卷 Northwest population - 刘 丹

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非洲的人口动态与分布

非洲的人口动态与分布

N orthwest population2009年第5期第30卷一、非洲的人口动态非洲在过去数百年中,经历了残酷的殖民掠夺和统治,人口长期停滞,甚至减少。

早在15世纪末期,非洲人口就已达到4600万,占世界人口的11%。

到17世纪中期,非洲人口大约增至1亿人,但由于殖民战争、奴隶贸易、饥荒和流行病的蔓延,使非洲人口逐渐减少,到19世纪初期,非洲人口减至9000万人左右。

进入20世纪以后,非洲的人口开始持续增长。

据统计,从1900年到1950年,非洲人口由1.3亿人增长到2.2亿人(见表1),非洲人口的平均年增长速度为1.0%,超过了世界人口的平均水平(0.8%)。

从人口的自然增长来看,在20世纪前20年,非洲的人口增长较为缓慢,但在20年代和30年代,人口增长速度加快,年平均增长率均为1.5%,在世界各大洲的人口增长速度仅低于拉丁美洲。

到20世纪40年代,世界人口的增长有所放缓,年平均增长率为0.9%,而非洲人口的年平均增长率依然显示了1.4%的高水平。

埃及作为非洲人口大国在20世纪前30年人口增长迅速,据人口普查资料,埃及人口从1907年的1129万人增至1930年的1477万人。

随后,出生率长期保持在44.0‰左右的高水平,随着死亡率的下降,人口增长进一步加快,到1950年上升到2045万人(见图1),比1930年增长38.4%,年平均增长非洲的人口动态与分布李仲生(首都经济贸易大学劳动经济学院,北京100026)摘要:非洲的人口动态长期以来具有高出生率、高死亡率的特点,20世纪90年代以后,非洲的人口动态由高出生高死亡模式向高出生中死亡模式转变,死亡率的持续下降在很大程度上是由于数种过去危害最严重的急性传染病基本上得到有效控制的结果。

