Chapter_5
布兰查德宏观经济学第七版第7版英文版chapter (5)
Macroeconomics, 7e (Blanchard)Chapter 5: Goods and Financial Markets. The IS-LM Model5.1 The Goods Market and the IS Relation1) The IS curve representsA) the single level of output where the goods market is in equilibrium.B) the single level of output where financial markets are in equilibrium.C) the combinations of output and the interest rate where the money market is in equilibrium.D) the combinations of output and the interest rate where the goods market is in equilibrium.E) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 12) The IS curve will shift to the right when which of the following occurs?A) an increase in the money supplyB) an increase in government spendingC) a reduction in the interest rateD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 23) Which of the following occurs as the economy moves leftward along a given IS curve?A) An increase in the interest rate causes investment spending to decrease.B) An increase in the interest rate causes money demand to increase.C) An increase in the interest rate causes a reduction in the money supply.D) A reduction in government spending causes a reduction in demand for goods.E) An increase in taxes causes a reduction in demand for goods.Answer: ADiff: 24) During 2008 in the United States, consumer confidence fell significantly. Which of the following will occur as a result of this reduction in consumer confidence?A) The LM curve will shift up.B) The LM curve will shift down.C) The IS curve will shift rightward.D) The IS curve will shift leftward.E) The IS curve will shift rightward, and the LM curve will shift up.Answer: DDiff: 25) Suppose policy makers decide to reduce taxes. This fiscal policy action will cause which of the following to occur?A) The LM curve shifts and the economy moves along the IS curve.B) The IS curve shifts and the economy moves along the LM curve.C) Both the IS and LM curves shift.D) Neither the IS nor the LM curve shifts.E) Output will change causing a change in money demand and a shift of the LM curve. Answer: BDiff: 26) Suppose fiscal policy makers implement a policy to reduce the size of a budget deficit. Based on the IS-LM model, we know with certainty that the following will occur as a result of this fiscal policy action.A) Investment spending will decrease.B) Investment spending will increase.C) There will be no change in investment spending.D) Investment spending may increase, decrease, or not change.E) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 37) For this question, assume that investment spending depends only on the interest rate and no longer depends on output. Given this information, a reduction in government spendingA) will cause investment to decrease.B) will cause investment to increase.C) may cause investment to increase or to decrease.D) will have no effect on output.E) will cause a reduction in output and have no effect on the interest rate.Answer: BDiff: 38) Suppose investment spending is not very sensitive to the interest rate. Given this information, we know thatA) the IS curve should be relatively flat.B) the IS curve should be relatively steep.C) the LM curve should be relatively flat.D) the LM curve should be relatively steep.E) neither the IS nor the LM curve will be affected.Answer: BDiff: 29) Explain the determinants of investment. Include in your answer an explanation of how a change in each determinant affects investment.Answer: Investment depends on the level of sales/output and on the interest rate. As output changes, the demand for goods will change and firms will change investment so that their capacity changes with the level of economic activity (and demand). I also depends on the interest rate. As the interest rate rises, the cost of borrowing rises. Firms will cut back on investment as borrowing costs rise.Diff: 210) What is the IS relation? Explain why IS curve is downward sloping.Answer: The IS relation shows the combinations of the interest rate and the level of output that are consistent with equilibrium in the goods market. An increase in the interest rate leads to a decline in output. Consequently, the IS curve is downward sloping.Diff: 211) Graphically derive the IS curve from the goods market equilibrium.Answer: Suppose the initial equilibrium in the goods market is at point A with interest rate i. Suppose now that the interest rate increases from its initial value i to a higher value i'. The increase in the interest rate decreases investment. The decrease in investment leads to a decrease in output. Now the new equilibrium point is at A', with a higher value of i and lower value of Y. After we plot the combinations of i and Y when the goods market is in equilibrium, we can connect these two points (A and A') to get a downward sloping IS curve.Diff: 25.2 Financial Markets and the LM Relation1) For each interest rate, the LM curve illustrates the level of output whereA) the goods market is in equilibrium.B) inventory investment equals zero.C) money supply equals money demand.D) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 22) The LM curve shifts down (or, equivalently, to the right) when which of the following occurs?A) an increase in taxesB) an increase in outputC) an open market sale of bonds by the central bankD) an increase in consumer confidenceE) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 23) Which of the following statements is consistent with a given (i.e., fixed) LM curve?A) A reduction in the interest rate causes investment spending to increase.B) A reduction in the interest rate causes money demand to decrease.C) A reduction in the interest rate causes an increase in the money supply.D) An increase in output causes an increase in demand for goods.E) An increase in output causes an increase in money demand.Answer: EDiff: 24) In late 2007 and early 2008, the U.S. Federal Reserve pursued expansionary monetary policy. Which of the following will occur as a result of this monetary policy action?A) The LM curve shifts down.B) The LM curve shifts up.C) The IS curve shifts rightward as the interest rate falls.D) The IS curve shifts leftward as the interest rate increases.E) none of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 25) Suppose the demand for money is not very sensitive to the interest rate. Given this information, we know thatA) the IS curve should be relatively flat.B) the IS curve should be relatively steep.C) the LM curve should be relatively flat.D) the LM curve should be relatively steep.E) neither the IS nor the LM curve will be affected.Answer: DDiff: 36) Which of the following is the definition for the real supply of money?A) The stock of money measured in terms of goods, not dollars.B) The stock of high powered money only.C) The real value of currency in circulation only.D) The actual quantity of money, rather than the officially reported quantity.E) The ratio of the real GDP to the nominal money supply.Answer: ADiff: 17) First, define the LM curve. Second, explain why it has its particular shape.Answer: The LM curve illustrates the combinations of the interest rate and level of output that maintain financial market equilibrium. The curve is upward sloping because as income increases, money demand will rise. This increase in money demand will cause an excess demand for money and an excess supply of bonds. Bond prices will fall and the interest rate will increase until equilibrium is restored.Diff: 25.3 Putting the IS and the LM Relations Together1) Suppose the economy is currently operating on both the LM curve and the IS curve. Which of the following is true for this economy?A) Production equals demand.B) The quantity supplied of bonds equals the quantity demanded of bonds.C) The money supply equals money demand.D) Financial markets are in equilibrium.E) all of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 12) Suppose the economy is operating on the LM curve but not on the IS curve. Given this information, we know thatA) the goods market is in equilibrium and the money market is not in equilibrium.B) the money market and bond markets are in equilibrium and the goods market is not in equilibrium.C) the money market and goods market are in equilibrium and the bond market is not in equilibrium.D) the money, bond and goods markets are all in equilibrium.E) neither the money, bond, nor goods markets are in equilibrium.Answer: BDiff: 23) Suppose the current level of output and the interest rate are such that the economy is operating on neither the IS nor LM curve. Which of the following is true for this economy?A) Production does not equal demand.B) The money supply does not equal money demand.C) The quantity supplied of bonds does not equal the quantity demanded of bonds.D) Financial markets are not in equilibrium.E) all of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 24) An increase in the money supply will cause an increase in which of the following variables?A) outputB) investmentC) consumptionD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 25) Suppose there is an increase in consumer confidence. Which of the following represents the complete list of variables that must increase in response to this increase in consumer confidence?A) consumptionB) consumption and investmentC) consumption, investment and outputD) consumption and outputE) consumption, output and the interest rateAnswer: EDiff: 26) Suppose there is a fiscal contraction. Which of the following is a complete list of the variables that must decrease?A) consumptionB) consumption and investmentC) consumption and outputD) consumption, output and the interest rateE) consumption, output and investmentAnswer: CDiff: 