Screw Instability of Magnetic Field and Gamma-Ray Bursts in Type IbC Supernovae

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全超导磁体托卡马克装置英语

全超导磁体托卡马克装置英语作文Title:Fully Superconducting Tokamak (FST)A Fully Superconducting Tokamak (FST) is a pioneering design in the realm of nuclear fusion research, aiming to harness the power of the stars for sustainable energy production. This essay will provide an overview of FST technology, its operational principles, and its significance in the quest for clean energy.The FST is based on the Tokamak configuration, a doughnut-shaped (toroidal) device that uses magnetic fields to confine plasma, the hot, ionized gas necessary for nuclear fusion reactions. Unlike traditional tokamaks that use copper coils for magnetic confinement, FSTs employ superconducting coils. These coils, operating at extremely low temperatures, can maintain strong magnetic fields with minimal electrical resistance, significantly enhancing the device's efficiency and operational time.The heart of an FST lies in its superconducting coils, which are cooled to cryogenic temperatures, typically near absolute zero, using liquid helium. At these temperatures, the coils become superconductors, meaning they can conductelectricity with zero resistance. This property allows for the creation of powerful, stable magnetic fields that can confine the plasma in the toroidal chamber for extended periods.The plasma, consisting of hydrogen isotopes such as deuterium and tritium, is heated to temperatures exceeding 100 million degrees Celsius, the conditions necessary for nuclear fusion to occur. The magnetic fields generated by the superconducting coils prevent the plasma from touching the chamber walls, which would cool the plasma and disrupt the fusion process.FST technology offers several advantages over conventional tokamaks. Firstly, the use of superconducting coils allows for a more compact design, reducing the overall size and cost of the device. Secondly, FSTs can operate continuously for extended periods, potentially leading to a steady-state fusion reactor that can provide a constant source of electricity. This is in contrast to traditional tokamaks, which can only operate in short bursts due to the limitations of their copper coils.The development of FSTs represents a significant step forward in the pursuit of clean, sustainable energy. Nuclear fusion, if successfully harnessed, could provide a virtuallylimitless supply of energy without the greenhouse gas emissions associated with fossil fuels or the radioactive waste produced by nuclear fission. FSTs, with their improved efficiency and operational stability, bring the dream of fusion power closer to reality.In conclusion, the Fully Superconducting Tokamak (FST) is a cutting-edge technology that promises to revolutionize the field of nuclear fusion. By employing superconducting coils to confine plasma, FSTs offer a more efficient and stable approach to fusion energy production. As research in this area continues, FSTs could pave the way for a future where clean, sustainable energy is a global reality.。

219401845_磁场调控丝状真菌生长发育及代谢产物合成的研究进展

麦婷婷，高梦祥，李利，等. 磁场调控丝状真菌生长发育及代谢产物合成的研究进展[J]. 食品工业科技，2023，44（13）：450−457.doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022090173MAI Tingting, GAO Mengxiang, LI Li, et al. Research Progress on the Regulation of Magnetic Field on the Growth and Development of Filamentous Fungi and the Synthesis of Metabolites[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2023, 44(13): 450−457. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022090173· 专题综述 ·磁场调控丝状真菌生长发育及代谢产物合成的研究进展麦婷婷1，高梦祥1，李　利1，张佳兰2, *，王劲松3（1.长江大学生命科学学院，湖北荆州 434025；2.长江大学动物科学学院，湖北荆州 434025；3.荆楚理工学院生物工程学院，湖北荆门 444800）摘　要：磁场作为一种普遍存在的环境因子，影响着微生物的生长及代谢。

丝状真菌是一类重要的异养型真核生物，在食品工业和生物医药领域有广泛应用。

目前，采用磁场处理丝状真菌已成为工业重要研究目标，而红曲霉、黑曲霉和黄曲霉是丝状真菌常用的典型菌种。

本文分别介绍了磁场调控红曲霉、黑曲霉、黄曲霉等丝状真菌生长及代谢的研究进展，通过不同磁场类型、作用时间、磁场强度等多种磁场参数分析三种丝状真菌磁场磁效应，阐述了磁场对三种典型丝状真菌的生长发育及其代谢物影响规律和代谢关系。

磁共振常用词汇中英文对照

磁共振常用词汇中英文对照磁场:magnetic field自旋磁矩: spin precessing旋转坐标系:rotating frame of reference射场RF field射频脉冲RF pulse磁化强度矢量magnetic field vector横向衰减transverse decay静态场static field static magnetic field分立角flip angle信号signal系统参数system parameter自由感应衰减free indaction decay自旋回波spin echo反转恢复inversion recovery波谱spectrum化学位移chemical shift自旋密度spin density频率编码frequency encoding梯度回波gradient echoK空间K space梯度方向性gradient directivity非线性non-linearuty多维成像multi-dimensional imaging 二维成像2D imaging三维成像3D imaging化学位移成像chemical shift imaging Fourier成像傅利叶imaging离散diffusion图像重建image reconstruction射频线圈RF coil噪音noise滤波filter分辨率resolution空间分辨率spatial resolution填零内插zero padding interpolation 投影projection信噪比signal to noise ratio对比度constrast模值magnitude相位phase选片slice selection校对射频场RF calibration磁体外壳magnet covers匀场电源shim power supply被动匀场passive shim矩阵array梯度功放gradient amplifier矩阵线圈coil array梯度线圈gradient coil射频梯度功放RF (power) amplifier射频滤波器RF filter谱分析spectroscopy病床patient trolley对讲机intercom病理信号采集physiological signal acquisition 脑部线圈head coil颈椎线圈neck coil乳房线圈breast coil体线圈body coil膝盖线圈knee coil脚腕线圈ankle coil肩线圈shoulder coil腕部线圈wrist coil通用线圈genral purpose coil 谱仪spectrometer 工作站console射频屏蔽房RF shield room 射频线RF cable梯度线gradient cable空调A/C (air conditional) 脉冲序列pulse sequence影片机film printer。

电磁振动台的英语

电磁振动台的英语Captivating the essence of seismic simulation, the "Electromagnetic Vibration Table" is an engineering marvel that plays a pivotal role in the realm of product testing and quality assurance. This sophisticated piece of equipment employs the principles of electromagnetic force to generate controlled vibrations, simulating a wide array of dynamic conditions that products may encounter in the real world. From the subtle tremors of everyday use to the intense jolts of seismic activity, the electromagnetic vibration table is designed to test the durability and reliability of items ranging from electronics to automotive components.The operation of this table is a symphony of precision engineering, where an electromagnetic coil is energized, creating a force that moves a suspended mass, known as the moving table or shaker, in a controlled manner. This movement can be adjusted in terms of frequency, amplitude, and duration to replicate various environmental stresses. The versatility of the electromagnetic vibration table is further amplified by its compatibility with different types oftesting standards, making it a valuable tool for industries that require rigorous compliance with quality benchmarks.In the field of research and development, the electromagnetic vibration table is an indispensable asset. It allows scientists and engineers to subject prototypes to rigorous stress tests, ensuring that only the most robustdesigns make it to the production phase. This not only saves costs associated with recalls and repairs but also enhances brand reputation by delivering products that can withstandthe test of time and the elements.Safety is another critical aspect where the electromagnetic vibration table shines. By simulating earthquake conditions in a controlled lab environment, researchers can study the structural integrity of buildings and bridges without putting lives at risk. This has led to significant advancements in construction materials and design methodologies that are better equipped to handle natural disasters.As technology progresses, the electromagnetic vibration table continues to evolve, incorporating advanced featureslike multi-axis capabilities and programmable control systems. This enables even more complex simulations, pushing the boundaries of what can be tested and analyzed. The electromagnetic vibration table stands as a testament to human ingenuity, a tool that not only ensures the quality and safety of our products but also paves the way for future innovations that can withstand the unpredictable forces of nature.。

