清华大学1999年博士研究生入学考试试题及参考答案
清华大学高等教育学考博真题-参考书-分数线
清华大学高等教育学考博真题-参考书-分数线一、专业的设置王晓阳、李曼丽、史静寰的高等教育学，是一个考博热门方向，一方面是因为老师们长期从事此领域的教学和科研工作，对此领域很有造诣，另一方面是因为这一个方向本身有研究的学术价值，并且在社会主义现代化建设的关键时期，这个专业的人才正是是社会所需要的，有很好的就业前景。
二、考试的科目教育学：高等教育学：①101英语或103日语②632高等教育原理③501综合考试，综合考试为面试。
三、导师介绍王晓阳，清华大学教育研究院高等教育研究所所长，北京师范大学教育学博士。
教育部新课程改革教师培训专家组成员，中国教育学会比较教育研究会理事，中国社会学会教育社会学研究会副秘书长。
近年来，主编、参编教育研究专著7部；在《高等教育研究》、《比较教育研究》、《教育发展研究》、《清华大学教育研究》、《学位与研究生教育》、《世界教育信息》等全国中文核心期刊公开发表论文60余篇；获全国、省部级科研奖励及校、院级工作奖励多次；目前承担教育部、北京市课题多项。
李曼丽，1970年生，陕西咸阳人，先后获陕西师范大学教育学学士（1992年）、硕士学位（1995年）和北京大学教育学博士学位（1998年，导师汪永铨）。
现任职于清华大学教育研究院副教授。
主要研究领域为高等教育中的通识教育、高等工程教育、教育与人力资源开发。
讲授“高等教育学”、“教育与人力资源开发”等研究生课程。
美国伊利诺伊大学访问学者（2002-2003），德国DAAD学者（2005），中美福布赖特学者（2007-2008）。
曾任亚洲高等教育联合董事会（United Board of Asian Christian Higher Education）、雅礼协会（Yale Association）在华项目评估专家。
史静寰，女，汉族，出生年月：1955年6月10日，现任职：清华大学教育研究院常务副院长、教授、博士生导师。
学术及社会兼职：北京市第11届政协委员；首都女教授协会会长。
博士研究生考试试题
博士研究生考试试题一、名词解释1、professional paper（第一页）2、subjective description（77页）3、technical report（166页）二、简答题1、写出确定题目中的5个基本原则（第5页）2、P21第一题；3、P40页第二题；4、P55第二题；5、P69第一题；6、P88第三题；7、P125第二题；三、论述题1、P49，根据这个例子，分析5A步骤。
（首先写5A指的是什么，然后再写上P49这一段）。
2、P155如何看待剽窃问题。
（可加上自己的观点）名词解释1.Professional paper:A professional paper is a formal printed document in which professional present their views and research finding on any deliberately chosen topic. It is variously known as “research paper”, “course paper”, “thesis paper” or “library paper”.2.Subjective description:subjective description shows the author’s impressions of or responses to what they see. The author does not only want of describe the object itself but also express directly or indirectly his impressions or opinions of what he is describing.3. Technical report: technical report refers to the papers whose contents involve certain unpublicized key technologies, technical know-how, or traditional Chinese technological processes, special raw materials, new technologies or methods that may bring about greater economic benefit, as well as technical renovation and transformation of relevant devices, instrument, prototypes, etc.简答题1.Finding topics: (1) It should be a topic within the reach of the author and capable of being finished within the assigned or suggested time limited. (2) It should be a topic of practical value for the specialty or the development of economy or science in general. (3) It should be a topic for which sufficient materials and documents can be made available either through readings or through investigations. Research work is by nature discovery and creation. (4) It should bear being tested theoretically and experimentally if his research is experimentation and investigation in nature as science demands thoroughness, accuracy and objectivity. (5) It should be a topic free from the author’s personal bias or preference even if it may be a topic of humanistic nature.2. What are the general functions of a title in a professional paper?(1) Generalizing the text; By glancing at the title, the reader will immediately know, incorporating with the abstract, what is mainly dealt with in the paper.(2) Attracting the reader; Ideally, the title should be such that, by reading it, any professional reader can see whether the paper is worth reading at all.(3) Facilitating the retrieval. A good title can help the readerin his search for information.3. What are the writing requirements for an abstract?(1) Integrity; An abstract should include what the writer has done and what he has achieved within the scope of the topic, such as the research theories, research methods, investigations and experimental results and conclusions. To differentiate his paper work from others, the writer needs to stress his own contribution.(2) Concise; The writer’s abstract is a miniature version of the body of his paper, self-contained and unambiguous.(3) Consistency; As a mini-paper, an abstract should be consistent with the other parts of the whole paper.(4) Concentration; An evaluation of a new technique or a discussion of the validity of the new results should properly appear in the conclusive section.4. What are the “5 step” in abstract writing?(1) Underlining key words and sentences; Underline the key words and sentences which are often signaled by transitional devices.(2) Listing essential point of the paper; Try to put the same emphasis onto the points of your paper as you did with the original paper.(3) Boiling down each section to a sentence or two; This is especially important for a descriptive (or indicative) abstract.(4) Drafting the abstract; Use your own words wherever possible.(5) Checking the final draft. Firstly, it should be shorten further to a minimum length. Secondly recheck the abstract until you are satisfied with it. Finally, the abstract should be read critically by your colleagues for objectivity.5. What is your understanding of the structural features of the introduction?(1)Introducing the subject; Since the topic in this section is what the paper is going to deal with, the readers, then, can get a preliminary but overall impression before going on with the full text of the paper.(2) Limiting the research scope; Only when an introduction clearly defines the limits of the research scope can readers retrieve the information efficiently provided that the subject is introduced correctly.(3) Stating the general purpose; The function of stating the general purpose is aimed at telling the reader of the general purpose of the why to where to start or where to guide.(4) Showing the writing arrangement. The logical arrangement of the writing enables the reader to understand the paper more easily when further reading is necessary.6. What are the main methods of logical development?(1) Developing by chronological sequence; (2) Developing by investigation procedures;(3) Developing the research “from abstract to concrete”; (4) Developing the research “from concrete to abstract”; (5) Developing by using other logical sequencing.7. Give your understanding of the writing requirements for results with your own example?(1) Any data shown in this section must be meaningful. (2) The presentation of results should be short without verbiage and be of crystal clarity.论述题1. P49，根据这个例子，分析5A步骤。
