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物理第一课

物理第一课
我们的
物究声、光、热、 力、电等各种物理现象的规 律和物质结构的一门科学。
Q:物理是什么?
part1: 声 part2: 光 part3: 热 part4: 力 part5: 电 part6: 物质结构
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school
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• 清华大学:8个专业(类),物理基础类专业要求选 考物理,化学基础类专业要求选考化学。
• 浙江大学:24个专业(类),多数要求选考物理, 比如工科试验班,有的选考物理、化学。
代表人物: 爱因斯坦
观察和实验是科学探究的基本方法。
Q:为什么学物理
新高考模式:3+3 除语文、数学、英语之外,从政治、历史、地理、物 理、化学、生物6个科目中自主选择3科作为考试科目。
这“6选3”决定的,不仅是选考试科目,还有考后填 报专业。展开来说,“6选3”总共有35种组合,最全 能的是“理化生组合”,报考范围达到80%。
2017年在上海、浙江招生的1400多所高校中,有70%的 高校对选考科目有要求。
其中,浙江高校要求选考的科目比例如下:
不难看出,排在第一名的正是…
• 接下来再看看三所著名大学的政策: • 北京大学:32个专业(类),四成专业要求一门选
考科目,比如生物科学类要求选考生物,心理学、计算 机等专业要求选考物理。
物理推动社会发展
•1:17-18世纪,力学、热学的发展, “蒸汽时代”
•2:19世纪,电磁学的研究,“电气时 代”
•3:20世纪以来,电子计算机、互联网 等,“智能化、信息化的高科技新时代”
物理学三位重要的伟人
•1:伽利略
摆的等时性
•2:牛顿
万有引力

最新高一物理知识点总结归纳5篇

最新高一物理知识点总结归纳5篇

最新高一物理知识点总结归纳5篇很抱歉,本文的语种为英文,下面是最新高一物理知识点总结归纳5篇的英文原文:Physics is one of the fundamental sciences that deal with the study of the natural world, including the properties of matter, energy, space, and time. As high school students, there are several physics knowledge points that you need to understand to excel in the subject. This article provides a summary of the most important high school physics concepts that students need to know.1. KinematicsKinematics is the study of motion without concerning the forces that cause it. Highschool students should understand the following concepts in kinematics:- Distance: The total length of the path taken by an object.- Displacement: The change in position of an object.- Velocity: The speed of an object in a given direction.- Acceleration: The rate of change of an object's velocity. Examples of kinematics concepts in action include the equations of motion, projectile motion, and circular motion.2. Newton's Laws of MotionNewton's laws of motion describe the behavior of objects in motion. High school students should understand these laws andhow they apply to the real world. They include:- Newton’s first law: An object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.- Newton’s second law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. Mathematically, F=ma.- Newton’s third law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.Examples of Newton's laws of motion in action include the forces applied to a car when it drives, the forces behind a baseball being thrown, and the forces controlling a rocket.3. Work, Energy, and PowerWork, energy, and power are key physics concepts that help students understand how energy is transferred in the natural world. High school students should understand the following concepts:- Work: The energy transferred when a force is applied to an object and the object moves in the direction of the force.- Kinetic energy: The energy possessed by an object due to its motion.- Potential energy: The energy possessed by an object due to its position or configuration.- Power: The rate at which work is done.Examples of work, energy, and power in action include themovement of a heavy object up a hill, the energy stored in a wound-up spring-powered device, and the power generated by a wind turbine.4. WavesWaves are disturbances that travel through space and time, and high school students should understand the properties of waves, including:- Amplitude: The maximum distance a wave oscillates from its resting position.- Wavelength: The distance between two consecutive peaks of a wave.- Frequency: The number of complete waves that pass a given point in a second.- Velocity: The speed of the wave.Examples of waves in action include sound waves through air or water, the electromagnetic waves that transmit information, and waves generated by earthquakes.5. Electricity and MagnetismElectrical fields and magnetic fields are two important phenomena that are closely related. High school students should understand how electricity and magnetism are related, including:- Electric charge: The property of matter that causes it to experience a force in the presence of an electric field.- Electric field: A field of force surrounding an electric charge.- Magnetic field: A field of force surrounding a magnet.- Electromagnetic waves: Waves that are created by the interplay of electric and magnetic fields.Examples of electricity and magnetism at work include electric circuits used to power a light bulb, magnets used in motors, and transformers used in electrical systems.6. OpticsOptics is the study of light and its properties. High school students should understand the following concepts in optics:- Reflection: The bouncing of light off a surface.- Refraction: The bending of light as it passes through a medium with different optical properties.- Diffraction: The bending of light waves around obstacles or through small openings.- Interference: The phenomenon that occurs when two or more waves meet and combine.Examples of optics at work include mirrors, lenses, prisms, and the behavior of light in cameras and microscopes.7. ThermodynamicsThermodynamics is the study of heat and its relationship with other forms of energy. High school students should understand the following concepts in thermodynamics:- Temperature: The measure of the average amount of kineticenergy possessed by the particles in a substance.- Heat: The transfer of thermal energy between two bodies at different temperatures.- Laws of thermodynamics: The laws that describe the behavior of energy and its relative forms.- Entropy: A measure of the degree of disorder or randomness in a system.Examples of thermodynamics at work include the functioning of machines and engines, the behavior of fuels in chemical reactions, and the transfer of thermal energy in household appliances.8. Atomic and Nuclear PhysicsAtomic and nuclear physics deal with the structure and behavior of atoms and their nuclei. High school students should understand the following concepts in atomic and nuclear physics:- Atomic structure: The composition of an atom, including its protons, neutrons, and electrons.- Radioactivity: The spontaneous emission of particles or energy from unstable atomic nuclei.- Nuclear fission and fusion: The processes by which atomic nuclei can be split or combined to release energy.- Quantum mechanics: The study of the behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic level.Examples of atomic and nuclear physics at work include nuclear power plants, medical imaging technologies such as MRI machines and PET scans, and the use of radioactive isotopes in scientificresearch.In conclusion, these are some of the most important high school physics concepts that students need to know to excel in the subject. Understanding these concepts will help students to better understand the natural world and its underlying principles.。