物理专业英语词汇（S）_数学物理英语词汇

s branch s 分支s d exchange interaction s d 交换相互酌s d mixing s d 混合s d problem s d 问题s matrix s 矩阵s orbital s 轨函数s process s 过程s quark s 夸克s wave s 波s/n ratio 信噪比saccharimeter 糖量计saccharometer 砂糖检糖计sachs moment 萨克斯矩saddle point method 最陡下降法safety facfor 安全因子safety factor 定全系数sagitta 天箭座sagittal beam 弧矢光束sagittarius 人马座sagnac effect 萨尼亚克效应saha ionization theory 萨哈电离论saha's equation 萨哈公式saha's formula 萨哈公式sakata model 坂田模型salt 盐sample 样品sampling 抽样sampling oscilloscope 取样示波器sampling theorem 抽样定理saros 萨罗斯周期satellite 卫星satellite line 光谱线的伴线satellite observation 人造卫星观测satellite reflection 卫星反射saturable absorber 选择性饱和滤光器非线性滤光器saturable dye 饱和染料saturable reactor 饱和电抗器saturated steam 饱和水蒸汽saturated vapor 饱和水蒸汽saturated vapor pressure 饱和蒸汽压saturated vapor pressure curve 饱和蒸气压曲线saturation 饱和saturation current 饱和电流saturation curve 饱和曲线saturation magnetization 饱和磁化saturation point 饱和点saturation pressure 饱和压力saturation state 饱和态saturation temperature 饱和温度saturation value 饱和值saturation vapor pressure 饱和蒸气压saturation voltage 饱和电压saturn 土星sausage instability 腊肠形不稳定性savart plate 萨瓦尔板savart's polarizing plate 萨瓦尔偏振光镜sawtooth generator 锯齿形波发生器saxon woods potential 萨克逊伍兹势scalar coupling 标量耦合scalar curvature 标量曲率scalar field 标量场scalar particles 标量粒子scalar potential 标量势scalar quantity 标量scale 度标scale factor 标度因子scale height 标高scale invariance 扩张不变性scale of two circuit 二进位定标电路scaling circuit 定标电路scaling invariance 标度无关性scaling law 标度律scaling theory 标度理论scan 扫描scandium 钪scanning 扫描scanning auger microanalysis 扫描俄歇微区分析scanning electron microscope 扫描电子显微镜scanning laser acoustic microscope 扫描激光声显微镜scanning total reflection 扫描全反射scanning transmission electron microscope 扫描透射电子显微镜scanning tunneling microscope 扫描隧道电子显微镜scattered light 漫射光scattered radiation 散射辐射scattered wave 散射波scattered x rays 散射 x 射线scattering 散射scattering amplitude 散射辐度scattering angle 散射角scattering center 散射中心scattering chamber 散射室scattering coefficient 散射系数scattering cross section 散射截面scattering factor 散射因子scattering formula 散射公式scattering length 散射长度scattering matrix 散射矩阵scattering medium 散射介质scattering operator 散射算符scenograph 透视仪schaefer bergmann's diffraction pattern 夏费贝尔格曼衍射图样schering bridge 沃电桥schlieren chamber 超快扫描照相机schlieren method 纹影照相法schlieren pattern 纹影图样schmid factor 施密得因数schmidt camera 施密特望远镜schmidt lines 施密特线schmidt number 施密特数schmidt rule 施密特定则schmidt telescope 施密特望远镜schmidt value 施密特值schmitt trigger 施密特触发器schoenflies' symbol 熊夫利符号schottky barrier 肖脱基势垒schottky barrier gate field effect transistor 肖脱基势结型场效应晶体管schottky defect 肖脱基缺陷schottky diode 肖脱基二极管schottky disorder 肖脱基缺陷schottky effect 散粒效应schottky transistor 肖脱基晶体管schrot effect 散粒效应schultz method 舒尔茨法schulz gage 舒尔茨真空计schumann region 舒曼区schumann resonance 舒曼共振schur's lemma 舒尔引理schwarzschild exterior solution 施瓦茨席尔德外部解schwarzschild interior solution 施瓦茨席尔德内部解schwarzschild radius 施瓦茨席尔德半径schwinger function 施温格函数schwinger model 施温格模型sciameter x射线测定器science 科学scientist 科学工走scintigram 闪烁图scintillation 闪光;闪烁scintillation counter 闪烁计数器scintillation crystal 闪烁晶体scintillation screen 闪烁屏scintillation spectrometer 闪烁谱仪scintillator 闪烁体scintilloscope 闪烁仪sclerometer 硬度计scleronomic system 与时间无关的系统scmitt trigger circuit 施密特触发器scorpius 天蝎座scotopic vision 暗视觉scram 紧急停堆scratch hardness 划痕硬度screen grid 屏栅screening 屏蔽screening constant 屏蔽常数screening effect 屏蔽效应screening number 屏蔽常数screw axis 螺旋轴screw dislocation 螺型位错screw pinch 螺旋箍缩sculptor 玉夫座scutum 盾牌座seaquake 海震search light 探照灯second harmonic generation 二次谐波发生second law of thermodynamics 热力学第二定律second order phase transition 二级相跃迁second quantization 二次量子化second sound 第二声second viscosity 第二粘性secondary battery 二次电池secondary cell 二次电池secondary circuit 次级电路secondary component 次级成分secondary cosmic rays 次级宇宙线secondary defect 二次缺陷secondary electron 次级电子secondary electron induced by ion bombardment 离子轰恍应二次电子secondary electron multiplier 二次电子倍增管secondary emission 二次电子发射secondary extinction 次级衰减secondary ion emission 次级离子发射secondary ion mass spectrometry 次级离子质谱法secondary ionization 次级电离secondary paticle beam 次级粒子束secondary quantum number 次量子数secondary radiation 次级辐射secondary spectrum 次级光谱secondary standard 二次标准secondary thermometer 二次温度计secondary x rays 二次 x 射线seconds pendulum 秒摆sector velocity 面积速度secular acceleration 长期加速secular equation 永恒方程secular parallax 长期视差secular perturbation 长期微扰secular precession 长期岁差sedimentation coefficient 沉降系数sedimentation equilibrium 沉降平衡sedimentation velocity 沉降速度seebeck effect 塞贝克效应seed crystal 晶种seeing 能见度seger cone 测温锥segment 段segmentation 分割segregation 偏析seiche 静震seismic focus 震源seismic intensity 地震强度seismic wave 地震波seismoelectricity 地震电学seismogeomagnetism 地震地磁学seismogram 地震记录图seismograph 地震仪seismology 地震学seismometer 地震计seismophysics 地震物理学seismoscope 验震器selected area diffraction 选区衍射selection 选择selection rule 选择规则selective absorption 选择性吸收selective growth 选择性生长selective reflection 选择反射selectivity 选择性selector 选择器selenium 硒selenium cell 硒光电池selenium rectifier 硒整流selenochronology 月球年代学selenodesy 月球测量学selenography 月面学selenomorphology 月貌学selenophone 照相录声机selenotectonics 月球构造学self absorption 自吸收self acting control 自行控制self adjoint extension 自伴扩张self adjoint operator 自伴算符self blocking 阻挡效应self canalization 自沟道效应self channeling 自沟道效应self collision 自碰撞self compression 自压缩self consistent field 自洽场self correlation 自相关self diffusion 自扩散self diffusion coefficient 自扩散系数self energy 自能self excitation 自激self excited generator 自激发电机self excited oscillation 自激振荡self excited oscillation circuit 自激振荡电路self focusing beam 自聚焦束self inductance 自感self induction 自感应self intensification 自增强self locking 自同步self mode locking 自锁模self operated control 自行控制self oscillation 自激振荡self oscillatory system 自激振荡系统self quenching counter 自灭式计数管self reversal 自反转self rotation 固有转动self similarity 自相似self sustained oscillations 连续振荡self sustaining discharge 自续放电self sustaining fusion 自续聚变self trapped electron 自俘获电子self trapped exciton 自俘获激子self trapping 自陷获selsyn motor 自动同步机sem 扫描电子显微镜semi 半semi channeling 半沟道效应semi classical method 半经典方法semi classical theory 半经典论semi group 半群semi insulator 半绝缘体semicircular spectrometer 半圆形光谱仪semicircular spectroscope 半圆形光谱仪semiconducting glass 半导电玻璃semiconductive polymer 半导电聚合物semiconductor 半导体semiconductor detector 半导体探测器semiconductor device 半导体装置semiconductor diode 半导体二极管semiconductor doped glass 半导体掺入玻璃semiconductor heterostructure 半导体异质结构semiconductor laser 半导体激光器semiconductor laser diode 半导体激光二极管semiconductor memory 半导体存储器semiconductor metal contact 半导体金属接触semiconductor microcrystallite 半导体微晶semiconductor quantum well structure 半寻体量子阱结构semiconductor rectifier 半导体整流semiconductor superlattice 半导体超点阵semiempirical molecular orbital method 半经验分子轨道法semileptonic decay 半轻子衰变semimetal 半金属semipermeable membrane 半透膜sense of rotation 旋转方向sensibility 灵敏度sensible heat 显热sensitive element 敏感元件sensitive tint 灵敏色辉sensitive tint plate 灵敏色辉片sensitivity 敏感度sensitized fluorescence 敏化荧光sensitometer 感光计sensitometry 感光度测定sensor 敏感元件sensor test 传感圃验separate excitation 他激separated function type synchrotron 分离机能型同步加速器separately excited generator 他激电机separating surface 界面sequence 序列serber force 塞伯力series connection 串联series generator 串激发电机series of spectrum lines 光谱线系series resistance 串联电阻series resonance 串联共振serpens 巨蛇座servoamplification 伺服放大servomechanism 伺服机构servomotor 伺服电动机sextans 六分仪座sextet 六重态seyfert galaxy 赛弗特星系shade 阴影shadow 阴影shadow effect 阴影效应shadow method 阴影法shadow microscope 阴影电子显微镜shadow scattering 衍射散射shallow water wave 浅水波shannon theorem 香农定理shape memory effect 形状记忆效应shaping circuit 形成电路sharp series 锐系列shearing force 剪切力shearing interferometer 错位干涉仪shearing modulus 剪切殚性模量shearing strain 剪切应变shearing strength 抗剪强度shearing stress 剪切应力sheet model 薄板模型shell 壳shell model 壳模型shf 超高频shield 屏蔽shield of a pile 屏蔽shielding material 屏蔽材料shift 位移shiva laser 希瓦激光器shive wave machine 沙伊布的波动实验器shock 冲击shock heating 冲花加热shock tube 花管shock tunnel 花管shock wave 冲花shockley partial dislocation 肖克利局部位错shockley state 肖克利态shore hardness 肖氏硬度short circuit 短路short focus lens 短焦距的透镜short life 短命short range correlation 短程关联short range interaction 短程相互酌short range order 短程有序short range order parameter 短程有序度short take off and landing