学术英语Unit5练习答案
unit5蔡基刚 学术英语 答案
Unit 5 Writing a Discussion Section and an Abstract1Critical ReadingU n d e rs ta n d in g th e te x tT A S K 1Key words fraud in medical research, survey o f biostatisticiansObjective to investigate fraud in medical researchResearch questions What are the situation and characteristics o f fraud in medical research? Whyis it prevalent?Methods used questionnaires and interviews among biostatisticiansT A S K 21Because they routinely work closely w ith physicians and scientists in many branches o f medical research and have unique insight into data. In addition, they have the methodological competence to detect fraud and could be expected to have a special professional interest in the validity o f results. Biostatisticians therefore could provide unique and reliable information on the characteristics o f fraud in medical research.2To ensure the validity and reliability o f the data.3 Career and power instead o f financial reward.4 Most responders have expertise and opportunity to contact data. They may judge criticallyscientific collaborators’ optim istic interpretation o f data.T A S K 3Paras. 1-31-5e c d i a6-10b f h j gParas.4-81-7f h a c m d b8-14k e g l i j nParas.9-151-6d g b i m k7-13h c l j e f aT A S K 41-5321456-1091087611-151315141211T A S K 51It is d ifficu lt to investigate scientific fraud which is characterized by its secrecy and lack of reliable evidence. Therefore not many people are fam iliar w ith its characteristics, frequency and impact on medical research.2 Biostatisticians cooperate frequently w ith physicians and scientists in many branches o f medicalresearch and have a unique opportunity to understand data. Furthermore, they have expertise todiscover fraud and interest in checking the validity o f results.3 As biostatisticians can access inside information and confidential data, they have a betterunderstanding o f the implications o f data. Hence they know the detailed process before the result is published.T A S K 6Science fraud or scientific misconduct is detrimental to scientific progress in many ways.T A S K 7The paper is to conduct a survey o f biostatisticians, who were members o f the International Society fo r C linical Biostatistics. The objective is to assess the characteristics o f fraud in medical research. [the objective] The survey was performed between A p ril and July 1998. The participation rate was only 37%. We report the results because a m ajority (51%) o f the participants knew about fraudulent projects, and many did not know whether the organization they w ork fo r has a form al system fo r handling suspected fraud or not. D ifferent forms o f fraud (e.g., fabrication and falsification o f data, deceptive reporting o f results, suppression o f data, and deceptive design or analysis) had been observed in fa irly sim ilar numbers. [the methods used] We conclude that fraud is not a negligible phenomenon in medical research, and that increased awareness o f the forms in which it is expressed seems appropriate. [the m a jo r findings]E n h a n c in g la n g u a g e a b ilityT A S K 21implication, undermine2deceptive, episodes3 confidential, disclose4 in a position5 Respondents, mislead6reiterated, intervene7endemic, fabricate8optimistic, are amenable to9 motive, suppress10occurrencesT A S K 31endemic: widespread, rife, pervasive, common, sweeping, extensive, prevalent2episode: event, experience, happening, incident, occurrence3 detect: ascertain, uncover,discover, track down4 m otive: purpose, intention, motivation, grounds, reason,cause5 borderline: ambiguous, indefinite, doubtful, inexact, indeterminate, marginal, problematic6disclose: publish, reveal, unveil, expose, unmask, exhibit, uncover, make public7deceptive: treacherous, fraudulent, deceiving, unreliable, false, misleading, fake8methodology: method, techniques, approach9 explanation: analysis, exposition, reason, interpretation10underm ine: worsen, damage, compromise, harm, jeopardize, endangerC r itic a l th in k in g (e x a m in in g e vid e n ce)T A S K 11An investigation o f an internatinal society fo r biostatisticians because they could provide unique and reliable information on the characteristics o f fraud in medical research.2 A survey o f scientists themselves who know more o f scientific misconduct in their disciplinesboth at home and abroad.T A S K 21Case examples2Statistic evidence from a survey3 Exmples4 Quotations from the expertsT A S K 3The evidence is not reliable as both Dr. W orries and the association o f cosmetic surgeons are com m ercially involved in the matter. Their claims are not objective.D o in g re s e a rc h p ro je c ts1Misconduct was more tight and rigid definition which did not need define or interpretation.2It involves three areas such as fabrication, falsification and plagiarism.3 C iting previous works, accessing and sharing data, and collaborative and authorship.4 There is growing attention paid to the ethics problems.2|Academic WritingW r itin g a d iscu ssio n se ctio nT A S K 1Contents Text I Text I IM ajor findings Para. 9Para. 1Comparison w ith other studies Para. 10,12,13Para. 2Explanations Para. 11Para. 2Lim itations or future direction Para. 14Para. 3Implications or suggestions Para. 15Para. 4T A S K 2Para. 2 Compare w ith the studies o f Europe about fearsPara. 3 SuggestionsPara. 4 M ajor findingsPara. 5 Possible im plicationsPara. 6 Lim itations and future directionsT A S K 31-7 B C G D E F AT A S K 4Academ ic Dishonesty Am ong College StudentsDiscussion (Introduction section P. 124 )1I hypothesized that the participants would be most likely to cheat in the 20 dollar reward group.However, I did not find a significant difference between the different reward levels, which could either mean that the type o f reward did not affect the likelihood o f cheating or that the sample size was not large enough to yield significant results. [explain the unexpected result]2 The pattern that emerged between participants，self-reports o f cheating behaviors and theirdishonesty ratings revealed that participants were w illin g to say that behaviors in which they had not engaged were “extremely wrong,” but behaviors in which they had engaged were rated as “not wrong” or “somewhat wrong.” It could be that the participants were trying to ju stify their behaviors by saying that they only engaged in the more acceptable types o f cheating and never took part in anything that was really dishonest. [explain the result]3Participants who cheated on the puzzle task also had higher self-efficacy scores, which means that they feel like they have more control over their success. Perhaps participants who have higher levels o f self-efficacy are more confident that they w ill succeed. The puzzle task in this experiment, however, was designed so that the participants could not successfully solve all o f the puzzles without cheating. Refusing to fa il such a simple task, they decided cheating was an acceptable tactic fo r success. [explain the result]4 This study contained only 34 participants, hence it is important to note that all o f these findingsshould be approached w ith caution. Further investigation is necessary in order to strengthen the significance o f the findings. However, the findings o f this study could be the first steps to uncovering the motivations behind academic dishonesty. A suggestion fo r future research is closer examination o f the differences in academic motivations o f people who cheat and those who do not. [lim itations and future research]H ealth-related Q u a lity o f L ife and H ealth R isk Behaviors Am ong SmokersDiscussion1This is the first national population-based study o f U.S. adults examining associations among smoking status, HRQOL (Health-related Quality o f Life), and health risk behaviors. The relationship between smoking and impaired physical health is corroborated by the results o f this study. Specifically, compared to persons who never smoked, current smokers are more likely to report fairly