中学物理单元教学设计流程的探讨

中学物理单元教学设计流程的探讨

中学物理单元教学设计流程的探讨一、本文概述Overview of this article随着教育改革的不断深化,教学设计在提升教学质量、促进学生全面发展中的作用日益凸显。

特别是在中学物理教学中,如何优化教学设计,使其既符合学科特点,又能满足学生的学习需求,已成为教育工作者关注的焦点。

本文旨在探讨中学物理单元教学设计的流程,以期为一线教师提供有益的参考和借鉴。

With the continuous deepening of education reform, the role of instructional design in improving teaching quality and promoting comprehensive development of students is becoming increasingly prominent. Especially in high school physics teaching, how to optimize teaching design to meet both the characteristics of the subject and the learning needs of students has become a focus of attention for educators. This article aims to explore the process of teaching design for middle school physics units, in order to provide useful reference and inspiration for frontline teachers.本文将首先明确中学物理单元教学设计的核心概念,阐述其重要性及必要性。

接着,通过对现有文献的梳理和分析,总结中学物理单元教学设计的一般流程,包括教学目标的设定、教学内容的选择与组织、教学方法与手段的运用、教学评价的设计与实施等环节。

辽宁 物理高考 知识点分值分布

辽宁 物理高考 知识点分值分布

辽宁物理高考知识点分值分布The distribution of knowledge points in the physics high school entrance examination in Liaoning Province is crucial for students preparing for the test. Understanding the weightage given to different topics can help students prioritize their study efforts and focus on areas that carry more marks. It is essential for students to familiarize themselves with the syllabus and know which topics are likely to be assessed more prominently in the exam.辽宁省物理高考中知识点的分值分布对于准备考试的学生来说至关重要。

了解不同主题的权重可以帮助学生优先考虑他们的学习努力,并专注于那些占据更多分数的领域。

学生必须熟悉课程表,并知道哪些主题在考试中可能会得到更广泛的评估。

Physics is a subject that requires a deep understanding of fundamental principles and concepts. The high school entrance examination in Liaoning Province aims to test students' comprehension of key topics such as mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, and optics. Students need to be well-versed in these areas to excel in the exam and secure a good score. Bydevoting time and effort to mastering these fundamental concepts, students can build a strong foundation for solving problems and tackling complex questions in the physics exam.物理是一个需要深刻理解基本原理和概念的科目。