正是死亡率的下降和持续的高出生率导致非洲人口迅速增长。

在非洲人口增长的过程中,人口分布是极不平衡的。

非洲人口分布的变化与经济因素的人口定期迁移是密切相关的,大致可分为三种情况,这种独特的迁移模式均与经济活动和生产方式直接相关。

江西省莲花中学2020-2021学年高一下学期第一次月考英语试题

江西省莲花中学2020-2021学年高一下学期第一次月考英语试题

江西省莲花中学2020-2021学年高一下学期第一次月考英语试题学校:___________姓名:___________班级:___________考号:___________一、阅读选择What limits you from hiking more often? Many complain that they don't have a suitable partner to go with. Why not take a look at the great hiking clubs across Canada?• Yukon Outdoors ClubWebsite: yukonoutdoorsclub.caMembership cost: $10 for a single membership; $15 for a family membershipDescription: The club arranges day hikes, backpacking trips, canoe trips, mountain biking, cross-country skiing trips, snowshoeing trips and various workshops for members to gain new skills and valuable information.• UBC Varsity Outdoor ClubWebsite: Membership cost: Students $40;non-UBC students $60Description: The UBC V arsity Outdoor Club is a social group that hikes, mountaineers, rock climbs and ice climbs. Travel and outdoor-minded UBC students and non-students are welcome to join. The UBC VOC has also constructed a few backcountry cottages in the Coast Mountains.• Pender Harbor Hiking GroupWebsite: penderharbourhiking.weebly. ComMembership cost: Free.Description: The Pender Harbor Hiking Group offers hikes scheduled two months in advance, so get on the mailing list or check the website regularly to find a hike that's right for you! Hikes are usually one and a half to two hours long, but some full-day hikes are scheduled, depending on members, interest.• Vernon Outdoors ClubWebsite: vernonoutdoorsclub. OrgMembership cost: A single membership is $25, and students pay $10, Children are free.Description: Boasting a membership of close to 200 people, the Vernon Outdoors Club is an active group that enjoys hiking and cycling. The group organizes a Tuesday Rambles eventeach week and also hosts multi-day trips.1.Which club has built remote shelters for hikers?A.The Yukon Outdoors Club.B.The Vernon Outdoors Club.C.The UBC Varsity Outdoor Club.D.The Pender Harbor Hiking Group.2.What should you do if you hope to hike with the Pender Harbour Hiking Group? A.Make a proper appointment.B.Follow the website or the mail.C.Develop your interest in hiking.D.Arrange two months ahead of time.3.What do the four clubs have in common?A.Booking in advance.B.Charging membership fee.C.Providing skill workshops.D.Organizing hiking activities.Since I was born and brought up in a rural town, I have a great interest in nature. Using the chance of studying abroad in my second year at college, I decided to go to Canada just because I wanted to see the beautiful phenomena there So after I finished the study program, I went to Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories.I clearly remember the sixth night in Yellowknife. Suddenly my host mother came to my room around 8 p.m. and told me to change clothes and go outside quickly carrying her camera.The northern lights were flickering (闪烁) in the sky! I was shocked and just stood there with my mouth open. I forgot to take pictures of the mysterious lights.Since that night, whenever it was sunny, I went outside at night and looked at the sky. It was so cold that I lost all feeling in my hands and feet.As I took pictures of the northern lights, I came to find a characteristic movement of the lights. They first appear in the north part of the sky and then they gradually come down to the south part of the sky. After that, suddenly, they come in the middle of the north and south only for a while, which is the time when the best northern lights can be seen. Since it is only a fewseconds for the northern lights to come down to the middle of the sky, it is very hard to get good pictures.The stronger the sun acts, the better and stronger the northern lights flicker in the sky. That’s because they come about from the collisions (碰撞) between atmospheric gases and the solar wind. Much more solar wind comes to the earth when the sun is active, which leads to the best northern lights. And the colors of the northern lights depend on the height of the collisions and the kinds of gases.4.Why did the host mother ask the author to go out?A.She wanted to take a picture of him.B.She wanted to take a walk with him.C.She wanted to tell him something important.D.She wanted him to see the northern lights.5.The author forgot to take pictures after going out because ______.A.the host mother didn’t remind him to take the cameraB.he was shocked by the wonderful sightC.the lights flickering in the sky disappeared too soonD.he lost all feeling in his hands and feet6.When is the best time to see the northern lights?A.When they appear in the north part of the sky.B.When they come down to the south part of the sky.C.When they are between the north and south.D.When they rise in the east part of the sky.7.What does the last paragraph mainly tell us?A.Ways to take good pictures.B.The relationship between the sun and the northern lights.C.The colors of the northern lights.D.The time of the best northern lights.Elephants might be the most well-known and well-loved animal in African wildlife. But conservation (保护) of the African elephant still faces special difficulties. While the elephant population is half of what it was 40 years ago, some areas of Africa have more elephants than populated areas can support. That’s why AWF scientists are studying elephantbehavior, protecting habitats and finding ways for humans to live peacefully with elephants in Africa.Years ago, overhunting and the ivory trade were the biggest threats to elephants’survival. Luckily, ivory bans (禁令), hunting rules and protected areas protect elephants from these dangers today.The 21st century brings a different challenge to elephant conservation—land-use. Elephants walk across borders and outside parks and other protected areas. So they often destroy crops, causing conflicts (冲突) between local farmers and these big animals.Successful conservation strategies (策略) must allow elephants to walk freely in their natural habitats while reducing conflicts between elephants and local people.AWF researchers are searching for a way to give both elephants and people the space they need. The AWF is collecting information on elephant habitats and behavior. The information they gather will help to develop the widest possible space for elephants.The AWF is helping elephants by protecting their habitats. And they also work with local famers to improve their life in order to encourage them to protect rather than destroy elephants.8.The first paragraph of the text is mainly to tell readers _____.A.African elephants are endangered nowB.there remains a lot to do to protect African elephantsC.African elephants are popular animalsD.the number of African elephants has increased over the years9.What is the biggest difficulty in protecting African elephants now?A.They are still being killed. B.Their habitats are being destroyed. C.They don’t have enough food.D.They can’t live in peace with farmers. 