poor general health, frequent physical distress, frequent activity lim itations, and frequent pain. [M ajor findings] W hile previous research suggests that people w ith poor mental health are more likely to smoke than those without, few previous studies have examined whether those who smoke are more likely than those who do not to report poor mental health. Additionally, previous research in this area has yielded inconsistent results. In particular, while some prior studies reported mental health impairments among smokers, others found associations in women but not men or found no association. These results suggest that there is a significant association between smoking and impaired mental health among both men and women residing in thecommunity. Specifically, those who currently smoked were significantly more likely than those who formerly smoked or never smoked to report frequent mental distress, frequent depressive symptoms, frequent anxiety symptoms, and infrequent vitality. [Comparison w ith previous studies]2 Respondents who currently smoked were more likely than former smokers or never smokers to beheavy or binge drinkers, but were less likely to be obese. It is w ell known that smoking is frequently associated w ith alcohol consumption, and that smoking cessation is often associated w ith weight gain. Research suggests that fears about weight gain may motivate the initiation or continuation o f smoking, especially among women. However, cognitive behavioral therapy techniques have been demonstrated to improve smoking cessation rates among smokers concerned w ith gaining weight.3Most notably, these results reveal that in addition to being associated w ith increased alcohol consumption and affective disturbance, smoking among community dwellers is also associated w ith physical inactivity, sleep impairment, and inadequate consumption o f fru it and vegetables.Thus, smoking appears to be associated w ith a constellation o f health behaviors, potentially further compounding its adverse effects. As physical inactivity, inadequate sleep, and low consumption o f fru it and vegetables have each been associated w ith increased morbidity and mortality, the presence o f smoking should alert physicians to the possible coexistence o f other adverse health behaviors that may compound its deleterious consequences. In short, smoking may represent the “tip o f the iceberg” o f a number o f modifiable risk factors meriting intervention. [Explanation of the result]4 This study has several limitations. First, it is d ifficu lt to estimate the association between HRQOLand smoking without assessing physical and psychiatric comorbidities (并发症）.Because the survey did not assess medical comorbidities, adjustments could not be made for these factors.Second, because the study was cross-sectional, causality cannot be inferred. Nonetheless, these findings demonstrate a strong association between smoking and HRQOL, suggesting that clinicians should be alert to the potential presence o f psychiatric comorbidities among their patients who smoke as w ell as to the presence o f smoking among patients w ith psychiatric disorders. Third, these analyses are based on self-reported data, and therefore these results could be influenced by reporting biases. However, the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data on cigarette smoking measures have moderate to high validity and high reliability, and self-reports o f smoking have been found to be valid in other population based surveys.Fourth, because the analysis was based on data from 23 states and the D istrict o f Columbia, the results may, conceivably, not be representative o f the entire United States. Finally, while psychiatric symptoms were assessed, there was no assurance that these symptoms necessarily met diagnostic criteria fo r affective or anxiety disorders.5 These results indicate that in addition to implementing smoking cessation efforts among patientswho smoke, physicians should view smoking as a marker o f a potential array o f health risk behaviors. The results o f this investigation also suggest that physical activity, sleep, and dietary characteristics may be important areas fo r physician assessment and, potentially, intervention among patients who smoke. [Implication]T A S K 51-5 D C B A E FW r itin g an a b s tra c tT A S K 2A cadem ic D ishonesty A m ong C ollege StudentsA bstractThe present study investigated the effects o f academic m otivation, academic integrity, attitude toward cheating, and self-efficacy on cheating behaviors o f college students. [the objective] Participants completed a puzzle-solving task in which some puzzles were not solvable unless a participant cheated. One group was offered a 20 dollar reward fo r the highest score, the second group’s scores were made public, and the third group served as the control. [methods employed] There was not a significant difference in the cheating behaviors o f the three groups. A significant negative correlation was found between participants’ self-reports o f cheating behaviors and how dishonest they rated those behaviors. Participants who cheated on the puzzle task had significantly higher self-efficacy scores than those who did not cheat. Im plications fo r these findings are discussed. [m ajor findings]Laypeople’s U n derstand ing o f R a d io a c tiv ity and R a d ia tio nA bstractIt may be argued that the population should have sufficient understanding o f radiation phenomena to secure individual safety as w ell as democratic decisions. To attain this, it is necessary fo r the communicators o f radiation inform ation to be fam iliar w ith the lay person’s perceptions o f these phenomena. [the objective]A questionnaire survey was conducted to examine non-experts’ conceptions o f radiation phenomena. [the method] The survey revealed incomplete understanding o f concepts such as radioactive decay, h a lf-life and absorption o f radiation and a lack o f differentiation o f between radiation and radioactive material. Many respondents did not distinguish between sources o f ionizing radiation and other environmental hazards. Nuclear power plants and submarines were the most feared sources o f radiation. There are indications that the lay understanding o f radiation phenomena and risk is to a large extent formed by mass media and that “school knowledge” o f these phenomena is not applied in situations belonging to the “real w orld”[m ajor findings] To resolve this problem, new teaching and inform ation procedures are needed. These should take into account the learners’ perceptions and should integrate ‘school knowledge’ w ith considerations belonging to the “real w orld”.[the suggestion]U sing In te ra c tiv e Technology to S u p p o rt S tudents’ U nderstand ing o fthe G reenhouse E ffe ct and G lo b a l W a rm in gAbstractIn this work, we examine middle school students’ understanding o f the greenhouse effect and global warming, [the objective]We designed and refined a technology-enhanced curriculum module called G lobal Warming: V irtu al Earth.In the module activities, students conduct virtual experiments w ith a visualization o f the greenhouse effect. They analyze data and draw conclusions about how individual variables effect changes in the Earth’s temperature. They also carry out inquiry activities to make connections between scientific processes, the socio-scientific issues, and ideas presented in the media.