中学物理,普通物理与四大力学重复

中学物理,普通物理与四大力学重复

中学物理,普通物理与四大力学重复1.物理是研究物质运动规律和物质结构的科学。

Physics is the science that studies the laws of motion and the structure of matter.2.常见的物理学分支包括力学、热力学、电磁学、光学和量子力学等。

Common branches of physics include mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics, and quantum mechanics.3.学习物理可以帮助我们更好地理解自然界的现象和规律。

Studying physics can help us better understand the phenomena and laws of nature.4.普通物理是中学物理的一部分,重点介绍了物质的基本性质和运动规律。

General physics is a part of middle school physics, focusing on the basic properties and motion laws of matter.5.会议结束后,学生们通过实验加深了对普通物理的理解。

After the meeting, the students deepened their understanding of general physics through experiments.6.中学物理是普通物理的综合应用,旨在培养学生的科学素养和实践能力。

Middle school physics is the comprehensive application of general physics, aiming to cultivate students' scientific literacy and practical ability.7.学习中学物理,首先要了解四大力学的基本概念和作用。

《物理性污染》课件

《物理性污染》课件

03
影响人体健康
长期暴露于物理性污染环 境中,会对人体健康造成 不同程度的危害,如听力 受损、头痛、失眠等。
影响生态环境
物理性污染会对生态环境 造成影响,如影响动植物 生长繁殖,破坏生态平衡 。
影响社会经济发展
物理性污染会影响社会经 济发展,如影响城市居民 的生活质量,制约工业生 产和城市建设的发展。
光污染的传播途径
主要通过空气和地面传播,影响人们 的视觉和健康。
光污染对人类的影响
01
视觉影响
过强的光线会刺激眼睛,导致视力 下降、眼疲劳等。
生理健康
光污染可能对人体的生物钟、激素 分泌等产生不良影响。
03
02
睡眠质量
夜间过亮的照明会干扰人体内褪黑 激素的分泌,影响睡眠质量。
心理健康
光污染可能引发焦虑、抑郁等心理 问题。
推广低电磁辐射产品和技术
提高公众的电磁辐射防护意识
鼓励研发和推广低电磁辐射产品和技术, 减少电磁辐射的产生和传播。
加强电磁辐射防护知识的宣传和教育,提 高公众对电磁辐射污染的认识和防护意识 。
01
光污染
光污染的来源与传播
自然光源
如太阳光、月光等。
人造光源
如路灯、霓虹灯、广告灯箱等。
反射光
如建筑物的玻璃幕墙、光滑的路面等 反射的光线。
01
噪音污染
噪音的来源与传播
01
02
03
04
交通噪音
包括飞机、汽车、火车等交通 工具产生的噪音,主要通过空
气传播。
工业噪音
来自工厂、建筑工地等工业生 产场所,通过空气传播。
娱乐噪音
来自音乐会、酒吧、KTV等娱 乐场所,通过空气传播。

How do you come to school

How do you come to school

Read in roles
Do you like your new home, Su Hai? Yes! It’s very big. I like it very much, but it’s far from school. Where do you live now? I live on Moon Street, near City Library. How do you come to school? Su Yang and I come to school by bus.
Listen and match
How do they come to school?
Read and circle
Su Hai lives near/ far from school. She lives on Moon Street /Park Street, near City Library. Yang Ling lives near/ far from school. Mike lives in Sunshine Town/ near City Library. Liu Tao lives on Moon Street/ Park Street.
by plane by bus
on foot
TAXI
by taxi
by train by car
by bike
Watch the cartoon and answer questions. 看动画回答问题。
Where do they live?
Read and match
How do they come to school?
Quick respond 快速反应 Watch and say the transportations as quickly as possible! 看卡通快速说出交通工具! Loudly! 大声!

