英国文学简史一

合集下载

英国文学简史Part 1 Early and Medieval English Literature

英国文学简史Part 1 Early and Medieval English Literature

Part on: Early and medieval english literature早期和中古时期的英国文学I.Beowulf <贝奥武夫>Features of Beowulf<贝奥武夫>的特点(1)Certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound.,每一行的重读单词以相同的辅音开始。

(2)Other features of Beowulf are the use of metaphors and of understatements.《贝奥武夫》的另一些特点是隐喻和低调陈述的大量运用。

II The Romance(1)The Content of the Romance传奇文学的内容The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes n verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances was the knight.封建时期的英国最流行的文学形式是传奇文学。

传奇文学的作品篇幅较长,有时是诗歌的形式,有时是散文的形式,描写贵族英雄的生活和冒险故事。

传奇文学的中心人物是贵族出身的善于使用武器的骑士。

(2)The Romance Cycles传奇文学的类型a.Matters of Britain(adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table)“取材于英国的作品”(亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士)b.Matters of France(Emperor Charlemagne and his peers)“取材于法国作品”(查理曼大帝和他的贵族)c.Matters of Rome(Alexander the Great and so forth)“取材于罗马的作品”(亚历山大大帝)d.The romance of King Arthur is comparatively the most important for the history of English literature.比较起来亚瑟王的传奇故事是英国文学史中最重要的。

英国文学史概要

英国文学史概要
2011-11-26 王利娜
6世纪末,基督教传入英国,出现了宗 世纪末,基督教传入英国, 教文学。 教文学。 入侵, 此后,丹麦人入侵 此后,丹麦人入侵,不少寺院毁于 兵火,学术凋零。 世纪末, 兵火,学术凋零。9世纪末,韦塞克斯国 王阿尔弗雷德大力抗丹, 王阿尔弗雷德大力抗丹,同时着手振兴 学术, 学术,请了一批学者将拉丁文著作译为 英文,并鼓励编写《盎格鲁— 英文,并鼓励编写《盎格鲁—撒克逊编 年史》 年史》,这是用英国当地语言写史的开 始。
2011-11-26 王利娜
文艺复兴在英国是以重新发现希腊、罗马的 文艺复兴在英国是以重新发现希腊、罗马的 希腊 古典文化开始的。 古典文化开始的。 哲学家、教育家、历史家、政治家、 哲学家、教育家、历史家、政治家、宗教人士 纷纷从事著述,用不同方式表达了人文主义思想, 纷纷从事著述,用不同方式表达了人文主义思想, 其中有托马斯 托马斯· More)用拉丁文写的 其中有托马斯·莫尔 (Thomas More)用拉丁文写的 乌托邦》 (1516)。 《乌托邦》(Utopia) (1516)。这部作品借一个旅行 者谈海外见闻的方式, 者谈海外见闻的方式,描绘了一个没有私有制和 宗教压迫而崇尚学术的理想社会, 宗教压迫而崇尚学术的理想社会,而对为了能多 产羊毛而大规模圈地、 产羊毛而大规模圈地、迫使贫苦农民流离失所的 羊吃人”的现实英国作了有力的谴责。 “羊吃人”的现实英国作了有力的谴责。
2011-11-26 王利娜
2011-11-26
王利娜
The Story of Beowulf (《贝奥武甫》的故事) 贝奥武甫》的故事) 贝奥武甫是丹麦(Denmark)日兰德半岛 贝奥武甫是丹麦(Denmark)日兰德半岛(Jutland)一个民 日兰德半岛(Jutland)一个民 族高特国(Geats)的国王赫依拉 的国王赫依拉(Hygelac)的外甥 的外甥, 族高特国(Geats)的国王赫依拉(Hygelac)的外甥,他得到 消息说丹麦国王赫斯加(Hrothgar)遇到了很大的困难 遇到了很大的困难。 消息说丹麦国王赫斯加(Hrothgar)遇到了很大的困难。赫 斯加建造了一个很大的大厅, 斯加建造了一个很大的大厅, 但是一个很可怕的妖怪格 伦德尔(Grendel)每夜都到大厅掳走勇士们 每夜都到大厅掳走勇士们, 伦德尔(Grendel)每夜都到大厅掳走勇士们,因此这个大厅 已经废弃了。 已经废弃了。 听到这个消息后,贝奥武甫和十四个同伴开船驶向丹 听到这个消息后, 麦和妖怪作战。欢迎盛宴以后, 麦和妖怪作战。欢迎盛宴以后, 贝奥武甫和他的同伴们 在大厅躺下来等待夜晚的降临。格伦德尔出现了, 在大厅躺下来等待夜晚的降临。格伦德尔出现了, 它抓 住贝奥武甫的一个同伴并吞掉了他, 住贝奥武甫的一个同伴并吞掉了他,接着又开始攻击贝奥 武甫, 因为武器对格伦德尔失去了作用, 武甫, 因为武器对格伦德尔失去了作用,贝奥武甫和它 只手搏斗。经过一番可怕的空手搏斗后, 只手搏斗。经过一番可怕的空手搏斗后,格伦德尔被贝奥 武甫