[the method]Results show that participating in the unit increases students，understanding o f the science. We discuss how students integrate their ideas about global climate change as a result o f using virtual experiments that allow them to explore meaningful complexities o f the climate system. [major findings]In flu e n ce o f G e netically M o d ifie d Soya on the B irth W e ig h t and S u rviva l o f R at PubsA bstractInvestigation o f the influence o f GM soya on the birthrate and survival o f the offspring o f W istar rats were performed in this paper. [the objective] A group o f female rats were fed GM soya flo u r before mating and pregnancy. The control group o f females were fed traditional soya and the third group o f females, the positive control group, received feed w ithout any soya. The weight and the m ortality rate o f the newborn pups were analyzed. [the methods employed]The study showed that there was a very high rate o f pup m ortality (55.6%) in the GM soya group in comparison w ith the control group and the positive control group (9% and 6.8% respectively). Moreover, death in the firs t group continued during lactation, and the weights o f the survivors are low er those from the other two groups. [findings] It was revealed in these experiments, that GM soya could have a negative influence on the offsprings o f W istar rats. [the conclusion]The Im p a ct o f U rb a n iza tio n and Socioeconom ic Status onIn fa n t-fe e d in g P ractices in Lagos, N ig e riaA bstractBreast-feeding, a traditional infant-feeding practice in Nigeria, has undergone a serious decline recently. [the background] In order to explore the factors responsible fo r the negative change and offer some suggestions based on the result, a survey was conducted among N igerian women resident in Surulere [the objective].The feeding practice and attitudes o f 558 mothers were examined via questionnaires and personal interview. [the methods employed]The result showed that despite the women’s awareness o f the importance o f breast-feeding practice which should continue fo r up to one year (38 %) according to their expressed opinion, only about 24.6 % o f the mothers practiced breast-feeding fo r that long and 81 % used supplementary foods fo r infants from birth to three months. It is suggested that economic and social pressures were responsible fo r the change in traditional infant feeding practices. [findings]Hence unless the poverty o f urban women was solved any nutrition education program was meaningless. [the conclusion]__________U s in g th e c o rre c t tense, v o ic e a n d la n g u a g e in a b s tra c tsT A S K 1The paper is to conduct a survey o f biostatisticians, who were members o f the International Society fo r C linical Biostatistics. The objective is to assess the characteristics o f fraud in medical research. [the objective] The survey was performed between A p ril and July 1998. The participation rate was only 37%. We report the results because a m ajority (51%) o f the participants knew about fraudulent projects, and many did not know whether the organization they w ork fo r has a form al system fo r handling suspected fraud or not. D ifferent forms o f fraud (e.g., fabrication and falsification o f data, deceptive reporting o f results, suppression o f data, and deceptive design or analysis) had been observed in fa irly sim ilar numbers. [methods em ployed] We conclude that fraud is not a negligible phenomenon in medical research, and that increased awareness o f theforms in which it is expressed seems appropriate. [the conclusion] Further research, however, is needed to assess the prevalence o f different types o f fraud, as w ell as its impact on the va lid ity o f results published in the medical literature. [fu tu re research]T A S K 21-6 A D C F E B3Literacy SkillsF o llo w in g th e a p p ro p ria te a ca d e m ic w r itin g s ty leU sing hedging languageT A S K 1C ertainty Degree ExpressionsStrong modality is, w ill, must always, never, definitely, certainly, clearly,obviously, unavoidably, it is certain/clear/obvious, to agreat/large extentModerate modality should, most would, can, tend to, usually, likely, probably,regularly, generally, normally, presumably, frequently, asignificant proportion, numerous, it appears certain, it isusually the case thatWeak modality May, might, could, possible, conceivable, occasionally,seldom, perhaps, maybe, uncertainly, somewhat, potentially,apparently, it is possible/unlikely that, it seems that, it maybe the case thatT A S K 41In spite o f its limitations, the study may have a number o f important strengths.2 It seems to prove that animals become old because, if they did not, there were no successivereplacement o f individuals and hence no evolution.3 It suggests that the effect o f these small particles is to cool the climate and to partially offset thewarming o f increasing concentrations o f greenhouse gases.4 Very high radiation doses might destroy body functions and lead to death w ithin 60 days.5 The effects o f routine releases o f radioactivity from nuclear plants tend to depend on how thespent fuel is handled.6Although they also began to eat the GM soya, the effect might be mediated by the two first factors.7 It seems that all unethical behavior tents to be potentially criminal.8Mars rock might not be melted even at high temperatures.W r itin g an e n d-o f-te x t re fe re n ce s lis tT A S K 1One o f the main problems tourists cause in Antarctica is the disruption o f scientific research being conducted there. W hile scientific study in Antarctica was once the main purpose fo r humanpresence there, science seems to have given way to tourism. In fact, from1990, the number o f tourists began to increase to a point where their numbers now exceed the number o f scientists (Shaik, 2010). In itia lly, this was welcomed by research staff whose projects saw a potential finding boost through an increase in visitors, and scientists who stay in Antarctica all year round welcomed the idea o f more human contact (Larson, 2012). However, it quickly became apparent that the large number o f tourists was beginning to have negative impacts on the scientists. According to American U niversity, which funds research in the Antarctica, independent tour companies are often unaware o f research schedules and bring hundreds o f tourists to scientific sites requesting explanations and tours (G rall, 1992). In addition, scientists staff sometimes have to stop their w ork to aid tourists who have either ignored the risks or underestimated the extreme conditions o f Antarctica.ReferencesG rall, J. (1992). A ntarctic tourism impacts. TED Case Studies, 2(1).Retrieved from./TED/antarct.htmLarson, S. (2012). More tourists head to Antarctica, affecting the region’s ecosystem and science.P eninsula Press.Retrieved from: /2012/05/11Shaik, A. (2010). Antarctic wanderlust. E J M agazine,2010, Spring. Retrieved from /ejmagazine/2010/05/04/。
学术英语_Unit_05
UNIT5:Development of Culture Around the World1.Culture is the totality of learned,socially transmitted customs,knowledge,material objects,and behavior.It includes the ideas,values,customs,and artifacts of groups of people.Though culture differ in their customs,artifacts,and languages,they all share certain basic characteristics.Furthermore,cultural characteristics change as cultures develop,and cultures influence one another through their technological,commercial,and artistic achievements.文化是指社会传播学，海关，知识，材料的对象，和行为。
它包括思想，价值观，习俗，和人群的文物。
尽管文化在他们的习俗，文物，和语言不同，但是他们都有一些共同的基本特性。
此外，当文化发展时文化特征也在变化，并且文化通过他们的技术，商业，艺术成就相互影响。
Cultural universals文化共性2.All societies,despite their differences,have developed certain general practices known as cultural universals.Many cultural universals are,in fact,adaptations to meet essential human needs,such as people’s need for food,shelter,and clothing.Anthropologist George Murdock compiled a list of cultural that included athletic sports,cooking,funeral ceremonies,medicine,and sexual restrictions.所有的社会，尽管他们的差别，已经形成了一定的一般做法被称为文化的共性。
大学学术英语教材答案