10.To protect elephants, the AWF does all the following EXCEPT _____.A.keeping elephants B.protecting elephants’ habitats C.doing research on elephants D.helping farmers improve their life 11.What is the best title for the text?A.African elephants conservation B.Living with African elephants C.African elephants’ situation D.African elephants being endangeredHealth experts have long known that vitamin D is important for healthy bones andteeth. It may also help to protect the body against diseases such as diabetes and cancer. And now, researchers say vitamin D might help fight brain diseases called dementia (痴呆).Dementia is a brain disease that damages thinking and memory processes, which scientists call “cognitive (认知) abilit ies.” Dementia is difficult to treat. Taking care of someone who has dementia is extremely demanding. And the disease is very frightening to sufferers. Chris Roberts suffers from dementia. He says the worst part of living with this disease was getting lost while driving. “The worst thing that I found was getting lost in the car, not just forgetting where I was going—I wouldn’t know where I was.” More than 47 million people around the world suffer from dementia. The World Health Organization reports that 60 percent of them live in low- and middle-income countries.We get vitamin D from some foods like nuts, lentils (扁豆) and fatty fish. We also get vitamin D from the sun. But that is not dependable. In some parts of the world, there is not enough sunlight to provide enough vitamin D.Also, sunblock prevents the vitamin from entering the body. To add to the problem, the skin’s ability to process vitamin D weakens as a person ages.Researchers at Rutgers University in New Jersey are exploring the relationship between vitamin D and dementia. The team recently measured vitamin D levels and cognitive abilityin older people. Nutritional sciences professor Joshua Miller led the team. He said cognitive abilities differed among the study subjects. He said tests showed that about 60 percent of the group was low in vitamin D.12.What does the underlined word “demanding” mean in Paragraph 2?A.Hard and tiresome.B.Boring but rewarding.C.Disgusting and stressful.D.Disturbing and frightening.13.What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about?A.How vitamin D affects people’s health.B.Whether sunlight can produce vitaminC.Why people’s age influences the production of vitamin D.D.Where people get vitamin D14.Which of the following is true about vitamin D?A.Vitamin D can decrease people’s risk of heart diseases.B.Vitamin D is mainly obtained from the sun.C.Vitamin D helps the body fight against cancer.D.The need for Vitamin D decreases as people age.15.Where can we most probably read the passage?A.In a travel brochure. B.In a science journal.C.In a commercial advertisement. D.In a literature magazine二、七选五If you're from the northern hemisphere (北半球), you'll find Christmas to be rather different in New Zealand. 16.December is in the middle of summer in New Zealand.Many visitors from the US or Europe can't quite get used to having a barbecue on the beach as Christmas dinner.However, Christmas marks the beginning of the summer holidays for most New Zealanders.17.One of the best-known Christmas events is the Farmers Santa Parade in Auckland, which has been a feature (特点) of the Auckland Christmas since 1934.It attracts thousands of visitors every year and is a great event for children.New Zealanders continue the British tradition of having a family dinner during the middle of the day on Christmas Day.It usually begins on Christmas morning by exchanging presents which will be left under the Christmas tree in the home.18.Often it is a barbecue in the garden.However,the traditional Christmas food, such as turkey, ham and roast potatoes, is still very popular, along with salad and glasses of wine.It may seem a bit strange to hear songs, such as White Christmas or Deck the Halls, in the middle of summer!Nevertheless, Christmas carols (颂歌) are popular.19.New Zealand is an extremely(极端地) diverse(多样的) society.People from many cultures do not recognize Christmas in the same way as the early European settlers.20.It's a time to get together with the family and enjoy the great New Zealand summer outdoors. A.They all stop on Christmas Day.B.The most obvious difference is the weather.C.Most New Zealanders do not go to church regularly.D.However, Christmas is a special time for all New Zealanders.E.Many towns and cities in New Zealand hold Christmas celebrations.F.The Christmas meal itself is increasingly becoming a relaxing affair.G.People will hear them played or sung in shopping malls during the holiday season.三、完形填空The most important lesson I learned in high school had nothing to do with maths or American history. It came at graduation,several minutes before I left Miramonte High School.I was rather shy back then,content to 21 around with my few friends and to concentrate on my 22 .I was doing so well that by the end of senior year I had perfect scores and enough 23 to go to college.But my good record soon became a 24 to my well-being. In early June of senior year,the headmaster called me into his office. He asked me to give a leave-taking speech at graduation. I looked at him,my heart 25 fast. This was the 26 for my hard work?I said something,but not very clearly,and hurried away from the office.I was 27 about the decision,finally agreeing to compromise. I wasn’t the only speaker—I would 28 the honor with five other students. Still,it was doubtful whether the task was 29 me. How in the world would I give a speech to hundreds of people?Graduation day soon arrived and,as 30 ,I was nervous. I’d been practicing my speech for days,and I had it 31 .But I had never been so 32 in my life. The first half hour of the ceremony passed,and then my 33 came. My name was announced. I managed to reach the platform without falling down. But within minutes,I finished my speech,34 back to my seat and feeling unsatisfied with my performance.Now I still have the 35 of that speech. My voice trembled a little,but 36 it was clear and strong. I’m proud of that tape. I achieved something I’d never37 —I spoke in front of hundreds of people. 38 I didn’t realize it at the time,the successful completion of that speech gave me the 39 to participate in class at college,to give oral reports,and to eventually break free of my 40 .I never would have chosen to give a speech at graduation. But I am glad I did. I know it may well turn out to be one of my shining moments.21.A.hang B.look C.turn D.run 22.A.characters B.interests C.games D.subjects 23.A.money B.credits C.effort D.standards24.A.luck B.benefit C.fear D.solution 25.A.burning B.breaking C.aching D.beating 26.A.punishment B.reward C.arrangement D.sympathy 27.A.doubtful B.optimistic C.generous D.hesitant 28.A.share B.bring C.spare D.supply 29.A.about B.for C.upon D.beyond 30.A.known B.hoped C.expected D.planned 31.A.thrown B.printed C.memorized D.completed 32.A.interested B.terrified C.excited D.disappointed 33.A.moment B.clay C.chance D.decision 34.A.passing B.handing C.heading D.returning 35.A.picture B.tape C.paper D.word 36.A.partially B.immediately C.frankly D.mostly 37.A.dreamed of B.suffered C.decided D.requested 38.A.Because B.When C.Although D.Unless 39.A.respect B.confidence C.freedom D.excuse 40.A.shyness B.pride C.stupidity D.courage四、用单词的适当形式完成短文阅读下面材料,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