英国文学简史

英国文学简史

英国文学简史第一部分:早期和中世纪英国文学第一章:英国的组成1、大不列颠人(英国人)在开始学习英国文学史之前,了解一下英国这个民族是很必要的。

英国这个民族是一个混血族。

早期居住在这个岛上的居民是凯尔特人的一个部落,我们现在称它为大不列颠人。

大不列颠人把这个岛屿命名为大不列颠岛,凯尔特人是其原始居民。

他们分为几十个小部落,每个部落都以小屋群居为主。

“最古老的凯尔特人法律今天归结起来显示出氏族任然充满着生命力”。

英国人曾生活在部落社会。

2、罗马人的占领在公元前55年,大不列颠岛被罗马征服者凯撒入侵,而这是的凯撒刚刚占领了高卢。

但是罗马人刚登上大不列颠岛海岸时,就遭到了在首领领导下的大不列颠人的狮子般疯狂的反击,随着罗马将领来来往往的这个世纪,直到公元78年英国从被于罗马帝国完全征服过。

伴随着罗马人的侵略占领,罗马式的生活方式也开始融入英国。

罗马式剧院和澡堂很快的在城镇中兴起。

而这些高雅的文明只不过是罗马侵略者的娱乐享受方式罢了,大不列颠人民却像奴隶一样被压迫着。

罗马人的占领持续了将近400年,在这期间,罗马人因其军事目的在岛上修建了后来被称之为罗马路的纵横交错的公路,这些公路在后期发展中起到了很大的作用。

沿着这些公路开始建立起大量的城镇,伦敦就是其中之一,开始成为重要的贸易中心城市。

罗马的占领也带来了基督教文化。

但是在15世纪初期,罗马帝国处于逐渐的衰落阶段。

公元410年,所有罗马军队撤回欧洲大陆再也没有返回。

因此,也标志这罗马人占领的结束。

3、英国人的占领同时,大不列颠也被成群的海盗给侵略着。

他们是来自北欧的三个部落:盎格鲁人,撒克逊人和朱特人民族。

这三个部落在大不列颠海岸登路,把大不列颠人民赶到西部和北部,然后自己定居下来。

朱特人占领了岛屿东南部的肯特。

撒克逊人占领了岛屿南部地区,并建立起像韦塞克斯,埃塞克斯和东萨塞克斯这样的小王国。

盎格鲁人席卷了东部中部地区,并在东英吉利亚建立王国。

七个像这样的王国在大不列颠岛上逐渐出现。

《英国文学简史》重点笔记(完整版)

《英国文学简史》重点笔记(完整版)