27) We know with certainty that a tax increase must cause which of the following?A) an increase in investmentB) a reduction in investmentC) no change in investmentD) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 28) A fiscal contraction will tend to cause which of the following to occur?A) a reduction in the interest rate and a reduction in investmentB) a reduction in the interest rate and an upward shift in the LM curveC) a reduction in the interest rate and an ambiguous effect on investmentD) no change in output if the Fed simultaneously pursues contractionary monetary policy Answer: CDiff: 29) An increase in the money supply must cause which of the following?A) a leftward shift in the IS curveB) a reduction in the interest rate and ambiguous effects on investmentC) an increase in investment and a rightward shift in the IS curveD) no change in the interest rate if investment is independent of the interest rateE) no change in output if investment is independent of the interest rateAnswer: EDiff: 110) An increase in consumer confidence will tend to cause which of the following to occur?A) a rightward shift in the IS curveB) a leftward shift in the IS curveC) an upward shift in the LM curveD) a downward shift in the LM curveAnswer: ADiff: 111) Assume that investment does not depend on the interest rate. A reduction in government spending will cause which of the following for this economy?A) no change in the interest rateB) no change in outputC) no change in investmentD) an increase in investmentE) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 312) Assume that investment does not depend on the interest rate. A reduction in the money supply will cause which of the following for this economy?A) no change in the interest rateB) no change in outputC) a reduction in investmentD) an increase in investmentAnswer: BDiff: 313) For this question, assume that investment spending depends only on output and no longer depends on the interest rate. Given this information, an increase in the money supplyA) will cause investment to decrease.B) will cause investment to increase.C) will cause a reduction in the interest rate.D) will have no effect on output or the interest rate.E) will cause an increase in output and have no effect on the interest rate.Answer: CDiff: 314) A reduction in consumer confidence will likely have which of the following effects?A) a rightward shift in the IS curveB) a leftward shift in the IS curveC) an upward shift in the LM curveD) a downward shift in the LM curveAnswer: BDiff: 215) An increase in the reserve deposit ratio, θ, will most likely have which of the following effects?A) a rightward shift in the IS curveB) a leftward shift in the IS curveC) an upward shift in the LM curveD) a downward shift in the LM curveAnswer: CDiff: 216) A Fed purchase of securities will most likely have which of the following effects?A) a rightward shift in the IS curveB) a leftward shift in the IS curveC) an upward shift in the LM curveD) a downward shift in the LM curveAnswer: DDiff: 217) A reduction in the aggregate price level, P, will most likely have which of the following effects?A) a rightward shift in the IS curveB) a leftward shift in the IS curveC) an upward shift in the LM curveD) a downward shift in the LM curveAnswer: DDiff: 218) An increase in the aggregate price level, P, will most likely have which of the following effects?A) a rightward shift in the IS curveB) a leftward shift in the IS curveC) an upward shift in the LM curveD) a downward shift in the LM curveAnswer: CDiff: 219) The IS curve will not shift when which of the following occurs?A) a reduction in government spendingB) a reduction in the interest rateC) a reduction in consumer confidenceD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 120) Which of the following best defines the IS curve?A) the combinations of i and Y that maintain equilibrium in the goods marketB) illustrates the effects of changes in i on investmentC) illustrates the effects of changes in i on desired money holdings by individualsD) the combinations of i and Y that maintain equilibrium in financial marketsAnswer: ADiff: 121) Which of the following best defines the LM curve?A) the combinations of i and Y that maintain equilibrium in the goods marketB) illustrates the effects of changes in i on investmentC) illustrates the effects of changes in i on desired money holdings by individualsD) the combinations of i and Y that maintain equilibrium in financial marketsAnswer: DDiff: 122) Based on our understanding of the IS-LM model that takes into account dynamics, we know that a reduction in the money supply will causeA) an immediate drop in Y and immediate increase in i.B) an immediate increase in i and no initial change in Y.C) a gradual increase in i and gradual reduction in Y.D) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 223) Based on our understanding of the IS-LM model that takes into account dynamics, we know that a reduction in government spending will causeA) an immediate drop in Y and immediate increase in i.B) an immediate reduction in i and no initial change in Y.C) a gradual reduction in i and gradual reduction in Y.D) a gradual reduction in i and an immediate reduction in Y.Answer: CDiff: 224) Based on our understanding of the IS-LM model that takes into account dynamics, we know that an increase in the money supply will causeA) an immediate increase in i and no initial change in Y.B) an immediate decrease in i and no initial change in Y.C) a gradual decrease in i and gradual increase in Y.D) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 225) Based on our understanding of the IS-LM model that takes into account dynamics, we know that an increase in government spending will causeA) a gradual increase in i and gradual increase in Y.B) an immediate increase in Y and immediate drop in i.C) an immediate increase in i and no initial change in Y.D) a gradual increase in i and an immediate increase in Y.Answer: ADiff: 226) An increase in government spending will likely have which of the following effects?A) a rightward shift in the IS curveB) a leftward shift in the IS curveC) an upward shift in the LM curveD) a downward shift in the LM curveAnswer: ADiff: 227) A reduction in the reserve depos it ratio, θ, will most likely have which of the following effects?A) a rightward shift in the IS curveB) a leftward shift in the IS curveC) an upward shift in the LM curveD) a downward shift in the LM curveAnswer: DDiff: 228) If government spending and taxes increase by the same amount,A) the IS curve does not shiftB) the IS curve shift leftwardC) the IS curve shifts rightwardD) the LM curve shifts downwardAnswer: CDiff: 229) If government spending and taxes decrease by the same amount,A) the IS curve does not shift.B) the IS curve shift leftward.C) the IS curve shifts rightward.D) the LM curve shifts downward.Answer: BDiff: 230) Which of the following triggered the U.S. recession of 2001?A) decline in investment demandB) decline in consumption demandC) increase in budget deficitD) increase in trade deficitAnswer: ADiff: 231) The IS curve will shift to the left when which of the following occurs?A) a reduction in the money supplyB) a reduction in government spendingC) an increase in the interest rateD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 232) Which of the following occurs as the economy moves rightward along a given IS curve?A) A reduction in the interest rate causes investment spending to decrease.B) A reduction in the interest rate causes money demand to increase.C) A reduction in the interest rate causes a reduction in the money supply.D) An increase in government spending causes a reduction in demand for goods.E) A reduction in taxes causes a reduction in demand for goods.Answer: ADiff: 233) When the central bank pursues contractionary monetary policy, we that this policy will result in an increase in the interest rate, a reduction in investment, a reduction in demand, and a lower level of equilibrium output. Explain what happens to the position of the IS curve as the central bank pursues contractionary monetary policy.Answer: Changes in the interest rate do cause changes in investment, demand, and output. However, they do not cause shifts of the IS curve. Changes in the interest rate cause movements along the IS curve.Diff: 234) A fiscal expansion (e.g. a tax cut) will result in an increase in income, an increase in money demand, and an increase in the equilibrium interest rate in financial markets. Explain what happens to the position of the LM curve as policy makers pursue expansionary fiscal policy. Answer: The fiscal expansion will cause an increase in output. However, changes in Y only cause movements along the LM curve. The effects of changes in Y on the interest rate are embedded in the shape of the LM curve.Diff: 2IS curve.Answer: A Fed sale of bonds will cause a reduction in H and a reduction in the money supply. This will cause an excess demand for money and the interest rate must increase to restore money market equilibrium. The LM curve will shift up as a result of this to reflect the now higher interest rate. The IS curve does not shift as a result of this. We would simply observe a movement along the IS curve.Diff: 236) Explain in detail what effect a reduction in government spending will have on: (1) the LM curve; and (2) the IS curve.Answer: A reduction in taxes will cause an increase in disposable income and an increase in consumption. The rise in C will cause an increase in demand and the equilibrium level of output in the goods market will be higher. This is reflected in a rightward shift in the IS curve. Goods market events