初中物理中常用的单位换算方法及应用

初中物理中常用的单位换算方法及应用

初中物理中常用的单位换算方法及应用In middle school physics, unit conversion methods and their applications are essential for understanding and solving problems related to measurements. Let's explore some commonly used unit conversion methods and their practical applications.1. Length Conversion:In physics, we often need to convert between different units of length. The most commonly used units are meters (m), centimeters (cm), and millimeters (mm). To convert between these units, we use the following conversion factors:1 m = 100 cm1 m = 1000 mmFor example, if we have a length of 2.5 meters and want to express it in centimeters, we multiply 2.5 by 100 to get 250 centimeters.1. 长度转换:在物理学中,我们经常需要在不同的长度单位之间进行转换。

最常用的单位有米(m)、厘米(cm)和毫米(mm)。

为了在这些单位之间进行转换,我们使用以下换算因子:1 m = 100 cm1 m = 1000 mm例如,如果我们有一个长度为2.5米的物体,想要用厘米表示,我们将2.5乘以100,得到250厘米。

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第七章恒定磁场1. 如图, 一根无限长直导线,通有电流I , 中部一段弯成圆弧形,求图中O 点磁感应强度的大小。

根据磁场叠加原理,O 点的磁感应强度是)A (-∞、)ABC (和)C (∞三段共同产生的。

)A (-∞段在O 点磁感应强度大小:)cos (cos x4IB 2101θθπμ-=将3021πθθ==,,a a x 236cos==π代入得到:=1B ,方向垂直于纸面向里;)C (∞段在O 点磁感应强度大小:)cos (cos x4IB 2102θθπμ-=将πθππθ=-=213,,6cosπa x =带入得到:=2B ,方向垂直向里;)ABC (段在O 点磁感应强度大小:,61*203aIB μ=,方向垂直于纸面向里。

O 点磁感应强度的大小:321B B B B ++=,=B , 方向垂直于纸面向里。

第八章电磁感应电磁场第九章振动[简谐振动(弹簧振子),微分方程,振动方程]**5 如图所示,系统做简谐振动。

则其频率为.***一弹簧振子,当t=0时,物体处在x=A/2(A为振幅)且向正方向运动,则它的初相为第十章波动(波动方程,能量)****8. 一平面简谐波在弹性媒质中传播,在媒质质元从最大位移处回到平衡位置过程中:【C】(A)它的势能转换成动能;(B)它的动能转换成势能;(C)它从相邻的一段媒质质元获得能量,其能量逐渐增加;(D)它把自己的能量传给相邻的一段媒质质元,其能量逐渐减小。

****9. 一平面简谐波在弹性媒质中传播时,在传播方向上媒质中某质元在负的最大位移处,则它的能量是:【B】(A)动能为零,势能最大;(B)动能为零,势能为零;(C)动能最大,势能最大;(D)动能最大,势能为零。

****一平面简谐波沿X正方向传播,波动方程为y=10cos[2π(t/4+x/2)-π/2],该波在t=1时刻的波形图为:第十一章(光程;杨氏双缝干涉;劈尖;马吕斯定律;布鲁斯特角)光程:光通过某一媒质的光程等于光在相同时间里在真空中所传播的几何路程:1. 有两束相干光, 波长为λ,初相相同,在不同介质中传播,若在相遇点它们几何路程差为r r 21-,则相位差)(21122r n r n -=∆λπϕ。

1. 在相同的时间内,一束波长为λ的单色光在空气中和在玻璃中: 【 C 】(A) 传播的路程相等,走过的光程相等; (B) 传播的路程相等,走过的光程不相等; (C) 传播的路程不相等,走过的光程相等; (D) 传播的路程不相等,走过的光程不相等。