英国文学简史完全版A Concise History of British LiteratureChapter 1 English Literature of Anglo-Saxon PeriodI.Introduction1. The historical background(1)Before the Germanic invasion(2)During the Germanic invasiona. immigration;b. Christianity;c. heptarchy.d. social classes structure: hide-hundred; eoldermen (lord)– thane - middle class (freemen)- lower class (slave or bondmen: theow);e. social organization: clan or tribes.f. military Organization;g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education;h. economy: coins, trade, slavery;i. feasts and festival: Halloween, Easter; j. legal system.2. The Overview of the culture(1)The mixture of pagan and Christian spirit.(2)Literature: a. poetry: two types; b. prose: two figures.II.Beowulf.1. A general introduction.2. The content.3. The literary features.(1)the use of alliteration(2)the use of metaphors and understatements(3)the mixture of pagan and Christian elementsIII.The Old English Prose1.What is prose?2.figures(1)The Venerable Bede(2)Alfred the GreatChapter 2 English Literature of the Late Medieval Ages I.Introduction 1. The Historical Background.(1)The year 1066: Norman Conquest.(2)The social situations soon after the conquest.A. Norman nobles and serfs;B. restoration of the church.(3)The 11th century.A. the crusade and knights.B. dominance of French and Latin;(4)The 12th century.A. the centralized government;B. kings and the church (Henry II and Thomas);(5)The 13th century.A. The legend of Robin Hood;B. Magna Carta (1215);C. the beginning of the ParliamentD. English and Latin: official languages (the end)(6)The 14th century.a. the House of Lords and the House of Commons—conflict between the Parliament and Kings;b. the rise of towns.c. the change of Church.d. the role of women.e. the Hundred Years' War—starting.f. the development of the trade: London.g. the Black Death.h. the Peasants' Revolt—1381.i. The translation of Bible by Wycliff.(7)The 15th century.a. The Peasants Revolt (1453)b. The War of Roses between Lancasters and Yorks.c. the printing-press—William Caxton.d. the starting of Tudor Monarchy(1485)2. The Overview of Literature.(1)the stories from the Celtic lands of Wales and Brittany—great myths of the Middle Ages.(2)Geoffrye of Monmouth—Historia Regum Britanniae—King Authur. (3)Wace—Le Roman de Brut.(4)The romance.(5)the second half of the 14th century: Langland, Gawin poet, Chaucer. II.Sir Gawin and Green Knight.1. a general introduction.2. the plot.III.William Langland.1. Life2. Piers the PlowmanIV.Chaucer1. Life2. Literary Career: three periods(1)French period(2)Italian period(3)master period3. The Canterbury TalesA. The Framework;B. The General Prologue;C. The Tale Proper.4. His Contribution.(1)He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types.(2)He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language. (3)The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.V. Popular Ballads.VI.Thomas Malory and English ProseVII.The beginning of English Drama.1. Miracle Plays.Miracle play or mystery play is a form of medieval drama that came from dramatization of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church. It developed from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching its height in the 15th century. The simple lyric character of the early texts was enlarged by the addition of dialogue and dramatic action. Eventually the performance was moved to the churchyard and the marketplace.2. Morality Plays.A morality play is a play enforcing a moral truth or lesson by means of the speech and action of characters which are personified abstractions – figures representing vices and virtues, qualities of the human mind, or abstract conceptions in general.3. Interlude.The interlude, which grew out of the morality, was intended, as its name implies, to be used more as a filler than as the main part of an entertainment. As its best it was short, witty, simple in plot, suited for the diversion of guests at a banquet, or for the relaxation of the audience between the divisions of a serious play. It was essentially an indoors performance, and generally of an aristocratic nature.Chapter 3 English Literature in the Renaissance I.A Historical Background II. The Overview of the Literature (1485-1660)Printing press—readership—growth of middle class—trade-education for laypeople-centralization of power-intellectual life-exploration-new impetus and direction of literature.Humanism-study of the literature of classical antiquity and reformed education.Literary style-modeled on the ancients.The effect of humanism-the dissemination of the cultivated, clear, and sensible attitude of its classically educated adherents.1. poetryThe first tendency by Sidney and Spenser: ornate, florid, highly figured style.The second tendency by Donne: metaphysical style—complexity and ingenuity.The third tendency by Johnson: reaction——Classically pure and restrained style.The fourth tendency by Milton: central Christian and Biblical tradition.2. Dramaa. the native tradition and classical examples.b. the drama stands highest in popular estimation: Marlowe – Shakespeare –Jonson.3. Prosea. translation of Bible;b. More;c. Bacon.II.English poetry.1. Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard (courtly makers)(1)Wyatt: introducing sonnets.(2)Howard: introducing sonnets and writing the first blank verse.2. Sir Philip Sidney—poet, critic, prose writer(1)Life:a. English gentleman;b. brilliant and fascinating personality;c. courtier.(2)worksa. Arcadia: pastoral romance;b. Astrophel and Stella (108): sonnet sequence to Penelope Dvereux—platonic devotion.Petrarchan conceits and original feelings-moving to creativeness—building of a narrative story; theme-love originality-act of writing.c. Defense of Poesy: an apology for imaginative literature—beginning of literary criticism.3. Edmund Spenser(1)life: Cambridge - Sidney's friend - “Areopagus” –Ireland - Westminster Abbey.(2)worksa. The Shepherds Calendar: the budding of English poetry in Renaissance.b. Amoretti and Epithalamion: sonnet sequencec. Faerie Queene:l The general end——A romantic and allegorical epic—steps to virtue.l 12 books and 12 virtues: Holiness, temperance, justice and courtesy.l Two-level function: part of the story and part of allegory (symbolic meaning)l Many allusions to classical writers.l Themes: puritanism, nationalism, humanism and Renaissance Neoclassicism—a Christian humanist.