2016上海高考语文练习(三)教师版(下)
2023年上海市高考语文备考6月古诗文默写练习教师版
一1.按要求填空。
（5分）（1）知者不惑，，勇者不惧。
（《论语·子罕》）（2）斩木为兵，揭竿为旗，天下云集响应，。
（《过秦论》）（3）杜甫《蜀相》中的“，”一联，叹诸葛亮病死军中、功业未成。
1.（1）仁者不忧（2）赢粮而景从贾谊（3）出师未捷身先死，长使英雄泪满襟（5分）1. 按题目要求填空。
（5分）（1），则足以拒秦。
（杜牧《》）（2）知足者富，。
（《<老子>四章》）（3）《蜀道难》中用高飞之鸟与善攀之猿的艰难表现山势高危的句子是： , 。
1.按要求填空。
（5分）（1）使六国各爱其人阿房宫赋（2）强行者有志（3）黄鹤之飞尚不得过，猿猱欲度愁攀援1.按要求填空。
（5分）（1）______________，一夫当关，万夫莫开。
（李白《蜀道难》）（2）固知一死生为虚诞，______________。
（_______《兰亭集序》）（3）在《大学之道》中，用“______________，______________”两句指出本末始终的道理，进而说明“知所先后，则近道矣”的观点。
答案（1）剑阁峥嵘而崔嵬（重点字：峥、嵘、嵬）（2）齐彭殇为妄作王羲之（重点字：殇）（3）物有本末事有终始（重点字：终）1.按要求填空。
（5分）（1），治之于未乱。
（《<老子>四章》）（1分）（2）何方圜之能周兮，？（屈原《》）（2分）（3）李白《蜀道难》中“，”运用神话传说，并以夸张的手法表现蜀道山势高峻、谷深水急的特点。
（2分）1.（1）为之于未有（2）夫孰异道而相安离骚（3）上有六龙回日之高标，下有冲波逆折之回川（评分说明：共5分，一空1分，错字或不填不给分）二1. 按题目要求填空。
（5分）（1）谢公宿处今尚在，。
（李白《梦游天姥吟留别》）（1分）（2），先治其国。
（《·大学》）。
（2分）（3）《短歌行》中，诗人想象贤才屈驾前来归附自己的诗句是“，”。
（2分）1.（1）渌水荡漾清猿啼（2）古之欲明明德于天下者礼记（3）越陌度阡枉用相存1.按要求填空。
高考语文：名词作状语练习(教师版)
“名词作状语”练习（教师版）1、下列加点词，与“余稍为修葺，使不上漏”中“上”字用法不相同的一项是【 】A •百年老屋•尘泥渗漉，雨泽下.注B •妣，先大母婢也，乳.二世。
C .东犬西.吠，客逾庖而宴，鸡栖于厅D •庭有枇杷树，吾妻死之年所手 植也2、下列各组句子中加点词用法不同于其他的一项是：【 】3、下列各组句子中加点词用法不同于其他的一项是： 【】A 、有席卷天下，包举宇内，囊括四海之意B 、远人不服而不能来 也C 、以愚黔首D 、沛公旦日从.百余骑来见项王4、下列各组句子中加点词用法不同于其他的一项是： 【】A 、后人哀之而不鉴.之B 、常以身翼.蔽沛公C 、头发上指D 、有泉侧出5、下列各组句子中加点词用法不同于其他的一项是： 【】A 、雄州雾列，俊采星.驰B 、前辟四窗C 、沛公欲王.关中D 、廊腰缦回，檐牙高啄6、下列句中加点字用法不属于名词作状语的一项是【】C 、事不目见耳闻而臆断其有无D 、使不上漏7、下列加点词不同于其他三项的一项是【 】A 、群臣吏民，能面.刺寡人之过者，受上赏。
B 、原庄宗之所以得天下C 、余自齐安舟 行适临汝D 、而相如廷 叱之阅读下面文言文，完成后面习题：权善才，高宗朝为将军，中郎将范怀义宿卫昭陵，有飞骑犯法①，善才绳之。
飞骑因番请见，先涕泣 不自胜，言善才等伐陵柏，大不敬。
高宗悲泣不自胜，命杀之。
大理丞狄仁杰断善才罪止免官。
高宗大 怒，命促刑。
仁杰曰： 法是陛下法，臣仅守之。
奈何以数株小柏而杀大臣 ？请不奉诏。
”高宗涕泣曰： 善 才斫我父陵上柏，我为子不孝，以至是。
知卿好法官，善才等终须死。
”仁杰固谏，侍中张文瓘（gum ）以笏挥令出，仁杰乃引张释之高庙、辛毗（ p i ）牵裾（j o 衣服的后襟）之例②，曰：臣闻逆龙鳞，忤人主，自古以为难，臣以为不难。
居桀纣时则难，尧舜时则不难。
臣今幸逢尧舜，不惧比干之诛。
陛下不 纳臣言，臣瞑目之后，羞见释之、辛毗于地下。
高考语文一轮复习专题15：鉴赏诗歌的表达技巧(讲案) 人教版高三总复习
高考语文一轮复习专题15：鉴赏诗歌的表达技巧（讲案）人教版高三总复习专题15：鉴赏诗歌的表达技巧（讲案）目标明讲1．了解鉴赏诗歌表达技巧的基本题型及命题规律。
2．掌握鉴赏诗歌表达技巧的基本方法，准确鉴赏诗歌中的表达技巧。
考点详讲◇考点一：修辞手法【真题回放】1．【2016年高考上海卷】阅读下面的诗歌，完成后面题目。
（8分）野望（唐）杜甫西山白雪三城戍①，南浦清江万里桥②。
海内风尘诸弟隔，天涯涕泪一身遥。
惟将迟暮供多病，未有涓埃③答圣朝。
跨马出郊时极目，不堪人事日萧条。
【注】①三城戍：西山三城的堡垒，三城，与吐蕃临界，为蜀边要塞。
②南浦句：南浦，泛指送别之地。
万里桥，在成都杜甫草堂的东边。
③涓埃：细流与微尘，比喻微小。
（1）下列各组词语不符合对仗要求的一项是（）（1分）A．第一、二句中的“白雪”与“清江”B．第三、四句中的“诸弟”与“一身”C．第五、六句中的“供多病”与“答圣朝”D．第七、八句中的“时极目”与“日萧条”（2）从“切合题目”的角度分析本诗，恰当的一项是（）。
（2分）A．第一、二句中的“西山”“南浦”切合“野”字。
B．第三、四句“海内”“天涯”切合“野望“二字。
C．第五、六句中的“迟暮”“涓埃”切合“望“字。
D．第七句中的“出郊”“极目”切合“野望”二字。
（3）全诗是怎样表现作者的情感的？请结合具体诗句加以赏析。
（5分）2．【2016年高考山东卷】阅读下面的元曲，回答问题。
（8分）水仙子.舟中孙周卿孤舟夜泊洞庭边，灯火青荧对客船，朔风吹老梅花片。
推开篷雪满天。
诗豪与风雪争先，雪片与风鏖战，诗和雪缴缠。
一笑琅然。
（1）分析“诗豪与风雪争先，雪片与风鏖战，诗和雪缴缠”使用的两种修辞手法。
（4分）（2）结合作品，简要分析作者的感情变化。
（4分）【规律探秘】高考对于修辞手法的考查，一般要求结合具体内容作相应的具体分析，而不能泛泛而谈。
高考对修辞手法的考查一般分两个层面，一是辨认修辞格，二是说明其表达效果。
2023年上海高考语文真题及详细解释教师版
全国一般高等学校招生统一考试上海语文试卷一阅读 80分（一）阅读下文，完毕第1—6题。
（17分）地图与理论模型①工程师在设计汽车时会按比例制作汽车模型，这种实物模型可以直观地展现出汽车旳构造，并且可以让某些试验愈加便捷。
举行一场宴会前，我们会思索应当邀请谁参与、需要准备哪些食物等，这时我们其实也构建了一种模型。
这种模型与汽车模型不一样，它不是一种实物，而是一种‚理论‛。
科学家旳工作与此相似，也是构建某种理论模型，只是此类模型旳特点理解起来比较困难。
②地图也是一种模型。
地图与理论模型旳类比有助于我们理解理论模型旳特点。
我们先来做一种练习。
请看一张某大学校园旳局部地图：③这张地图旳右边画有一种箭头。
请问：箭头指示旳东西足什么？④人们一般会回答：箭头指示旳是一幢建筑。
假如我说这答案不仅是错旳，并且主线不着边，你会怎样想？你肯定会怀疑这是个把戏。
没错，你旳怀疑是对旳旳，但这个把戏旳背后却是最为关键旳问题。
⑤对旳旳答案是，箭头指示旳是一种矩形图框。
这就是真正为箭头所指旳东西。
人们会回答箭头指向了一幢建筑物，是由于根据地图和与之对应旳实际环境，矩形图框显然表达一幢建筑物。
但建筑物只是矩形图框所示旳物体，而不是矩形图框自身。
⑥这个练习旳目旳是指出地图与其所示旳对象不是一码事。
当然，这只是一种把戏，生活中没有人会混淆地图上旳一种矩形图框和现实中旳一幢建筑。
毕竟．．，你可以将一张街道地图折起来放进你旳口袋，却不也许把一种街道折起来放进口袋。
而理论模型与客观对象间旳差异却轻易被人忽视，这需要我们格外注意。
⑦我们都懂得地图和它所示旳对象是不一样旳，但两者之间又存在着重要旳联络。
那么，地图是怎样与一种特定空间发生联络旳呢？⑧第一，地图与它所示旳对象在构造上具有特定相似性。
就地图而言，构造旳特定相似性是空间上旳。
例如，地图中旳线条旳空间关系，与地图所示旳街道旳空间关系相对应。
⑨第二，我们拥有一套社会约定来绘制和阅读地图。
重点词语含义用法辨析考点解析专训(03)(教师版)-2024年新高考语文一轮复习各考点解析宝鉴
专题04重点词语含义用法辨析考点解析专训（03）（教师版）时间：40分钟分值：45分阅读下面的文字，完成下面小题。
（1）塑料曾被称为“20世纪最伟大的发明之一”，为人类的生活带来翻天覆地的改变，但是其代价也是巨大的。
根据世界自然基金会 2021年10月的报告，由于管理不当，通过不同途径自陆地来到海洋的塑料垃圾要占海洋垃圾总量的70%以上，河流输入是最主要的途径，每年河流会将80万—270万吨塑料垃圾送入海洋。