aircraft 短距起落机short wave 短波shot effect 散粒效应shot noise 散粒噪声shower 簇射shower counter 簇射计数器shower particle 簇射粒子shubnikov de haas effect 舒勃尼科夫德哈斯效应shubnikov group 舒勃尼科夫群shunt 分路shunt generator 并励发电机shutter 快门si prefixes si 词头si unit si 单位side pressure 侧压side quark s 夸克sideband 边带sideband instability 边带不稳定性sidereal day 恒星日sidereal time 恒星时sidereal year 恒星年siderite 石铁陨星siderolite 石铁陨星siderostat 定星镜siemens 闻子sievert 违特sight 视觉sigma bond 键sigma electron 电子sigma model 模型sigma orbital 轨函数sigma pi interaction 相互酌signal 信号signal generator 信号发生器signal lamp 信号灯signal reproduction 信号的再生signal to noise ratio 信噪比signal velocity 信号速度signs of the zodiac 黄道十二宫silencer 消声器silent discharge 无声放电silicon 硅silicon diode 硅二极管silicon photocell 硅光电池silicon semiconductor detector 硅半导体探测器silver 银silver oxide cell 氧化银电池similarity 相似similarity law 相似定律similarity parameter 相似准则similarity theory 相似理论similarity transformation 相似变换similitude criterion 相似准则similitude theorem 相似定理simple harmonic motion 简谐运动simple pendulum 单摆simple tone 纯音simulation 模拟simulator 模拟器simultaneity 同时性simultaneously measurable 同时可测定sine 正弦sine condition 正弦条件sine curve 正弦曲线sine galvanometer 正弦检疗sine wave 正弦波sine wave generator 正弦波振荡器single bond 单键single closed shell nuclei 单闭合壳核single crystal 单晶single crystal diffraction 单晶衍射single crystal growing 单晶生长single electron tunneling 单电子隧道贯穿single mode fiber 单模纤维single particle energy 单粒子能single particle level 单粒子能级single particle transition probability 单粒子跃迁几率single phase alternating current 单相交流single wavelength laser 单波长激光器singlet 单线singlet state 单态singular integral 奇异积分singular matrix 奇异矩阵singular point 奇点singularity of space time 时空奇点sink 汇点sintering 烧结sinusoid 正弦曲线sinusoidal wave 正弦波siphon 虹吸siren 验音盘site selection spectroscopy 位置选择光谱学size effect 尺寸效应skew quadrupole magnet 斜四极磁铁skew ray 不交轴光线skin depth 囚深度skin effect 囚效应skin friction 表面摩擦skin layer 表层sky radiation 天空辐射skylab 天空实验室skyrme force 斯基尔姆力skyshine 天空回散照射slater determinant 斯莱特行列式slavnov taylor identity 斯拉夫诺夫泰勒恒等式slide 滑动slide resistance 滑触变阻器slide rheostat 滑触变阻器sliding friction 滑动摩擦slip 滑移slip plane 滑移面slit 狭缝slit function 狭缝函数slit spectrograph 狭缝摄谱仪slit width 缝隙宽slot antenna 狭缝天线slow acting relay 时滞继电器slow neutron 慢中子slow neutron capture 慢中子俘获slow positron beam 慢正电子束slowing down 减速slowing down density 减速密度slowing down length 慢化长度slowing down of neutrons 中子减速slowing down power 慢化本领small angle scattering 小角散射small angle scattering camera 小角散射照相机small calorie 克卡smectic crystal 近晶型液晶smectic phase 碟状液晶分子相smelting 熔解smith interferometer 史密斯干涉仪smoothing circuit 平滑电路snoek peak 斯诺依克峰so group 特殊正交群soap bubble model 皂泡模型sodium 钠sodium chloride structure 食盐结构sodium discharge lamp 钠灯sodium nitrate structure 硝酸钠结构sodium vapour lamp 钠灯sodiumlamp 钠灯soft component 软成分soft magnetic material 软磁材料soft mode 软模soft phonon 软声子soft superconductor 第一类超导体soft x ray spectroscopy 软 x 射线光谱学softening 软化softening point 软化点softening temperature 软化温度software 软件sol 溶胶solar activity 太阳活动solar apex 太阳向点solar battery 太阳电池solar beam plan 阳光计划solar calendar 阳历solar cells 太阳电池solar constant 太阳常数solar corona 日冕solar cosmic rays 太阳宇宙线solar cycle 太阳活动周solar day 太阳日solar eclipse 日食solar energy 太阳能solar energy storer 太阳能贮藏器solar flare 太阳耀斑solar furnace 太阳炉solar halo 日晕solar magnetic field 太阳磁场solar neutrino 太阳中微子solar neutrino unit 太阳中微子单位solar noise 太阳噪声solar physics 太阳物理学solar radiation 太阳辐射solar radio radiation 太阳射电辐射solar radioastronomy 太阳射电天文学solar spectrum 太阳光谱solar system 太阳系solar telescope 太阳望远镜solar time 太阳时solar wind 太阳风solar x ray 太阳 x 射线solar year 太阳年solarization 曝光过度酌soldering 钎焊solenoid 螺线管solid 固体solid angle 立体角solid body 固体solid helium 固体氦solid of revolution 族转体solid phase 固相solid solution 固溶体solid solution hardening 固溶体硬化solid state 固态solid state counter 固体计数器solid state detector 固体探测器solid state electronics 固体电子学solid state laser 固体激光器solid state physics 固体物理学solid state pinch effect 固体箍缩效应solid state plasma 固体等离子体solid state relay 固体继电器solidification 凝固solidification point 结晶温度solidifying point 凝固点solidus 固相线solitary wave 孤立波soliton 孤立子solstice 二至点solubility 溶解度solubility product 溶解度积solute 溶质solution 溶液;解solution velocity 溶解速度solvation 溶剂化solvent 溶媒sommerfeld radiation condition 拴菲辐射条件sonagraph 声图仪sonar 声呐sonde 探头sondheimer oscillation 松德亥姆振动sone 宋sonic depth finder 声深度观察装置sonic holography 声全息学sonics 应用声学sonoluminescence 声发光sonometer 弦音计soret effect 俗效应sorption 吸着sorption pump 吸着泵sound 声sound absorbent 吸声体sound absorption 吸声sound absorption coefficient 吸声率sound absorption factor 吸声率sound absorptivity 吸声率sound analyser 声音分析器sound effect 声效应sound energy 声能sound field 声场sound field calibration 声场校准sound insulation 隔声sound intensity 声强sound level 声级sound level meter 声级计sound navigation and ranging 声呐sound output 声功率sound power level 声功率级sound pressure 声压sound proof chamber 隔音室sound quality 音质sound quantum 声子sound radiation 声辐射sound rays 声线sound recording 录声sound reflection 声反射sound reflector 声音反射器sound refraction 声折射sound reproduction 声的重发sound source 声源sound spectrum 声谱sound velocity 声速sound vibration 声振动sound volume 声量sound wave 声波sound wave luminescence 声波发光sounding compass 发声罗盘source 源source follower 源跟踪器源极输出器source of energy 能源source of heat 热源source of light 光源source of sound 声源south pole 南极space 空间space astronomy 空间天文学space charge 空间电荷space charge density 空间电荷密度space charge effect 空间电荷效应space charge factor 电子管导电系数space charge layer 空间电荷层space charge limited current 空间电荷限制电流space clock 宇宙钟space communication 宇宙通讯space density 空间密度space distribution 空间分布space filtering 空间滤波space flight 宇宙飞行space group 空间群space inversion 空间反射space junk 空间垃圾space laboratory 天空实验室space lattice 空间点阵space navigating plant 航天工厂space plant 太空工厂space plasma physics 空间等离子体物理学space potential 空间电位space probe 宇宙探测器航天探测器space quantization 空间量子化space reflection 空间反射space research 宇宙空间研究space science 空间科学space shuttle 航天飞船space station 宇宙空间站space telescope 空间望远镜space time 时空space time quantization 时空量子化space velocity 空间速度space very long baseline interferometry 空间甚长基线干涉测量法space vlbi 空间甚长基线干涉测量法spallation 散裂spallation reaction 散裂反应spark 火花spark breakdown 火花哗spark chamber 火花室spark counter 火花计数器spark discharge 火花放电spark gap 火花隙spark line 火花谱线spark spectrum 火花光谱sparking 放花spatial frequency filtering 空间频率的滤波spatial frequency spectrum 空间频率谱spatial parity conservation law 空间宇称守恒律spatial quantization 空间量子化spatial velocity 空间速度spationautics 宇宙航行学speaker 扬声器special function 特殊函数special orthogonal group 特殊正交群special theory of relativity 狭义相对论special unitary group 特殊酉群specific acoustic impedance 比声阻抗specific binding energy 比结合能specific conductance 导电率specific electronic charge 电子的比电荷specific gravity 比重specific gravity bottle 比重瓶specific heat 比热specific heat at constant pressure 定压比热specific heat at constant volume 定体比热specific impulse 比冲量specific ionization 比电离specific power 功率密度specific ray constant 比常数specific resistance 电阻率specific surface 比表面积specific viscosity 比粘度specific weight 比重specification 说明speckle 斑纹speckle holography 斑纹全息学speckle interferometry 斑纹干涉学speckle pattern 斑纹图样speckle shearing interferometry 斑纹切位变干涉测定spectacle lens 眼镜片spectacles 眼镜spectral analysis 光谱分析spectral characteristic 光谱特性spectral colour 谱色spectral density 谱线密度spectral distribution 光谱分布spectral distribution curve 光谱分布曲线spectral function 谱函数spectral ghost 光谱鬼线spectral intensity 谱强度spectral line 谱线spectral line width 谱线宽度spectral luminous efficiency 光谱发光效率spectral purity 谱纯度spectral reflectance 光谱反射系数spectral reflection factor 光谱反射系数spectral representation 谱表示spectral sensitivity 谱灵敏度spectral sequence 光谱序spectral series 谱线系spectral term 谱项spectral type 光谱型spectrobologram 分光变阻测热图spectrobolometer 分光变阻测热计spectrofluorimeter 分光荧光计spectrofluorometer 分光荧光计spectrogram 光谱图spectrograph 分光谱仪spectrohelioscope 太阳光谱观测镜spectrometer 光谱仪spectrometry 光谱测定法spectrophotofluorometer 荧光分光光度计spectrophotography 光谱摄影学spectrophotometer 分光光度计spectrophotometry 光谱测定法spectrophysics 光谱物理学spectroradiometer 辐射谱仪spectroscope 分光镜spectroscopic analysis 光谱分析spectroscopic binary 分光双星spectroscopic lamp 光谱灯spectroscopic notation 光谱学符号spectroscopic parallax 分光视差spectroscopic photography 分光摄影术spectroscopy 光谱学spectrum 光谱spectrum locus 光谱轨迹spectrum selector 光谱选挥器spectrum