(3)Spenserian Stanza.III.English Prose1. Thomas More(1)Li fe: “Renaissance man”, scholar, statesman, theorist, prose writer, diplomat, patron of artsa. learned Greek at Canterbury College, Oxford;b. studies law at Lincoln Inn;c. Lord Chancellor;d. beheaded.(2)Utopia: the first English science fiction.Written in Latin, two parts, the second—place of nowhere.A philosophical mariner (Raphael Hythloday)tells his voyages in which he discovers a land-Utopia.a. The part one is organized as dialogue with mariner depicting his philosophy.b. The part two is a description of the island kingdom where gold and silver are worn by criminal, religious freedom is total and no one owns anything.c. the nature of the book: attacking the chief political and social evils of his time.d. the book and the Republic: an attempt to describe the Republic in a new way, but it possesses an modern character and the resemblance is in externals.e. it played a key role in the Humanist awakening of the 16th century which moved away from the Medieval otherworldliness towards Renaissancesecularism.f. the Utopia(3)the significance.a. it was the first champion of national ideas and national languages; it created a national prose, equally adapted to handling scientific and artistic material.b. a elegant Latin scholar and the father of English prose: he composed works in English, translated from Latin into English biography, wrote History of Richard III.2. Francis Bacon: writer, philosopher and statesman(1)life: Cambridge - humanism in Paris – knighted - Lord Chancellor –bribery - focusing on philosophy and literature.(2)philosophical ideas: advancement of science—people:servants and interpreters of nature—method: a child before nature—facts and observations: experimental.(3)“Essays”: 57.a. he was a master of numerous and varied styles.b. his method is to weigh and balance maters, indicating the ideal course of action and the practical one, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each, but leaving the reader to make the final decisions. (arguments)IV.English Drama1. A general survey.(1)Everyman marks the beginning of modern drama.(2)two influences.a. the classics: classical in form and English in content;b. native or popular drama.(3)the University Wits.2. Christopher Marlowe: greatest playwright before Shakespeare and most gifted of the Wits.(1)Life: first interested in classical poetry—then in drama.(2)Major worksa. Tamburlaine;b. The Jew of Malta;c. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.(3)The significance of his plays.V. William Shakespeare1. Life(1)1564, Stratford-on-Avon;(2)Grammar School;(3)Queen visit to Castle;(4)marriage to Anne Hathaway;(5)London, the Globe Theatre: small part and proprietor;(6)the 1st Folio, Quarto;(7)Retired, son—Hamnet; H. 1616.2. Dramatic career3. Major plays-men-centered.(1)Romeo and Juliet——tragic love and fate (2)The Merchant of Venice.Good over evil.Anti-Semitism.(3)Henry IV.National unity.Falstaff.(4)Julius CaesarRepublicanism vs. dictatorship.(5)HamletRevengeGood/evil.(6)OthelloDiabolic characterjealousygap between appearance and reality.(7)King LearFilial ingratitude(8)MacbethAmbition vs. fate.(9)Antony and Cleopatra.Passion vs. reason(10)The TempestReconciliation; reality and illusion.3. Non-dramatic poetry(1)Venus and Adonis; The Rape of Lucrece.(2)Sonnets:a. theme: fair, true, kind.b. two major parts: a handsome young man of noble birth; a lady in dark complexion.c. the form: three quatrains and a couplet.d. the rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg.VI.Ben Jonson1. life: poet, dramatist, a Latin and Greek scholar, the “literary king” (Sons of Ben)2.contribution:(1)the idea of “humour”.(2)an advocate of classical drama and a forerunner of classicism in English literature.3. Major plays(1)Everyone in His Humour—“humour”; three unities.(2)V olpone the FoxChapter 4 English Literature of the 17th Century I.A Historical BackgroundII.The Overview of the Literature (1640-1688)1. The revolution period(1)The metaphysical poets;(2)The Cavalier poets.(3)Milton: the literary and philosophical heritage of the Renaissance merged with Protestant political and moral conviction2. The restoration period.(1)The restoration of Charles II ushered in a literature characterized by reason, moderation, good taste, deft management, and simplicity. (school of Ben Jonson)(2)The ideals of impartial investigation and scientific experimentation promoted by the newly founded Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge (1662)were influential in the development of clear and simple prose as an instrument of rational communication.(3)The great philosophical and political treatises of the time emphasize rationalism.(4)The restoration drama.(5)The Age of Dryden.III.John Milton1. Life: educated at Cambridge—visiting the continent—involved into therevolution—persecuted—writing epics.2. Literary career.(1)The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absent. L'Allegre and IL Pens eroso (1632)are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milton a true offspring of the Renaissance, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creations was Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate, Edward King.(2)The second period is from 1641 to 1654, when the Puritan was in such complete ascendancy that he wrote almost no poetry. In 1641, he began a long period of pamphleteering for the puritan cause. For some 15 years, the Puritan in him alone ruled his writing. He sacrificed his poetic ambition to the call of the liberty for which Puritans were fighting.(3)The third period is from 1655 to 1671, when humanist and Puritan have been fused into an exalted entity. This period is the greatest in his literary life, epics and some famous sonnets. The three long poems are the fruit of the long contest within Milton of Renaissance tradition and his Puritan faith. They form the greatest accomplishments of any English poet except Shakespeare. In Milton alone, it would seem, Puritanism could not extinguish the lover of beauty. In these works we find humanism and Puritanism merged in magnificence.3. Major Works(1)Paradise Losta. the plot.b. characters.c. theme: justify the ways of God to man.