人口因素对碳排放的影响

人口因素对碳排放的影响

N orthwest population2011年第2期第32卷一、引言许多研究表明人口因素是影响碳排放的重要因素之一。

特别是近年来,居民生活直接和间接消费的能源不断增长,成为碳排放的重要组成部分,在许多发达国家甚至已超过产业部门,成为碳排放的主要增长点[1]。

因此,人口因素对碳排放的影响研究开始成为近年来学术界研究的热点。

但人口对温室气体排放的影响并不只与人口数量有关,人口增长速度、家庭规模、家庭结构、年龄构成、人口城市化率以及人均收入等人口因素也与碳排放量存在内在联系,从而对气候变化具有长远的影响[2]。

其中人口规模的不断扩大被认为是过去和未来影响温室气体排放的主要因素[3][4]。

人口老龄化、城市化和家庭小型化等被认为是导致未来气候变化的主要人口变化趋势[5]。

另外,人均收入也是影响温室气体排放的重要因素。

在人均收入增长未达到环境库兹涅茨曲线的转折点之前,温室气体排放随财富的增长而增加[6][7]。

我国面临着前所未有的人口变化局面,人口增长放缓但规模仍大、快速城市化、人口老龄化、家庭规模小型化等多种人口变化趋势交错并存。

但是,目前我国就这些人口因素变化对经济发展和碳排放的影响认识不足,特别是在碳减排过程中往往忽略了对人口因素的考虑,这将不利于我国碳减排工作的顺利进行。

本文通过对已有相关研究的梳理,分析各人口因素对能源消耗和碳排放的影响机制,以期提高对人口变化趋势在我国碳减排中重要性的认识,并为制定相关应对措施提供理论依据。

由于在已有研究中多把人均收入作为影响环境的经济因素而非人口因素,因此本文不将其作为人口因素进行单独分析。

二、人口因素对碳排放的影响(一)人口增长对碳排放的影响人口增长会导致总碳排放量的增加。

每增加一个人都会消耗更多食物并有新的住房需求和交通需求等。

这些需要消费更多的能源以满足工业、电力、交通等的需求,从而产生更多的碳排放量。

历史数据显示,全球人口增长与能源消费量和碳排放量的增长是同步的[8][9]。

专题07 语法填空(大熊猫国家公园计划)——备战2023年高考英语母题题源解密(新高考)

专题07 语法填空(大熊猫国家公园计划)——备战2023年高考英语母题题源解密(新高考)

专题07 语法填空(大熊猫国家公园计划)距离高考还有一段时间,不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生,愈是临近高考,能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节,态度是否主动积极,安排是否科学合理,能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战,其效果往往大不一样。

以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的阅读理解-备战2023年高考英语母题题源解密希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率,希望对你有所帮助,有志者事竟成!养成良好的答题习惯,是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前,要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项,并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时,切忌跟着感觉走,最好按照题目序号来做,不会的或存在疑问的,要做好标记,要善于发现,找到题目的题眼所在,规范答题,书写工整;答题完毕时,要认真检查,查漏补缺,纠正错误。

总之,在最后的复习阶段,学生们不要加大练习量。

在这个时候,学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式,最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。

英语最后的复习要树立信心,考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”,遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。

越到最后,考生越要回归基础,单词最好再梳理一遍,这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。

另附靠前30天复习方法。

2023年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(新高考Ⅰ卷)The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set up a Giant Panda National Park(GPNP). ___36___ (cover)an area about three times ___37___ size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ___38___ (be)previously unprotected, bringingmany of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority ___39___ (increase)effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. The GPNP ___40___ (design)to reflect the guiding principle of “pro tecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性)of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, ___41___ leaving behind precious natural assets(资产)for future generations”. The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ___42___ (population)and homes of giant pandas, and ___43___ (eventual)achieve a desired level of population in the wild.Giant pandas also serve ___44___ an umbrella species(物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China. The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ___45___ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.一、题源删减Giant Panda National Park, a step towards streamlining protected areas and cohesiveconservation management in ChinaThe Chinese government recently finalized a plan to establish a Giant Panda National Park(GPNP)in 2020, one of the first national parks in the country. Covering an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. The plan will extend protection status to a significant number amount of areas that were previously unprotected; it will also bring bringing many of the existing giant panda protected areas for giant pandas under one authority in order to improve to increase effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.3. Giant Panda National ParkThe Chinese government re cently finalized a plan (National Forestry and Grassland Administration & National Park Administration, 2019) to establish a Giant Panda National Park (GPNP) (Fig. 1). Coverin g an area three times the size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. The plan will extend protection status to a significant amount of areas that were previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing giant panda protected areas under one authority in order to improve effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management. After a 3-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially established in 2020. The GPNP is, designed to reflect the guiding pri nciple of “protecting wilderness and intactness integrity(完整性)of natural and ecological systems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones,___41___ leaving behind precious natural assets(资产) and maintaining natural heritage for f uture generations”. The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate isolated populations and homes habitat of giant pandas, and eventually achieve a desired level sustainable population in the wild. Giant pandas also serve as an umbrella species(物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals flora and fauna in the southwest and northwest southwestern and northwestern parts of China. The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species a high number of endemic species that are distributed across that live within giant panda range (Li and Pimm, 2016) an d significantly improve the health of the ecosystem sustainability in the area region. Within its proposed boundaries, the park will harbo r at least 3446 known plant and 641 vertebrate species that are distributed over many different ecosystem types (National Forestry and Grassland Administration & National Park Administration, 2019).二、母题分析The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set up a Giant Panda National Park(GPNP). ___36___ (cover)an area about three times ___37___ size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ___38___ (be)previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority ___39___ (increase)effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.___41___ leaving behind precious natural assets(资产)for future generations”. The GPNP’s main goal is toimprove connectivity between separate ___42___ (population)and homes of giant pandas, and ___43___ (eventual)achieve a desired level of population in the wild.Giant pandas also serve ___44___ an umbrella species(物种), bringing protection to a host ofplants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China. The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ___45___ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.三、命题规律The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set up a Giant Panda National Park(GPNP). ___36___ (cover)an area about three times ___37___ size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ___38___ (be)previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority ___39___ (increase)effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. The GPNP ___40___ (design)to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性)of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, ___41___ leaving behind precious natural assets(资产)for f uture generations”. The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ___42___ (population)and homes of giant pandas, and ___43___ (eventual)achieve a desired level of population in the wild.Giant pandas also serve ___44___ an umbrella species(物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China. The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ___45___ live within the Giant Panda Range and综合来说,此篇语法填空涉及到很多长难句和合成词,这要求学生在学习的过程中多学习前缀、后缀等构词法,这对理解单词的含义只管重要;另外,还要学习定语从句、非谓语动词、动词的时态和语态等常考语法点,学会分析句子的结构和成分。