such as this will not cause a shift in the LM curve (only a movement along it). Diff: 237) Based on your understanding of the IS-LM model, graphically illustrate and explain what effect a reduction in consumer confidence will have on output, the interest rate, and investment. Answer: A reduction in consumer confidence will cause a reduction in consumption and, therefore, a reduction in demand and a leftward shift in the IS curve. As Y decreases, money demand will decrease causing the interest rate to fall. The effects on I are ambiguous. The lower Y will cause I to fall while the lower interest rate will cause I to increase.Diff: 238) Based on your understanding of the IS-LM model, graphically illustrate and explain what effect a monetary expansion will have on output, the interest rate, and investment.Answer: An increase in M will cause the LM curve to shift down and the interest rate to fall. As the interest rate falls, firms will increase investment causing an increase in demand and subsequent increase in output. So, the interest rate will fall and Y will rise. I will be higher due to the rise in Y and drop in the interest rate.Diff: 239) Increases in the budget deficit are believed to cause reductions in investment. Based on your understanding of the IS-LM model, will a fiscal policy action that causes a reduction in the budget deficit cause an increase in investment? Explain.Answer: A policy that causes a reduction in the budget deficit will have an ambiguous effect on investment. Output will fall which will tend to depress I. However, the interest rate will also fall which will tend to increase I. I could increase, decrease, or remain unchanged.Diff: 2the IS curve.Answer: A Fed purchase of bonds will cause an increase in H and an increase in the money supply. This will cause an excess supply of money and the interest rate must decline to restore money market equilibrium. The LM curve will shift down as a result of this to reflect the now lower interest rate. The IS curve does not shift as a result of this. We would simply observe a movement along the IS curve.Diff: 241) Explain in detail what effect an increase in government spending will have on: (1) the LM curve; and (2) the IS curve.Answer: An increase in government spending will cause an increase in demand and the equilibrium level of output in the goods market will be higher. This is reflected in a rightward shift in the IS curve. Goods market events such as this will not cause a shift in the LM curve (only a movement along it).Diff: 25.4 Using a Policy Mix1) Suppose there is a simultaneous fiscal expansion and monetary expansion. We know with certainty thatA) output will increase.B) output will decrease.C) the interest rate will increase.D) the interest rate will decrease.E) both output and the interest rate will increase.Answer: ADiff: 22) Suppose there is a simultaneous fiscal expansion and monetary contraction. We know with certainty thatA) output will increase.B) output will decrease.C) the interest rate will increase.D) the interest rate will decrease.E) both output and the interest rate will increase.Answer: CDiff: 23) For this question, assume that investment spending depends only on output and no longer depends on the interest rate. Given this information, an increase in government spendingA) will cause investment to decrease.B) will cause investment to increase.C) may cause investment to increase or to decrease.D) will have no effect on output.E) will cause an increase in output and have no effect on the interest rate.Answer: BDiff: 34) A reasonable dynamic assumption for the IS-LM model is thatA) the economy is always on both the IS and LM curves.B) the economy is always on the IS curve, but moves only slowly to the LM curve.C) the economy is always on the LM curve, but moves only slowly to the IS curve.D) the money market is quick to adjust, but the bond market adjusts more slowly.E) adjustment to the new IS-LM equilibrium is instantaneous after an LM shift, but not after an IS shift.Answer: CDiff: 25) Under the reasonable dynamic assumptions discussed in the text, a monetary contraction should result inA) an immediate rise in the interest rate, and no further interest rate changes.B) an immediate rise in the interest rate, and then a fall in the interest rate over time.C) an immediate rise in the interest rate, and then a further rise over time.D) a very gradual but steady rise in the interest rate to its new equilibrium level.E) no change in the interest rate initially, and then a sudden rise to its new equilibrium value. Answer: BDiff: 26) For this question, assume that investment spending depends only on the interest rate and no longer depends on output. Given this information, a reduction in the money supplyA) will cause investment to decrease.B) will cause investment to increase.C) may cause investment to increase or to decrease.D) will have no effect on output.E) will cause a reduction in output and have no effect on the interest rate.Answer: ADiff: 37) Suppose there is a Fed purchase of bonds and simultaneous tax cut. We know with certainty that this combination of policies must causeA) an increase in the interest rate (i).B) a reduction in i.C) an increase in output (Y).D) a reduction in Y.Answer: CDiff: 28) Suppose there is a simultaneous Fed sale of bonds and increase in consumer confidence. We know with certainty that these two simultaneous events will causeA) an increase in the interest rate (i).B) a reduction in i.C) an increase in output (Y).D) a reduction in Y.Answer: ADiff: 29) Suppose there is a simultaneous central bank purchase of bonds and increase in taxes. We know with certainty that this combination of policies must causeA) an increase in the interest rate (i).B) a reduction in i.C) an increase in output (Y).D) a reduction in Y.Answer: BDiff: 210) Suppose there is a simultaneous central bank sale of bonds and tax increase. We know with certainty that this combination of policies must causeA) an increase in the interest rate (i).B) a reduction in i.C) an increase in output (Y).D) a reduction in Y.Answer: DDiff: 211) First, briefly explain what is meant by the policy mix. Second, explain what effect different policy mixes might have on the level of output, investment, and the interest rate.Answer: The policy mix refers to the possible combinations of monetary (exp. or contr.) and fiscal (exp. or contr.) that can be simultaneously implemented. There are a number of different answers that could be given to the latter part of the question. The effects on output, the interest rate, and investment will depend on the type of mix.Diff: 212) Use the IS-LM model to answer this question. Suppose there is a simultaneous increase in government spending and reduction in the money supply. Explain what effect this particular policy mix will have on output and the interest rate. Based on your analysis, do we know with certainty what effect this policy mix will have on investment? Explain.Answer: In this case, the LM curve shifts up and the IS curve shifts to the right. The interest rate will clearly be higher. The effects on output depend on the relative magnitude of the two policies. The effects on I are also ambiguous. If output falls, I will be lower. However, it is possible that output will rise here which creates the ambiguity.Diff: 213) Use the IS-LM model to answer this question. Suppose there is a simultaneous increase in taxes and reduction in the money supply. Explain what effect this particular policy mix will have on output and the interest rate. Based on your analysis, do we know with certainty what effect this policy mix will have on investment? Explain.Answer: In this case, the LM curve shifts up and the IS curve shifts to the left. In this case, output will clearly fall. What happens to the interest rate depends on the relative magnitude of the two policies. The effects on I are again ambiguous.Diff: 214) Use the IS-LM model to answer this question. Suppose there is a simultaneous increase in government spending and increase in the money supply. Explain what effect this particular policy mix will have on output and the interest rate. Based on your analysis, do we know with certainty what effect this policy mix will have on investment? Explain.Answer: In this case, the LM curve shifts down and the IS curve shifts to the right. The output will clearly be higher. The effects on interest rate depend on the relative magnitude of the two policies. The effects on I are also ambiguous. If interest rate falls, I will be higher. However, it is possible that interest rate will rise here which creates the ambiguity.Diff: 25.5 How does the IS-LM Model Fit the Facts?1) Empirically it takes nearly ________ years for monetary policy to have its full effect on output.A) 2B) 1C) 3D) 4Answer: ADiff: 1。
Chapt.5 Limiting Distribution
(1)
From which it is easily seen that the sample maximum Yn is a consistent estimate of . As matter of fact, for all >0,
Tn .
Example 5.1.1 (Sample Variance)
2 P
P
X1 ,, X n ~ X , Var( X ) 2 .
iid
Then S 2 .
P 1 n 1 n 2 2 2 In fact, S ( X i X n ) X i nX n E[ X 12 ] 2 2 . n i 1 n i 1 2
D 0, x 2, Since F ( x) Hence, lim Fn ( x) F ( x) X n X . n 1, x 2.
Example 5.2.3 Let Tn have t(n) distribution. That is
Tn ~ f n (t ) [( n 1) / 2] n ( n / 2) (1 y 2 / 2) ( n 1) / 2 , t .
lim FX ( x) FX ( x), for all xC(FX).
n
n
We denote this convergence by X n X . Remark 5.2.1 This material on convergence in probability and in distribution comes under what statisticians and probabilities refer to as asymptotic theory. Often, we say that the distribution of X is the asymptotic distribution or the limiting distribution of sequence {Xn}.