大学学术英语教材答案Unit 1: Reading ComprehensionPart A1. C2. B3. D4. A5. CPart B6. The main idea of the passage is that there are several effective strategies to help non-English speaking international students improve their academic English writing skills.7. The author suggests that non-English speaking international students should read extensively, practice writing regularly, seek feedback from professors or writing centers, and participate in academic writing workshops.8. The term "discourse community" refers to a group of people who share common goals, knowledge, and ways of communication within a specific academic field or profession.9. Non-English speaking international students may face challenges in academic writing due to language barriers and cultural differences. They may struggle with vocabulary, grammar, sentence structure, and academic conventions.10. The author emphasizes the importance of perseverance and continuous practice in improving academic writing skills. Students should not get discouraged by initial difficulties but rather seek assistance and keep working on their writing abilities.Unit 2: Vocabulary and GrammarPart A11. intensify12. abstract13. biased14. acquire15. fundamental16. authentic17. subtle18. context19. coherent20. graspPart B21. The internet has revolutionized the way we access information.22. The new manager aims to streamline the company's operations and increase efficiency.23. The scientist conducted a comprehensive study on the impact of climate change.24. The concert attracted a diverse audience of all ages and backgrounds.25. The legal system should ensure equal treatment and justice for all individuals.Unit 3: Listening ComprehensionPart A26. B 27. C 28. A 29. D 30. DPart B31. The main purpose of the presentation is to inform the audience about the benefits of studying abroad.32. The presenter mentions that studying abroad can help students develop cross-cultural communication skills and enhance their global perspectives.33. The presenter mentions that studying abroad can provide students with opportunities to immerse themselves in a different academic environment and gain a deeper understanding of their field of study.34. The presenter suggests that studying abroad can contribute to personal growth and self-confidence, as students face challenges and adapt to a new cultural context.35. In conclusion, the presenter encourages students to consider studying abroad as a valuable and transformative experience that can enrich their personal and academic lives.Unit 4: SpeakingPart A36. There are several potential advantages of group work in academic settings. First, it promotes collaboration and teamwork skills, which are highly valued in many professions. Second, it allows for the sharing of diverse perspectives and ideas, which can lead to deeper learning and innovative solutions. Third, it helps develop communication and interpersonal skills as students interact and negotiate with their peers. Overall, group work provides a more engaging and interactive learning experience.Part B37. In my opinion, the most effective method of note-taking depends on individual preferences and learning styles. For visual learners, using mind maps or diagrams can be helpful in organizing information. For auditory learners, recording lectures and listening to them later can aid in comprehension. For kinesthetic learners, hands-on activities such as drawing or writing summaries can facilitate retention. Ultimately, students should experiment with different methods and find what works best for them.Unit 5: WritingPart A38. Introduction: The purpose of this essay is to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using social media in education.39. Advantages: Social media can facilitate communication between students and professors, allow for easy access to educational resources, and promote collaborative learning.40. Disadvantages: Social media can lead to distractions, privacy concerns, and potential misinformation or lack of credible sources.41. Conclusion: In conclusion, the use of social media in education has both positive and negative implications. It is crucial for educators and students to approach it mindfully, making use of its benefits while being aware of its drawbacks.Part B42. In my opinion, it is essential for universities to provide academic English courses for non-English speaking students. These courses can help students improve their language skills, particularly in academic writing and speaking. Proficiency in academic English is crucial for success in higher education and future careers. Additionally, these courses can also provide cultural orientation and support, helping international students navigate the challenges of studying in a foreign country. Overall, academic English courses contribute to a more inclusive and supportive learning environment for all students.Note: This sample answer is for reference only and may vary depending on the specific questions and content of the textbook. It is recommended to refer to the actual textbook or teaching materials for accurate and complete answers.。
(完整版)学术英语(医学)课后问题答案
Unit11、Some factors that may lead to the complaint:·Neuron overload·Patients* high expectations·Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctor2、Mrs. Osorio’s condition:·A 56-year-old woman·Somewhat overweight·Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension·Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it·Not enough exercises she should take·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan3、Good things:·Blood tests done·Glucose a little better·Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things:·Cholesterol not so great·Her weight a little up·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 44、The situation:·The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts aboutMrs. Osorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down.·Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions.and completely justified ·Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent —：the form signed by her doctor.—request”·The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient whilecompleting documentation.5、Similarities:·In computer multitasking, a microprocessor actually performs only one task at a time. Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate on two thoughts at the same exact time. Multitasking is just an illusion both in computersand human beings.Differences:·The concept of multitasking originated in computer science.·At best, human beings can juggle only a handful of thoughts in a multitasking manner, but computers can do much better.·The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings are able to attune fully to any given thought, but computers can do much better.6、·7 medical issues to consider·5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue·7 x 5 = 35 thoughts·10 patients that afternoon·35 x 10 = 350 thoughts·5 residents under the authors supervision·4 patients seen by each resident·10 thoughts, at least, generated from each patient·5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts·350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total·If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves about 10 thoughts that might get lost in the process.7、Possible solutions:·Computer-generated reminders·Case managers·Ancillary services·The simplest solution: timeUnit21、The author implies:? Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the re-emerging infectious diseases·Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of theinfectious diseases·Unfinished war against infectious diseases2、Victory declarations:·Surgeon General William Stewart's hyperbolic statement of closing “the book on infectious disease”.·A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines·The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost overWhat followed ever since:·Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola·Comeback of the old afflictions:? Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union? TB in urban centers like New York City? Rising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever·The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world3、Elaborate on the joined battle:·WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and controlof emerging disease in October 1995.·CDC launched a prevention strategy in 1994.