国际移民理论中的回流研究——回顾与评析

国际移民理论中的回流研究——回顾与评析

一、前言早在1885年,Ravenstein(1885)[1]就注意到迁移人口会重返家乡的现象。

19世纪末,约1600万欧洲人来美国淘金。

与此同时,近1/4的迁移者又重新返回欧洲的家乡。

Ravenstein由此感叹:“每一股迁移的潮流都会产生一个补偿性的反向迁移潮流”。

至此,国外学者关于移民回流的研究沉寂下来。

20世纪70年代,国外学者发现,许多发展中国家的迁移者并没有在迁入地永久居住的意愿,他们的迁移行为并不必然导致永久迁移所产生的“根本归属的转移和重新定位”[2]。

之后,回流作为非永久性迁移的必然结果开始受到关注。

80年代,学者中产生了有关对于回流现象及回流对移民来源国影响的相关研究和争论,这些争论仅以几卷批评论文及会议论文的出版而销声匿迹(Kubat1984;Council of Europe 1987)[3][4]。

此后,随着人们对“合作发展”以及“第三世界国家自愿遣返”的日益关注,移民输入国和输出国之间双边接纳协议的签订和实践,国际移民与来源国经济发展的联系日益增强,移民回流研究得到发展(Cassarino,2004)[5],并成为国际移民研究的重要主题之一(Cassarino,2004;Massey et al,1993;Poters,2010)[6-8]。

作为国际迁移的子过程,移民回流的研究经历了从单向到双向的发展历程,并主要来自由新古典经济理论、新劳动力迁移理论、社会结构理论及跨国主义理论和社会网络理论等所提供的一系列对比的命题。

Solinger(1999)[9]将回流研究方法主要概括为三种类型:第一种理性计算(rational calculation),即从理性选择理论的视角探讨移民个体的动机(如新古典经济学方法关于移民强调工资差距);第二种是强调导致移民的历史结构性条件(historico-struc-tural conditions),干旱、失业、外迁传统,或者与当地政府和城市的矛盾(如结构方法强调移民是历史结构变迁的结果);第三种是社会关系网络(social net-works)分析。

2020年外研版英语八年级上册Module 9 Population模块测试卷(含答案)

2020年外研版英语八年级上册Module 9 Population模块测试卷(含答案)

外研八年级英语上Module 9 模块检测第一部分听力(20分)Ⅰ.听力理解(一)听句子,选择与其意思相符的图片(其中有两幅图是多余的)。

读两遍。

A B C DE F G1.______2.______3.______4.______5.______(二)听句子,选择正确的答语。

读两遍。

6. A. It’s smaller than that of China.B. Yes, it is.C. Sorry, I don’t know.7. A. Not at all.B. Yes, you’re right.C. That’s all right.8. A. She is doing her homework.B. No, she isn’t.C. She is a teacher.9. A. It’s so busy.B. It’s a little hot in summer.C. Keep the classroom quiet.10. A. Yes, it is.B. No, it isn’t.C. Joining the car club.(三)听对话及问题,选择正确的答案。

读两遍。

听第一段对话,回答第11-12小题。

11. Where does the conversation probably take place?A. In a bank.B. In a restaurant.C. In a post office.12. How much should the man pay?A. $2.B.$3.C.$5.听第二段对话,回答第13~15小题。

13. What kind of home does Li Wei live in?A. A farmhouse.B. A townhouse. C An apartment building.14. Which floor does Jane live on?A. The second floor.B. The fourth floor.C. The eighth floor.15. Who is looking for an apartment?A. Alan.B. Jane’s parents.C. Li Wei’s parents.(四)听短文,选择正确的答案。

【2021年】Unit1 单元综合检测B卷

【2021年】Unit1 单元综合检测B卷

Unit1 单元综合检测B卷一、听力第一节听句子听下面五个句子,从每小题所给的三幅图中选出与句子内容相符的选项。

(每个句子读两遍)1.A. B. C.2.A. B. C.3.A. B. C.4.A. B. C.5.A. B. C.第二节听对话听下面七段对话,从每小题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出正确答案。