商务英语综合教程chapter (5)
但寡头卖主垄断与前面所提到的市场的主要区别在于， 卖主的数量有限，使得寡头卖主垄断者对产品的价格拥 有相当大的支配权。 1) 这个句子的主要结构是：the primary difference …is that … (……主要区别在于……) 2) between oligopoly and the previously mentioned markets作后置定语修饰difference 意为“但寡头卖主垄 断与前面所提到的市场的主要区别在于。 ” 3) that 引导的表语从句， the limited number of sellers gives the oligopolist substantial control over the product’s price.有限数量的卖主给了寡头垄断对产品价 格语言要点)
(Teachers should note that here we only give you some of the language points, you may add some by yourself.)
1. A basic principle of economies, the law of supply and demand states that market prices are set by the intersection of the supply and demand curves. 作为经济学的一条基本原则，供求规律指出市场价格是 由供应曲线 需求曲线的交叉点确定的。 1)That 引导的是主句谓语states的宾语从句，从句谓语are set (被确定) 2)By the intersection of the supply and demand curves 由供给线和需求线的交叉点确定（参见教材P60的图） 2. Monopolistic competition arises in an industry in which somewhat fewer firms than would exist in pure competition produce and sell products that are different from those of their competitors.
会计英语chaper 5
Reasons for Differences Between Depositor’s Records and the Bank Statement
Recorded by depositor not by bank
Outstanding checks Deposits in transit
Cash balance according to depositor’s record: Add note and interest collect by bank
Steps in a Bank Reconciliation
4. Compare bank debit memorandums to records of cash payments.
Common ledger accounts for cash
Cash on hand Petty cash Cash in banks
Cash management
Cash is susceptible to theft or fraud unless properly safeguarded. Cash planning, controlling, and accounting for cash transactions.
CHAPTER 5
CURRENT ASSETS ---CASH,TENMPORARY INVESTMENT, RECEIVABLES
Cash
What is Cash?
Cash includes coins, currency (paper money), checks, money orders, and money on deposit that is available for unrestricted withdrawal from banks and other financial institutions.
chap5中级宏观经济学答案 华中科技大学
Microeconomics, 4e (Perloff)Chapter 5 Applying Consumer Theory5.1 Deriving Demand Curves1) The above figure shows Bobby's indifference map for juice and snacks. Also shown are three budget lines resulting from different prices for snacks assuming he has $20 to spend on these goods. Which of the following points are on Bobby's price-consumption curve?A) 10 snacks and 20 juicesB) 10 snacks and 0 juicesC) 10 snacks and 5 juicesD) 10 snacks and 15 juicesAnswer: DTopic: Deriving Demand Curves2) The above figure shows Bobby's indifference map for juice and snacks. Also shown are three budget lines resulting from different prices for snacks assuming he has $20 to spend on these goods. Which of the following points are on Bobby's demand curve for snacks?A) p = 2, q = 10B) p = 2, q = 13C) p = 2, q = 5D) p = 1, q = 20Answer: CTopic: Deriving Demand Curves3) The above figure shows Bobby's indifference map for juice and snacks. Also shown are three budget lines resulting from different prices for snacks. This information could be used to determineA) the slope of Bobby's demand curve for juice.B) the amount by which Bobby's demand curve for juice shifts when his income rises.C) the amount by which Bobby's demand curve for juice shifts when the price of snacks rises.D) All of the above.Answer: CTopic: Deriving Demand Curves4) The above figure shows Bobby's indifference map for juice and snacks. Also shown are three budget lines resulting from different prices for snacks. As the price of snacks rises, Bobby's utilityA) stays the same.B) increases.C) decreases.D) might change, but there is not enough information to determine.Answer: CTopic: Deriving Demand Curves5) The above figure shows Bobby's indifference map for juice and snacks. Also shown are three budget lines resulting from different prices for snacks. Bobby's demand for snacks isA) unit elastic.B) elastic.C) inelastic.D) perfectly elastic.Answer: CTopic: Deriving Demand Curves6) The above figure shows Bobby's indifference map for juice and snacks. Also shown are three budget lines resulting from different prices for snacks. As the price of snacks rises, the price for juiceA) stays the same.B) increases.C) decreasesD) might change, but there is not enough information to determine.Answer: ATopic: Deriving Demand Curves7) An individual's demand curve for a good can be derived by measuring the quantities selected asA) the price of the good changes.B) the price of substitute goods changes.C) income changes.D) All of the above.Answer: ATopic: Deriving Demand Curves8) As the price of a good rises, the consumer will experienceA) a desire to consume a different bundle.B) a decrease in utility.C) a southwesterly movement on the indifference map.D) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: Deriving Demand Curves9) An increase in the price of a good causesA) a change in the slope of the budget line.B) an increase in the consumption of that good.C) a rightward shift of the demand curve for that good.D) a parallel rightward shift of the budget line.Answer: ATopic: Deriving Demand Curves10) Suppose a graph is drawn to show a consumer's preferences for football tickets and basketball tickets. The quantity of football tickets is measured on the horizontal axis. If the price-consumption curve is horizontal when the price of football tickets changes, thenA) football tickets are an inferior good.B) the demand for football tickets is perfectly elastic.C) the demand for football tickets is unit elastic.D) the demand curve for football tickets will be horizontal.Answer: CTopic: Deriving Demand Curves11) In the relevant price range a demand curve for a Giffen good would beA) upward sloping.B) downward sloping.C) horizontal.D) vertical.Answer: ATopic: Deriving Demand Curves12) Suppose the quantity of x is measured on the horizontal axis. If the price consumption curve is vertical when the price of x changes, then the demand for x isA) perfectly elastic.B) perfectly inelastic.C) unit elastic.D) There is not enough information to determine the price elasticity of demand for x.Answer: BTopic: Deriving Demand CurvesFor the following, please answer "True" or "False" and explain why.13) If the price-consumption curve is upward sloping when the price of the good measured on the horizontal axis changes, then the demand curve for that good will be upward sloping.Answer: False. An upward-sloping price-consumption curve indicates that as the price of the good falls, more of both goods will be purchased. So, the demand curve for the good measured on the horizontal axis slopes downward.Topic: Deriving Demand Curves14) Draw two graphs, one directly above the other. On the upper graph, label the vertical axis Good X and label the horizontal axis Good Y. On the lower graph, label the vertical axis the Price of good Y and label the horizontal axis Good Y. In the upper graph, show the income and substitution effects of a decrease in the Price of good Y when Y is a Giffen good. Draw the corresponding demand curve for Good Y in the lower graph.Answer:See the above figure. Point A is the original consumption point. The movement from point A to point B is the substitution effect. The movement from point B to point C is the income effect.Topic: Deriving Demand Curves15) The above figure shows a consumer's indifference curves for soda and all other goods. Assuming a budget of $100, derive the consumer's demand for soda for prices of $4 and $10 per case of soda. Estimate the price elasticity of demand for soda.Answer: At a price of $4, 15 cases are purchased, At a price of $10, 6 cases are purchased. In both cases, the same total amount, $60, is spent on soda. This implies unit elasticity.Topic: Deriving Demand Curves16) Use the Slutsky equation to show that a Giffen good must be an inferior good, BUT an inferior good need not be a Giffen good.Answer: The Slutsky equation may be written as dQ/dp Total dp Total = dQ/ dp subs - _(dQ/dI). For a Giffen good, dQ/dp Total is positive, which implies that - _(dQ/dI) must be positive and large enough to offset dQ/ dp subs, which is always negative. For any inferior good, however, - _(dQ/dI) is positive but not necessarily large enough to make dQ/ dp Total positive.Topic: Deriving Demand Curves5.2 How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves1) A movement upward along an upward sloping Engel curve corresponds toA) upward sloping indifference curves.B) crossing indifference curves.C) a rotation in the budget constraint.D) a parallel shift in the budget constraint.Answer: DTopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves2) When deriving an Engel curve the prices of both goodsA) are held constant.B) increase by the same percentage as income.C) decrease by the same percentage as income.D) can either decrease, increase or stay the same.Answer: ATopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves3) The above figure shows Larry's indifference map and budget lines for ham and pork. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A) Pork is an inferior good.B) Ham is an inferior good.C) Neither pork nor ham is an inferior good.D) Both ham and pork are inferior goods.Answer: BTopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves4) The above figure shows Larry's indifference map and budget lines for ham and pork. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A) Larry's Engel curve for pork will be upward sloping.B) Larry's Engel curve for pork will be downward sloping.C) Larry's Engel curve for pork will be backward bending.D) Larry's Engel curve for pork cannot be derived from the information provided.Answer: ATopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves5) The above figure shows Larry's indifference map and budget lines for ham and pork. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A) Larry's demand curve for pork shifts rightward when his income increases.B) Larry's income elasticity of demand for pork is greater than zero.C) Pork is a normal good.D) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves6) After Joyce and Larry purchased their first house, they made additional home improvements in response to increases in income. After a while, their income rose so much that they could afford a larger home. Once they realized they would be moving, they reduced the amount of home improvements. Their Engel curve for home improvements on their current home isA) negatively sloped.B) flat.C) positively sloped.D) backward bending.Answer: DTopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves7) Suppose the quantity of x is measured on the horizontal axis. If the income consumption curve is vertical, then the income elasticity of demand for x isA) 0.B) 1.C) -1.D) There is not enough information to determine the income elasticity of demand for x.Answer: ATopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves8) An inferior good exhibitsA) a negative income elasticity.B) a downward sloping Engel curve.C) a decline in the quantity demanded as income rises.D) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves9) When John's income was low, he could not afford to dine out and would respond to a pay raise by purchasing more frozen dinners. Now that his income is high, a pay raise causes him to dine out more often and buy fewer frozen dinners. Which graph in the above figure best represents John's Engel curve for frozen dinners?A) Graph AB) Graph BC) Graph CD) Graph DAnswer: ATopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves10) When John's income was low, he could not afford to dine out and would respond to a pay raise by purchasing more frozen dinners. Now that his income is high, a pay raise causes him to dine out more often and buy fewer frozen dinners. Which graph in the above figure best represents John's Engel curve for dining out?A) Graph AB) Graph BC) Graph CD) Graph DAnswer: BTopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves11) Even though Mary's income is very low, she makes sure that she purchases enough milk for her family to drink. As her income rises, she does buy more milk. Which graph in the above figure best represents Mary's Engel curve for milk?A) Graph AB) Graph BC) Graph CD) Graph DAnswer: CTopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves12) When John was in college and his income was low, he drank "Red Ribbon" beer. As his income increased, he purchased better-quality beer and less "Red Ribbon." Which graph in the above figure best represents John's Engel curve for "Red Ribbon" beer?A) Graph AB) Graph BC) Graph CD) Graph DAnswer: DTopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves13) Which graph in the above figure best represents a good that is an inferior good at some income levels, and a normal good at other income levels?A) Graph AB) Graph BC) Graph CD) Graph DAnswer: ATopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves14) If consumer income and prices increase by the same percentageA) the consumer will buy more of both goods.B) the consumer will buy more of both goods if they are both normal goods.C) the consumer will buy less of both goods if they are both inferior goods.D) the consumer's utility maximizing bundle stays the same.Answer: DTopic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand CurvesFor the following, please answer "True" or "False" and explain why.15) An increase in income (all else equal) will ALWAYS lead to a parallel shift of the budget line. Answer: True. Since prices are unchanged the relative prices of the goods stays the same and thus the slope of the budget line.Topic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves16) Explain what the slope of the income consumption curve shows about the income elasticity of demand. Answer: A positive slope of the income consumption curve is associated with a positive income elasticity of demand, and a negatively sloped income consumption curve is associated with a negative income elasticity of demand. The income consumption curve represents how consumption changes with an increase in income. An upward sloping income consumption curve represents an increase in consumption as income rises, as does a positive income elasticity.Topic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves17) Why can't all goods be inferior?Answer: If all goods were inferior, an increase in income would lead to a decline in the quantity demanded for all goods. This, however, would leave the consumer below the budget line and therefore not achieving the highest utility possible.Topic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves18) The above figure shows three different Engel curves. Rank them in terms of income elasticity. Answer: Engel curve A implies that a certain level of income is required before any of the good is purchased. Engel curve B implies that the quantity demanded is proportional to income (unit elastic). Engel curve C implies that the good is a necessity since it would be consumed even if income were zero. Thus _A > _B > _C.Topic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves19) When income increases by 1%, the quantity demanded of a good decreases by 2%. What is the income elasticity of the good? Is the good normal or inferior? Why?Answer: The income elasticity is -2. The good is inferior because the income elasticity is negative.Topic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves20) Why would you expect the demand for diamond jewelry to fall faster than plastic, costume jewelry when all incomes fall?Answer: The income elasticities differ for the two goods. Diamond jewelry most likely has a larger income elasticity than costume jewelry.Topic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves21) Draw budget constraints, indifference curves, and the income consumption curve for a good that has an income elasticity that is perfectly inelastic.Answer:See the above figure.Topic: How Changes in Income Shift Demand Curves5.3 Effects of a Price Change1) Median household income is $50,000 per year. The typical household spends about $125 per year on milk, which has an income elasticity of about 0.07. From this information, we can conclude thatA) milk is a luxury.B) milk is a Giffen good.C) the income effect from a change in the price of milk is very large.D) the income effect from a change in the price of milk is very small.Answer: DTopic: Effects of a Price Change2) When the price of a good changes, the total effect of the price change on the quantities purchased can be found by comparing the quantities purchasedA) on the old budget line and the new budget line.B) on the original indifference curve when faced with the original prices and when faced with the new prices.C) on the new budget line and a hypothetical budget line that is a parallel shift back to the original indifference curve.D) on the new indifference curve.Answer: ATopic: Effects of a Price Change3) When the price of a good changes, the substitution effect can be found by comparing the equilibrium quantities purchasedA) on the old budget line and the new budget line.B) on the original indifference curve when faced with the original prices and when faced with the new prices.C) on the new budget line and a hypothetical budget line that is a shift back to the original indifference curve parallel to the new budget line.D) on the new indifference curve.Answer: BTopic: Effects of a Price Change4) When the price of a good changes, the income effect can be found by comparing the equilibrium quantities purchasedA) on the old budget line and the new budget line.B) on the original indifference curve when faced with the original prices and when faced with the new prices.C) on the new budget line and a hypothetical budget line that is a shift back to the original indifference curve parallel to the new budget line.D) on the new indifference curve.Answer: CTopic: Effects of a Price Change5) The substitution effect can be measured holding ________ constant.A) incomeB) utilityC) the price of one goodD) the price of all goodsAnswer: BTopic: Effects of a Price Change6) Suppose that frozen dinners were once a normal good for John, but now frozen dinners are an inferior good for him. John's demand curve for frozen dinnersA) has become steeper as a result.B) has become flatter as a result.C) has not changed as a result.D) has disappeared as a result.Answer: ATopic: Effects of a Price Change7) One characteristic of a Giffen good is that itA) is a luxury good.B) is an inferior good.C) has an