清华大学博士研究生入学考试刑法试题2007
清华大学博士研究生入学考试刑法试题2007清华大学博士研究生入学考试刑法试题2007—2010年2007年（不全）1、想象竞合犯和法条竞合的区别，举例说明。
2、刑法中的“多次”（多次抢劫、多次盗窃、多次贪污）3、论规范的构成要件要素。
2008年总则：1、13周岁少年强奸杀人，父母包庇的分析。
2、试析中外被害人承诺的法律效力和被害人瑕疵承诺。
3、列举不真正不作为犯的成立范围的学说。
4、列举教唆犯性质的学说。
分则：1、在不法给付原因的场合，诈骗罪、侵占罪是否成立。
2、侮辱罪与强制侮辱妇女罪的区别。
3、日本骚乱罪侵害的法益是什么?日本理论界和实务界对此有何争论？4、狱警私自占有罪犯家属财物怎样处理及详细理由？2009年总则：1、论述在犯罪论体系中，故意的地位和意义。
2、论对物防卫。
3、未遂犯的处罚根据和与之相对应的各种处罚范围。
4、甲为家中独子，甲与乙（27岁）结婚后与甲母（51岁）仍同居一室。
婆媳之间矛盾重重。
后某日，乙在做饭时与甲母争执，举刀砍向甲母，而甲虽在事发当场，并未阻止妻子的疯狂行为。
问，甲罪否？何罪？分则：1、论受贿罪的法益。
2、论刑法上的占有。
3、抢劫罪与强迫交易罪的区别。
4、案例：甲看到仇人乙路过，便与乙厮打。
丙（与甲无事前通谋）见状加入。
但是事后，无法查明乙是在丙加入前死亡还是在丙加入后死亡。
本案如何处理？2010年总则：1、如何区分法条竞合和想像竞合。
2、量刑和责任的关系。
3、论共同犯罪的本质。
4、关于犯罪中止的案例。
分则：1、论聚众犯罪。
2、论环境犯罪的法益理论以及对相关问题处理的影响。
3、乙去办事没关车门，甲看到后以为站在汽车旁边的丙是车主，上前打晕丙后把车偷走，分析甲之行为。
4、关于受贿罪的案例。
. 2011年清华大学刑法学博士研究生入学考试试题（回忆版）总论1、过失犯的理论发展及其对相关理论的影响。
2、客观归责理论中的风险升高理论。
3、刑法的目的是保护法益，在未遂犯的场合，是否必然贯彻客观论才能实现此目的。
清华大学博士入学考试英语真题
清华大学博士研究生入学考试真题Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension 20%Part Ⅱ Vocabulary 10%Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A; B; C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWET SHEET with a single line through the center.21. The__________of the spring water attracts a lot of visitors from other parts of the countryA. clashB. clarifyC. clarityD. clatter22. Business in this area has been__________because prices are too high.A. prosperousB. secretiveC. slackD. shrill23. He told a story about his sister who was in a sad__________when she was ill and had no money.A. plightB. polarizationC. plagueD. pigment24. He added a__________to his letter by saying that he would arrive before 8 pm.A. presidencyB. prestigeC. postscriptD. preliminary25. Some linguists believe that the________age for children learninga foreign language is 5 to 8.A. optimisticB. optionalC. optimalD. oppressed26. It all started in 1950; when people began to build their houses on the__________of their cities.A. paradisesB. omissionsC. orchardsD. outskirts27. The meeting was__________over by the mayor of the city.A. presumedB. proposedC. presentedD. presided28. The crowd__________into the hall and some had to stand outside.A. outgrewB. overthrewC. overpassedD. overflew29. It was clear that the storm__________his arrival by two hours.A. retardedB. retiredC. refrainedD. retreated30. This problem should be discussed first; for it takes__________overall the other issues.A. precedenceB. prosperityC. presumptionD. probability31. Her sadness was obvious; but she believed that her feeling of depression was__________.A. torrentB. transientC. tensileD. textured32. Nobody knew how he came up with this__________idea about the trip.A. wearyB. twilightC. unanimousD. weird33. The flower under the sun would__________quickly without any protection.A. winkB. withholdC. witherD. widower34. The__________of gifted children into accelerated classes will start next week according to their academic performance.A. segregationB. specificationC. spectrumD. subscription35. He__________himself bitterly for his miserable behavior that evening.A. repealedB. resentedC. relayedD. reproached36. Any earthquake that takes place in any area is certainly regarded as a kind of a __________eventA. cholesterolB. charcoalC. catastrophicD. chronic37. He cut the string and held up the two__________to tie the box.A. segmentsB. sedimentsC. seizuresD. secre38. All the music instruments in the orchestra will be__________before it starts.A. civilizedB. chatteredC. chamberedD. chorded39. When the air in a certain space is squeezed to occupy a smaller space; the air is said to be__________.A. commencedB. compressedC. compromisedD. compensated40. She made two copies of this poem and posted them__________to different publishers.A. sensationallyB. simultaneouslyC. strenuouslyD. simplyPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension 40%Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions of unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A; B; C; and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:Each year; millions of people in Bangladesh drink ground water that has been polluted by naturally high levels of arsenic poison. Finding safe drinking water in that country can be a problem. However; International Development Enterprises has a low-cost answer. This non-governmental organization has developed technology to harvest rainwater.People around the world have been harvesting rainwater for centuries. It is a safe; dependable source of drinking water. Unlike ground water; rainwater contains no minerals or salts and is free of chemical treatments. Best of all; it is free.The rainwater harvesting system created by International Development Enterprises uses pipes to collect water from the tops of buildings. The pipes stretch from the tops of buildings to a two-meter tall storage tank made of metal. At the top of the tank is a so-called“first-flush”device made of wire screen. This barrier prevents dirt and leaves in the water from falling inside the tank.A fitted cover sits over the “first-flush” device. It protects the water inside the tank from evaporating. The cover