(2)Paradise Regained.(3)Samson Agonistes.4. Features of Milton's works.(1)Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential things to be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism.(2)Milton wrote many different types of poetry. He is especially a great master of blank verse. He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.(3)Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style noted for its dignity and polish, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study.(4)Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.IV.John Bunyan1. life:(1)puritan age;(2)poor family;(3)parliamentary army;(4)Baptist society, preacher;(5)prison, writing the book.2. The Pilgrim Progress(1)The allegory in dream form.(2)the plot.(3)the theme.V. Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets.1. Metaphysical PoetsThe term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Pressured by the harsh, uncomfortable and curious age, the metaphysical poets sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new words and new poetry. They tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, and favoured in poetry for a more colloquial language and tone, a tightness of expression and the single-minded working out of a theme or argument.2. Cavalier PoetsThe other group prevailing in this period was that of Cavalier poets. They were often courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and calledthemselves “sons” of Ben Jonson. The Cavalier poets wrote light poetry, polished and elegant, amorous and gay, but often superficial. Most of their verses were short songs, pretty madrigals, love fancies characterized by lightness of heart and of morals. Cavalier poems have the limpidity of the Elizabethan lyric without its imaginative flights. They are lighter and neater but less fresh than the Elizabethan's.VI.John Dryden.1. Life:(1)the representative of classicism in the Restoration.(2)poet, dramatist, critic, prose writer, satirist.(3)changeable in attitude.(4)Literary career—four decades.(5)Poet Laureate2. His influences.(1)He established the heroic couplet as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry.(2)He developed a direct and concise prose style.(3)He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the numerous prefaces to his poems.Chapter 5 English Literature of the 18th Century I.Introduction1. The Historical Background.2. The literary overview.(1)The Enlightenment.(2)The rise of English novels.When the literary historian seeks to assign to each age its favourite form of literature, he finds no difficulty in dealing with our own time. As the Middle Ages delighted in long romantic narrative poems, the Elizabethans in drama, the Englishman of the reigns of Anne and the early Georges in didactic and satirical verse, so the public of our day is enamored of the novel. Almost all types of literary production continue to appear, but whether we judge from the lists of publishers, the statistics of public libraries, or general conversation, we find abundant evidence of the enormous preponderance of this kind of literary entertainment in popular favour.(3)Neo-classicism: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neo-classical school.(4)Satiric literature.(5)SentimentalismII.Neo-classicism. (a general description)1. Alexander Pope(1)Life:a.Catholic family;b.ill health;c.taught himself by reading and translating;d.friend of Addison, Steele and Swift.(2)three groups of poems:e.An Essay on Criticism (manifesto of neo-classicism);f. The Rape of Lock;g.Translation of two epics.(3)His contribution:h.the heroic couplet—finish, elegance, wit, pointedness;i.satire.(4)weakness: lack of imagination.2. Addison and Steele(1)Richard Steele: poet, playwright, essayist, publisher of newspaper. (2)Joseph Addison: studies at Oxford, secretary of state, created a literary periodical “Spectator” (with Steele, 1711)(3)Spectator Club.(4)The significance of their essays.a. Their writi ngs in “The Tatler”, and “The Spectator” provide a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.b. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.c. In their hands, the English essay completely established itself as aliterary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story telling, they ushered in the dawn of the modern novel.3. Samuel Johnson—poet, critic, essayist, lexicographer, editor.(1)Life:a.studies at Oxford;b.made a living by writing and translating;c.the great cham of literature.(2)works: poem (The Vanity of Human Wishes, London); criticism (The Lives of great Poets); preface.(3)The champion of neoclassical ideas.III.Literature of Satire: Jonathan Swift.1.Life:(1)born in Ireland;(2)studies at Trinity College;(3)worked as a secretary;(4)the chief editor of The Examiner;(5)the Dean of St. Patrick's in Dublin.2. Works: The Battle of Books, A Tale of a Tub, A Modest Proposal, Gulliver's Travels.3. Gulliver's Travels.Part I. Satire—the Whig and the Tories, Anglican Church and Catholic Church.Part II. Satire—the legal system; condemnation of war.Part III. Satire—ridiculous scientific experiment.Part IV. Satire—mankind.IV.English Novels of Realistic tradition.1. The Rise of novels.(1)Early forms: folk tale – fables – myths – epic – poetry – romances –fabliaux – novelle - imaginative nature of their material. (imaginative narrative)(2)The rise of the novela.picaresque novel in Spain and England (16th century): Of or relating to a genre of prose fiction that originated in Spain and depicts in realistic detail the adventures of a roguish hero, often with satiric or humorous effects.b.Sidney: Arcadia.c. Addison and Steele: The Spectator.(plot and characterization and realism)(3)novel and drama (17the century)2. Daniel Defoe—novelist, poet, pamphleteer, publisher, merchant, journalist.)(1)Life:a.business career;b.writing career;c.interested in politics.(2)Robinson Cusoe.a. the story.b. the significance of the character.c. the features of his novels.d. the style of language.3. Henry Fielding—novelist.