除此之外，海洋运输、渔业和水产养殖产生的塑料废物泄漏也占一部分。
目前，每一个大洋中都有垃圾带，其中最大的是北太平洋垃圾带，面积有160万平方公里，相当于整个蒙古国的面积。
（2）由于经济增长迅速、人口密集、海岸线漫长、垃圾处理能力落后等原因，东南亚地区成为海洋塑料污染治理的热点地区。
塑料垃圾的危害首先表现为对海洋生物造成的伤害，鱼类因为被缠绕或误食而影响生存，海底微生物和珊瑚礁因为阳光被遮蔽，无法生长而死亡。
除此之外，还有一种塑料危害巨大，却容易被人类忽视，那就是微塑料。
（3）它包括牙膏，洗涤剂里的晶体，衣物表面的纤维，还有在海水侵蚀、日晒等作用下分解成的塑料微粒。
微塑料的弥漫性强，肉眼不易察觉，被洋流带到地球的各个角落。
微塑料会吸附或携带环境中的污染物，（4）并随着食物链不断累积，最终对人类健康产生威胁。
1. 下列对文中画线句子相关解说及修改，不合理的一项是（3分）（）A.（1）句中的“其”，指代的是塑料给人类带来的翻天覆地的改变。
B.（2）句中的“由于”和“原因”杂糅，可以删去“原因”一词。
C.（3）句的内容层次不清晰，可以将“牙膏”后面的逗号改为顿号。
D.（4）句中的“最终”使用不当，可以将其改为“终于”或“终究”。
【答案】D【解析】本题考查学生对语段中相关词语、标点、句子的说法的辨析能力。
答题时要读懂语段，结合相关语境进行分析，正确选择。
终于：到底，表示经过种种变化或等待之后出现的情况，改后不恰当，“最终”使用是恰当的。
(精校版)2016年上海英语高考(含答案)
2016年普通高等学校全国统一考试（上海卷）英语第I卷(共103分)I. Listening ComprehensionSection A1. A. It is satisfactory. B. It is luxurious. C. It is old-fashioned. D. It is disappointing.2. A. On August 5th. B. On August 6th. C. On August 7th. D. On August 8th.3. A. A waiter. B. A butcher. C. A porter. D. A farmer.4. A. In a theatre. B. In a library. C. In a booking office. D. In a furniture store.5. A. She expected to a better show. B. She could hardly find her seat.C. She wasn’t interested in the show.D. She didn’t get a favourable seat.6. A. The woman often eats out for breakfast. B. The cafeteria serves good breakfast.C. The woman doesn’t have breakfast.D. The cafeteria doesn’t serve breakfast.7. A. Selling cucumbers. B. Planting vegetables. C. Cooking a meal. D. Picking tomatoes.8. A. The man should work hard. B. The man should turn down the job offer.C. The man may have another chance.D. The man can apply for the job again.9. A. It is a hot and smoggy day. B. There is a traffic jam on King Street.C. A vehicle is polluting the air.D. The man is reading a report online.10. A. Its ending is not good enough. B. Its special effects are not satisfying.C. It deserves an award.D. It is good except for the scary part.Section BQuestions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. $1. B. $2 C. $3 D. $ 52.12. A. Pay the bills first. B. Spend 2% of the salary on living expenses.C. Deposit $1000 every month.D. Put part of the money in a savings account.13. A. Methods of saving money. B. Saving money for family emergencies.C. The importance of saving money.D. Secrets of spending money wisely. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. Free education. B. A sum of money.C. Donations from a local newspaper.D. Gifts from many people.15. A. Let students in before school. B. Offer ice cream and coffee.C. Introduce a bank into the campus.D. Reduce the traffic jams around.16. A. It lacks positive news. B. It should grow into a big city.C. It is a place worth living in.D. It remains peaceful and quiet.Section CBlanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.Blank 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.II. Grammar and VocabularySection A(A)Bags of LoveLast year, I was assigned to work at an office near my mother’s house, so I stayed with her for a month. During that time, I helped out with the housework and contributed to the groceries.After less than a week, I started noticing that the groceries were running out pretty quickly —we were always suddenly out of something. (25)_______(wonder) how my mum could consume them so quickly, I began observing her daily routine for two weeks. To my surprise, I found that she would pack a paper bag full of canned goods and head out every morning at about nine. Eventually, I decided to follow her and (26)_______ happened truly amazed me. She was taking the food to the refugee camp, in (27)______ she distributed it to children.I asked around and found out that my mum was very well known in the area. The kids were very friendly with her and even looked