also prevents mosquito insects from laying eggs in the water.Inside the tank is a low coat plastic bag that collects the water. The bag sits inside another plastic bag similar to those used to hold grains. The two bags are supported inside the metal tank. All total; the water storage system can hold up to three-thousand-five-hundred liters of water. International Development Enterprises says the inner bags may need to be replaced every two to three years. However; if the bags are not damaged by sunlight; they could last even longer. International Development Enterprises says the water harvesting system should be built on a raised structure to prevent insects from eating into it at the bottom. The total cost to build this rainwater harvesting system is about forty dollars. However; International Development Enterprises expects the price to drop over time. The group says one tank can provide a family of five with enough rainwater to survive a five-month dry season.41. People in Bangladesh can use__________as a safe source of drinking water.A. ground waterB. rainwaterC. drinking waterD. fresh water42. Which of the following contributes to the low-cost of usingrainwaterA. Rainwater is free of chemical treatments.B. People have been harvesting rainwater for centuries.C. The water harvesting system is built on a platform.D. Rainwater can be collected using pipes.43. Which of the following actually prevents dirt and leaves from falling inside the tankA. a barrierB. a wire screenC. a first-flushD. a storage tank44. The bags used to hold water are likely to be damaged by__________.A. mosquito insectsB. a fitted coverC. a first-flush deviceD. sunlight45. What should be done to prevent insects from eating into the water harvesting system at the bottomA. The two bags holding the water should be put inside the metal tank.B. The inner bags need to be replaced every two years.C. The water harvesting system should be built on a platform.D. A cover should be used to prevent insects from eating it. Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:Where one stage of child development has been left out; or notsufficiently experienced; the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible; for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle; in fact; underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development; and is the basis of work in child clinics.The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food; to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one; he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things; particularly for food; is a very important element in upbringing; and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them.Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill—the first spoken words; the first independent steps; or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate; but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early; a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaningof the words he reads. On the other hand; though; if a child is left alone too much; or without any learning opportunities; he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together; parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys; jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples.Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters; others are severe over times of coming home at night; punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general; the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.46. The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children__________.A. is to send them to clinicsB. offers recapture of earlier experiencesC. is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD. is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced47. The child in the nursery__________.A. quickly learns to wait for foodB. doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC. always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD. always feels the world around him is warm and friendly48. The encouragement of children to achieve new skills__________.A. can never be taken too farB. should be left to school teachersC. will always assist their developmentD. should be balanced between two extremes49. Jigsaw puzzles are__________.A. too difficult for childrenB. a kind of building-block toyC. not very entertaining for adultsD. suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation50. Parental controls and discipline__________.A. serve a dual purposeB. should be avoided as much as possibleC. reflect the values of the communityD. are designed to promote the child's happinessQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:More than half of all Jews married in U. S. since 1990 have wed peoplewho aren't Jewish. Nearly 480; 000 American children under the age of ten have one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent. And; if a survey compiled by researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles is any indication; it's almost certain that most of these children will not identify themselves as “Jewish” when they get older.That survey asked college freshmen; who are usually around age 18; about their own and their parents' religious identities. Ninety-three percent of those with two Jewish parents said they thought of themselves as Jewish. But when the father wasn't Jewish; the number dropped to 38 percent; and when the mother wasn't Jew; just 15 percent of the students said they were Jewish; too.