(每段对话读两遄)听第1段对话,回答第6小题long has Liu Mei stayed in YunnanA. Four daysB. Five daysC. Five weeks听第2段对话,回答第7小题。

7. Who has the man been to Beidaihe withA. His brothersB. His parents.C. His sisters听第3段对话,回答第8小题。

has the woman lostA. A penB. A bagC. A book听第4段对话,回答第9小题。

brings us many problemsA. Fewer train ticketsB. The Spring FestivalC. Large population听第5段对话,回答第10、11小题。

has Wen Zu just been during her summer holidayA. XinyangB. NanyangC. Guiyangis Wen Zu's hometown like nowA. It has become bigger and bigB. It has become cleaner and cleanerC. It has become dirtier and dirtier听第6段对话,回答第12、13小题。

's WilliamA. A teacherB. A workerC. A volunteerdoes William help the homeless peopleA. By building a school for themB. By giving them jobC. By finding jobs for them听第7段对话,回答第14、15小题。

人口预测的方法比较——以生态足迹法、灰色模型法及回归分析法为例

人口预测的方法比较——以生态足迹法、灰色模型法及回归分析法为例
三、灰色模型法 (一)灰色模型简介 灰色系统介于白色系统与黑色系统之间, 即该 类系统既含有已知信息又含有未知信息。 在社会经 济生活中,有许多系统都属于灰色系统,人口经济系 统就是一个典型的灰色系统。 从灰色系统中抽象出 来的模型即灰色模型(Grey Model)。 利用灰色模型进 行预测即是通过鉴别系统各因素间发展趋势的相异 程度, 利用代表系统灰色特性的原始数量值进行生 成处理,寻找系统内部变化发展规律,然后建立相应 的微分方程进行求解,预测出事物未来的发展趋势。 区域人口规模变动受多个要素的影响,很难在 一般预测中囊括所有的影响因素,而灰色模型所需 的信息较少,精度较高,因而在人口预测方面有其独 特的优势[4]。 GM(1,1)模型是基于累加生成的数列预 测模型,建立模型步骤如下[5]:
综上所述,传统的人口规模预测方法较为简单, 方法中各种参数的确定带有较强的主观性,因而本 文拟采用生态足迹法、灰色模型法、回归分析法对 2015 年汉中市域常住人口规模进行预测,并以此为 据,对三种方法进行比较分析,得出相应结论。
一、生态足迹法 (一)生态足迹理论简介 20 世纪 90 年代, 加拿大生态经济学家 William Rees 与 其 学 生 Wackernagel 提 出 了 生 态 足 迹 理 论 (Ecological Footprint Theory)[1]。 该理论在考虑自然资 源的再生与可替代性、 生命支持系统的循环与可净 化能力、生物多样性保护等方面的基础之上,将人类 所消耗的资源与所排放的废弃物折合成生产性的土 地面积,计算出特定区域的生态承载力、生态足迹、
Vol.31 No.1(131)2010
得商榷的问题。 而对于经济相关分析法,所得人口 规模预测值会存在二级误差, 首先是对目标年末 GDP 预测过程中会存在误差, 然后是根据 GDP 与 人口总量的相关性对人口规模进行预测也会存在误 差。 此外,只考虑经济发展这一个因素,且只考虑 GDP 这一单个经济发展指标, 预测方法过于简单, 误差较大。 对于资源环境承载力预测法也是如此, 不仅目标年末的某种资源保有量难于精确估计,而 且人均资源用量的确定也带有一定的主观色彩。
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Vol.31No.6(136)20102010年第6期第31卷N orthwest population一、问题的提出新疆自古以来都是徙民要地,从西汉始,尤其是丝绸之路开辟以后,陆陆续续就有大批汉族移民迁入新疆,移民以政府主导的军屯、犯屯和民屯为主,也有因躲避战乱、灾荒而流落新疆的民间移民者们。

清朝统一新疆之后,移民和屯垦类型更加多元,有绿营兵的军屯,旗兵及其家属的旗屯,内地汉民的民屯,内地商人的商屯,以及内地移来罪犯的犯屯等。

新疆移民总是与新疆的屯垦戍边密不可分,所以有学者称,新疆移民的历史其实就是一部屯垦戍边的历史。

新中国成立后,承继历史上的移民开发与戍边的传统,政府组织并主导了几场波澜壮阔的移民运动,其中有效仿苏联的犯人移边与改造,有轰轰烈烈的知青支边运动,有调配大规模内地青壮年劳力援疆的运动,也有组织动员大批妇女到新疆安家落户的运动等等。

在政府组织的一轮又一轮的移民潮的间隙,还有很多“无声”的民间移民者们,他们出于各种原因从中原地区自发、零散地移居新疆,并同那些“计划性”移民一起开始了新的生命征程。

与美国西部移民所具有的“浮士德精神”不同[1],中国的西部移民尤其是新疆移民多带有一种“悲情”色彩,无论是政府组织移民,还是民间流民,“边缘化”的迁移与流动都被视为迫不得已而为之的无奈之举。