variable 光谱变星speech analysis 语音分析speech processing 语音处理speed 速率speed of propagation 传播速度spent fuel 烧过的核燃料sphalerite structure 闪锌矿型结构spherical aberration 球面象差spherical albedo 球面反照率spherical astronomy 球面天文学spherical coordinates 球坐标spherical mirror 球面镜spherical nucleus 球形核spherical pendulum 球摆spherical photometer 球形光度计spherical tensor 球面张量spherical wave 球面波spherically symmetric potential 球对称势spherometer 球面仪spherulite 球粒spica 角宿spiking oscillation 脉冲尖峰振荡spin 自旋spin correlation 自旋相关spin density matrix 自旋密度矩阵spin density wave 自旋密度波spin doublet 自旋双重态spin echo 自旋回波spin exchange relaxation 自旋交换张弛spin flip 自旋反转spin flip laser 自旋反转激光器spin flip raman laser 自旋反转喇曼激光器spin fluctuation 自旋涨落spin glass 自旋玻璃spin hamiltonian 自旋哈密顿函数spin incoherence 自旋非相干性spin magnetic moment 自旋磁矩spin magnetic resonance 自旋磁共振spin matrix 自旋矩阵spin orbit coupling 自旋轨道耦合spin orbit interaction 自旋轨道相互酌spin orbit splitting 自旋轨道劈裂spin phonon interaction 自旋声子相互酌spin polarization 自旋极化spin quantum number 自旋量子数spin reorientation 自旋再取向spin resonance 自旋共振spin spin interaction 自旋自旋相互酌spin sublevel 自旋亚能级spin wave 自旋波spinel 尖晶石spinel structure 尖晶石型结构spinodal curve 旋节线spinodal decomposition 旋节线分解spinon 自旋振子spinor 旋量spinor field 旋量场spiral arm 旋臂spiral galaxy 旋涡星系spiral growth 螺旋形生长spiral nebula 旋涡星云splitting 分裂splitting factor 破裂系数splitting of spectral lines 谱线的分裂spontaneous emission 自发发射spontaneous fission 自发裂变spontaneous magnetization 自发磁化spontaneous optical rotatory power 自发旋光本领spontaneous polarization 自发极化spontaneous radiation 自发辐射spontaneous strain 自发变形spontaneous symmetry breakdown 自发对称破缺spontaneous transition 自发跃迁sporadic e layer 分散 e 层sporadic reflection 异常反射spot size 光斑尺寸spout 龙卷spread function 扩展函数spring 弹簧spring balance 弹簧秤spur 径迹spurion 虚假粒子spurious count 虚假计数spurious impulse 虚假计数spurious radiation 寄生辐射sputnik 卫星sputter ion pump 溅射离子泵sputtering 飞溅square well potential 矩形势阱squeezed state 压缩态squid 超导量子干涉仪stability 稳定度stability conditions 稳定条件stability theory of flow 聊稳定性理论stabilization 稳定化stabilizer 稳定器stable element 稳定元素stable isotope 稳定同位素stable nucleus 稳定核stacking fault 堆垛层错stacking fault tetrahedron 堆垛层错四面体stagnation 滞止stagnation point 滞点staircase magnetization curve 阶梯磁化曲线stalling 失速standard atmosphere 标准大气;标准大气压standard barometer 标准气压计standard big bang model 标准大爆炸模型standard candle 标准烛光standard capacitor 标准电容器standard cell 标准电池standard clock 标准钟standard conditions 标准条件standard cosmology 标准宇宙论standard deviation 均方根误差standard electrode 标准电极standard frequency 标准频率standard illuminant 标准光源standard instrument 标准仪器standard leak 标准漏孔standard light source 标准光源standard model 标准模型standard observer 标准观测员standard pressure 标准压力standard resistance 标准电阻standard resistance thermometer 标准电阻温度计standard resistor 标准电阻standard signal generator 标准信号发生器standard state 标准状态standard stimuli 标准剌激standard temperature 标准温度standard thermometer 标准温度计standard time 标准时standardization 标准化standing wave laser 驻波激光器standing wave ratio 驻波比standing wave type accelerator cavity 驻波型加速撇振腔standing waves 驻波stanton number 斯坦顿数star 星star atlas 星图star catalog 星表star cloud 星云star cluster 星团star formation 恒星形成stark effect 斯塔克效应stark spectroscopy 斯塔克光谱学stark switching method 斯塔克开关法starquake 星震starting voltage 始发电压state 态state density 态密度state function 态函数state variable 态变数state vector 态矢量static ac dc converter 静止变流static characteristic 静态特性static charge 静电荷static electricity 静电static induction transistor 静电感应晶体管static pressure 静压static pressure tube 静压statics 静力学stationary field 恒定场stationary gaussian markovian process 平稳高斯马尔可夫过程stationary motion 稳定运动stationary point 逗留点stationary process 平稳过程stationary random process 平稳随机过程stationary satellite 同步卫星stationary state 定态stationary universe 稳定宇宙stationary wave method 驻波法stationary waves 驻波statistical average 统计平均statistical distribution 统计分布statistical ensemble 统计系综statistical equilibrium 统计平衡statistical estimation 统计估计statistical factor 统计因数statistical fluctuation 统计起伏statistical inference 统计推断statistical law 统计定律statistical mechanics 统计力学statistical model 统计模型statistical operator 统计算符statistical optics 统计光学statistical physics 统计物理学statistical sum 统计和statistical thermodynamics 统计热力学statistical weight 统计权重stator 定子steady flow 稳定流steady state 稳态steady state universe 稳定宇宙steam 汽steam engine 蒸汽机stefan boltzmann constant 斯忒藩玻耳兹曼常数stefan boltzmann law 斯蒂芬玻尔兹曼定律stellar association 星协stellar astronomy 恒星天文学stellar cosmogony 恒星演化学stellar evolution 恒星演化stellar foramtion 恒星形成stellar interferometer 恒星干涉仪stellar magnitude 星等stellar photometry 恒星测光stellar population 星族stellar spectrograph 恒星摄谱仪stellar spectroscopy 恒星光谱学stellar spectrum 恒星光谱stellar statistics 恒星统计学stellar structure 恒星结构stellar supercluster 超星系团stellarator 仿星器step 度step function 阶跃函数stepping motor 脉冲电动机stereocomparator 体视比较仪stereographic projection 球极平面投影stereography 立体画法stereoisomer 立体异构体stereoisomerism 立体异构stereophotography 立体摄影术stereophotometer 立体光度计stereophotometry 立体光度测量法stereophotomicrograh 立体显微照相仪stereophysics 立体物理学stereopicture 立体相片stereoplanigraphy 精密立体测量法stereoptics 立体摄影光学stereoradiograph 立体射线照相仪stereoregularity 立体规则性stereoscope 体视镜stereoscopic effect 立体视效应stereoscopic television 立体电视stereoscopic vision 立体视觉stereospectrogram 立体谱图stereotelemeter 立体遥测仪stereotelemetry 立体遥测术stereotelevision 立体电视steric effect 立体效应steric hindrance 空间障碍stern gerlach experiment 斯特陡抢帐笛轺stern volmer equation 斯特段侄匠眺sternheimer effect 斯特叮默效应stickiness 粘附性stiff chain 刚性链stiffness 刚性stilb 熙提stimulated brillouin scattering 受激布里渊散射stimulated compton scattering 受激康普顿散射stimulated emission pumping spectroscopy 受激发射激发光谱学stimulated raman scattering 受激喇曼散射stimulated rayleigh scattering 受激瑞利散射stimulated scattering 受激散射stimulus 刺激stochastic cooling 随机冷却stochastic differential equation 随机微分方程stochastic differentiation 随机微分stochastic integral 随机积分stochastic process 随机过程stochastic quantization 随机量子化stoichiometric equation 化学计量方程stoichiometry 化学计量学stokes component 斯托克斯分量stokes equation 斯托克斯方程stokes law 斯托克斯定律stokes line 斯托克斯线stokes paradox 斯托克斯佯谬stokes's approximation 斯托克斯近似stol aircraft 短距起落机stoner theory 斯托纳理论stopping power 阻止本领storage capacity 存储容量storage counter 存储计数器storage oscilloscope 存储示波器storage ring 储存环straggling 离散strain 应变strain ellipsoid 应变椭球strain gage 应变计strain tensor 应变张量strange attractor 奇异吸引子strange particle 奇异粒子strange quark s 夸克strangeness 奇异性stratified fluid 分层铃stratosphere 平零stray capacity 杂散电容stray current 涡流stray light 杂散光stray radiation 杂散辐射streak camera 超快扫描照相机stream 流stream function 怜数streamer chamber 冲烈streamer discharge 菱放电streamline 吝streamline flow 层流strength 强度strength function 力函数strength of materials 材料强度stress 应力stress concentration 应力集中stress concentration factor 应力集中系数stress cracking 应力断裂stress ellipsoid 应力椭球stress function 应力函数stress intensity factor 应力强度因数stress of electromagnetic field 电磁场的应力stress relaxation 应力弛豫stress strain diagram 应力应变图stress tensor 应力张量stress wave 应力波string 弦string electrometer 弦线静电计string galvanometer 弦线电疗string model 弦模型strip tensometer 应变计stripping reaction 涎反应stroboscope 频闪观测器stroboscope polarimeter 频闪观测偏振计stroboscopic disc 频闪观测盘strong convergence 强收敛strong coupling 强耦合strong electrolyte 强电解质strong focusing 强聚焦strong focusing synchrotron 强聚焦同步加速器strong interaction 强相互酌strontium 锶strouhal number 斯特劳哈尔数structural phase transition 结构相变structural relaxation 结构弛豫structural stability 结构稳定性structure 结构structure constant 结构常数structure factor 结构因子structure function 结构函数structure image 结构象structure invariant 结构不变量structure semi invariant 结构半不变量sturm liouville equation 施图尔姆刘维方程su group 特殊酉群su model su模型su symmetry su对称性subboundary 亚晶界subcritical 次临界的subharmonic 次谐波subjective brightness 亮度sublattice 亚晶格sublattice magnetization 亚晶格磁化sublevel 次能级sublimation 升华sublimation heat 升华热sublimation nuclei 升华核sublimation pump 升华泵submarine earthquake 海震subroutine 子程序subsonic flow 亚声速流subsonic velocity 亚声速subspace 子空间substance 物质substitution method 置换法substitutional solid solution 替代式固溶体substratosphere 副平零subsystem 子系统subtractive colour mixtures 减法混色successive phase transition 逐次相变suction 吸入suction pump 吸气泵suction pyrometer 吸入式高温计sudden approximation 瞬时近似sulfur 硫sulfur cycle 硫循环sulphur 硫sulphuric acid 硫酸sum over states 统计和sum rule 求和定则summer solstice 夏至sun 太阳。