“I think what was surprising was just how low the Jewishide ntification was in these mixed marriage families.” Linda Sax is a professor of education at UCLA. She directed the survey which was conducted over the course of more than a decade and wasn't actually about religious identity specifically. But Professor Sax says the answers to questions about religion were particularly striking; and deserve a more detailed study. She says it's obvious that interfaith marriage works against the development of Jewish identity among children; but says it's not clear at this point why that's the case. “This new study is necessary to get more in-depth about their feelings about their religion. That's something that the study that I completedwas not able to do. We didn't have information on how they feel about their religion; whether they have any concern about their issues of identification; how comfortable they feel about their lifelong goals.I think the new study's going to cover some of that;” she says. Jay Rubin is executive director of Hilel; a national organization that works with Jewish college students. Mr. Rubin says Judaism is more than a religion; it's an experience. And with that in mind; Hillel has commissioned a study of Jewish attitudes towards Judaism. Researchers will concentrate primarily on young adults; and those with two Jewish parents; and those with just one; those who see themselves as Jewish and those who do not. Jay Rubin says Hillel will then use this study to formulate a strategy for making Judaism more relevant to the next generation of American Jews.51. The best title of this passage is__________.A. Jewish and Non-Jewish in AmericanB. Jewish Identity in AmericaC. Judaism-a ReligionD. College Jewish Students52. Among the freshmen at UCLA__________thought themselves as Jewish.A. mostB. 93% of those whose parents were both JewishC. 62% of those only whose father were JewishD. 15% of those only whose mother were Jewish53. The phrase “interfaith marriage” in the Paragraph 3 refers to the__________.A. marriage of people based on mutual beliefB. marriage of people for the common faithC. marriage of people of different religious faithsD. marriage of people who have faith in each other54. Which of the following statements is NOT true about professor Sax's researchA. The research indicates that most students with only one Jewish parent will not think themselves as Jewish.B. The survey was carried out among Jewish Freshmen.C. The research survey didn't find out what and how these Jewish students think about their religion.D. The research presents a new perspective for the future study.55. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraphA. Mr. Rubin is the founder of Hillel.B. Mr. Rubin thinks that Judaism is not a religion and it's an experience.C. Hillel is an organization concerned with Jewish college students in the world.D. Hillel has asked certain people to carry out a study about Jewish attitudes towards Judaism.Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage: Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy should guarantee two basic rights: the right to private property and the right to enforceable contracts; says Mancur Olson in his book Power and Prosperity. Olson was an economics professor at the University of Maryland until his death in 1998.Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries that wealthy societies bestow; but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that such rights are essential to creating wealth. “In comes are low in most of the countries of the world; in short; because the people in those countries do not have secure in dividual rights;” he says.Certain simple economic activities; such as food gathering and making handicrafts; rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary. But more advanced activities; such as the mass production of goods; require machines and factories and offices. This production is often called capital-intensive; but it is reallyproperty-intensive; Olson observes.“No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not have rights that kept the valuable capital from beingtaken by bandits; whether roving or stationary;”he argues. “There is no private property without government—individuals may have possessions; the way a dog possesses a bone; but there is private property only if the society protects and defends a private right to that possession against other private parties and against the government as well.”Would-be entrepreneurs; no matter how small; also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact; the banking systems relied on by developed nations are based on just such an enforceable contract system. “We would not deposit our money in banks...if we could not rely on the bank having to honor its contract with us; and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowers;” Olson writes.Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result of governments setting both prices and the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them. Olson agrees there is some merit to this point of view; but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather; the real problem is lack of individual rights that give people incentive to generate wealth. “If a society has clear and secure individual rights; thereare strong incentives 刺激;动力to produce; invest; and engage in mutually advantageous trade; and therefore at least some economic advance;” Olson concludes.56. Which of the following is true about OlsonA. He was a fiction writer.B. He edited the book Power and Prosperity.C. He taught economics at the University of Maryland.D. He was against the ownership of private property.57. Which of the following represents Olson's point or viewA. Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building.B. Only in wealthy societies do people have secure individual rights.C. Secure individual rights are brought about by the wealth of the society.D. In some countries; people don't have secure individual rights because they're poor.58. What does Olson think about mass productionA. It's capital intensive.B. It's property intensive.C. It relies on individual labor.D. It relies on individual skills.59. What is the basis for the banking systemA. Contract system that can be enforced.B. People's willingness to deposit money in banks.C. The possibility that the bank can make profits from its borrowers.D. The fact that some people have surplus money while some need loans.60. According to Olson; what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countriesA. government interventionB. lack of secure individual rightsC. being short of capitalD. lack of a free marketPart Ⅳ Cloze 10%Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A; B; C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.For the people who have never traveled across the Atlantic the voyage is a fantasy. But for the people who cross it frequently one crossing of the Atlantic is very much like another; and they do not make the voyage for the__61__of its interest. Most of us are quite happy whenwe feel__62__to go to bed and pleased when the journey__63__. On the first night this time I felt especially lazy and went tobed__64__earlier than usual. When I__65__my cabin; I wassurprised__66__that I was to have a companion during my trip; which made me feel a little unhappy. I had expected__67__but there was a suitcase__68__mine in the opposite corner. I wondered who he could be and what he would be like. Soon afterwards he came in. He was the sort of man you might meet__69__; except that he was wearing__70__good clothes that I made up my mind that we would not__71__whoever he was and did not say__72__. As I had expected; he did not talk to me either but went to bed immediately.I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was already the middle of the night. I felt cold but covered__73__as well as I could and tries to go back to sleep. Then I realized that a __74__was coming from the window opposite. I thought perhaps I had forgotten__75__the door; so I got up__76__the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was coming from the window opposite. I crossed the room and__77__the moon shone through it on to the otherbed.__78__there. It took me a minute or two to__79__the door myself.I realized that my companion__80__through the window into the sea.61. A. reason B. motive C. cause62. A. tired enough B. enough tired C. enough tiringD. enough tiring63. A. is achieved B. finish C. is overD. is in the end64. A. quite B. rather C. fairlyD. somehow65. A. arrived in B. reached to C. arrived toD. reached at66. A. for seeing B. that I saw C. at seeingD. to see67. A. being lonely B. to be lonely C. being aloneD. to be alone68. A. like B. as C. similar thanD. the same that69. A. in each place B. for all parts C. somewhereD. anywhere70. A. a so B. so C. such aD. such71. A. treat together well B. pass together wellC. get on well togetherD. go by well72. A. him a single word B. him not one wordC. a single word to himD. not one word to him73. A. up me B. up myself C. up to myselfD. myself up74. A. draft B. voice C. airD. sound75. A. to close B. closing C. to have to closeD. for closing76. A. to shut B. for shutting C. in shuttingD. but shut77. A. while doing like that B. as I did like thatC. as I did soD. at doing so78. A. It was no one B. There was no oneC. It was anyoneD. There was anyone79. A. remind to lock B. remember to lockC. remind lockingD. remember locking80. A. had to jump B. was to have jumpedC. must have jumpedD. could be jumpedPart Ⅴ Writing 20%Directions: In this part; you are asked to write a composition on the title of “Effect of Research Event on My Later Life and Work” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 在科研和学习中使我最难忘的一件事情是 ..2. 使我难忘的原因是 ..3. 它对我后来的影响是 ..试题详解Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension略Part Ⅱ Vocabulary 10%21. C 22. C 23. A 24. C 25. C 26. D 27. D 28. B29. A 30.A31. B 32. D 33. C 34. A 35. D 36. C 37. A 38. D 39. B 40. BPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension41. B 42. A 43. B 44. D 45. C 46. B 47. B 48. D 49. D 50. A51. B 52. B 53. C 54. B 55. D 56. C 57. A 58. B 59. A 60. BPart Ⅳ Clo ze61. D 62. A 63. C 64. B 65. A 66. D 67. D 68. A69. D 70.D71. C 72. C 73. D 74. A 75. A 76. A 77. C 78. B 79. D 80. CPart Ⅴ Writing参考范文: Effect of Research Event on My Later Life and Work The most unforgettable thing in my research career by now is a course named aspects of translation that was given in the second semester when I was a senior undergraduate student.One of the reasons for which the course has left such a deep impression on me is that it was the first time I learned to look at and study translation from a completely new perspective; the perspective of linguistics. Before taking that course; I though that translation was no more than the mechanic practice of turning texts written in one language into those in another and didn't realize that it had anything to do with linguistics; though; in retrospect; the link ought to be obvious for linguistics is the science that studies language properly. It was very fortunate for me to attend during the same semester the course Introduction to Linguistics; which helped me pave the way for the study of that critical course. Obvious as the link between the two disciplines was; it was still a giant project to actually connect the two and the course proved to be very brain-consuming. However; once the barriers collapsed; the landscape altered and became much moreopen. I could appreciate many beautiful scenes that I had never discovered before.Encouraged by the first attempt at inter-disciplinary study; in my later research and life I always try to bridge what I have learned in different courses and different aspects of life; to fill them into my jigsaw of knowledge about the world and myself and to complete it and perfect myself.。