upward-sloping Engel curve.D) All of the above.Answer: BTopic: Effects of a Price Change8) A Giffen good hasA) a positive substitution effect.B) a negative income effect.C) a larger income effect than substitution effect.D) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: Effects of a Price Change9) If a good is an inferior good, then itsA) demand curve will be upward sloping.B) income effect reinforces the substitution effect.C) income elasticity is negative.D) Engel curve cannot be drawn.Answer: CTopic: Effects of a Price Change10) Suppose Lisa spends all of her money on books and coffee. When the price of coffee decreases, theA) substitution effect on coffee is positive, and the income effect on coffee is positive.B) substitution effect on coffee is ambiguous, and the income effect on coffee is ambiguous.C) substitution effect on coffee is positive, and the income effect on coffee is ambiguous.D) substitution effect on coffee is ambiguous, and the income effect on coffee is positive.Answer: CTopic: Effects of a Price Change11) In the case of a normal goodA) demand curves always slope downward.B) the income effect and substitution effect are in the same direction.C) the Engel curve slopes upward.D) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: Effects of a Price Change12) The above figure shows Bobby's indifference map for soda and juice. B1 indicates his original budget line. B2 indicates his budget line resulting from a decrease in the price of soda. What change in quantity best represents his substitution effect?A) 3B) 10C) 15D) 7Answer: ATopic: Effects of a Price Change13) The above figure shows Bobby's indifference map for soda and juice. B1 indicates his original budget line. B2 indicates his budget line resulting from a decrease in the price of soda. What change in quantity best represents his income effect?A) 3B) 10C) 15D) 7Answer: DTopic: Effects of a Price Change14) The above figure shows Bobby's indifference map for soda and juice. B1 indicates his original budget line. B2 indicates his budget line resulting from an increase in the price of soda. From the graph, one can conclude thatA) Bobby views soda as an inferior good.B) Bobby's demand for soda is perfectly inelastic.C) Bobby views soda as a normal good.D) the income elasticity of demand for soda is 1.Answer: CTopic: Effects of a Price Change15) When measuring the substitution effect one uses the change alongA) the old indifference curve.B) the new indifference curve.C) either the old or the new indifference curve.D) the budget constraint.Answer: CTopic: Effects of a Price Change16) The Slutsky equation shows that, holding the total effect constant, the income effect will be larger for goods thatA) have a smaller substitution effect.B) make up a larger percentage of a household's budget.C) have perfectly inelastic demand curves.D) All of the above.Answer: BTopic: Effects of a Price Change17) Suppose that the interest rate paid to savers increases. As a result, Tom wishes to save less. This suggests that, for Tom,A) the substitution effect is greater than the income effect.B) the income effect is greater than the substitution effect.C) utility maximization is not occurring.D) future consumption is a luxury.Answer: BTopic: Effects of a Price Change18) Suppose that the interest rate paid to savers increases. As a result, Tom wishes to save more. This suggests that, for Tom,A) the substitution effect is greater than the income effect.B) the income effect is greater than the substitution effect.C) utility maximization is not occurring.D) future consumption is a luxury.Answer: ATopic: Effects of a Price ChangeFor the following, please answer "True" or "False" and explain why.19) If a consumer is compensated for the income effect that occurs when the price of a good increases, then his demand curves can never slope upward.Answer: True. The demand curve would only include the substitution effect. Even for Giffen goods, dq/dp is negative holding utility constant.Topic: Effects of a Price Change20) A good may be inferior at some income levels and normal at others.Answer: True. A consumer may demand more of the good at low income levels and less of the good at higher income levels. Hamburger or macaroni and cheese dinners may be examples of such goods.Topic: Effects of a Price Change21) If the Engel curve for a good is upward sloping, the demand curve for that good must be downward sloping.Answer: True. If the Engel curve is upward sloping, the good is normal. As a result, the income effect will reinforce the substitution effect and guarantee a downward-sloping demand curve.Topic: Effects of a Price Change22) Suppose Joe earns $1,000 in year 1 and $0 in year 2. Any amount he saves will earn interest at a rate of 10%. Draw Joe's budget line. (Hint: He can either consume all $1000 this year or consume nothing this year and have $1,100 next year.) Assuming convex indifference curves, show that an increase in the rate of interest can cause Joe's savings to either increase or decrease. Explain in terms of income and substitution effect.Answer:See the above figure. On the graph, his original bundle is e1 so that his savings equal 1000 - C1*. A higher interest rate rotates the budget line so that, depending on the shape of his indifference map, he may choose either e2, which means savings increase, or e3, which means savings decrease. One plus the interest rate represents the price of current consumption. A higher interest rate has two effects. The substitution effect means that Joe will save more because current consumption has become more expensive. The income effect says Joe will save less because, with the higher interest rate, lower savings could actually generate more future consumption.Topic: Effects of a Price Change23) Many manufacturers sell products labeled as having imperfections at a discount at their factory outlets but do not ship these imperfect goods to regular retail outlets. Why?Answer: There is some substitutability between the goods, but imperfects sell for a lower price. Suppose, for example, the good sells for $2, but imperfects sell for $1. Both goods cost the same to ship, say $1. As a result, the relative price of an imperfect at a factory outlet is (1/2) but rises to (2/3) at the retail outlet, where imperfects will not sell because of the higher relative price.Topic: Effects of a Price Change5.4 Cost-of-Living Adjustments1) Due to inflation, nominal prices are usuallyA) equal to real prices.B) smaller than real prices.C) larger than real prices.D) a constant proportion different from real prices.Answer: CTopic: Cost-of-Living Adjustments2) A consumer price index adjustment overcompensates for inflation because it ignoresA) the income effect when relative prices change.B) the substitution effect when relative prices change.C) that some goods are inferior.D) that the substitution effect may offset the income effect.Answer: BTopic: Cost-of-Living Adjustments3) Employing a fixed-weight index like the Consumer Price Index to adjust a person's salary in response to inflation will overcompensate this person because doing so will allow this person toA) buy the same bundle of goods as he did before the inflation.B) achieve a higher level of utility than he did before the inflation.C) achieve the same level of utility as before the inflation.D) buy more of all goods.Answer: BTopic: Cost-of-Living Adjustments4) Under which of the following conditions will there be no substitution bias in the CPI?A) Indifference curves are convex.B) Indifference curves are L-shaped.C) Indifference curves are linear.D) Indifference curves are downward sloping.Answer: BTopic: Cost-of-Living Adjustments5) Under which of the following conditions will there be no substitution bias in the CPI?A) Lower-priced goods increase in price by a greater percentage than do higher-priced goods.B) Higher-price goods increase in price by a greater percentage than do lower-priced goods.C) All goods change in price by the same amount.D) All goods change in price by the same percentage.Answer: DTopic: Cost-of-Living Adjustments6) A true cost-of-living adjustment in response to a change in prices would compensate consumers so that they would be able toA) purchase the same bundle they purchased before prices changed.B) achieve the same level of utility they did before prices changed.C) face the same choices they did before prices changed.D) achieve an increase in utility that is equal to the rate of inflation.Answer: BTopic: Cost-of-Living Adjustments7) Richard receives government transfer payments and currently consumes 5 guns and 6 goose livers. Assume the price of guns decreases by 10% and the price of goose liver increases by 20%. The government raises Richard's transfer payments so he can still afford 5 guns and 6 goose livers. Does this constitute a true cost-of-living adjustment?A) No. Richard is overcompensated.B) No. Richard is undercompensated.C) Yes. The payment just achieves the right level of compensation.D) Not enough information.Answer: ATopic: Cost-of-Living Adjustments8) Before an uneven rise in prices Allan consumed 5 bread and 6 juice. After the price increase and