄酮类含量及液相色 谱图。 ! * 仪器与试药 紫外分光光度计 （ 岛津 78)$.%!35 ） 、 高效液相 ・/1%・
图 *+ 天山雪莲不同部位 !"#$ 图谱 :&" 芦丁对照品； :+" 复头状花序； :1" 全草； :4" 茎； :%" 叶； :-" 花包片
+ 色谱峰匹配结果 叶 1!333 %%&!3 4,30% +,&-, +-!3, +!-!& 1!-1! &&3+4!+ &!-!+ ! &-&&3 +&0!4 &1!+-,1 1+-&01 ! 花苞片 %0!+4&-%3 ,&440 101+3 43!0& 4&,%4 4++-3 +1%4%3110+% ! +4-0& -1%1+!!04%4&+3,3 ! 对照指 纹图谱 1441143%, 411,& 1!14! +0,&, +&-&4 +44-1 &+&&13& 1&-31 -+34 10&%10+++ ,,!4-, &-%&%&,&!+ 保留时间 峰面积 匹配 9:; （ 7 ） 9:; （ 7 ） 数目 !" 0 !" 3 !" 0 !" 3 &" ! !" 0 &" ! !" 0 !" 0 !" & !" 0 &" 1 &" 4 &" 1 !" 4 4," & 4+" 3 41" 3 +-" % %!" % 1-" 3 +," 0 -1" , -0" % 0" ! --" 3 1," , &&!" 1 &&4" , -!" 4 % % % % % 4 4 % % + % 4 % % 1 ・ 03&・
+ + 表! 编号 & + 1 4 % , 3 0 &! && &+ &1 &4 &% 保留时间 复头状花序 （ #E’） &1" !! &4" !, &%" 1&-" &4 &," 1, &," 0+ &3" 14 &0" !% +!" ,+ +&" +% +&" 0! +1" ,& +3" 0+0" 0+ 1&" !! &1-1& 14&%& +,&31-0+& 4&&3+ +&--1 +++4! &4+0,&-+!!1 &4,!0 ,!00& %%&%0 &+%++! +0!00 443%% 全草 1%!!+3+30 4-!++3030 ++,1& +4!%& +,&,0 3&&+&1 4&3+3 &-,&! -10+3 %%%&& 1&1-&& 440!1!&1% 茎 11-1! &%!3& +4+0, &0+0& &!401 ! ! +,303, &!!%, ! +!!%+ ! &!&1,1 &+,!% &!%++