清华大学历年法理学 考博真题
清华大学法学院法理学历年考博真题
（个别题目表述可能有所出入，仅供复习参考）
2006年
1、论活法。
2、论法的合法性。
3、论宪法的政治属性与法律属性。
2007年
1、论历史法学派的“历史”。
2、论法的正当性基础。
（或法律与道德的关系）
3、论习惯法的概念与功能。
2008年
1、论法学与人文学科和社会科学的关系。
2、《物权法》和《劳动合同法》的出台引起社会很大反响，请评析这一现象。
3、论为权利而斗争。
2009年
一、简论题（任选一题）
1、慎子说：“法非从天下，非从地生，发于人间，合于人心而已”。
试分析之。
2、德沃金说：“法律是道德的一个部门。
”试分析之。
3、简述吴经雄在中国法学史上的地位。
二、材料分析题。
题干给的是历史法学的一段材料，要求分析之。
（内容很长，大约千字有余。
）
2010年
仅一道题：晚近三十年中国法制建设的经验。
（100分）
2011年
只记得有以下两题：
1、简述中国司法的特质。
2、试论中国法理学研究的现状。
清华大学博士英语入学考试完型
清华大学博士英语入学考试完型清华大学博士考试完型填空清华大学博士题中完型填空是在一篇难度适中的短文中设置20个空白，短文长约300—350个词，从四个给出的选项中选出一个最佳答案；选项可以是一个单词，也可以是一个短语。
文章多为说明文和记叙文完型填空是一项综合性的测试，也成为The use of English。
它是从语篇的水平上测试考生综合运用语言知识，测试词汇、语法、词组、句型及文章的整体结构。
主要是要求考生在全面理解短文的基础上，选择一个最佳答案，能够使短文的意思连贯、结构完整、合理。
因此需要注意语意、结构、逻辑和惯用法的关系。
基本要求：1）词汇和短语 2）语法知识 3）理解能力应试要求：了解命题、有一定的题量、应试策略。
Sample 1Double Ine and No Kids (DINK) bees fashionable in China. The DINK couples are usually regarded as those who have higher educations and __31__ careers with higher ines. The increase in DINK families has shattered the Chinese traditional idea of the family and __32__ typical.A survey conducted recently in Beijing by a market survey pany __33__ that about 3.3 percent of 1,300 surveyed families in Beijing said they have __34__plans to have children. It is estimated there are about 600,000 DINK families in large cities like Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing.Why they choose such a lifestyle is concluded in__35__ reasons. Some are showing great worry for the rapid growth of population; some are indulged in building a more well-off family; some are showing sharp __36__ to get themselves free from theobligation of raising children.__37__, most people still believe it is necessary to bear a child to keep the family line on. As an old Chinese saying goes, there are three aspects infailing to be a filial son and the __38__ serious one is to have no heir for the family. So childless couples will suffer discrimination __39__ family members and neighbors.But it is clear that the new tide of ideas has e, which suggests young people __40__ to choose their own way of life. They are installing modern ideas into traditional families and society. In the modernization process, personal choices will be highly respected.31. A. stable B. available C. achievable D. liable32. A. had bee B. may bee C. became D. bees33. A. directed B. induced C. indicated D. dictated34. A. no B. not C. hardly D. scarcely35. A. elegant B. abundant C. similar D. various36. A. tension B. attention C. intention D.interaction37. A. Moreover B. However C. According D. Generally38. A. most B. more C. latest D. less39. A. into B. to C. at D. from40. A. wanted B. should want C. want D. had wantedSample 2Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. 67 a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the 68 in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The 69 student is considered to be 70 who is motivated to learn for the sake of 71 , not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned 72 brief written ments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is 73 for learning the material assigned. When research is 74 , the professor expects the student to take it actively and to pleteit with 75 guidance. It is the 76 responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain77 a university library works; they expect students,78 graduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference 79 in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but 80 that their students should not be 81 dependent on them. In the UnitedStates professors have many other duties 82 teaching, such as administrative or research work. 83 , the time that a professor can spend with student outside of class is 84 . If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either 85 a professor during office hour 86 make an appointment.67 a) If b) Although c) Because d) Since68 a) suggestion b) context c) abstract d) information69 a) poor b) ideal c) average d) disappointed70 a) such b) one c) any d) some71 a) fun b) work c) learning d) prize72 a ) by b) in c) for d) with73 a) criticized b) innocent c) responsible d) dismissed74 a) collected b) distributed c) assigned d) finished75 a) maximum b) minimum c) possible d) practical76 a) student’s b) professor’s c) assistant’s d) librarian’s77 a) when b) what c) why d) how78 a) particularly b) essentially c) obviously d) rarely79 a) selections b) collections c) sources d) origins80 a) hate b) dislike c) like d) prefer81 a) too b) such c) much d) more82 a) but b) except c) with d) besides83 a) However b) Therefore c) Furthermore d) Nevertheless84 a) plentiful b) limited c) irregular d) flexible85 a) greet b) annoy c) approach d) attach86 a) or b) and c) to d) butPassage 1The United States has historically had higher rates of marriage than those of other industrialized countries. The current annual marriage 56 in the United States—about 9 new marriages for every 1,000 people—is 57 higher than it is in other industrialized countries. However, marriage is 58 as widespread as it was several decades ago. 59 of American adults who are married 60 from 72 percent in 