with an increased welfare payment from the government Allan consumes 4 bread and 7 juice. Does the government payment represent a true cost-of-living adjustment?A) Yes, if the two consumption bundles lie on the same indifference curve.B) Yes, if the second bundle yields more utility than the first.C) No, the first bundle is clearly preferred.D) Not enough information.Answer: ATopic: Cost-of-Living AdjustmentsFor the following, please answer "True" or "False" and explain why.9) Inflation over time necessarily makes consumers worse off.Answer: False. Wages also increase over time. Workers may earn the price of some goods in less time than in the past.Topic: Cost-of-Living Adjustments10) Using the CPI to compensate workers for inflation is appropriate because, in the face of a change in relative prices, people should be allowed to purchase the same bundle as they did before the price changes. Answer: False. This assumes that people would still prefer the original bundle. Because they are facing a new set of relative prices, compensating people so that they could purchase the original bundle will allow them to be able to achieve a higher level of utility than they did before the price changes.Topic: Cost-of-Living Adjustments11) Suppose the typical consumer only purchases food and clothing, and her utility can be expressed as U =F * C. Currently, food costs $5 per unit and clothing costs $2 per unit. Her income is $70. If the price of food increases to $6, compare the resulting Laspyre's price index with a true cost of living index.Answer: Maximizing utility subject to the initial constraint (5F + 2C = 70) yields C/F = 5/2 or F = 7 and C = 17.5. The Laspyre's price index calculates the ratio of the income necessary to achieve the original bundle relative to the original income. In this case [(6 * 7) + (2 * 17.5)]/70 = 1.10. The true cost of living index calculates the ratio of the income necessary to achieve the original level of utility relative to the original income. Utility is held constant when C * F = 17.5 * 7 = 122.5. The consumer is on the new budget line when C/F = 3. Combining yields F = 6.39 and C = 19.17. At the new prices, this requires an income of 76.68 and a resulting cost of living index of 76.68/70 = 1.095.Topic: Cost-of-Living Adjustments。
胡壮麟-语言学教程修订版-课堂笔记和讲义精选Chapter--(5)
Chapter 5 Meaning5.1 Meanings of “meaning”1. Meaning: Meaning refers to what a language expresses about the world welive in or any possible or imaginary world.2. Connotation: The additional meaning that a word or phrase has beyond itscentral meaning.3. Denotation: That part of the meanings of a word or phrase that relates itto phenomena in the real world or in a fictional or possible word.4. Different types of meaning (Recognized by Leech, 1974)(1) Conceptual meaning: Logical, cognitive, or denotative content.(2) Associative meaninga. Connotative meaning: What is communicated by virtue of whatlanguage refers to.b. Social meaning: What is communicated of the social circumstancesof language use.c. Affective meaning: What is communicated of the feelings andattitudes of the speaker / writer.d. Reflected meaning: What is communicated through association withanother sense of the same expression.e. Collocative meaning: What is communicated through association withwords which tend to occur in the environment of another word.(3) Thematic meaning: What is communicated by the way in which the messageis organized in terms of order and emphasis.5. The difference between meaning, concept, connotation, and denotationMeaning refers to the association of language symbols with the real world.There are many types of meaning according to different approaches.Concept is the impression of objects in people’s mind.Connotation is the implied meaning, similar to implication.Denotation, like sense, is not directly related with objects, but makes the abstract assumption of the real world.5.2 The referential theory1. The referential theory: The theory of meaning which relates the meaningof a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as thereferential theory.2. The semantic triangle theoryOgden and Richards presented the classic “Semantic Triangle”as manifested in the following diagram, in which the “symbol”refers to the linguist elements (word, sentence, etc.), the “referent” refers to the object in the world of experience, and the “thought”or “reference”refers to concept or notion. Thusthe symbol of a word signifies “things” by virtue of the “concept,”associated with the form of the word in the mind of the speaker of the language. The concept thus considered is the meaning of the word. The connection (represented witha dotted line) between symbol and referent is made possible only through“concept.”Concept / notionThought / reference----------------------Symbol objectWord stands for realitySignifier referentCode signified5.3 Sense relations5.3.1 SynonymySynonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation.5.3.2 AntonymyAntonymy is the name for oppositeness relation. There are three subtypes: gradable, complementary and converse antonymy.1. Gradable antonymyGradable antonymy is the commonest type of antonymy. They are mainly adjectives, e.g. good / bad, long / short, big / small, etc.2. Complementary antonymyThe members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each other. That is, they divide up the whole of a semantic filed completely.Not only the assertion of one means the denial of the other, the denialof one also means the assertion of the other, e.g. alive / dead, hit / miss,male / female, boy / girl, etc.3. Converse antonymyConverse antonyms are also called relational opposites. This is a special type of antonymy in that the members of a pair do not constitutea positive-negative opposition. They show the reversal of a relationshipbetween two entities, e.g. buy / sell, parent / child, above / below,etc.5.3.3 HyponymyHyponymy involves us in the notion of meaning inclusion. It is a matter of class membership. That is to say, when x is a kind of y, thelower term x is the hyponym, and the upper term y is the superordinate.Two or more hyponyms of the same one superordinate are calledco-hyponyms, e.g. under flower, there are peony, jasmine, tulip, violet,rose, etc., flower is the superordinate of peony, jasmine,etc., peonyis the hyponym of flower,and peony, jasmine, tulip, violet, rose, etc.are co-hyponyms.5.4 Componential analysisComponential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components. That is, the meaning of a word is not an unanalyzable whole. It may be seen as a complex of different semantic features. There are semantic units smaller than the meaning of a word. E.g.Boy: [+human][-adult][+male]Girl: [+human][-adult][-male]Son: child (x, y) & male (x)Daughter: child (x, y) & -male (x)Take: cause (x, (have (x, y)))Give: cause (x, (-have (x, y)))5.5 Sentence meaning5.5.1 An integrated theory1. Compositionality: A principle for sentence analysis, in which themeaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituentwords and the way they are combine.2. Selection restrictions: Restrictions on the choice of individuallexical units in construction with other units. E.g. the wordbreathe will typically select an animate subject (boy, man, woman,etc.) not an abstract or an inanimate (table, book, etc.). The boywas still breathing. The desk was breathing.5.5.2 Logical semantics1. Prepositional logic / prepositional calculus / sentential calculus:Prepositional logic is the study of the truth conditions forpropositions: how the truth of a composite proposition isdetermined by the truth value of its constituent propositions andthe connections between them.2. Predicate logic / predicate calculus: Predicate logic studies theinternal structure of simple propositions.。
生物信息学 chapter05_blast(tingke)
步骤3：粘贴或上传序列
步骤4：选择数据库
nr = non-redundant (most general database) dbest = database of expressed sequence tags dbsts = database of sequence tag sites gss = genomic survey sequences htgs = high throughput genomic sequence
表 BLAST 子程序及其搜索功能简表
程序
查询序列
数据库类型 返回序列
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
搜索功能
blastn
核酸
核酸
核酸
用核酸查询序列与核酸数据库中的序列进 行比对
blastp
蛋白质
蛋白质
蛋白质
用蛋白质查询序列与蛋白质数据库中的序 列进行比对
blastx 核酸（翻译）
蛋白质
蛋白质
核酸查询序列先 6 框翻译成蛋白质序列后再 逐一与蛋白质数据库中的序列进行比对
Program Input blastn DNA blastp protein blastx DNA tblastn protein tblastx DNA
Database 1
DNA 1
protein 6
protein 6
DNA 36
DNA
Fig. 4.3
page 91
每种工具各自的特点：
blastn是用核酸序列来搜索核酸序列数据库， 最后返回相似度高的核酸序列。 blastp是用蛋白质序列来搜索蛋白质序列数据 库，最后返回相似度高的蛋白序列。 blastx能够在提交核酸序列后，自动根据可能 的阅读框架将其翻译成6种蛋白质序列，然后 逐一搜索蛋白质序列数据库，最后返回相似度 高的蛋白序列。
5-Competitior-Analysis
➢Collecting relevant data to enable processes and operations to be compared
➢Comparison with own processes
9
Porter’s Value Chain
➢ Value chain is a useful tool for companies to determine ways to create more customer value.
➢ The task is to examine its cost and performance in each value-creating activity and to look for ways to improve it.
➢Assessing competitor’s resources ➢Predicting competitor’s future strategies
6
Assessing competitor’s current and future objectives
➢Goals can indicate where the company is intending to develop and in which markets.