磁学计量常用名词术语及定义

本名词术语及定义适用于磁学计量工作中所涉及到的技术理论和技术方面的一些基本的，常用的磁学量和磁特性及其计量术语。

1 范围本标准规程规定了磁性材料常用名词术语的定义。

本标准适用于各类磁性材料。

2 引用文献下列标准所包含的条文，通过在本标准中引用而构成为本标准条文。

本标准出版时，所示版本均有效。

所有标准都会被修订，适用本标准的各方应探讨适用下列标准最新版本的可能性。

CEI/IEC 60050-221 International Standard / Magnetic materials and components JJG 1013-89 磁学计量名词术语及定义（试行） 3 一般术语 general terms 3.1 场 field可用数和（或）量表示的某一现象的空间分布。

3.2 磁场 magnetic field (1.2)场的一种。

由磁场强度矢量H 和磁通密度矢量B 这两个特征组成的电磁场。

3.3 磁通密度（磁感应强度）B magnetic flux density (magnetic induction) B一种无散轴矢量，它在空间任何点上都定义了该点磁场，该矢量的值由作用于一给定速度的带电粒子的力来决定，即力歹等于电荷量乘以速度下与磁通密度万的矢量积。

Bv Q F⨯= ．注：（1）实际应用中，通常将穿过均匀磁化的磁体单位横截面积磁通称为磁通密度BAB φ=式中Φ是穿过磁体的磁通：A 是磁体的横截面积，B 由两个分量组成，一个由磁场"在磁体所在空间引起的分量．H 0μ，另一个由磁体自身磁化强度M 引起的分量M 0μ，也称为内禀磁通密度，习惯用i B 表示。

)(00H M H B B i +=+=μμ（2）当磁体在交变磁场作用下，一周期内磁通密度和内禀磁通密度的最大绝对值称为磁通密度的峰值B和内禀磁通密度峰值i B 。

单位名称为特，单位符号为T 。

3.4 磁通Φ magnetic flux Φ磁通密度的面积分。

机械工程学专业词汇英语翻译(S)