·Congress raised fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million in 1997.4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbes, which can travel fromone country to another remote country in a very short time.5、TB:·Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB spread·Emerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strain·A ride on the HIV w^on by attacking the immunocompromisedGroup A strep:·A change in virulence·Mutation in the exterior of the bacteriumFlu:Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its levelof virulence6、Examples:·Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination. ·Du e to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union is serious. '? The vaccination rates are dropping in some American cities, and it will lead to more diphtheria and whooping cough.7、The four areas of focus:·The need for surveillance·Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field·Appropriate prevention and control·Strong public health infrastructure8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war against them will never end.Unit31、Terry's life before·She loved practicing Tae Kwon Do·She loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournaments.·She competed nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games.·She attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist.·She got married and got a son and a daughter.2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune disease:·Loss of stamina and strength·Problems with balance·Bouts of horrific facial pain·Dips in visual acuity3、Terry did the following before she self-experimented:·She started injections.·She adopted many pharmacotherapies.·She began her own study of literature:? She read articles on websites such as PubMed.? She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models.? She turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types — dementia，Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease.? She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, andneurophysiology.4、Approaches Terry mainly used:·Self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models·Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MS·Online search to identify the sources of micronutrients and having a new diet ·Reduction of food allergies and toxic load5、Cases mentioned in the text:·Increased mercury stores in the brains of people with dental fillings·High levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in Iowa·The strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration·The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitamins·Inefficient clearing of toxins6、With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, andautoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we cantake many health problems and the health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit41、Two concepts:·Complementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together with alternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to help lessen pain. Complementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM.·Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not part of conventional therapies —like acupuncture, massage therapy, or herbal medicine. They are called so because people used to consider practices like these outside the mainstream.2·TCM does not require advanced, complicated, and in most cases, expensivefacilities.·TCM employs needles, cups, coins, to mention but a few.·Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive.·The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, andthey are indeed all natural, from nature.·TCM has been practiced as long as the Chinese history, so the efficiency i s proven and ensured.·Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM3、It may be used as an adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program for a number of conditions: post-operativeand chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma.4、A well-justified NO:·More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use of acupuncture ·Higher adoption of acupuncture as a common therapeutic modality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellness·Exploration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture point stimulation with technological advancement·Improved understanding of neuroscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupuncture·Greater interest by stakeholders·An increasing number of physician acupuncturists5、·Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance:? Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patient?Correct selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas·Digression from either of the above guidence will lead to misuses of herbs, andwill result in complications in patient6、·Randomized controlled trialsAdvantages:?Elimination of the potential bias in the allocation of participants to the intervention group or control group? Tendency to produce comparable groups? Guaranteed validity of statistical tests of significanceLimitations:? Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a whole? A poor choice for research where temporal factors are anissue?Extremely heavy resources, requiring very large samplegroups? Quasi-experimentsAdvantages:? Control group comparisons possible?Reduced threats to external validity as natural environments do notsuffer the same problems of artificiality as compared to a well-controlledlaboratory setting.?Generalizations of the findings to be made about population since quasiexperiments are natural experimentsLimitations：? Potential for non-equivalent groups as quasi-experimental designs donot use random sampling in constructing experimental and controlgroups.?Potential for low internal validity as a result of not using random sampling methods to construct the experimental and control groups? Cohort studiesAdvantages:?Clear indication of the temporal sequence between exposure and outcome? Particular use for evaluating the effects of rare or unusual exposure? Ability to examine multiple outcomes of a single risk factorLimitations:? Larger, longer, and more expensive? Prone to certain types of bias? Not practical for rare outcomes? Case-control studiesAdvantages:? The only feasible method in the case of rare diseases and those with longperiods between exposure and outcome? Time and cost effective with relatively fewer subjects as compared to other observational methodsLimitations：? Unable to provide the same level of evidence as randomized controlled trialsas it is observational in nature? Difficult to establish the timeline of exposure to disease outcometrials? “N=1”Advantages? Easy to manage? InexpensiveLimitations：? Findings difficult to be generalized to the whole population? Weakest evidence due to the number of the subject7、? Synthesis of evidence is completely dependent on:? The completeness of the literature search (unavailable for foreign studies)? The accuracy of evaluation·There are situations in which no answer can be found for the questions of interest in RCTs and database analyses.·There's the requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data”8、·Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in society·Research and education·Political, economic, and social factorsUnit51、·Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from：? Continuous stress? Pain? Hardships·Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases.·Prompting elimination of dis-eases can alleviate some diseases.2、·Wellness is a state involving every aspect of our being: body, mind and spirit.·Manifestations of a healthy person:? Energy and vitality? A certain zip in gait? A warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior3、·Constant messages, positive and negative，are sent to our mind about the health of our body.·Physical symptoms are suppressed by people who go through life on automatic pilot.·Being well equals to being disease- or illness-free in the minds of them.