要知道对于有着深厚乡土观念的中原人民,要让其主动放弃故土家园、选择和适应有着游牧传统、且自然条件相对恶劣的环境生活是一件多么不容易的事情。

因此,人们会想当然地认为,那些被动来疆的内地移民一旦“解禁”(主要指政治、经济、社会环境等相对宽松),就倾向于重返原乡,而主动来疆的内地移民更有可能在新疆长期定居生活。

这种观点含有一种潜在的预设,即新疆与内地①相比,无论是自然、资源环境,还是经济社会发展状况,或者个人需求的满足层次上都存在一定的落差,从人口迁移的“推—拉”论看,或从经济理性人的角度看,人们都倾向于选择生活条件更好的地方长期定居生活。

然而事实真的如此吗?笔者在对新疆移民的调查中发现,理论上的理想类型对于新疆移民并不完全适用,移民中有最初被动来疆但是后来却自愿长期定居新疆的,有最初主动来疆但后来并没有长期定居新疆,而是选择回迁或是候鸟式循环迁移的等等。

这些移民现象大多复杂多变,用传统的人口迁移理论并不能很好地做出解释。

笔者认为,新疆移民具有一定的特殊性,需要从新疆移民的类型入手来综合分析其迁移、定居摘要:运用“社会行动-情境分析”理论视角来分析新疆人口迁移、定居的理想类型,发现新疆人口迁移具有多元化、复杂性和历史传承性的特点,不能用单一人口迁移类型来解释。

在新时期,新疆人口迁移类型面临新的转型,主动自愿移民会不断增加,这既体现了社会对人的主体性的关注与尊重,同时也说明社会的自由度在不断增强。

面对新疆人口迁移问题,要因势利导,顺应人口迁移类型演变的趋势。

关键词:社会行动;情境分析;新疆;人口迁移类型;类型演变中图分类号:C922文献标志码:A文章编号:1007-0672(2010)06-0115-05收稿日期:2010-07-12作者简介:刘丹,女,浙江海宁人,河海大学社会学系博士研究生,研究方向:移民社会学、环境社会学。

新疆移民问题研究———新中国成立后新疆人口迁移、定居及类型研究刘丹(河海大学社会学系南京,210098)①新疆人习惯把关内的中原地区都称之为“内地”,把新疆则看做“关外之地”。

115··2010年第6期第31卷Vol.31No.6(136)2010N orthwest population变化的全过程。

二、社会行动单元与情境分析视角在思考新疆人口迁移问题时,笔者一直想弄清楚一个事实:即为什么会存在多种类型的迁移群体,以及为什么同一类型的移民者当中亦会存在“迁”与“不迁”两种选择倾向?有没有一个普适性的理论框架可以把这一社会现象解释清楚?在查阅了大量人口迁移理论和社会学理论之后,笔者发现,帕森斯的“社会行动单元”理论与人口迁移“推—拉”理论①有很好的理论契合点,把二者结合起来,可以较为全面地认识新疆移民问题。

帕森斯深入考察了“社会行动单元”的构成要素,他认为任何行动单元都离不开以下三点要素[2]:一是作为行动主体的行动者,二是行动目标和达成目标所需的手段,三是特定的情境。

行动者是在各种目标、手段之间作出抉择的主体,作为行动者要实现一定的目标,必须具备相关知识,实现目标的需要和冲动以及一定的衡量标准。

行动目标是行动者期望达到的一种状态,行动所需手段是行动者为了达成目标而利用的一些工具性要素。

行动者有了行动目标和手段,还必须考虑对行动具有约制力的特定的情境要素,主要由各种自然因素、社会因素以及规范与价值等要素构成,它“表征着行动实际可能的范畴与限制条件”。

帕森斯重点强调了行动的两种取向,一是动机取向,二是价值取向,动机包含认知的、情感的和评价的动机等,价值包含认识的、欣赏的和道德的价值等。

只有在动机结构和价值取向上来把握行动者,才不会把行动者简单地“视为被动的反应者与命运的同谋”。

从帕森斯对“社会行动”的界定看,任何一种行动都不可能脱离他人和环境而单独做出,也就是说我们从一个个看似孤立的个体身上可以找到“他人”或“社会”的影子。

一个迁移者,选择“迁”、“被迁”还是“不迁”,选择长期“定居”还是“返迁”,除了个体的主观因素外,更多的与外在环境因素,与他人的互动方式,以及规范、价值观的内化等密切相关。

也就是说,迁移与定居行为背后是个体与社会,宏观与微观过程相互交织、相互作用的产物。

帕森斯的这种系统论的观点很大程度上弥补了宏观人口迁移理论,尤其是“推拉理论”重视外在因素而忽视行动者个体因素的不足,如果把两种理论视角结合起来对人口迁移问题加以分析,就可以较为全面和客观地认识不同类型的迁移者,或者同一类型的迁移者,为什么会存在相同或不同的迁移行为。