机械工程学专业词汇英语翻译(S)safe load 安全载荷safe seismic distance 安全震距safe stress 安全应力safety coefficient 安全系数safety element 安全元件safety explosive 安全炸药safety factor 安全因数safety limit 安全限值safety valve 安全阀saffman force 萨夫曼力sag 下弯saha equation 萨哈方程saint venant principle 圣维南原理saltation 跃移saltation velocity 跃移速度sample 试样sampling 采样sampling average 采样平均sampling error 取样误差sand heap analogy 沙堆比拟sand hill analogy 沙堆比拟sand wave 沙波sandwich 层叠物sandwich plate 多层板sandwich type shell 夹层壳satellite 卫星satellite dynamics 卫星动力学saturated air 饱和空气saturated gas 饱和气体saturated porous media 饱和多孔介质saturated steam 饱和蒸汽saturated vapor pressure 饱和蒸汽压saturated vapour 饱和蒸汽saturation 饱和saturation adiabat 饱和绝热线saturation curve 饱和曲线saturation pressure 饱和压力saturation ratio 饱和度saturation state 饱和状态saturation temperature 饱和温度saturation value 饱和值saturation vapour pressure 饱和蒸汽压sawtooth pulse 锯齿形脉冲sawtooth wave 锯齿波sawtooth wave oscillation 锯齿波形振荡scalar 标量scalar coupling 标量耦合scalar field 标量场scalar matrix 标量矩阵scalar potential 标量势scalar product 标积scalar quantity 标量scalar tensor 标量张量scale effect 尺度效应scale length 标尺长度scale of hardness 硬度计scale of turbulence 湍陵度scales 天平scaling law 标度律scattered light method 散光法scattered wave 散射波scattering 散射scattering amplitude 散射幅度scattering angle 散射角scattering coefficient 散射系数scattering cross section 散射截面scattering ellipse 散射椭圆scattering error 散射误差scattering in 内散射scattering intensity 散射强度scattering length 散射长度scattering resonance 散射共振schlieren method 纹影法schuler period 舒勒周期sclerometric hardness 刮痕硬度scleronomic constraints 与时间无关的约束scleronomous binding 与时间无关的约束scleroscope 回跳硬度计scleroscope hardness 回跳硬度scratch hardness 刮痕硬度scratch hardness test 刮痕硬度试验screw axis 螺旋轴screw dislocation 螺旋位错screw displacement 螺旋位移screw motion 螺线运动screw propeller 螺旋推进器螺旋桨sea wave 海洋波seal force 气封力seaplane 水上飞机season crack 自裂second class constraint 第二类约束second cosmic velocity 第二宇宙速度second law of dynamics 动力学第二定律second law of thermodynamics 热力学第二定律second of time 时秒second order elasticity 二阶弹性second order fluid 二阶铃second problem of dynamics 动力学知问题second viscosity coefficient 第二粘度系数secondary collision 二次碰撞secondary compression 二次压缩secondary consolidation 二次固结secondary creep 第二阶段蠕变secondary explosion 二次爆炸secondary flow 次级流secondary load 二次负载secondary moment 副力矩secondary motion 次级运动secondary principal stress 次枝力secondary resonance 次级共振secondary simulation error 二次模拟误差secondary stress 次应力secondary structure 次级结构secondary undulation 次波动secondary wave 次级波seconds pendulum 秒摆section 截面section modulus 截面模数section wave 截面波sectional area 截面积sectional drawing 切面图sectorial area 扇形面积sectorial moment of inertia 扇形惯性矩secular determinant 久期行列式secular equation 久期方程sediment runoff 泥沙运载量sedimentation 沉降sedimentation analysis 沉积分析sedimentation balance 沉积天平sedimentation flow 沉积流sedimentation velocity 沉降速度seepage 渗透seepage flow 渗流seepage pressure 渗透压力segment of a circle 弓形segmentation 分割segregation 偏析seiche 湖面波动seism 地震seismic coefficient 地震系数seismic conductivity 地震波传导性seismic effect 地震效应seismic focus 震源seismic force 地震力seismic load 地震荷载seismic pendulum 地震摆seismic pickup 地震拾波器seismic prospecting 震波勘探seismic region 地震区seismic response 地震响应seismic sea wave 地震海啸seismic spectrum 地震波谱seismic surges 地震海啸seismic system 地震系统seismic wave 地震波seismicity 地震活动度seismogram 地震记录图seismograph 地震仪selection 选择self acting control 直接控制self adjusting 自动蝶的self aligning 自的的self alignment 自行的self balancing 自动平衡的self balancing device 自平衡装置self centering 自动定心的self contraction 自收缩self correlation function 自相关函数self damping 自衰减self diffusion 自扩散self diffusion coefficient 自扩散系数self diffusion current 自扩散流self diffusion velocity 自扩散速度self energy 自能self excitation 自激self excited vibration 自激振动self heating 自热self ignition 自点火self inductance 自感self locking 自锁self lubrication 自动润滑self oscillation 自振荡self power 固有功率self radiation 自辐射self regulation 自第self rotation 本正转self scattering 自散射self similar flow 自相似流self similarity 自相似self simulation 自模拟self stress 自具应力self thermal diffusion 自热扩散selsyn 自动同步机semi analytical method 半解析法semi axis 半轴semi circle 半圆semi circular 半圆的semi classical method 半经典的方法semi elliptic spring 半椭圆形弹簧semi infinite body 半无限体semi inverse method 半逆法semi liquid state 半液态semi major axis 长半径semi permeable 半渗透的semi turbulent 半湍聊semiconductor strain gage 半导体应变仪sense of rotation 转动方向sensitivity 灵敏度sensitivity constant 灵敏度常数sensitivity to deformation speed 变形速度灵敏度sensitization 敏化sensor 传感器separated boundary layer 分离边界层separated flow 分离流separation factor 分离因子separation method 分离法separation of variables 变数分离separation point 分离点sequence 序列series 系列serviceability 适用性servo system 伺服系统set noise 机齐声set up 胆setback 后退setting 安装setting frequency 导频率settled creep 似粘性蠕变settlement 沉积settling velocity 沉降速度sextant 六分仪shading 阴影法shadow 阴影shadow factor 阴影因数shadow method 阴影法shadow zone 阴影区shadowgraph 影象图shadowgraph method 描影法shafranov kruskal criterion 沙弗拉诺夫克鲁斯卡尔判据shaft 轴shaft axis 轴心线shaft friction 表面摩擦shaft horsepower 轴马力shaft journal 轴颈shake down 振动硬化shake off effect 振动效应shaking 摇荡shaking conveyer 振动输送机shaking out 振摇萃取shaking screen 摇动筛shaking table 振动台shallow notch 浅切口shallow shell 扁壳shallow water 浅水区shallow water theory 浅水理论shallow water wave 浅水波shape anisotropy 形状蛤异性shape elasticity 形状弹性shape factor 形状因子；形状因数shape parameter of boundary layer 边界层的形状参数shape relaxation 形状弛豫shaping 成形shapiro step 夏皮罗级shattering 破碎shear 剪切shear center 剪心shear crack 剪切裂隙shear deformation 剪切应变shear difference method 剪应力差法shear elasticity 切变弹性shear failure 剪切破坏shear fracture 剪切破坏shear grade 剪切梯度shear lag 剪切滞后shear line 剪切线shear mode 剪切振模shear modulus 剪切模量shear plane 剪切面shear plane method 剪切面法shear resistance 剪切阻力shear strain 剪切应变shear strain energy 剪应变能shear strength 抗剪强度shear stress 剪应力shear stress line 剪应力线shear stress tensor 剪切应力张量shear surface 切变面shear test 剪切试验shear transfer 剪切传递shear turbulence 剪湍寥shear vibration 剪切振动shear viscosity 切变粘度shear wave 等容波sheared edge 剪切边缘shearing area 剪切面积shearing center 剪心shearing coefficient 切变系数shearing curve 剪切曲线shearing elasticity modulus 切变模数shearing error 剪切误差shearing field rheometer 剪切场龄计shearing flow 剪流shearing force 剪力shearing force diagram 剪力图shearing impact 剪切冲击shearing instability 剪切失稳shearing load 剪切载荷shearing method 剪切法shearing moment 剪切力矩shearing rigidity 抗剪刚度shearing stress 剪应力shearing velocity 剪切速度sheet 薄板sheet bar 薄板畔sheet thickness 薄板厚度shell 壳shell of many layers 夹层壳shell of revolution 旋转壳shell theory 壳理论shielding 屏蔽shift 位移shift angle 位差角shift diagram 位移图shift factor 位移因子shift matrix 位移矩阵shift structure 错列结构shift surface 位移面ship 船ship hull 船体ship oscillation 船舶振荡ship resistance 船舶阻力ship wave 船行波shoal water 浅水区shock 冲击撞击shock absorber 缓冲器缓冲装置shock absorption 冲稽收shock adiabat 冲圾热线shock angle 撞磺shock coefficient 撞坏数shock condition 冲货件shock diffuser 激波扩散器shock eliminator 缓冲器减震器shock equation 激波方程shock excitation 撞护发shock expansion 冲还开shock free 无冲荒shock front 激波前沿shock front thickness 激波前沿厚度shock isolation 冲霍离shock isolator 冲霍离器shock layer 激波层shock limitation 激波限制shock line 激波线shock load 冲簧重shock mach number 激波马赫数shock momentum 撞化量shock motion 冲凰动shock normal 冲花线shock polar 激波极线shock polaric diagram 激波极线图shock potential 冲黄shock pressure 冲还力shock proof 抗震的shock propagation 激波传播shock pulse 冲祸冲shock relaxation 激波弛豫shock resistance 冲昏力shock response 冲混应shock response spectrum 冲混应谱shock stall 激波失速shock strength 冲豢度shock stress 冲沪力shock test 冲辉验shock transfer 冲猾递shock tube 激波管shock wave 激波shock wave curvature 激波波前曲率shock wave drag 激波阻力shock wave heating 冲花加热shock wave relation 冲花关系式shockley barrier layer 肖克利势垒层shockley partial dislocation 肖克利型定域位错shoot 急流shooting flow 快速射流急流shore hardness 肖氏硬度shore scleroscope test 肖氏硬度试验short crested wave 短峰波short distance scattering 近距散射short fiber 短纤维short period perturbation 短周期扰动short range force 短程力short term strength 短期强度short time creep strength 短时蠕变强度short time test 快速试验short wave 短波short wave radiation 短波辐射shortness 脆性shot firing 点火shot peening 喷丸硬化shot point 爆破点shrinkage 收缩shrinkage allowance 收缩容许量shrinkage crack 收缩裂缝shrinkage factor 收缩因数shrinkage porosity 收缩孔隙度shrinkage pressure 收缩压强shrinkage stress 收缩应力shut down 停止shutoff 停止side displacement 侧面位移side drag 侧面阻力side overflow 横向溢流side pressure 侧压力side wave 边频波sideslip 侧滑sidewall 侧壁sidewind 侧风sieve mesh 筛孔sieve plate 筛板sign 记号signal 信号silencer 消声器silo 导弹地下仓库similar 相似的similar test 相似检验similarity 相似similarity criterion 相似准则similarity law 相似性定律similarity parameter 相似参数similarity principle 相似性原理similarity rule 相似规则similarity theorem 相似性定律similarity theory 相似理论similarity transformation 相似变换similitude 相似simple 单纯的simple beam 简支梁simple bending 单纯弯曲simple closed curve 简单闭曲线simple elastoplastic problem 简单弹塑性问题simple equivalent pendulum 单摆simple harmonic motion 简谐振动simple harmonic oscillation 简谐振动simple harmonic oscillator 简谐振子simple harmonic wave 简谐波simple hinge 单铰链simple loading 简单加载simple loading theorem 简单加载定理simple material 简单物质simple oscillation 简单振荡simple pendulum 单摆simple refraction 单折射simple shear 简单剪切simple shearing strain 简切应变simple shearing stress 简单切应力simple solid material 简单固体材料simple supported edge 简支边simple system 单一系统simple tension 简单拉伸simple torsion 简单扭转simple truss 简单桁架simple vibration 简单振荡simple wave flow 简单波流simplex interpolation 简单内插simply periodic function 简单周期函数simply supported beam 简单支撑梁simpson's rule 辛普森法则simulated process parameter 模拟过程参数simulated system parameter 模拟系参数simulation 模拟simulation error 模拟误差simulator 模拟装置simultaneity 同时性simultaneous 同时的simultaneous blasting 齐发爆破simultaneous earthquake 同时地震sine 正弦sine wave 正弦波singing 振鸣single crystal 单晶single dislocation 单一位错single force 集中力single phase 单相的single refraction 单折射single rotor 单转子single scattering 单散射single stage compression 单级压缩single stage compressor 单级压缩机single stage pump 单级泵single valuedness 单值性single wave 孤立波singular function 奇异函数singular integral 奇异积分singular perturbation method 奇异微扰法singular point 奇点singular solution 奇异解singular surface 奇异曲面singularity 奇异性sink 汇sink flow 汇流sinking speed 降落速度sinking velocity 沉降速度sintering point 软化点sinusoidal curve 正弦曲线sinusoidal law 正弦定律sinusoidal quantity 正弦量sinusoidal spiral 正弦螺线sinusoidal wave 正弦波siphon 虹吸管site 场地size 尺寸size distribution 粒度分布size reduction 破碎skeletal structure 骨架结构skeletal vibration 骨架振动skeleton 骨架skeleton diagram 方框图skeleton line 骨架线skew 倾斜的skew anisotropy 斜蛤异性skew bridge 斜桥skew distribution 非对称性分布skew lines 斜直线skew symmetry 斜对称skin 囚skin depth 囚深度skin friction 表面摩擦skin friction resistance 表面摩擦阻力skin friction stress 表面摩擦应力skin resistance 表面阻力skip phenomenon 跳跃现象skipped distance 跳跃距离slab 平板slant distance 斜距slat 前缘缝翼sleeve 轴套slender body 细长体slender profile 细长翼slender rod 细杆slender wing 小展弦比机翼slenderness 细长比slenderness ratio 细长比slide 滑动slide valve air pump 滑阀空气泵slider 滑板sliding bearing 滑动轴承sliding contact 滑动接触sliding friction 滑动摩擦sliding friction torque 滑动摩擦力矩sliding mode crack 滑移型裂纹sliding motion 滑动sliding pressure 滑动压sliding resistance 滑动阻力sliding surface 滑动面sliding vector 滑移矢量sliding weight 滑锤slight earthquake 轻微地震slip band 滑移带slip coefficient 滑恋数slip direction 滑移方向slip flow 滑流slip frequency 差频slip line 滑动线slip moment 滑动力矩slip plane 滑移面slip ratio 滑动比slip ring 滑环slip speed 转差速率slip stream 滑流slip surface 滑动面slip system 滑移系slip vector 滑移矢量slip velocity 滑临度slip zone 滑移区slippage tensor 滑僚量slipping 滑动slipstream effect 滑璃应slit 缝隙slope 倾斜slope current 倾斜流坡度流slope deflection 斜挠度slope deflection method 角变位移法slope distance 斜距slope failure 边坡破坏slope of surface 水面坡度slope resistance 坡度阻力slot 缝slow 慢的slow boundary layer 慢边界层slow flow 缓流slow motion 慢速移动slow release 慢释放slowing down 减速slowly varying component 慢变分量slug flow 慢流slurry pump 泥浆泵small amplitude oscillation 小振幅振荡small angle collision 小角碰撞small calorie 克卡small deformation 小变形small hardness 微硬度small oscillation 小振荡small scale turbulence 小尺度湍流smoke gas 烟气smoke wind tunnel 烟风洞smooth flow 平滑怜smooth pipe 光滑管道smooth surface 光滑面smooth tube 光滑管道smoothed curve 光滑曲线smoothing 平滑化smoothness 平滑度smoothness properties 平滑特性snaking 蛇行snow load 雪载soaking 浸渍soap film analogy 肥皂膜比拟soaring 滑翔soft shell 软壳softening 软化softening point 软化点soil characteristic 土的特性soil dynamics 土动力学soil erosion 土壤侵蚀soil humidity 土壤水分soil mechanics 土力学soil moisture 土壤水分soil pressure 土压soil suction force 土壤抽吸力soil temperature 土壤温度solar tidal wave 太阳潮汐波solar wind 太阳风solid 固体solid angle 立体角solid body 固体solid friction 固体摩擦solid gas interface 固气界面solid liquid interface 固液界面solid mechanics 固体力学solid of revolution 旋转体solid of rotation 旋转体solid phase 固相solid physical mechanics 固体物理力学solid plastic 固塑性的solid propellant rocket 固体燃料火箭solid solid interface 固固界面solid state 固态solidification 凝固solidification heat 凝固热solidification point 凝固点solidification shrinkage 凝固收缩solidity 固态solifluction 泥流solitary wave 孤立波solute boundary layer 溶质边界层solution 解sonic bang 声击sonic barrier 声障sound absorption 声吸收sound damping coefficient 声阻尼系数sound energy 声能sound insulating material 隔声材料sound oscillation 声振荡sound pressure 声压sound pressure level 声压级sound proof 隔音的sound velocity 声速sound wave 声波source 源source flow 源流source function 源函数source of seismic wave 地震波源space centrode 固定瞬心轨迹space cone 定瞬轴锥面space coordinates 空间坐标space craft 宇宙飞船space curve 空间曲线space distribution 空间分布space flight 宇宙飞行space framework 立体构架space inversion 空间反演space lattice structure 空间晶格结构space motion 空间运动space perception 空间感受space potential 空间势space problem 空间问题space reflection 空间反演space system 空间系space tensor 空间张量space time coordinates 时空坐标系space time correlation 时空关联space time curve 时空曲线space time law 路径时间定律space time structure 时空结构space truss 空间桁架space vehicle 宇宙飞船space velocity 空间速度space wave 空间波spacecraft 宇宙飞船spacing wave 间隔波spallation 破碎spallation cross section 散裂截面span 跨距span length 跨长spar 翼梁spare 备件spark hardening 放电硬化spatial expansion 空间膨张spatial kinematic chain 空间运动链spatial shear wave 空间切变波special perturbation 特殊微扰special relativity theory 狭义相对论specific action potential 比酌势specific deformation energy 比形变能specific destruction work 比破坏功specific discharge 通量密度specific elongation 延伸率specific entropy 比熵specific flow 比量specific flow rate 比潦specific force 比力specific free energy 比自由能specific gravity 比重specific head 比压头specific heat 比热specific heat at constant pressure 恒压比热specific heat at constant volume 恒容比热specific impulse 比推力specific internal energy 比内能specific kinetic energy 比动能specific mass 比质量specific plastic 比塑性specific potential 比势specific power 比功率specific pressure 比压。