1970 to 60 percent in 2002. This does not mean that large numbers of people will remain unmarried 61 their lives. Throughout the 20th century, about 90 percent of Americans married at some 62 in their lives. Experts 63 that about the same proportion of today’s young adults will eventually marry.The timing of marriage has varied 64 over the past century. In 1995 the average age of women in the United States at the time of their first marriage was 25. The average age of men was about 27. Men and womenin the United States marry for the first time an average of five years later than people did in the 1950s. 65 , young adults of the 1950s married younger than did any previous 66 inU.S. history. Today’slater age of marriage is 67 the age of marriage between 1890 and 1940. Moreover, a greater proportion of the population was married (95 percent) during the 1950s than at any time before 68 . Experts do not agree on why the “marriage rush” of the late 1940s and 1950s occurred, but most social scientists believe it represented a 69 to the return of peaceful and prosperity after 15 years of severe economic70 and war.56. A. rate B. ratio C percentage D. poll57. A. potentially B intentionally C. randomlyD.substantially58 A. not any longer B. no more C. no longer D. not any more59 A. A proportion B. The proportion C. The number D.A number60 A. declined B .deteriorated C deduced D demolished61 A past B passing C throughout D through62 A period B level C point D respect63 A project B plan C promise D propose64 A unexpectedly B irregularly C flexibly D consistently65 A Beside B However C Whereas D Nevertheless66 A descendants B ascendants C population D generation67 A according to B in line with C based D caused by68 A and after B or after C or since D ever since69 A refusal B realization C response D reality70 A repression B aggression C restriction D depressionPassage 2In recent years a new farming revolution has begun, one that involves the 61 of life at a fundamentallevel – the gene. The study of genetics has 62 a new industry called biotechnology. As the name suggest, it 63 biology and modem technology through such techniques as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech panies specialize inagriculture and are working feverishly to 64 seedsthat give a high yield, that 65 diseases, drought and frost, and that reduce the need for 66 chemicals. If such goals could be achieved, it would be most 67. But some have raised concerns about genetically engineered crops.In nature, genetic diversity is created within certain 68 .A rose can be crossed with a different kind of rose, but a rose will never cross with a potato. Genetic engineering, 69 usually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another 70 to transfer a desired characteristic. This could mean,for example, selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with anti-freeze 71 from an artic fish, and inserting it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. 72, then, biotechnology allows humans to 73 the genetic wallsthat separate species.Like the green revolution, 74 some call the gene revolution contributes to the problem of genetic uniformity---some say even more so 75 geneticists can employ techniques such as cloning and 76 culture(培养), processes that produce perfectly 77 copies. Concerns about the erosion of biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new 78,such as the effects that they may have on us and the environ ment. “We are flying blindly into a new 79 of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potential 80,” said science writer Jeremy Rifkin.61. A. manipulation B. management C. manufacture D. maturity62. A. got along with B. given rise to C. e up with D. lived up to63. A. broods B. breeds C. blends D. blasts64. A. hatch B. train C. duplicate D. patent65. A. restrict B. resist C. reverse D. retrieve66. A. hostile B. hydraulic C. hazardous D. harmless67. A. beneficial B. disappointing C. surprising D. extreme68. A. lines B. limits C. space D. ages69. A. after all B. on the other hand C. in any case D. as a rest70. A. to the point B. in no case C. in an attempt D. with regard71. A. quality B. property C. priority D. quantity72. A. In essence B. In part C. In advance D. Inreturn73. A. brake B. blaze C. breach D. brand74. A. what B. as C. where D. so75. A. that B. because C. if D. when76. A. skin B. tissue C. organ D. muscle77. A. resembling B. alike C. similar D. identical78. A. issues B. height C. difficulties D. goals79. A. spot B. era C. deadline D. scheme80. A. navigation B. mystery C. outes D. destinationPassage 3Imagine fishermen walking down to the seashore, ready to carry out their early morning routine of preparing their boats and net. ___71___ they hope for a good catch of fish. But to their ___72___ , a horriblesight meets their still sleepy eyes. Thousands of fish have washed ___73___ dead. The cause of this mass destruction A red tide!Red tides are a global ___74___. They have been observed on both the Atlantic and the Pacific coasts of the United States and Canada. They havealso___75___ in many other places. Though relatively few people are ___76___ them, red tides are not new.In the Philippines, a red tide was first seen in the province of Bataan in 1908. Since then, red tides have been seen in many other ___77___. A Philippines red tide expert told us that " ___78___ the fish kills, thePhilippines has documented 1, 926 cases of dead shellfish poisoning caused by red tides. "The term "red tide" ___79___ the discoloration of water that sometimes occurs in certain areas of the ocean or sea. Although the color is often red, it may also