(1)Life:a.unsuccessful dramatic career;b.legal career; writing career.(2)works.(3)Tom Jones.a.the plot;b.characters: Tom, Blifil, Sophia;c.significance.(4)the theory of realism.(5)the style of language.V. Writers of Sentimentalism.1. Introduction2. Samuel Richardson—novelist, moralist (One who is unduly concerned with the morals of others.)(1)Life:a.printer book seller;b.letter writer.(2)Pamela, Virtue Rewarded.a.the storyb.the significancePamela was a new thing in these ways:a)It discarded the “improbable and marvelous” accomplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people. b)Its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction.c)It described not only the sayings and doings of characters but their also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.3. Oliver Goldsmith—poet and novelist.A. Life:a.born in Ireland;b.a singer and tale-teller, a life of vagabondage;c.bookseller;d.the Literary Club;e.a miserable life;f. the most lovable character in English literature.B. The Vicar of Wakefield.a.story;b.the signicance.VI.English Drama of the 18th century1. The decline of the drama2. Richard Brinsley SheridenA. life.B. works: Rivals, The School for Scandals.C. significance of his plays.a. The Rivals and The School for Scandal are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.b. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.c. Sheridan's greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability and inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man.d. His plots are well-organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays. Chapter 6 English Literature of the Romantic Age I.Introduction1. Historical Background2. Literary Overview: RomanticismCharacteristics of Romanticism:(1)The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings(2)The creation of a world of imagination(3)The return to nature for material(4)Sympathy with the humble and glorification of the commonplace (5)Emphasis upon the expression of individual genius(6)The return to Milton and the Elizabethans for literary models (7)The interest in old stories and medieval romances(8)A sense of melancholy and loneliness(9)The rebellious spiritII.Pre-Romantics1. Robert Burns(1)Life: French Revolution(2)Features of poetrya. Burns is chiefly remembered for his songs written in the Scottish dialect.b. His poems are usually devoid of artificial ornament and have a great charm of simplicity.c. His poems are especially appreciated for their musical effect.d. His political and satirical poems are noted for his passionate love forfreedom and fiery sentiments of hatred against tyranny.(3)Significance of his poetryHis poetry marks an epoch in the history of English literature. They suggested that the spirit of the Romantic revival was embodied in this obscure ploughman. Love, humour, pathos, the response to nature –all the poetic qualities that touch the human heart are in his poems, which marked the sunrise of another day – the day of Romanticism.2. William Blake(1)life: French Revolution(2)works.l Songs of Innocencel Songs of Experience(3)featuresa. sympathy with the French Revolutionb. hatred for 18th century conformity and social institutionc. attitude of revolt against authorityd. strong protest against restrictive codes(4)his influenceBlake is often regarded as a symbolist and mystic, and he has exerted a great influence on twentieth century writers. His peculiarities of thought and imaginative vision have in many ways proved far more congenial to the 20th century than they were to the 19th.III.Romantic Poets of the first generation1. Introduction2. William Wordsworth: representative poet, chief spokesman of Romantic poetry(1)Life:a.love nature;b.Cambridge;c.tour to France;d.French revolution;e.Dorathy;f. The Lake District;g.friend of Coleridge;h.conservative after revolution.(2)works:a. the Lyrical Ballads (preface): significanceb. The Prelude: a biographical poem.c. the other poems(3)Features of his poems.a.ThemeA constant theme of his poetry was the growth of the human spirit through the natural description with expressions of inward states of mind.b.characteristics of style.His poems are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, and a passionate love of nature.3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: poet and critic(1)Life:a.Cambridge;b.friend with Southey and Wordsworth;c.taking opium.(2)works.l The fall of Robespierrel The Rime of the Ancient Marinerl Kubla Khanl Biographia Literaria(3)Biographia Literaria.(4)His criticismHe was one of the first critics to give close critical attention to language. In both poetry and criticism, his work is outstanding, but it is typical of him that his critical work is very scattered and disorganized.IV.Romantic Poets of the Second Generation.1. Introduction2. George Gordon Byron(1)Life:a.Cambridge, published poems and reviews;b.a tour of Europe and the East;c.left England;d.friend with Shelley;e.worked in Greece: national hero;f. radical and sympathetic with French Revolution.(2)Works.l Don Juanl When We Two Partedl She Walks in Beauty(3)Byronic Hero.Byron introduced into English poetry a new style of character, which as often been referred to as “Byronic Hero” of “satanic spirit”. People imagined that they saw something of Byron himself in these strange figures of rebels, pirates, and desperate adventurers.(4)Poetic style: loose, fluent and vivid3. Percy Bysshe Shelley: poet and critic(1)Life:a.aristocratic family;b.rebellious heart;c.Oxford;d.Irish national liberation Movement;e.disciple of William Godwin;f. marriage with Harriet, and Marry;g.left England and wandered in EUrope, died in Italy;h.radical and sympathetic with the French revolution;i. Friend with Byron(2)works: two types – violent reformer and wanderer (3)Characteristics of poems.a.pursuit of a better society;b.radian beauty;c. superb artistry: imagination.(4)Defense of Poetry.4. John Keats.(1)Life:a.from a poor family;b.Cockney School;c.friend with Byron and Shelley;d.attacked by the conservatives and died in Italy.(2)works.(3)Characteristics of poemsa.loved beauty;b.seeking refuge in an idealistic world of illusions and dreams. V. Novelists of the Romantic Age.1. Water Scott. Novelist and poet。