机械工程学专业词汇英语翻译(F)2

机械工程学专业词汇英语翻译(F)2flowage 蠕变fluctuating liquid drop 振荡液滴fluctuating load 变动载荷fluctuating stress 变应力fluctuation 起伏fluctuation velocity 脉动速度flue gas 烟气fluid 铃fluid clutch 液压离合器fluid dynamics 铃动力学fluid element 铃元fluid filament 细水流量fluid film 铃膜fluid flow 铃怜fluid flow efficiency 怜效率fluid flow physics 铃怜物理fluid friction 铃摩擦fluid friction damping 液体摩擦阻尼fluid kinematics 铃运动学fluid line 铃线fluid lubrication 铃润滑fluid mechanics 铃力学fluid motion 铃运动fluid phase 液相fluid plastic 猎塑料fluid pressure 铃压力fluid surface 伶fluid type instability 铃型不稳定性fluid wave 铃波fluidal 铃的fluidal structure 疗结构fluidic 铃的fluidic element 铃元fluidity 怜性fluidity coefficient 寥fluidization 连化fluidized bed 怜床flume 水沟道flute type deformation 槽型形变flutter 颤振flutter of aerofoil 机翼颤振flux 通量flux density 通量密度flux equilibrium 通量平衡flux of force 力线通量flux peak 通量flying height 飞行高度flying range 航程flying speed 飞行速度flywheel 惯性轮flywheel effect 飞轮效应flywheel fan 飞轮风扇flywheel moment 飞轮力矩foam 泡沫foaming 发泡focal length 焦距focal length ratio 焦距比focal plane 焦面focus of earthquake 震源fokker planck collision term 福克尔普朗克碰撞项fokker planck equation 福克尔普朗克方程folded plate structure 折板结构folded system 折板结构folding 弯曲folding strength 曲折强度folding test 曲折试验follow rest 移动中心架following 追踪following wake 伴流foot 底座force 力force analysis 受力分析force coefficient 力系数force constant 力常数force couple 力偶force density 力密度force dependent on position 与位置依赖的力force dependent on velocity 与速度依赖的力force diagram 力图force distribution 力分布force feed 压力进给force field 力场force free 未受力酌的force function 力函数force in member 构件力force in the bar 杆内酌力force of attraction 引力force of gravity 重力force of inertia 惯性力force of repulsion 斥力force operator 力算符force pipe 压力管force polygon 力多边形force polygon rule 力多边形法force pump 压力泵force sensing of robot 机扑的力感度force sensor 力传感器force system 力系force system of equal effect 等效力系force triangle 力三角形force unbalance 力不平衡force vector 力矢量force voltage analogy 力电压模拟forced circulation 强制循环forced convection 强制对流forced convection air cooler 强制对琳气冷却器forced diffusion 强制扩散forced draught 强制通风forced emission 受迫发射forced oscillations 受迫振荡forced regular precession 强迫规则旋进forced ventilation 强迫通风forced vibration 受迫振荡forced vortex 强制旋涡forced wave 强制波forcing screw 加压螺钉foreshock 前震form drag 形阻力form of bifurcation 分叉形状form of energy 能量形式form of oscillations 振荡形式form of vibrations 振荡形式form resistance 形阻力formation energy 形成能formation enthalpy 形成焓formation entropy 形成熵formation heat 形成热formation of eddy 涡旋形成formation of thermal cracks 热裂形成formation of vortices 涡旋形成formation of waves 波的形成forming 成形forward difference 前向差分forward direction 正向forward movement 前向运动forward scattering 前方散射forward scattering angle 前方散射角forward scattering peak 前方散射峰forward speed 前进速度forward velocity 前进速度forward wave 前向波foucault gyrocompass 傅科陀螺仪foucault pendulum 傅科摆foucault pendulum experiment 傅科摆实验foundation slab 基础底板fountain effect 喷注效应four dimensional force 四维力four dimensional velocity 四维速度four dimensional wave vector 四维波矢量fourier component 傅里叶分量fourier expansion 傅里叶展开fourier integral 傅里叶积分fourier law 傅里叶定律fourier series 傅里叶级数fourier transform 傅里叶变换fourier transformation 傅里叶变换fractional fissure 断裂纹fractural cleavage 破劈理fracture 断裂fracture appearance 断口外观fracture condition 断裂条件fracture criterion 断裂准则fracture dynamics 断裂动力学fracture face 破坏面fracture load 断裂载荷fracture mechanics 断裂力学fracture strain 断裂应变fracture surface 破坏面fracture test 断裂试验fracture toughness 断裂韧性fracturing load 断裂载荷fragility 易碎性fragment 碎片fragmentation 破碎frame 框架frame of reference 参考系frame structure 框架结构framework 框架framework method 框架法framing index 照准标志free air effect 自由空气效应free air overpressure 自由大气超压free body 自由体free boundary 自由边界free boundary flow 自由边界流free convection 自由对流free edge 自由边free end 自由端free energy 自由能free energy density 自由能密度free energy function 自由能函数free enthalpy 自由焓free fall 自由下降free fall apparatus 自由降落装置free fall trajectory 自由降落轨道free fall weir 自两溢吝free falling body 自由落体free flight 自由飞行free flow 自由怜free head 自由水头free internal rotation 自由内转动free jet 自由射流free jet wind tunnel 自由喷射风洞free length 自由长度free mass point 自由质点free meander 自由曲流free molecule flow 自由分子流free motion 自由运动free oscillation 自由振荡free outflow 自由瘤free path 自由程free pendulum 自由摆free period 自由周期free plastic flow 自由塑性怜free regular precession 自由规则旋进free rotation 自由旋转free rotor 自由转子free rotor gyroscope 自由转子陀螺仪free running oscillator 自激振荡器free space 自由空间free space propagation 自由空间传播free spinning 旋转free spinning tunnel 旋转竖直风洞free stream 自由怜free stream mach number 自由另赫数free stream velocity 自由怜速度free surface 自由面free surface flow 自由表面怜free surface of water 自由水面free surface vortex 自由面涡free surface wave 自由表面波free time of flight 自由飞行时间free torsion 自由扭转free vector 自由矢量free vibration 自由振荡free volume 自由体积free volume theory 自由体积理论free vortex 自由涡free vortex system 自由涡恋free wave 自由波freedom of motion 运动的自由度freely supported 自由支承的freezing 凝固freezing method 冻结方法freezing point 凝固点freezing temperature 冻结温度freighter 运输机frequency 频率frequency analysis 频率分析frequency analyzer 频率分析器frequency characteristic 频率特性frequency conversion 频率转换frequency distribution 频率分布frequency division 分频frequency domain 频率范围frequency domain method 频域法frequency drift 频率偏移frequency factor 频率因数frequency instability 频率不稳定性frequency jumping 频率跃变frequency meter 频率计frequency method 频率法frequency modulation 频率灯frequency of fadings 衰减频率frequency of ripple 脉动频率frequency parameter 频率参数frequency range 频率范围frequency response 频率响应frequency spectrum 频谱frequency stability 频率稳定度frequency standard 频率标准frequency synthesis 频率合成fresh water 淡水fresh wind 清风friability 易碎性friction 摩擦friction angle 摩擦角friction brake 摩擦闸friction circle 摩擦圆friction coefficient 摩擦系数friction cone 摩擦圆锥friction constant 摩擦常数friction damper 摩擦减震器friction depth 摩擦深度friction drag 摩擦阻力friction drum 摩擦滚筒friction factor 摩擦系数friction gage 摩擦压力计friction head 摩擦水头friction layer 摩擦层friction moment 摩擦力矩friction of motion 运动摩擦friction of rest 静摩擦friction pendulum 摩擦摆friction resistance 摩擦阻力friction roller 摩擦轮friction shock absorber 摩擦式减振器friction spring 摩擦弹簧friction stress 摩擦应力friction surface 摩擦面friction tensor 摩擦应力张量friction term 摩擦项friction velocity 摩擦速度frictional compensation 摩擦补偿frictional error 摩擦误差frictional force 摩擦力frictional heat 摩擦热frictional loss 摩擦损耗frictional oscillation 摩擦振荡frictional ratio 摩擦比frictional resistance 摩擦阻力frictional work 摩擦功frictionless 无摩擦的frictionless instability 非粘性粱稳定性friedrich diagram 弗里德利希示意图fringe density 条纹密度front 锋面front of the detonation wave 爆震波波前front wave 锋面波front wing 前翼frontal drag 迎面阻力frontal edge 前缘frontal resistance 迎面阻力froude pendulum 弗劳德摆frozen equilibrium 冻结平衡frozen flow 冻结怜frozen in degree of freedom 冻结自由度frozen in field lines 冻结力线frozen in magnetic field 冻结磁场frozen soil 冻土fuel 燃料fulcrum 支点fulcrum of suspension 悬挂点full flow 总量full load 全负荷full power 全功率full scale 实际缩尺full sphere 实心球full wave 全波fully developed turbulence 完全发达湍流fully elastic 完全弹性的fully elastic torsion 完全弹性扭转fully ionized plasma 完全电离等离子体fully plastic 完全塑性的fully plastic torsion 完全塑性扭转fume 烟雾function of bounded variation 有界变分函数function of strain 应变函数functional determinant 函数行列式functional equation 函数方程functional model 函数模型functional similarity 函数相似functional simulation 函数模拟fundamental equation 基本方程fundamental frequency 基频fundamental harmonic 基谐波fundamental matrix 基本矩阵fundamental oscillation 基本振动fundamental resonance 基频谐振fundamental tensor 基本张量fundamental vibration 基本振动fundamental wave 基波fundamental wavelength 基波长funicular polygon 肃边形funnel viscometer 漏斗形粘度计fuzzy optimization 模糊优化fuzzy random vibration 模糊随机振动。