Chapter 5 Competitor Analysis
1
Content
➢Competitive Benchmarking ➢The dimensions of competitor analysis ➢Choosing good competitors ➢Obtaining & disseminating competitive information
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P231
5.3 负反馈放大电路的分析计算
深度负反馈的实质
Xo A Af X i 1 AF
若 1 AF 1 若 1 AF 1
回路增益 AF 只有 AF 0，
电路引入的才为负反馈
则 Af A 负反馈 则 Af A 正反馈
Uo Uo 1 Auf Ui Uf Fuu Uo 1 1 Ausf Us Fiu Rs
与负载无关
Uo 1 R Auf L Ui Fui
U o 1 RL Ausf U s Fii Rs
5.3 负反馈放大电路的分析计算
量纲分析
A X o X i F Xf Xo Af X o X i
Af 是广义放大倍数，其含义和量纲与反馈的组态有关
反馈组态 功能 电压串联 电压控制电压 电压并联 电流控制电压 电流串联 电压控制电流 电流并联 电流控制电流
与负载成 线性关系
通常，Auf ( Ausf )、A、F、Af 符号相同
?
Examples: P. 248 - 251
5.3 负反馈放大电路的分析计算
求在深度负反馈条件下电路的电压放大倍数
?
_
_ +
+
+
uF
+
_
Re1Re3 Uf F Io Re1 Rf Re3 Uo R Rf Re3 Auf e1 Rc3 Ui Re1Re3
放大倍数：
反馈系数：
If 1 Fiu Uo RF
?
If Fiu Uo
Uo Aui I i
转移电阻
Uo 1 1 Ausf U s Fiu Rs
1 1 R Ausf F Fiu Rs R2
5.3 负反馈放大电路的分析计算
转移电导
RL Auf RF
5.3 负反馈放大电路的分析计算
四、电流并联负反馈
Fii I f I o
Us I f Rs，Uo I o RL
U o 1 RL Ausf U s Fii Rs
反馈系数：
I f R2 Fii Io RF＋R2
四、串联反馈和并联反馈 放大电路和反馈网络在输入端的连接方式， 输入量、反馈量、净输入量的叠加关系。
+ _ 负反馈
U i U i U f --串联负反馈 I i I i I f --并联负反馈
5.1 反馈的基本概念
四、串联反馈和并联反馈
uF
5.3 负反馈放大电路的分析计算
5.3.3 基于理想运放的电压放大倍数的计算方法
理想运放的参数特征： 开环差模电压增益 Aod = ∞； 差模输入电阻 rid = ∞； 输出电阻 ro = 0； 共模抑制比 KCMR = ∞； UIO = 0、IIO = 0； 输入偏置电流 IIB = 0； - 3 dB 带宽 fH = ∞，等等。
第五章
放大电路中的反馈
5.1 反馈的基本概念
5.3 负反馈放大电路的分析计算
5.2 负反馈对放大电路性能的影响 5.4 负反馈放大电路的自激振荡
Remark： 和书上章节顺序不是特别一致
5.1 反馈的基本概念
5.1.1 反馈概念的建立
T
ICQ (IEQ)
UEQ = IEQRe UBEQ = UBQ- UEQ
U_ U+ UO
A +
使uO为0在输入端 所加的补偿电压
5.3 负反馈放大电路的分析计算
理想运放工作在线性区时的特点 输出电压与其两个输入端的电压之间存在线性放大关系
uo Aod (u u输入电压等于零
u (u u ) O 0 Aod
u u
串联：反馈量 X f 和输入量 X i 接于不同的输入端。
电压：将负载短路，反馈量为零。 电流：将负载短路，反馈量仍然存在。
5.1 反馈的基本概念
Example: 图示电路有无引入反馈？是直流反馈还是交流反馈？是正反馈 还是负反馈？若为交流负反馈，其组态为哪种？
作用？
_ + _ + uF _ + +
反馈深度 1 AF :
若 1 AF 1
A A 1 Af , 即 Xi Xf 1 AF AF F
深度负反馈放大电路的放大倍数主要由反馈网络的反馈系 数决定，净输入量忽略不计，能保持稳定
5.3 负反馈放大电路的分析计算
Uf +
RF
Uf Fuu Uo Uo Uo 1 Auuf U i U f Fuu
U i U i U f R1 Uf Uo R1 RF
反馈系数：
U f R1 Fuu U o R1 RF
i
负反馈放大电路 的基本放大电路
X i X i X f
AX i AX i Af X Xi X i FX o f 反馈网络 AX i X i AFX i 方框图中信号是单向流通
A Af 1 AF
ICQ
IBQ
5.1 反馈的基本概念
反馈放大电路可用方框图表示
放大电路输出量的一部分或全部通过一定的方式 引回到输入回路，影响输入，称为反馈。
怎样引回
从输出电压 还是输出电 流引出 多少 怎样引出 影响放大电路的输入 电压还是输入电流
5.1 反馈的基本概念
有无反馈的判断
找联系：找输出回路与输入回路的联系
电压放大倍数：
Uo Auu U i
1 R Auuf 1 F Fuu R1
Remark: 确定合适的电压放大倍数!
5.3 负反馈放大电路的分析计算
二、 电压并联负反馈
Rif很小
电压放大倍数仅对信号源有意义!
If Fiu Uo Ausf
为什么?
为什么?
若从第三级射极输出， 则引入了哪种组态的 交流负反馈？ 若在第三级的射极加 旁路电容，则反馈的 性质有何变化？
若在第三级的射极加旁路电容，且在输出端和输入端跨接 一电阻，则反馈的性质有何变化？
5.3 负反馈放大电路的分析计算
5.3.1 反馈方框图和一般表达式
Xo 基本放大电路的放大倍数 A X i Xf 反馈系数 F Xo Xo 反馈放大电路的放大倍数 Af X
A U o U i Uo I i I o Ui
I o I i
F Uf Uo If Uo
Uf I
f
Af
Uo U Io I
o
U i 电压放大倍数 I 转移电阻
i
Io I
o
o
Ui I
i
转移电导 电流放大倍数
三、电流串联负反馈
uF
RF
Uf Fui I
o
U i U i U f
放大倍数： 反馈系数：
Io Aiu U i Uf R Fui F Io
Uf I o RF
U o I o RL 1 R Auf L Ui Uf Fui
交、直流 反馈共存
仅有直 流反馈
仅有交 流反馈
仅有直 流反馈
5.1 反馈的基本概念
三、电压反馈和电流反馈
反馈网络的取样对象
将输出电压的一部分或全部引回到输入回路 来影响净输入量的为电压反馈 X U
o o
将输出电流的一部分或全部引回到输入回路 来影响净输入量的为电流反馈 X I
o o
有反馈吗？
即在输入回路 又在输出回路
将输出电压全 部反馈回去
5.1 反馈的基本概念
一、正反馈和负反馈 引入反馈后其变化是增大？ 还是减小？
引入反馈后其变化是 增大？还是减小？
从反馈的结果来判断!
5.1 反馈的基本概念
一、正反馈和负反馈
反馈极性的判断：瞬时极性法
极性正、负判断的原则：
对分立元件，C 与 B 极性相反，E与 B 极性相同 对集成运放， uO与uN极性相反， uO与uP极性相同
集成运放： uO与 uN极性相反， uO与uP极性相同
判断净输入信号是增加或减小 2. 交、直流负反馈的判断 直流负反馈：反馈量只含有直流量 交流负反馈：反馈量只含有交流量
5.1 反馈的基本概念
3. 四种负反馈阻态的判断 电压串联、电压并联、电流串联和电流并联
并联：反馈量 X f 和输入量 X i 接于同一输入端。
反馈电流 净输入电流减小 引入了负反馈
净输入电流增大 引入了正反馈
u N uO iR2 R2
反馈量
5.1 反馈的基本概念
二、直流反馈和交流反馈 引入交流负反馈
直流负反馈
引入直流负反馈
直流负反馈可稳定静态工作点 交流负反馈用以改善放大电路的性能
5.1 反馈的基本概念
二、直流反馈和交流反馈 看通路：看反馈是存在于直流通路还是交流通路
深度负反馈的实质
Xo A Af X i 1 AF
U 对于串联负反馈： i Uf
只有 AF 0， 电路引入的才为负反馈
并联负反馈：I i I f
在中频段，通常 A、F、Af 符号相同。