在真空中波长为λ的单色光,在折射率为n 的透明介质中从A 沿某路径传播到B ,若A 、B 两点相位差为3π,则AB 之间的距离为: C(A )1.5λ (B )3λ (C )1.5nλ(D )1.5n λ双缝干涉:nr l =*4. 试分析在双缝实验中,当作如下调节时,屏幕上的干涉条纹将如何变化?(A) 双缝间距变小:条纹变宽; (B) 屏幕移近: 条纹变窄; (C) 波长变长: 条纹变宽;(D) 如图所示,把双缝中的一条狭缝挡住,并在两缝垂直平分线上放一块平面反射镜:看到的明条纹亮度暗一些,与杨氏双缝干涉相比较,明暗条纹相反;Ddx λ=∆)4(填空题)3(填空题劈尖**如图,用单色光垂直照射空气劈尖,在观察等候干涉条纹时,若把劈尖下表面玻璃缓慢向下平移,则干涉条纹:C(A)向劈尖棱边方向移动,条纹间距增大(B)向劈尖棱边方向移动,条纹间距减小(C)向劈尖棱边方向移动,条纹间距不变(D)向背离劈尖棱边方向移动,条纹间距不变**棱角变化,现象如何?凸起λ/4情况如何?**已知L、D,λ,求1:夹角;2:两明条纹之间的厚度差;3条纹间距a;4,钢丝与劈尖顶点之间的暗条纹条数单缝衍射**如图所示在单缝的夫琅和费衍射实验中,单缝处波面可以划分为10 个半波带,对应屏幕将出现第10 级暗纹,若将缝宽缩小一半,原条纹将变成第2 级亮纹。

缝宽=5λ,衍射角=30度,半波带的数目为???图中λϕ5asin=3. 测量未知单缝宽度a 的一种方法是:用已知波长λ的平行光垂直入射在单缝上,在距单缝的距离为D 处测出衍射花样的中央亮纹宽度L ,(实验上应保证a 10D 3≈,或D 为几米),则由单缝衍射的原理可标出a 与λ,D ,L 的关系为:LD 2a λ=。

光栅衍射**已知 =500nm,根据图中衍射光强的分布确定:(1)缝数N= 6 ;(2)缝宽b= 2000nm ;(3)光栅常数d= 6000nm 。

0 0.25 θsin 此图仅作参考,以课堂所画为准。

7. 若光栅的光栅常数为(a+b),透光缝宽为a ,则同时满足λϕ'k s i n a =和,λϕk s i n )b a (=+时,会出现缺级现象,如果b=a ,则光谱中缺 ,4,2k ±±=级。

如果b=2a ,缺 ,6,3k ±±=级8. 一束平行单色光垂直入射在光栅上,当光栅常数(a+b)为下列哪种情况时,(a 代表每条缝的宽度),k=3、6、9等级次的主极大均不出现:【 B 】(A) a+b=2a(B) a+b=3a (C) a+b=4a (D) a+b=6a偏振光3. 光强为I 0的自然光依次通过两个偏振片1P 和2P ,1P 和2P 的偏振化方向的夹角,30.=α则透射偏振光的强度I是:【 E 】8I 3)E (;8I )D (;2I 3)C (;4I 3)B (;4I )A (000006. 一束自然光自空气射向一块平玻璃(如图),设入射角等于布儒斯特角i 0,则在界面2的反射光是:【 B 】(A) 自然光;(B) 完全偏振光且光矢量振动方向垂直于入射面; (C) 完全偏振光且光矢量振动方向平行于入射面;(D) 部分偏振光。

***4. 一束偏振光入射到两种透明介质的分界面上,发现只有透射光而无反射光,且这束偏振光的入射角为 布鲁斯特角 ,其振动方向 平行于入射面 。

)6(选择填空题)8(选择填空题第十四章 相对论(洛伦兹公式,长度的缩短时间的延缓)2222211u x t x u t cx y y z z t u u cc--''''====--3. 如果两个事件在某惯性系中是在同一地点发生的,则对一切惯性系来说这两个事件的时间间隔,只有在此惯性系中最短。

如果两个事件在某惯性系中是同时发生的,则对一切惯性系来说这两个事件的空间距离,只有在此惯性系中最长。

**2. 在一惯性系S 中同一地点,同时发生的两个事件,在相对于它运动的任一惯性系S’中的观察者看来,必定同时同地发生。

**2. 一宇宙飞船固有长度m 90L 0=,相对地面以u=0.8c 匀速度在一观测站上空飞过,则观测站测得飞船船身通过观测站时间间隔是多少?宇航员测得船身通过观测站的时间隔是多少?观测站测得飞船船身的长度:220cu 1L L -=,m 54L =船身通过观测站时间间隔:uL t =∆,c 8.054t =∆,s 1025.2t 7-⨯=∆ 宇航员测得船身通过观测站的时间隔:uL 't 0=∆,c8.090't =∆,s 1075.3't 7-⨯=∆**4. 观测者甲和乙分别静止于两个惯性参照系S 和S ’中,甲测得在同一地点发生的两个事件的时间间隔为4s ,而乙测得这两个事件的时间间隔为5s ,求:(1) S’相对于S 的运动速度; (2) 乙测得这两个事件发生的地点的距离。