up to her as if she were their own mother. Then it hit me —shy would she mot want to tell me about what she (28)_____(do)? Was she worried about how I would react or that I would stop (29)_____(buy) the groceries if I found out?When she got home, I told her about my discovery. (30)_____ she could react, I gave her a big hug and told her she didn’t need to keep it a secret (31)______ me. She told me that some of the children lived with an older lady in a shelter while others slept on the streets. For years, my mum has been helping out by giving them whatever food she could spare. I was so impressed by (32)_____ selfless she was.(B)Stress: Good or Bad?Stress used to be an almost unknown word, but now that we are used to talking about it, I have found that people are beginning to get stressed about being stressed.In recent years, stress(33)______(regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood pressure to mental illness. But like so many other things, it is only too much stress(34)______ does you harm. It is time you considered that if there were no stress in your life, you would achieve a little. If you are stuckat home with no stress, then your level of performance will be low. Up to a certain point, the more stress you are under, the (35)_____(good) your performance will be. Beyond a certain point, though , further stress will only lead to exhaustion, illness and finally a breakdown. You can tell when you are over the top and on the downward slope, by asking yourself (36)_______ number of questions. Do you, for instance, feel that too much is being expected of (37)______, and yet find it impossible to say no? Do you find yourself getting impatient of (38) _____(annoy) with people over unimportant things?... If the answer to all those questions is yes, you had better(39)______(control ) your stress, as you probably are under more stress than is good for you.To some extent you can control the amount of stress in your life. Doctors have worked out a chart showing how much stress is involved in various events. Getting married is 50, pregnancy 40, moving house 20, Christmas 12,etc. If the total stress in your life is over 150, you are twice as likely (40)_______ (get )ill.Section BGolden Rules of Good DesignWhat makes good design? Over the years, designers and artists have been trying to 41 the essentials of good design. They have found that some sayings can help people understand the ideas of good design. There are four as follows.Less is more. This saying is associated with the German-born architect Mies van der Rohe. In his Modernist view, beauty lies in simplicity and elegance, and the aim of the designer is to create solutions to problems through the most efficient means. Design should avoid unnecessary 42More is not a bore. The American-born architect Robert Venturi concluded that if simplicity is done badly, the result is 43 design. Post-Modernist designers began to 44 with decoration and color again. Product design was heavily influenced by this view and can be seen in kitchen 45 such as ovens and kettles.Fitness for purpose. Successful product design takes into consideration a product’s function, purpose, shape, form, color, and so on. The most important result for the user is that the product does what is 46 . For example, think of a(n) 47 desk lamp. It needs to be constructed from materials that will stand the heat of the lamp and regular adjustments by the user. It also needs to be stable. Most importantly, it needs to 48 light where it is needed.From follows emotion. This phrase is associated with the German designer Hartmut Esslinger. He believes design must take into 49 the sensory side of our nature—sight, smell, touch and taste. These are as important as rational(理性的) thinking. When choosing everyday products such as toothpaste, we appreciate a cool-looking device that allows us to easily 50 the toothpaste onto our brush.