be ___80___ of brown or yellow. The World Book Encyclopedia reports that "the discolored areas mayrange from ___81___ a few square yards to more than 2, 600 square kilometers. "What causes such discoloration Red tides are generally caused by several ___82___ of single—celled organisms. These tiny organisms have hair—like projections which they use to ___83___ themselves in water. There are about 2, 000 varieties of these organisms, 30 of which carry poisonous ___84___. These minute organisms usually stay in warm waters with high content of salt.A red tide occurs when there is a sudden and rapid___85___ of these organisms. The concentration ofthese organisms may ___86___ to 50, 000, 000 per quart of water! Although scientists do not fully understand why this happens. It is known that these organisms___87___ when certain conditions simultaneously affect the water. These include abnormal weather, ___88___ temperatures, an oversupply of nutrients in the water, a generous ___89___ sunlight, and favorable water currents. When a heavy rainfall occurs, minerals and other nutrients are sometimes washed ___90___ the land into coastal waters. These nutrients can contribute to the breeding of the organisms. The result Red tides!71. A. As a result B. As it is C. As expected D. As usual72. A. satisfaction B. disappointment C. astonishmentD. regret73. A. ashore B. aboard C. aside D. across74. A. question B. crisis C. phenomenon D. situation75. A. occupied B. occurred C. acquired D. accused76. A. assured of B. worried about C. concerned aboutD. aware of77. A. sandy beaches B. river mouths C. coastal areasD. reef areas78. A. except B. besides C. despite D. without79. A. applies to B. sums up C. copes with D. leads to80. A. shadows B. shades C. shakes D. shapes81. A, less than B. more than C. as much as D. as little as82. A. ponents B. elements C. ingredients D. species83. A. propel B. probe C. proceed D. prompt84. A. materials B. substances C. masses D. objects85. A. bolt B. block C. bloom D. blast86. A. scale B. plunge C. gauge D. swell87. A. accelerate B. acmodate C. accumulate D. acpany88. A. optimum B. minimum C. maximum D. momentum89. A. means of B. amount of C. way to D. account for90. A. over B. on C. by D. fromPassage 4With 950 million people, India ranks second to China among the most populous countries. But since China71 a family planning program in 1971, India has been closing the 72. Indians have reduced their birth rate but not nearly 73 the Chinese have. If current growth rates continue, India’s population will 74China’s around the year 2028 75 about 1.7 billion. Should that happen, it won’t be the 76 of the enlightened women of Kerala, a state in southern India. 77India as a whole adds almost 20 million people a year, Kerala’s population is virtually 78 . The reason is No mystery: nearly two-thirds of Kerala women practice birth control, 79 about 40% in the entire nation.The difference 80 the emphasis put on health programs, 81 birth control, by the state authorities, 82 in 1957 became India’s first elected Communist 83 . And a n educational tradition and matrilineal(母系的) customs in parts of Kerala help girls and boys get 84 good schooling. While one in three Indian women is 85 , 90% of those in Kerala can read and write.Higher literacy rates 86 Family planning. “Unlike our Parents, we know that we can do more for our children if we have 87 of them,” says Laila Cherian, 33, who lives in the Village of Kudamaloor. She has Limited herself 88 three children—one below the national 89 of four. That kind of restraint(抑制；克制)will keep Kerala from putting added 90 on world food supplies.71. A. discovered B. circulated C. launched D. transmitted72. A. gap B. top C. bit D. bet73. A. as many as B. as well as C. as soon as D. as much as74. A. shake B. pass C. rocket D. impress75. A. on B. in C. at D. for76. A. force B. fight C. false D. fault77. A. While B. Since C. Because D. Suppose78. A. reliable B. stable C. countable D. flexible79. A. benefited from B. involved with C. pared with D. resulted from80. A. lies in B. shows off C. results in D. departs from81. A. reviving B. including C. practicing D. containing82. A. that B. since C. what D. which83. A. group B. alliance C. government D. bureau。
清华大学数学考博真题及答案
清华大学数学考博真题及答案
一、选择题
1．函数的定义域是（） [单选题] *
A．[-2,3]
B．[-3,3]
C．(-2,-1)∪(-1,3](正确答案)
D．(-3,3)
2．已知，则（） [单选题] *
A．有可去间断点
B．有跳跃间断点(正确答案)
C．有无穷间断点
D．没有间断点
3．设可导，且满足，则曲线在点处的切线斜率为（） [单选题] *
A．4
B．-4
C．1
D．-1(正确答案)
4．曲线的水平和垂直渐近线分别为（） [单选题] *
A．у=1,x=0
B．y=0,x=1
C．y=0,x=0(正确答案)
D．y=1,x=1
5.设（） [单选题] *
A．-ƒ(-1)<ƒ(1)<ƒ´(0)
B．-ƒ(-1)<ƒ´(0)<ƒ(1)(正确答案)
C．ƒ(1))<-ƒ(-1)<ƒ´(0)
D．ƒ(1)<ƒ´(0)<-ƒ(-1)
二、填空题
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三、解答题
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四、应用题
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五、证明题
[上传文件题] *。
台湾(国立)清华大学历史研究所中国科技史专业博士生入学试题
96中國科技史1 在李約瑟《中國之科技與文明》一書中，將中國天文學史分成（一）緒論（二）定義（三）天文圖書概要（四）上古及中古的宇宙觀（五）中國天文學的極和赤道特性（六）星體命名、星錄和星圖（七）天文儀器的發展（八）曆和行星的天文學（九）天象記錄（十）耶穌會士時期等章節加以討論，請就該書的思想架構試加評論。
2 在中國傳統的科技或醫學文獻當中，往往也出現許多被現今之世界視為非理性的術數內容，作為一個歷史工作者，請討論我們應以何種態度面對這些內容。
3 試評論下面這段關於中國科學的歷史見解。
科學在中國古代是沒有獨立的地位，它作為探求自然界的認識活動和對於自然界的知識，是附帶在儒家"格物致知"理論之內的。
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------※来源: 中国科大BBS站[]本文：[转寄][转贴][删除][修改][回复][作者:...][人气:146]发信人: Arnold_Chiang (xiaoping)，原信区: ustcbbs标题: 台湾(国立）清华大学历史研究所中国科技史专业博士生入学试题（1997年）发信站: 中国科大BBS站(Fri, 21 Sep 2001 19:44:55)，站内信件1997中國科技史1 「中國科學史」的意義，從英文翻譯來看，簡單而言有兩種，一是"A Chinese History of Science"，一是"A History of Chinese Science"，試述此二者有何不同。
還有，你自己比較傾向哪一種意義？為什麼？（34分）2 (1)請抄寫並標點下列文句：寧可使中夏無好曆法不可使中夏有西洋人無好曆法不過如漢家不知合朔之法日蝕多在晦日而猶享四百年之國祚有西洋人吾懼其揮金以收拾我天下之人心如厝火於積薪之下而禍發之無日也。