·They confused wellness with an absence of symptoms.4、·People's minds are infected by spin:? Half-truth? Fearful fictions? Blatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit·Spin is a result of unconscious living.·The kind of falseness is pandemic.5·Our body intelligence is suppressed or dormant from a lack of use.·There are tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis.·Our bodies are easily ignored for years because of a lack of recreation time. ·Limiting, self-defeating and even self-destructive behaviors undermine our wellbeing and keep them from achieving our full potential.6·We grow more reluctant to take risks.·We lose the ability to feel and acknowledge our deepest feelings and the courage to speak our truth.·We continue to deny and repress our feelings to protect ourselves.·Fear, denial and disconnection from our bodies and feelings become an unconscious, self-protective habit, a kind of default response to life.7·A multi-faceted process:? Looking for roots of and resolutions for the issues in different dimensions? Building our wellness toolbox slowly? Picturing our whole state of being·Attention to the little stuff:? Examining our lives honestly and setting clear intentions to change? Striving to maintain a balance of our mind, body and spirit? Taking small steps in the way to perceive and resolve conflict8·Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously.·Get in touch with our genuine feelings and emotions.·Come to terms with the toxic emotionsUnit61、In the past, most people died at home. But now, more and more people are caredin hospitals and nursing homes at their end of life, which of course brings a newset of questions to consider.2、·Sixty-four years old with a history of congestive heart failure·Deciding to do everything medically possible to extend his life·Availability of around-the-clock medical services and a full range of treatmentchoices, tests, and other medical care·Relaxed visiting hours, and personal items from home3、Availability of around-the-clock medical resources, including doctors, nurses, andfacility.4、·Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially·Hiring a home nurse for additional help·Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like ahospital bed or bedside commode)5、·Health insurance·Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge plaimer or a social worker·Help from local governmental agencies·Doctor's supervision at home6、·Traditionally, it is only about symptom care.·Recently, it is a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of life for people who are living with potentially fatal diseases.7、·Stopping treatment specifically aimed at curing an illness equals discontinuing all treatment.·Choosing a hospice is a permanent decision.Unit71、·A dying patient·Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and startcomfort measures·The family's refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments2、·The doctor as exclusive decision-maker·The patient as participant with little say in the final choice3、·Respect for the patient, especially the patient s autonomy·Patient-centered care·The patient as decision-maker based on the information provided by the doctor4、·Patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.·Patients, at least a large majority of them, prefer their doctors to make final decisions.·Shifting responsibility of decision-making to patients will bring about more stress to patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain.5、Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind of ethicaltransgression.6、·Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than havingthe patient make decisions on their own.·Balancing between paternalism and respect for patients autonomy constitutes alarge part of medical practice.Unit81、·Research:An activity to test hypothesis, to permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge·Practice:Interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success·Blurred distinction:? Cooccurrence of research and practice like in research designed to evaluate a therapy? Notable departures from standard practice being called “experimental” withl”and “research” carelessly definedthe terms “experimenta2、·Autonomy：Individuals treated as autonomous agents .·Protection:Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection·A case in point:Prisoners involved in research3·“Do no harm” as the primary principle·Maximization of possible benefits and minimization of possible harms .·Balance between benefits and potential risks involved in every step of seedingthe benefits4、·“Do no harm” as a fundamental principle of medical ethics·Extension of it to the realm of research by Claude Bernard·Benefits and risks as a set “duet” in both medical practice and research 5、·Unreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden：Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: Who should be enrolled and who should not?·Equal treatment of equals:Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status6、·Definition:The opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them·Application:? A process rather than signing a written form? Adequate information as the premise? A well-informed decision as the expected result7、·Requirements for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons ·Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence ·More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice: ? At the individual level: fairness? At the social level: distinction between classes。
研究生学术英语答案Unit 5
A) I’ll have to write that one down.
B) I’ll not going to remember that one.
C) Can you write that one down for me?
√D) I’ll have to get you to write that one down.
1. Number of hours passengers spent on the Titanic ( B ) (A) 1,522
2. Length of the actual Titanic (feet)
( G ) (B) 120
3. Amount of money it cost to build the Titanic in 1912 ($) (C) 94
o_v_e_r_. Rose: No! Stay where you are! I mean it! 3) _I’_ll_le_t_g_o_ ! Jack: No you won’t! Rose: What do you mean “No I won’t”? Don’t 4) p_r_e_s_u_m_e__to_ tell
survived
(E)
9. Cost of a one-way first-class ticket for Titanic in ( I ) 7.5 million
1912($)
( D)
10. Cost of a one-way third-class ticket in 1912 ($) ( H ) (J) 3,560
Unit 5 Titanic
Introduction to Romance Films (1) Section A Focused Activities Section B Extended Activities
学术英语(医学)_Unit5
Unit 5 Healthy Living
Text A Critical reading and thinking Topics for presentation
4 Describe the time of great confusion we live in.
• People’s mind infected by spin -half-truth -fearful fictions -blatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit
1 Your personal understanding about the claim that Health is a multidimensional experience of body, mind and spirit.
• Wellness as a state involving every aspect of our body: body, mind, and spirit
Unit 5 Healthy Living
Unit Contents
Lead-in Text A Text B Text C Listening Speaking Writing Get reading for Unit 6
Unit 5 Healthy Living
Lead-in
• Issues to be covered • Suggested answers
• the awareness and use of bodily sensations in order to 1) support overall health and well-being 2) lessen symptoms of stress and stress-aggravated diseases 3) signal information about safety and comfort and 4) further psychological and spiritual development over your lifetime.
学术英语课后练习答案
1. psychological 2.spiritual 3.behaviour 4.phenomenologist 5.perplexity 6.mentally
Unit 5 Task 3 Formal English
1. what we imagine about computers today 2.we have broken the distinction between the world of material things and the world of spiritual things 3.for the sake of convenience so that it is easier to refer to the first type of response
Unit 7
Sociology
Unit 7 Task 3 4 entails: requires Paraphrase: A career requires more devotion to work. 5 contributing to: being beneficial to connotation: implication Paraphrase: People who regard their work as a calling think that what they do helps serve the public and brings benefits to our society, and therefore it’s quite proper to say that a calling implies something similar to religious beliefs.