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures,particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.51. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike52. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme53. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise54. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above55. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging56. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply57. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression58. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male59. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing60. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating61. A. honoured B. left C. crowded D. compared62. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally63. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure64. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene65. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractivenessSection B(A)One early morning, I went into the living room to find my mother reading a thick book called Best Loved Poems to Read Again and Again. My interest was aroused only by the fact that the word “Poems” appeared in big, hot pink letters.“Is it good?” I asked her.“Yeah,” she answered. “There’s one I really like and you’ll like it, too.” I leaned forward.“‘Patty Poem,’” she read the title. Who is Patty? I wondered. The poem began:She never puts her toys away,Just leaves them scattered①where they lay,… ①散乱的The poem was just three short sections. The final one came quickly:When she grows and gathers poise②, ②稳重I’ll miss her h arum-scarum③ noise, ③莽撞的And look in vain④ for scattered toys. ④徒劳地And I’ll be sad.A terrible sorrow washed over me. Whoever Patty was, she was a mean girl. Then, the shock.“It’s you, honey,” My mother said sadly.To my mother, the poem revealed a parent’s affection when her child grows up and leaves. To me, the “she” in the poem was horror. It was my mama who would be sad. It was so terrible I burst out crying.“What’s wrong?” my mother asked.“Oh Mama,” I cried. “I don’t want to grow up ever!”She smiled. “Honey, it’s okay. You’re not growing up anytime soon. And when you do, I’ll still love you, okay?”“Okay,” I was still weeping. My pan ic has gone. But I could not help thinking about that silly poem. After what seemed like a safe amount of time, I read the poem again and was confused. It all fit so well together, like a puzzle. The language was simple, so simple I could plainly understand its meaning, yet it was still beautiful. I was now fascinated by the idea of poetry, words that had the power to make or break a person’s world.I have since fallen in love with other poems, but “Patty Poem” remains my poem. After all, “Patty Poem” gave me my love for poetry not because it was the poem that lifted my spirits, but because it was the one that hurt me the most.66. Why was the writer attracted by the book Best Loved Poems to Read Again and Again?A. It was a thick enough book.B. Something on its cover caught her eye.C. Her mother was reading it with interest.D. It has a meaningful title.67. After her mother read the poem to her, the writer felt ______ at first.A. sadB. excitedC. horrifiedD. confused68. The writer’s mother liked to read “Patty Poem” probably because______.A. it reflected her own childhoodB. it was written in simple languageC. it was composed by a famous poetD. it gave her a hint of what would happen69. It can be concluded from the passage that“Patty Poem”leads the writer to _______.A. discover the power of poetryB. recognize her love for puzzlesC. find her eagerness to grow upD. experience great homesickness（B）Is there link between humans and climate change or not? This question was first studied in the early 1900s. Since then, many scientists have thought that our actions do make a difference. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol explained our role in the Earth’s ch anging atmosphere and set international limits for gas emissions(排放) from 2008 to 2012. Some countries have decided to continue these reductions until 2020. More recently, the Paris Agreement, stuck by nearly 200 countries, also aims to limit global warming. But just now how much warmer it will get depends on how deeply countries cut carbon emissions.3.5℃This is how much temperatures would rise by 2100 even if nations live up to the initial Paris promises to reduce carbon emissions; this rise could still put coastal cities under water and drive over half of all species to extinction.2℃To meet this minimum goal, the Agreement requires countries to tighten emissions targets every five years. Even this increase could sink some islands, worse drought(干旱) and drive a decline of up to a third in the number of species.1.5℃This is the most ambitious goal for temperature rise set by the Paris Agreement, after a push by low-lying island nations like Kiribati, which say limiting temperature rise to 1.5℃ could save them from sinking.0.8℃This is how much temperatures have risen since the industrial age began, putting us 40% of the way to the 2℃ point.0℃The baseline here is average global temperature before the start of the industrial age.70. It can be concluded from paragraph 1 that _______.A. the problem of global warming will have been quite solved by 2020B. gas emissions have been effectively reduced in developed countriesC. the Paris Agreements is more influential than the Kyoto ProtocolD. humans have made continuous efforts to slow down global warming71. If nations could only keep the initial promises of the Paris Agreement, what would happen by the year 2100?A. The human population would increase by one third.B. Little over 50% of all species would still exist.C. Nations would not need to tighten their emissions targets.D. The Agreement’s minimum goal would not be reached.72. If those island nations not far above sea level are to survive, the maximum temperature rise, since the start of the industrial age, should be_______.A. 0.8℃B. 1.5℃C. 2℃D. 3.5℃(C)Enough “meaningless drivel”. That’s the message from a group of members of the UK government who have been examining how social media firms like LinkedIn gather and use social media data.The House of Comm ons Science and Technology Committee’s report, released last week, has blamed firms for making people sign up to long incomprehensible legal contracts and calls for an international standard or kitemark (认证标记) to identify sites that have clear terms and conditions.“The term and conditions statement that we all carelessly agree to is meaningless drivel to anyone,” says Andrew Miller, the chair of the committee. Instead, he says, firms should provide a plain-English version of their terms. The simplified version would be checked by a third party and awarded a kitemark if it is an accurate reflection of the original.It is not yet clear who would administer the scheme, but the UK government is looking at introducing it on a voluntary basis. “we need to think through how we make that work in practice,” says Miller.Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark? “I think if you went and did the survey, people would like to think they would,” says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton, UK, who studies open data. “We do know people worry a lot about the inappropriate use of their information.” But what would happen in practice is another matter, he says.Other organisations such as banks ask customers to sign long contracts they may not read or understand, but Miller believes social media requires special attention because it is so new. “We still don’t know how significant the long-term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20 years’ time,” he says.Shadbolt, who gave evidence to the committee, says the problem is that we don’t know how companies will us e our data because their business models and uses of data are still evolving. Large collections of personal informat ion have become valuable only recently, he says.The shock and anger when a social media firm does something with data that people don’t expect, even if users have apparently permission, show that the current situation isn’t working. If properly administered, a kitemark on terms and conditions could help people know what exactly they are signing up to. Although they would still have to actually read them.73. What does the phrase “ meaningless drivel” in paragraphs 1 and 3 refer to?A. Legal contracts that social media firms make people sign up to.B. Warnings from the UK government against unsafe websites.C. Guidelines on how to use social media websites properly.D. Insignificant data collected by social media firms.74. It can be inferred from the passage that Nigel Shadbolt doubts whether _______.A. social media firms would conduct a survey on the kitemark schemeB. people would pay as much attention to a kitemark as they thinkC. a kitemark scheme would be workable on a nationwide scaleD. the kitemark would help companies develop their business models75. Andrew Miller thinks social media needs more attention than banks mainly because _______.A. their users consist largely of kids under 20 years oldB. the language in their contracts is usually harder to understandC. the information they collected could become more valuable in futureD. it remains unknown how users’ data will be taken advantage of76. The writer advises users of social media to _______.A. think carefully before posting anything onto such websitesB. read the terms and conditions even if there is a kitemarkC. take no further action if they can find a kitemarkD. avoid providing too much personal information77. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Say no to social media?B. New security rules in operation?C. Accept without reading?D. Administration matters!Section CWalking will be banned on escalators as part of a trail designed to reduce congestion(拥堵) at some of the country’s busiest stations.In the first move of its kind, all travelers will be forced to stand on both sides of escalators on the London Underground as part of a plan to increase capacity(容量) at the height of the rush hour.A six-month trial will be introduced at Holborn station from mid-April, eliminating the rule of standing on the right and walking on the left. The move, imitating a similar structure in Far Eastern cities such as Hong Kong, is designed to increase the number of people using long escalators at the busiest times . it could be expanded across the Tube network in coming years.According to London Underground, only 40 percent of travelers walk the full length of long escalators, leaving the majority at the bottom as they wait to get on to the “standing “side.A three-week trial at Holborn last year found that the number of people using escalators at any one time of could be raised by almost a third. Peter McNaught, operations director at London Underground, said: “It may n ot seem right that you can go quicker by standing still, but our experiments at Holborn have proved that it can be true. This new six-month trial will help us find out if we can influence customers to stand on both sides in the long term.”Holborn has one of the longest sets of escalators on the Underground network at 23.4 high. Tube bossesclaim that capacity was limited because so few people wanted to walk up—meaning only one side was used at all times. Research has shown that it is more effective use of escalators over 18.5 to ban walking.The previous trial found that escalators at the station normally carried 2,500 people between 8:30am and 9:30am on a typical day, rising to 3,250 during the researching period.In the new trial, which wi ll be launched from April 18, one of three “up” escalators will be standing only, with a second banning walking at peak times. A third will remain a mix of walking and standing.(Note: Answering the questions the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)78. What is the existing problem with standing on the right and walking on the left?_______________________________________________________________________________________ 79. What did last year’s three-week trial at Holborn station prove?_______________________________________________________________________________________80. The research suggests that walking should be forbidden on escalators that are at least _________ in height.81. In the new trail, in addition to one esca lator banning walking in rush hours, the other “up” escalators will be used for_________________.第II卷(共47分)I.Translation1. 我真希望自己的文章有朝一日能见报。
2016高考语文上海卷(含答案)
2016年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试上海语文一、阅读 80分（一）阅读下文，完成第1-6题。
（17分）考据、批评与欣赏朱光潜①把快感、联想当作美感，是一般人的误解。
有一种误解是学者们所特有的，就考据和批评当作欣赏。
②拿我在国外大学读的莎士比亚这门功课来说，英国的教授整年地讲“版本的批评”；莎士比亚的某部剧本在那一年印第一次“四折本”，哪一年印第一次“对折本”，各有几次梵音，某一个字在第一次“四折本”怎样写，后来在“对折本”，里又改成什么样……自然他们不仅讲这一样，对来源和作者生平也很重视：莎士比亚大概度过些什么书？《哈姆雷特》是根据哪些书写的？他和戏院和同行的关系如何？“哈姆雷特是不是作者现身说法？……为了解决这些问题，学者们个个埋头于灰封虫咬的故纸堆中，寻找片纸只字以为至宝。
③这些功夫都属于中国人说的“考据学”。
这门课的教授只做这种功夫，对我们也只讲他研究的那一套。
至于学生能否欣赏剧本本身，他并不过问。
从美学观点来说，我们该如何看待这种考据工作呢？④考据所得的是历史知识，可以帮助欣赏，却不是欣赏本身。
欣赏之前要有了解。
只就欣赏说，版本、来源以及作者生平都是题外事，因为美感经验全在欣赏形象本身。
但就了解说，这些历史的知识却非常重要，要了解《洛神赋》，就不能不知道曹植和甄后的关系；要了解《饮酒》诗，就不能不先考定原本中到底是“悠然望南山”还是“悠然见南山”。
⑤但若只了解而不能欣赏，则没有走进文艺的领域。
通常富于考据癖的学者难免犯两种错误。
第一种错误是穿凿附会。
他们以为作者字字有来历，便拉史实来附会它。
他们不知道艺术是创造的，虽然可以受史实的影响，却不必完全受其支配。
第二种错误是因考据之后，便袖手旁观，不肯染指，而我是饕餮汉，对于考据家的苦心孤诣虽十二分地敬佩、感激，但我认为，最要紧的事还是伸箸把菜取到口里来咀嚼，领略领略它的滋味。
⑥在考据学者们自己看来，考据就是一种文学批评，但是一般人所谓的文学批评，意义实不仅如此。
2016年高考上海卷语文试题(卷)与答案
绝密★启封并使用完毕前试题类型：2016年全国高等学校招生全国统一考试上海语文注意事项：1．本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分．2．答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在本试题相应的位置．3．全部答案在答题卡上完成，答在本试题上无效．4．考试结束后，将本试题和答题卡一并交回．一、阅读80分（一）阅读下文，完成第1-6题。
（17分）考据、批评与欣赏朱光潜①把快感、联想当作美感，是一般人的误解。
有一种误解是学者们所特有的，就考据和批评当作欣赏。
②拿我在国外大学读的莎士比亚这门功课来说，英国的教授整年地讲“版本的批评”；莎士比亚的某部剧本在那一年印第一次“四折本”，哪一年印第一次“对折本”，各有几次梵音，某一个字在第一次“四折本”怎样写，后来在“对折本”，里又改成什么样……自然他们不仅讲这一样，对来源和作者生平也很重视：莎士比亚大概度过些什么书？《哈姆雷特》是根据哪些书写的？他和戏院和同行的关系如何？“哈姆雷特是不是作者现身说法？……为了解决这些问题，学者们个个埋头于灰封虫咬的故纸堆中，寻找片纸只字以为至宝。
③这些功夫都属于中国人说的“考据学”。
这门课的教授只做这种功夫，对我们也只讲他研究的那一套。
至于学生能否欣赏剧本本身，他并不过问。
从美学观点来说，我们该如何看待这种考据工作呢？④考据所得的是历史知识，可以帮助欣赏，却不是欣赏本身。
欣赏之前要有了解。
只就欣赏说，版本、来源以及作者生平都是题外事，因为美感经验全在欣赏形象本身。
但就了解说，这些历史的知识却非常重要，要了解《洛神赋》，就不能不知道曹植和甄后的关系；要了解《饮酒》诗，就不能不先考定原本中到底是“悠然望南山”还是“悠然见南山”。
⑤但若只了解而不能欣赏，则没有走进文艺的领域。
通常富于考据癖的学者难免犯两种错误。
第一种错误是穿凿附会。
他们以为作者字字有来历，便拉史实来附会它。
他们不知道艺术是创造的，虽然可以受史实的影响，却不必完全受其支配。
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高考语文练习（三）一阅读 80分（五）阅读下文，完成17—21题。
（16分）①张廷尉释之者，堵阳人也，字季。
有兄仲同居。
以訾为骑郎，事孝文帝，十岁不得调，无所知名。
释之曰：“久宦减仲之产，不遂。
”欲自免归。
中郎将袁盎知其贤，惜其去，乃请徙释之补谒者。
释之既朝毕，因前言便宜事。
文帝曰：“卑之，毋甚高论，令今可施行也。
”于是释之言秦汉之间事，秦所以失而汉所以兴者久之。
文帝称善，乃拜释之为谒者仆射。