英国文学的历史简介

英国文学的历史简介

英国文学的历史简介英格兰岛的早期居民凯尔特人和其他部族,没有留下书面文学作品。

5世纪时,原住北欧的三个日耳曼部落──盎格鲁﹑撒克逊和朱特──侵入英国,他们的史诗<贝奥武甫>传了下来。

诗中的英雄贝奥武甫杀巨魔﹑斗毒龙,并在征服这些自然界恶势力的过程中为民捐躯。

它的背景和情节是北欧的,但掺有基督教成分,显示出史诗曾几经修改,已非原貌。

按照保存在一部10世纪的手抄本里的版本来看,诗的结构完整,写法生动,所用的头韵﹑重读字和代称体现了古英语诗歌的特色。

6世纪末,基督教传入英国,出现了宗教文学。

僧侣们用拉丁文写书﹐其中比德所著的<英国人民宗教史>既有难得的史实﹐又有富于哲理的传说,受到推崇,并译成了英文。

此后,丹麦人入侵,不少寺院毁于兵火,学术凋零。

9世纪末﹐韦塞克斯国王阿尔弗雷德大力抗丹,同时著手振兴学术,请了一批学者将拉丁文著作译为英文,并鼓励编写《盎格鲁─撒克逊编年史》,这是用英国当地语言写史的开始。

1066年诺曼人入侵﹐带来了欧洲大陆的封建制度,也带来了一批说法语的贵族。

古英语受到了统治阶层语言的影响,本身也在起著变化,12世纪後发展为中古英语。

文学上也出现了新风尚,盛行用韵文写的骑士传奇,它们歌颂对领主的忠和对高贵妇人的爱,其中艺术性高的有《高文爵士与绿衣骑士》。

它用头韵体诗写成,内容是古代亚瑟王属下一个“圆桌骑士”的奇遇。

14世纪后半叶,中古英语文学达到了高峰。

这时期的重要诗人乔叟的创作历程,从早期对法国和意大利作品的仿效,进到后来英国本色的写实,表明了英国文学的自信。

他的杰作《坎特伯雷故事集》用优美﹑活泼的韵文﹐描写了一群去坎特伯雷朝圣的人的神态言谈;他们来自不同阶层和行业,各人所讲的故事或雅或俗,揭示了多方面的社会现实。

同时,还有教会小职员兰格伦写的头韵体长诗<农夫皮尔斯>一译《农夫彼得之梦》,用梦幻的形式和寓意的象征,写出了1381年农民暴动前後的农村现实,笔锋常带严峻的是非之感。

英国文学简史

英国文学简史

英国文学简史笔记一.早中世纪文学:Early and Medieval English Literature (约5 世纪-1485)The an cestor: Celts凯尔特人).Life style: Primitive life(原始生活).Language: Celtic (凯尔特语)(Britons大不列颠语).最早的英国史:1. Roman Co nquest. (55BC--410AD)---Julius Caesar.2. An glo-Saxon Con quest. (450--1066)---A nglos, Saxo ns. Jutes 朱特人).3. Norman Conquest. (1066--1350).中期英国史:1.Romanee罗曼史):love, chivalry(骑士精神),religion;2.3 major themes: (1).Matter of Fran ee;(2) .Matter of Greece and Rome;(3) .Matter of Brita in. nguage: 3 Ian guage.文学作品:I.Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里。

乔叟):Chaucer's works:(1) . The Canterbury Tales(坎特伯雷故事集);(2) . The Wife of Bath (巴斯夫人);(3) . Roma nee of the Rose 玫瑰传奇);⑷.The House of the Fame 声誉殿堂);(5) .The Parliament of Fowls (百鸟会议);(6) .Troilus and Cressie特洛伊斯和克莱西德).Chaucer's contribution to the English language:(1) . The " father of En glish poetry";(2) . He introdueer from France and Italy the rhymed (押韵的)stanzas of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 acce nts in iambic meter ( heroic couplet抑扬格、五音步诗),instead of the Old English alliterative(头韵的)verse;(3) . For the first time in English literature, he presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture( 现实主义)of the English society of life in his masterpiece" The Canterbury Tales(坎特伯雷故事集)";(4) . He was the first En glish poet who wrote in En glish, thus establishi ng En glish as the literature Ian guage;(5) , He did much in making the London dialect(方言)the foun dati on for moder n En glish Ian guage.Chaucer's social significance:(1) . Influeneed by the early Italian Renaissanee, Chaucer affirmed man's right to pursue earthly happ in ess and opposed asceticism, praised man's en ergy, in tellect, and love of life;(2) . Mean while, he also exposed and satirized the social evils, esp.,the religious abuses.2. The Song of Beowulf 贝奥武甫,a here)3. The English Ballads (大众民谣):a story told in song.; in various Englishand Scottish dialects.---- Robin Hood (罗宾汉),who is strong, brave, clever, ten der-hearted and affect ion ate深情的).二、文艺复兴时期文学:The English Renaissanee (15世纪后期-17世纪初)文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义.几个过渡时期:1. The Hun dred Year's War: 1337--1453;2. The wars of the Rose(玫瑰战争/蔷薇战争):源于两个皇族所选的家微。

英国文学简史

英国文学简史

英国文学史资料I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf>贝奥武夫 Artistic features:Using alliteration头韵Using metaphor暗喻 and understatement含蓄陈述Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟The founder of English poetry.三个阶段:1 <The Romaunt of the Rose>玫瑰传奇2<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德longest complete poem3 <The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集:Significance :first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(英雄双韵体) by middle EnglishII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599(后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。

英国文学简史 刘炳善著(1-3单元)

英国文学简史 刘炳善著(1-3单元)