学术英语（医学）课后问题答案
Unit11、Some factors that may lead to the complaint:·Neuron overload·Patients* high expectations·Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctorcondition:2、Mrs. Osorio’s·A 56-year-old woman·Somewhat overweight·Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension·Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it·Not enough exercises she should take·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan3、Good things:·Blood tests done·Glucose a little better·Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things:·Cholesterol not so great·Her weight a little up·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 44、The situation:·The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts aboutMrs. Osorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down.·Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions.and completely justified ·Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent ——request”：the form signed by her doctor.·The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient whilecompleting documentation.5、Similarities:·In computer multitasking, a microprocessor actually performs only one task at a time. Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate on two thoughts at the same exact time. Multitasking is just an illusion both in computersand human beings.Differences:·The concept of multitasking originated in computer science.·At best, human beings can juggle only a handful of thoughts in a multitasking manner, but computers can do much better.·The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings are able to attune fully to any given thought, but computers can do much better.6、·7 medical issues to consider·5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue·7 x 5 = 35 thoughts·10 patients that afternoon·35 x 10 = 350 thoughts·5 residents under the authors supervision·4 patients seen by each resident·10 thoughts, at least, generated from each patient·5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts·350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total·If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves about 10 thoughts that might get lost in the process.7、Possible solutions:·Computer-generated reminders·Case managers·Ancillary services·The simplest solution: timeUnit21、The author implies:Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the re- emerging infectious diseases·Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of theinfectious diseases·Unfinished war against infectious diseases2、Victory declarations:·Surgeon General William Stewart's hyperbolic statement of closing “the book on infectious disease”.·A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines·The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost overWhat followed ever since:·Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola·Comeback of the old afflictions:Diphtheria in the former Soviet UnionTB in urban centers like New York CityRising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever·The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world3、Elaborate on the joined battle:·WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and controlof emerging disease in October 1995.·CDC launched a prevention strategy in 1994.·Congress raised fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million in 1997.4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbes, which can travel fromone country to another remote country in a very short time.5、TB:·Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB spread·Emerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strain·A ride on the HIV w^on by attacking the immunocompromisedGroup A strep:·A change in virulence·Mutation in the exterior of the bacteriumFlu:Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its levelof virulence6、Examples:·Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination. ·Du e to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union is serious. 'The vaccination rates are dropping in some American cities, and it will lead to more diphtheria and whooping cough.7、The four areas of focus:·The need for surveillance·Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field·Appropriate prevention and control·Strong public health infrastructure8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war against them will never end.Unit31、Terry's life before·She loved practicing Tae Kwon Do·She loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournaments.·She competed nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games.·She attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist.·She got married and got a son and a daughter.2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune disease:·Loss of stamina and strength·Problems with balance·Bouts of horrific facial pain·Dips in visual acuity3、Terry did the following before she self-experimented:·She started injections.·She adopted many pharmacotherapies.·She began her own study of literature:She read articles on websites such as PubMed.She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models.She turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types — dementia，Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease.She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, andneurophysiology.4、Approaches Terry mainly used:·Self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models·Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MS·Online search to identify the sources of micronutrients and having a new diet ·Reduction of food allergies and toxic load5、Cases mentioned in the text:·Increased mercury stores in the brains of people with dental fillings·High levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in Iowa·The strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration·The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitamins·Inefficient clearing of toxins6、With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, andautoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we cantake many health problems and the health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit41、Two concepts:·Complementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together with alternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to help lessen pain. Complementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM.·Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not part of conventional therapies —like acupuncture, massage therapy, or herbal medicine. They are called so because people used to consider practices like these outside the mainstream.2·TCM does not require advanced, complicated, and in most cases, expensivefacilities.·TCM employs needles, cups, coins, to mention but a few.·Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive.·The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, andthey are indeed all natural, from nature.·TCM has been practiced as long as the Chinese history, so the efficiency i s proven and ensured.·Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM3、It may be used as an adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program for a number of conditions: post-operativeand chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma.4、A well-justified NO:·More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use of acupuncture ·Higher adoption of acupuncture as a common therapeutic modality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellness·Exploration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture point stimulation with technological advancement·Improved understanding of neuroscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupuncture·Greater interest by stakeholders·An increasing number of physician acupuncturists5、·Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance:Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patientCorrect selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas·Digression from either of the above guidence will lead to misuses of herbs, andwill result in complications in patient6、·Randomized controlled trialsAdvantages:Elimination of the potential bias in the allocation of participants to the intervention group or control groupTendency to produce comparable groupsGuaranteed validity of statistical tests of significanceLimitations:Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a wholeA poor choice for research where temporal factors are anissueExtremely heavy resources, requiring very large samplegroupsQuasi-experimentsAdvantages:Control group comparisons possibleReduced threats to external validity as natural environments do notsuffer the same problems of artificiality as compared to a well-controlledlaboratory setting.Generalizations of the findings to be made about population since quasiexperiments are natural experimentsLimitations：Potential for non-equivalent groups as quasi-experimental designs donot use random sampling in constructing experimental and controlgroups.Potential for low internal validity as a result of not using random sampling methods to construct the experimental and control groupsCohort studiesAdvantages:Clear indication of the temporal sequence between exposure and outcomeParticular use for evaluating the effects of rare or unusual exposureAbility to examine multiple outcomes of a single risk factorLimitations:Larger, longer, and more expensiveProne to certain types of biasNot practical for rare outcomesCase-control studiesAdvantages:The only feasible method in the case of rare diseases and those with longperiods between exposure and outcomeTime and cost effective with relatively fewer subjects as compared to other observational methodsLimitations：Unable to provide the same level of evidence as randomized controlled trialsas it is observational in natureDifficult to establish the timeline of exposure to disease outcomeN=1” trials“AdvantagesEasy to manageInexpensiveLimitations：Findings difficult to be generalized to the whole populationWeakest evidence due to the number of the subject7、Synthesis of evidence is completely dependent on:The completeness of the literature search (unavailable for foreign studies)The accuracy of evaluation·There are situations in which no answer can be found for the questions of interest in RCTs and database analyses.