……廷尉张释之，是堵阳人，字季。
和他的哥哥仲生活在一起。
由于家中资财多而作了骑郎，侍奉汉文帝，十年内得不到升迁，默默无名。
张释之说：“长时间的做郎官，耗减了哥哥的资财，使人不安。
”想要辞职回家。
中郎将袁盎知道他德才兼备，惋惜他的离去。
就请求汉文帝调补他做谒者。
张释之朝见文帝后，就趋前陈说国家当前应做的事，文帝说：“说些接近现实生活的事，不要高谈阔论，说的应该现在就能实施。
”于是，张释之又谈起秦汉之际的事，谈了很长时间关于秦朝灭亡和汉朝兴盛的原因。
文帝很赞赏他，就任命他做了谒者仆射。
②后文帝崩，景帝立，释之恐，称病。
欲免去，惧大诛至；欲见谢，则未知何如。
用王生计，卒见谢，景帝不过也。
后来，文帝死去，景帝即位。
张释之内心恐惧，假称生病。
想要辞职离去，又担心随之招致被诛杀；要当面向景帝谢罪，又不知怎么办好。
用了王生的计策，终于见到景帝道歉谢罪，景帝没有责怪他。
③王生者，善为黄老言，处士也。
尝召居廷中，三公九卿尽会立，王生老人，曰：“吾袜解。
”顾谓张廷尉：“为我结袜！”释之跪而结之。
既已，人或谓王生曰：“独奈何廷辱张廷尉，使跪结袜？”王生曰：“吾老且贱，自度终无益于张廷尉。
张廷尉方今天下名臣，吾故聊辱廷尉使跪结袜欲以重之。
”诸公闻之，贤王生而重张廷尉。
王生是喜好黄老学说的处士。
曾被召进朝廷中，三公九卿全齐聚站在那里，王生是个老年人，说：“我的袜带松脱了。
”回过头来对张廷尉说：“给我结好袜带！”张释之就跪下结好袜带。
事后，有人问王生说：“为什么在朝廷上羞辱张廷尉，让他跪着结袜带？”王生说：“我年老，又地位卑下。
自己料想最终不能给张廷尉什么好处。
张廷尉是天下名臣，我故意羞辱张廷尉，让他跪下结袜带，想用这种办法加强他的名望。
”各位大臣们听说后，都称赞王生的贤德而且敬重张廷尉。
（节选自《史记·张释之冯唐列传》）17、写出下列加点词语在句中的意思。
（4分）（1）乃请徙释之补谒者调动，调迁，调任，调职（2）欲见谢谢罪，请罪（3）三公九卿尽会立会合、会聚、齐聚、聚集（4）吾故聊辱廷尉故意，特意，所以18、把下列句子译成现代汉语。
（6分）（1）释之既朝毕，因前言便宜事。
张释之朝见文帝后，就趋前陈说国家当前应做的事，（得分点：“朝”：朝见、朝拜，1分；“前”：趋前、走上前，1分，便宜事：国家当前应做的事，或利国利民的事都可以，1分）（2）独奈何廷辱张廷尉，使跪结袜？为什么在朝廷上羞辱张廷尉，让他跪着结袜带？（得分点：“奈何””：为什么，1分；“廷”：在朝廷上，1分；使之，补出宾语，1分）19、第③段画线句的句中应有两处停顿，请用“/”加以标出。
（2分）吾故聊辱廷尉使跪结袜欲以重之吾故聊辱廷尉/使跪结袜/欲以重之。
20、王生让张释之跪下结袜带的理由可概括为（2分）想以年老位卑之身，为张释之谋得好处，借此提高张释之的声望，使臣民敬重他的为人。
21、概括张释之这一形象的主要特点。
（2分）恭谨待下，博学多才，体谅家人（答出2点，意思接近即可得分）（六）阅读下文，完成第22—26题。
（12分）人之口腹，何常之有？富贵之时，穷极滋味，暴殄过当；一过祸败，求藜藿充饥而不可得。
石虎食蒸饼，必以乾枣、胡桃瓤为心，使坼裂方食；及为冉闵所篡，幽废，思其不裂者而无从致之。
唐东洛贵家子弟，饮食必用炼炭所炊，不尔便嫌烟气；及其乱离饥饿，市脱粟饭食之，不啻八珍。
此岂口腹贵于前而贱于后哉？彼其当时所为拣择精好，动以为粗恶而不能下咽者，皆其骄奢淫佚之性使然，非天生而然也。
人的口味和肚子，难道能保持不变吗？富贵的时候，吃遍珍馐美味，暴饮暴食，一旦遇到灾祸或家境败落，就是想找野草野菜充饥也办不到。
唐代洛阳的富家子弟，平时吃食物定要用精制的炭烧，否则就嫌有烟的味道。
等发生战乱，与家人离散后饥饿时，吃粗粮也不亚于明八珍（指龙肝、凤髓、豹胎等八种珍贵食品）。
这难道是口味和肚子先前很高贵后来变得低贱了吗？他在富贵时所吃的经过精挑细择的精致美味，还动不动就认为食物粗糙而不能下咽，都是因为他骄横奢靡的性情造成的，而并不是天生的。
吾见南方膏粱子弟，一离襁褓，必择甘毳温柔，调以酥酪，恐伤其胃，而疾病亦自不少。
北方婴儿，卧土炕，啖麦饭，十余岁不知酒肉，而强壮自如。
又下一等，[甲]乞丐之子，生[乙]受冻忍饿，日一文钱，[丙]果其腹。
我见到那些南方殷实人家的孩子，刚刚离开襁褓，一定会挑选甜美易嚼之物，和酥酪拌在一起吃，害怕伤到他们的肠胃，但他们的疾病也不见得就少。
北方的婴儿，睡在土炕上，吃的是麦子做的粗饭，十几岁了也不知道酒肉，可是仍然长的很强壮。
再次一等的例子，比如乞丐的孩子，生下来就忍受寒冷饥饿，每天只要一文钱，就能填饱他的肚子。
人生何常？幸而处富贵，有赢余，时时思及冻馁，无令过分，物无精粗美恶，随遇而安，无有选择于胸中，此亦动心忍性之一端也。
子瞻兄弟南迁，相遇梧、藤①间，市饼，粗不可食，黄门．．臵筋而叹，子瞻已尽之矣。
二苏之学力、识见，优劣皆于是卜之。
吾生平未尝以饮食呵责人，其有不堪，更强为进。
至于宦中，尤持此戒。
每每以语妻孥，然未必知此旨也。
人生如何保持不变？就算运气好身处富贵之家，有空的时候，也要多想想当有一天要受冻挨饿的时候，不要让自己纵欲过度。
食物不分精致粗俗味美难吃，什么环境都能适应并感到满足，心中没有挑拣，这也是磨练意志培养性情的一种方法啊。
子瞻（苏轼）两兄弟搬家到南方，在梧藤下相遇，买来饼，可是饼子很粗劣没法吃，黄门（苏辙）放下筷子长吁短叹，子瞻（苏轼）已经吃完了自己的那份。
二苏的学问见识，优劣都能通过这件事预测出来了。
我这一生从没有因饮食如何而责备过别人，饮食再不好，我也强迫自己吃。
等到后来我做了官，更是严格遵守这个戒律。
我也常常拿我的这一准则来告诫妻儿，不过他们不一定知道这其中的道理吧。
——[明]谢肇淛《五杂俎》（节选）[注] 梧、藤：梧州和藤州。
22、文章第三段中的“黄门”即宋代文学家苏辙。
（2分）23、文章第一段以______________为例，说明____________________。
（3分）石虎、唐东洛贵家子弟富贵时拣择精好，祸败时只求陋食充饥；口腹的贪欲是由骄奢淫佚之性造成的。
24、文章第二段【甲】、【乙】、【丙】三个空格处依次填入的词语是（A）（2分）A．若即便B．乃而方C．为乃则D．盖则乃25、对“此亦动心忍性之一端也”理解正确的一项是（C）（2分）A．这也是一种引起内心波动变化的方法。
B．这也是控制压抑内心欲望的方法之一。
C．这也是磨练自己心性意志的方法之一。
D．这也是一种提高自身道德修养的方法。
26、简析本文主旨的现实意义。
（3分）答案示例：作者针对骄奢淫佚的不良社会风气，告诫人们饮食不宜追求精美，启迪后人戒除口腹贪欲、磨练心性意志，这一劝勉切中时弊，至今发人深省二、写作(70分）27、阅读以下材料，请按要求作文。
通过手机、电子书、网络等进行的不完整的、断断续续的阅读模式，被总结为碎片化阅读。
近年来，“碎片化阅读”现象引发了社会上的广泛关注和讨论。
某知名媒体：碎片化阅读已成为大众阅读的趋势。
史学博士廖峰：人或成为碎片化信息的奴隶。
诗人欧阳江河：我故意写长诗，对抗碎片化的生活。
学者费勇：我不排斥碎片化时代，我们该考虑怎么样才能够把自己修炼得更完美。
全国政协委员聂震宁：《论语》和柏拉图的《理想国》，不也是一种碎片式结构吗？善待碎片化阅读，善待随处可见的“低头一族”们，利用阅读终端阅读也不错。
以上讨论引发了你哪些联想与思考？请自选角度，自拟题目，自定文体（诗歌除外），写一篇不少于800字的文章。
不要脱离材料的内容及含意范围。
审题说明：材料先给出碎片化阅读的定义，再交代碎片化阅读现象引发的讨论。
学生作文时只要围绕‘‘碎片化阅读”现象展开自己的思考就在范围之内。
1.碎片化阅读产生原因分析。
科技进步、阅读载体的变化、人们的浮躁求快心理……2.表达对碎片化阅读现象的褒贬态度。
碎片化阅读虽然碎片，也是“一片”，也是一种阅读的方式。
碎片化阅读太浅，不够深度。
3.碎片化阅读的利弊分析。
阅读便捷，可充分利用每日零碎时间，上班途中、午睡前等边角时间都可以用来阅读；阅读更广博，可以让更多人进行海量资讯浏览，来了解世界；阅读者可以更有选择性进行个性化阅读；更容易抓住关键信息……催生“标题党” “头条控”等；更容易断章取义，易造成误读，淹没真相；看了大量的信息，却似乎什么都没有留下；微博微信等碎片化信息占用人们大量的时间，影响正常的工作学习，侵占人的生活；不利于学术研究；会造成一代人的浅薄盲从……4.碎片化时代，该怎么做？各种客户端等信息推送者有责任推送那些准确且更有深度更有含金量的信息；阅读者要形成随手积累碎片信息的习惯，碎片化时代更考验每个人对知识的整理能力；传统阅读不可废，享受碎片化阅读的便捷的同时可以多进行经典阅读；对待满天飞的碎片化信息，要更清醒，能辨识，不盲从……。