根据时间膨胀计算公式:22cu 1t 't -=∆∆,22cu 154-=,c 6.0u =乙测得这两个事件发生的地点的距离:22cu 1t u x 'x --=∆∆∆,22cu 1t u 'x --=∆∆(S 系中同地不同时的两个事件)将c 6.0u =,s 4t =∆代入得到:m 109'x 8⨯-=∆第十五章 量子力学(光电效应,波尔理论,不确定关系)光电效应( ;1a2m eU =v 2m ;ν 0= A/h )**根据爱因斯坦的光电理论,每个光子(其频率为ν,波长为λ)的能量E= ;动量= ;质量 = 。

**当波长为λ的光照射到逸出攻为W 的某金属表面上时,产生的光电子的最大动能为 ; 遏制电势差为 。

**已知铯的逸出攻为1.8eV ,今用某一波长的光入射,使其产生光电效应,若光电子的最大初动能为2.1eV ,求1)入射光的波长;2)铯的红限频率。

1.金属的光电效应的红限依赖于:【 C 】(A)入射光的频率; (B)入射光的强度;(C)金属的逸出功; (D)入射光的频率和金属的逸出功。

2. 已知某单色光照射到一金属表面产生了光电效应,若此金属的逸出电势是U 0(使电子从金属逸出需做功eU 0),则此单色光的波长λ必须满足:【 A 】hceU )D (;hceU )C (;eU hc )B (;eU hc )A (000≥≤≥≤λλλλ4. 关于光电效应有下列说法:(1) 任何波长的可见光照射到任何金属表面都能产生光电效应;(2) 对同一金属如有光电子产生,则入射光的频率不同,光电子的初动能不同; (3) 对同一金属由于入射光的波长不同,单位时间内产生的光电子的数目不同; (4) 对同一金属,若入射光频率不变而强度增加一倍,则饱和光电流也增加一倍。

其中正确的是:【 D 】(A) (1),(2),(3); (B) (2),(3),(4); (C) (2),(3); (D)(2),(4)1. 已知钾的红限波长为558 nm ,求它的逸出功。

如果用波长为400 nm 的入射光照射,试求光电子的最大动能和遏止电压。

由光电方程2m mv 21A h +=ν,逸出功0h A ν=,0chA λ=,eV 23.2A =2m21v m A h +=ν)1(计算题用波长为400nm 的入射光照射,光电子的最大动能:A h mv 212m -=νA chE km -=λ,将nm 400=λ和eV 23.2A =代入得到:eV 88.0E km = 遏止电压:a 2meU mv21=,2m a mv e21U =,V 88.0U a =2. 从铝中移出一个电子需要4.2 eV 的能量,今有波长为200 nm 的光投射至铝表面。

试问:(1) 由此发出来的光电子的最大动能是多少? (2) 遏止电势差多大? (3) 铝的截止波长有多大?由光电方程2m mv 21A h +=ν,光电子的最大动能:A h mv212m-=ν 将eV 25.6hch ==λν和eV 2.4A =代入得到:eV 05.2mv 21E 2m km ==遏止电势差:eE U km a =,V 05.2U a =铝的截止波长:0h A ν=,0ch A λ=,Ac h0=λ,nm 95.2950=λ波尔理论(轨道半径 21n r r n = 轨道能量 E n =E 1/n 2)***1. 氢原子光谱的巴耳末线系中,有一光谱线的波长为nm 434=λ,试求:(1) 与这一谱线相应的光子能量为多少电子伏特; (2) 该谱线是氢原子由能级E n 跃迁到能级E k 产生的,n 和k 各为多少?(3) 最高能级为E 5的大量氢原子,最多可以发射几个谱线系、共几条谱线。

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