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1
Send oﬀprint requests to: D. X. Wang (dxwpling (MC) process, which is regarded as one of the variants of the BZ process (Blandford 1999; van Putten 1999; Li 2000b, 2002; Wang, Xiao & Lei 2002, hereafter W02). It is shown in B00 that about 1053 ergs are available to power both a GRB and a SN. However, they failed to distinguish the fractions of the energy for these two objects. More recently, van Putten and his collaborators (van Putten 2001; van Putten & Levinson 2003, hereafter P03) worked out a poloidal topology for the open and closed magnetic ﬁeld lines, in which the separatrix on the horizon is deﬁned by a ﬁnite half-opening angle. The duration of a GRB is set by the lifetime of the rapid spin of the BH. It is found that GRBs and SNe are powered by a small fraction of the BH spin energy. This result is consistent with observations, i.e., duration of GRBs of tens of seconds, true GRB energies distributed around 5 × 1050 ergs (Frail et al. 2001), and aspherical SNe kinetic energies of 2 × 1051 ergs (Hoﬂich et al. 1999). Very recently, Lei et al. (2005, hereafter Lei05) proposed a scenario for GRBs in type Ib/c SNe invoking the coexistence of the BZ and MC processes. In Lei05 the GRB is powered by the BZ process, and the associated SN is powered by the MC process. The overall time scale of the GRB is ﬁtted by the duration of the open magnetic ﬂux on the horizon. Besides the features of high energy released in very short durations most GRBs are highly variable, showing very rapid variations in ﬂux on a time scale much shorter than the overall duration of the burst. Variability on a time scale of milliseconds has been observed in some long bursts (Norris et al. 1996; McBreen et al., 2001; Nakar and Piran, 2002). Unfortunately, the origin of the variations in the ﬂuxes of GRBs remains unclear. In this paper we intend to discuss the mechanism for producing the variations in the ﬂuxes of GRBs by virtue of the screw instability in BH magnetosphere. It is well known that the magnetic ﬁeld conﬁgurations with both poloidal and toroidal components can be screw-unstable. According to the Kruskal-Shafranov criterion the screw instability will occur, if the toroidal magnetic ﬁeld becomes so strong that the magnetic ﬁeld line turns around itself once or more (Kadomtsev 1966; Bateman 1978). Some authors have addressed the screw instabilities in BH magnetosphere. Gruzinov (1999) argued that the magnetic ﬁeld with a bunch of closed ﬁeld lines connecting a Kerr BH with a disk can be screwunstable, resulting in the release of magnetic energy with the ﬂares at the disk. Li (2000a) discussed the screw instability of the magnetic ﬁeld in the BZ process, leading to a stringent upper bound to the BZ power. Wang et al. (2004, hereafter W04) studied the screw instability in the MC process. They concluded that this instability could occur at some place away from the inner edge of the disk, provided that the BH spin a∗ and the power-law index n for the variation of the magnetic ﬁeld on the disk are greater than some critical values. In this paper we attempt to combine the screw instability of the magnetic ﬁeld with the coexistence of the BZ and MC processes. To facilitate the description henceforth we refer to the screw instability of the magnetic ﬁeld occurring in the BZ and MC processes as SIBZ and SIMC, respectively. It is shown that both SIBZ and SIMC can occur, provided that the following parameters are greater than some critical values: (1) the BH spin, (2) the power-law index describing the variation of the magnetic ﬁeld at the disk, and (3) the vertical height of the astrophysical load above the equatorial plane of the Kerr BH. The features of several GRB-SNe are well ﬁtted in our model. (1) The overall duration of the GRBs is ﬁtted by the evolution of the half-opening angles. (2) The true energies of several GRBs are ﬁtted
1.
INTRODUCTION
Recently, observations and theoretical considerations have linked long-duration GRBs with ultrabright Type Ib/c supernovae (SNe; Galama et al. 1998, 2000; Bloom et al. 1999). The ﬁrst candidate was provided by SN 1998bw and GRB 980425, and the recent HETE-II burst GRB 030329 has greatly enhanced the conﬁdence in this association (Stanek et al. 2003; Hjorth et al. 2003). Extremely high energy released in very short time scale suggests that GRBs involve the formation of a black hole (BH) via a catastrophic stellar collapse event or possibly a neutron star merger, implying that an inner engine could be built on an accreting BH. Among a variety of mechanisms of powering GRBs the Blandford-Znajek (BZ) process (Blandford & Znajek, 1977) has its unique advantage in providing “clean” (free of baryonic contamination) energy by extracting rotating energy from a BH and transferring it in the form of Poynting ﬂow in the outgoing energy ﬂux (Lee et al. 2000, hereafter Lee00; Li 2000c, hereafter Li00). Not long ago Brown et al. (2000, hereafter B00) worked out a speciﬁc scenario for a GRB-SN connection. They argued that the GRB is powered by the BZ process, and the SN is powered by the