·There's the requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data”8、·Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in society·Research and education·Political, economic, and social factorsUnit51、·Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from：Continuous stressPainHardships·Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases.·Prompting elimination of dis-eases can alleviate some diseases.2、·Wellness is a state involving every aspect of our being: body, mind and spirit.·Manifestations of a healthy person:Energy and vitalityA certain zip in gaitA warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior3、·Constant messages, positive and negative，are sent to our mind about the health of our body.·Physical symptoms are suppressed by people who go through life on automatic pilot.·Being well equals to being disease- or illness-free in the minds of them.·They confused wellness with an absence of symptoms.4、·People's minds are infected by spin:Half-truthFearful fictionsBlatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit·Spin is a result of unconscious living.·The kind of falseness is pandemic.5·Our body intelligence is suppressed or dormant from a lack of use.·There are tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis.·Our bodies are easily ignored for years because of a lack of recreation time. ·Limiting, self-defeating and even self-destructive behaviors undermine our wellbeing and keep them from achieving our full potential.6·We grow more reluctant to take risks.·We lose the ability to feel and acknowledge our deepest feelings and the courage to speak our truth.·We continue to deny and repress our feelings to protect ourselves.·Fear, denial and disconnection from our bodies and feelings become an unconscious, self-protective habit, a kind of default response to life.7·A multi-faceted process:Looking for roots of and resolutions for the issues in different dimensionsBuilding our wellness toolbox slowlyPicturing our whole state of being·Attention to the little stuff:Examining our lives honestly and setting clear intentions to changeStriving to maintain a balance of our mind, body and spiritTaking small steps in the way to perceive and resolve conflict8·Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously.·Get in touch with our genuine feelings and emotions.·Come to terms with the toxic emotionsUnit61、In the past, most people died at home. But now, more and more people are caredin hospitals and nursing homes at their end of life, which of course brings a newset of questions to consider.2、·Sixty-four years old with a history of congestive heart failure·Deciding to do everything medically possible to extend his life·Availability of around-the-clock medical services and a full range of treatmentchoices, tests, and other medical care·Relaxed visiting hours, and personal items from home3、Availability of around-the-clock medical resources, including doctors, nurses, andfacility.4、·Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially·Hiring a home nurse for additional help·Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like ahospital bed or bedside commode)5、·Health insurance·Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge plaimer or a social worker·Help from local governmental agencies·Doctor's supervision at home6、·Traditionally, it is only about symptom care.·Recently, it is a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of life for people who are living with potentially fatal diseases.7、·Stopping treatment specifically aimed at curing an illness equals discontinuing all treatment.·Choosing a hospice is a permanent decision.Unit71、·A dying patient·Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and startcomfort measures·The family's refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments2、·The doctor as exclusive decision-maker·The patient as participant with little say in the final choice3、·Respect for the patient, especially the patient s autonomy·Patient-centered care·The patient as decision-maker based on the information provided by the doctor4、·Patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.·Patients, at least a large majority of them, prefer their doctors to make final decisions.·Shifting responsibility of decision-making to patients will bring about more stress to patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain.5、Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind of ethicaltransgression.6、·Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than havingthe patient make decisions on their own.·Balancing between paternalism and respect for patients autonomy constitutes alarge part of medical practice.Unit81、·Research:An activity to test hypothesis, to permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge·Practice:Interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success·Blurred distinction:Cooccurrence of research and practice like in research designed to evaluate a therapyNotable departure s from standard practice being called “experimental” withl”and “research” carelessly definedthe terms “experimenta2、·Autonomy：Individuals treated as autonomous agents .·Protection:Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection·A case in point:Prisoners involved in research3·“Do no harm” as the primary principle·Maximization of possible benefits and minimization of possible harms .·Balance between benefits and potential risks involved in every step of seedingthe benefits4、·“Do no harm” as a fundamental principle of medical ethics·Extension of it to the realm of research by Claude Bernard·Benefits and risks as a set “duet” in both medical practice and research 5、·Unreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden：Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: Who should be enrolled and who should not?·Equal treatment of equals:Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status6、·Definition:The opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them·Application:A process rather than signing a written formAdequate information as the premiseA well-informed decision as the expected result7、·Requirements for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons ·Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence ·More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice: At the individual level: fairnessAt the social level: distinction between classes。
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1 Definition
? Enhancing your academic language Match the words with their definitions.
1 —— b 2 —— i 3 —— e 4 —— f 5 —— c
Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay
1 Definition
? Enhancing your academic language
Translate the following sentences from Text 15 into Chinese.
1 特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的 国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。
1 Definition
? Enhancing your academic language
Translate the following sentences from Text 15 into Chinese.
4 转基因的抗病毒作物可以减少这种损失，就像抗干旱种子 在耕地面积因缺水而受到限制的地区起到的作用一样。
1 genetically (基因上地) engineering 2 advantages outweigh (比……重要) disadvantages
greatly 3 infrastructure (基础设施) construction 4 statistics (统计) analysis 5 will soon resolve (解决) all the difficulties 6 financial (金融的) institution 7 rigorous (严格的) discipline 8 spark (点燃) the flames of revolution 9 be in collaboration (合作) with your partner 10 a(n) desperate (绝望的) cry for help 11 alter (改变) the bad habit
2 在富裕的国家里，由于有大量丰富的食品可供选择，而且 供应远远超过需求，所以关于生物技术的争论相对缓和一 些。
3 生物技术专家已经培育出了含有β-胡萝卜素——身体可将 之转化为维生素A——和更多铁元素的转基因水稻，目前 正在研究培育其他一些增进营养成分的农作物。
Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay
5 尤其在运输基础设施落后的国家，地理条件对食物供给的 限制正如遗传学为食物供给带来的希望一样大。
6 —— h 7 —— g 8 —— a
9 —— j 10 —— d
Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay
1 Definition
? Enhancing your academic language
Complete the following expressions or sentences.
Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay
1 Definition
? Enhancing your academic language Complete the paragraph.
True, GM foods are already very much a part of our lives (已成为我们 生活的一部分), and farmers have a strong incentive to (迫切地想要) use the biotechnology as it can raise overall crop productivity (能提高稻谷 产量), yet we need a deep philosophical discussion of its implication. We still remember that when pesticides were first introduced, they also were praised as absolutely safe and as a miracle cure for farmers. But for all that promise (尽管这么多保证), decades later the technology revealed its truer lethal implications. Hence, any technology should be subjected to rigorous testing (应该进行严格的测试) before its wide application.
Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay
பைடு நூலகம்
1 Definition
? Enhancing your academic language
Complete the following expressions or sentences.
12 resources of cultivable (可耕种的) land 13 temper (缓和) criticism with reason 14 lobby (游说……以争取) for the funds 15 He is at the leading-edge (领先地位). 16 a(n) array (一系列) of information 17 be deficient (缺乏的) in nutrition 18 be restricted (限制) to adults 19 unfounded (没有根据的) suspicions 20 Coal can be converted (使转变) to gas. 21 a(n) devastating (毁灭性的) hurricane 22 staple (主要的) exports of this country 23 transform (转变) dream into reality