在这里我们把“推—拉”因素作为行动者迁移行动中的情境要素,对行动者的迁移或定居过程起到重要引导作用。

“推—拉”理论中通常把人口迁移的“推因”归于迫使行动者外迁的诸如战争、自然灾害、饥馑、政治压迫或人口压力等因素;把“拉因”归于吸引行动者移入的移居地的某些特征,例如稳定、宽松的社会生活环境、较低的人口密度、繁荣的劳动力市场、各种针对移民的优惠政策、较高的经济报酬等[3]。

出于分析方便起见,我们把“推—拉”要素概况分为以下四个主要方面:(1)资源(经济)环境;(2)政治环境;(3)社会环境;(4)规范与价值观。

资源(经济)环境是指促使行动者做出迁移决定的迁出地与迁入地的自然、资源、人口和经济等方面的外在环境。

通常这些条件是决定行动者迁移行为的重要考量标准,一般情况下,迁入地的资源(经济)环境要明显优于迁出地的资源(经济)环境,才可能吸引人口迁入并定居,而行动者被动非自愿迁入的地方情况可能正好相反。

政治环境是指决定行动者迁居行为的政治背景性要素,主要指国家各项制度、体制及政策性要素。

这些要素在一定时期会对人口迁移或定居行为产生重要的决定性作用,既可能有助于行动者的迁移行为,也可能形成影响迁移行为的制度性壁垒或障碍,甚至在集权政体之下造成个体非自愿的被迫迁移现象。

社会环境是指决定行动者迁居行为的社会背景性要素,主要指不断发展和变迁的社会秩序、社会关系、社会风尚以及社会发展、变迁过程中出现的各种社会问题。

社会环境既包括和平稳定时期的社会环境,也包括非正常时期(诸如战乱、灾荒、流行病等)的社会环境,平稳发展时期的社会环境较之动乱时期的社会环境,人口迁移行为则更为有序和理性。

规范与价值观是指行动者在确立迁移目标、选择迁移手段、克服迁移障碍时所遵循的社会标准、文化观念和信仰基础。

源于文化的规范与价值观本身是一种“非理性”的因素,在迁移行动中引入规范与价值观,就能很好解释迁移者最终行动目标的一致性或差异性。

也就是说,作为行动者在做出迁移或定居的行为选择时并非全然“理性”,被其内化的规范与价值观对其行为选择具有同等重要的指导作用。

①具体参见:Ravenstein “The laws of migration ”[J].Journal of the Statistical Society 48.167-235;此外的代表人物还有Her -berle ,Berg 等人。

116··Vol.31No.6(136)20102010年第6期第31卷N orthwest population①迁移、定居与类型分析框架中对移民的分类参考了施国庆、吴宗法等人的移民分类法,具体内容参见:吴宗法,施国庆.工业化进程中的工程移民研究[J].河海大学学报(哲社版),2002(2);施国庆.非自愿移民:冲突与和谐”[J].江苏社会科学,2005(5)等。

把“推—拉”四要素与帕森斯的“社会行动单元”结合起来分析,就得到了笔者对人口迁移类型的分析框架①。

我们将迁移意愿的分析分为两个层面:一个是个体行动层面的自愿迁移与非自愿迁移,另一个是情境要素层面的主动迁移与被动迁移,二者交互作用就构成了表1中四种不同的迁移类型。

“主动迁移”主要是指在拉(吸)力的作用下,个体行动上主动的人口迁移。

一般有两点假设:(1)在完全自由的前提下做出迁移决定(2)迁移决定具有合理性,个人可以设想自己的迁移目标。

这类迁移者多抱有主动追求更好发展机会和生活条件的乐观心态,并相信新环境可以提供更好的机会。

其中主动自愿迁移(A)是指以主动的形式(大多是经济因素的驱动)表现出来的自愿的人口迁移;主动非自愿迁移(C)主要指为寻求种族、宗教、政治等庇护以主动形式表现出来的非自愿性的人口迁移。

被动迁移主要是指迫于推(压)力要素的作用,个体行动上非主动的人口迁移。

被动迁移按行动者自身自愿与否,又可以分为被动自愿人口迁移和被动非自愿人口迁移。

被动的自愿人口迁移(B)表现为因自然灾害、政治、战乱等外界因素导致的行动上被迫而主观上自愿的迁移活动,如灾民、流民等。

此外,附属于家庭迁移决策者的随迁家属也属于被动自愿迁移对象。

随着社会、经济的发展以及国家各种优惠政策的落实,被动的非自愿人口迁移也逐渐向主动的自愿人口迁移转变;被动的非自愿人口迁移(D)表现了“被动”与“非自愿”两重性质,个体完全没有自主选择迁移的权利和自由,比如由政府强制徙边的犯人,以及近现代因水利水电工程、生态、交通、城镇建设等因素造成的人口迁移等。

在迁移类型与定居之间的关系看,笔者认为,行动者选择定居与否是个体行动选择与迁出地和移入地的“推—拉”因素共同作用的结果。

当推—拉因素的作用强度远远大于个体的行动选择时,个体就会顺从具体情境的安排,个体行动对定居的作用效果也相对较弱;反之,当推—拉因素的作用效果减弱时,个体的行动自主性相对增强,对是否选择定居会做出相对理性的价值判断。

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