Part oneConquests & InfluencesA. Early period:1.The Roman conquest:(1)The Roman civilization 文明;文化(2)Christianity (基督教)(3)Flouring (兴旺) of towns along military roads2. The English conquest:(1)Three tribes English old English (the Angles, Saxons and Jutes)(2)Tribal society-feudalism (社会封建制度)B. Medieval period:1.The Danish conquest2.The Norman conquest(1)The French-Speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066(2)Establishment of feudalism (封建制度)(3)French words came to EnglishAnglo-Saxon Poetry (499-1066)1.Anglo-Saxons: the ancestors of today’s Englishmen2.The beginning of history of English literature3.Features: alliteration (头韵) & rhymes metaphors (押韵的比喻) and understatements (轻描淡写)4.The only great work: BeowulfBeowulf1.A national epic (史诗般的作品) of the English people.2.Pagan (异教徒的) poetry & No representative figure (没有代表性人物)3.A folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxon from Northern Europe.4.Praises man’s energy, intellect and love of life; and exposes the social vices. (社会的黑暗面)Features of Beowulf1.Alliteration2.Metaphors (隐喻)3.Understatements (保守的陈述)The significance of Beowulf1.This glorious (辉煌的) epic presents us a vivid picture of the life of Anglo-Saxon people and highly praises the brave and courageous spirit of the fighting against the vices.2.The epic reflects the situations the pagan tribalism (部落文化) and of the era (时代) of the Christianized (基督教化) feudal society.3.The epic gives the vivid portrayal (写照) of a great national hero, strong and courageous peopleand his kinfolk. (亲属)Feudal England1.The chief features of the society was division into two classes: Landlords and peasants.2.The peasants’ rising shook the feudal system in England to the root.The Romance1.The code of manners and morals of a knight is known as chivalry (骑士精神).2.The English versions of romances were translated from French or Latin.3.The romance of King Arthur is the most important for the history of English literature.4.The romance’s culmination (顶点) in <Sir Gawain and the Green Knight> (metrical romance)5.The romance’s summing up in Thomas Malory’s <Le Morte D’Arthur> (in English prose散文)6.<Le Morte D’ Arthur >(i. E. the Death of King Arthur ) is a collection of stories about King Arthur, translated from French by Sir Thomas Malory.Langland<Piers the plowman> written by William Langland shows the existence of English popular literature.The English BalladsBallad: a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.The various ballads of Robin Hood are gathered into a collection called: The Geste of Robin HoodChaucer一.Chaucer’s Literary CareerThe three periods of Chaucer’s career1.Works translated from French, as <The Romaunt of the Rose>2.Works adapted from the Italian, as <Troilus and Criseyde>3.<The Canterbury Tales> which is purely English二.The Canterbury Tales’ Social Significance(参考)1.A true-to-life picture of Chaucer’s time2.Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms men’s rights to pursue their earthly happiness and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church3.As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect and love of life4.Attack social evils of his time三.The Wife of Bath四.Chaucer’s LanguageChaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a master ofworld-pictures. His verse (诗) is among the smoothest in English. There are pages where, in spite of trifling (微不足道的) differences in spelling and grammar, hardly a single word will offer difficulties to a man of tolerable (可容忍的) reading in modern English.五.Chaucer’s Contribution1.He introduced heroic couplet to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.2.He was the first great poet who wrote in English language (Middle English) , thus establishing English as the literary language.3.He did much in making the London dialect the foundation for modern English language.名词解释1.AlliterationAlliteration is regular repetition of the same sounds---usu. Initial consonants of words or of stressed syllables----in Old and Middle English verse:’ Kindest to kinsmen and keenest for fame’in Beowulf Alliteration is also known as ‘initial rhyme’ or ‘head rhyme’.2.EpicA long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.3.Ballada story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.4.Heroic CoupletA traditional form for English poetry: it reflects to rhymed iambic pentameter lines in pairs. Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer in the Canterbury Tales.-Part twoOld English in Transition (过渡;转变)一.The Reformation (文化精神领域改革) (详细见书P27)二.The English BibleThen appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James Ⅰand so was sometimes called the King James Bible.The result is a monument (不朽的作品) of English language and English literature.名词解释:1.Help-mate2.Peacemaker3.Tender mercy4.Loving flesh5.Root of all evil三.The Enclosure Movement (圈地运动)四.The Renaissance (文艺复兴) and Humanism (人道主义)A.Renaissance1.The Renaissance: an intellectual movement sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.2.People had a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.3.People showed the keen interest in the activities of humanity.4.People ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God and a future world.5.Humanism is the essence(本质)of the Renaissance.6.The Renaissance, therefore, is a history period in which the Europe humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalistic ideas in Medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman catholic church.B.Humanism1.Humanism emphasized the dignity and potential of the individual and the worth of life in this world.2.Man is the measure of all things.3.Man has ability to perfect themselves, to develop the individual.4.Man should enjoy the present life.MoreThomas More was born in a middle-class family. His father was a prominent (杰出的) lawyer, and later a judge.<Utopia>Utopia is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager (航海者).The name ‘Utopia’ comes from two Greek words meaning ‘no place’ and was adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.The Flowering of English Literature1.Sir Philip SidneySir Philip Sidney is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry.His collection of love sonnets (十四行诗), Astrophel and Stella, was published in 1591, after his death.2.Edmund Spenser--’The Fairy Queen’The faerie Queeene is a long poem planned in twelve books, of which he finished only six.It is an allegorical work dedicated to Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ.Largely symbolic, the poem follows several knights in their adventures to test their virtues: Holiness, Temperance, Chastity, Friendship, Justice, Courtesy.Dominating thoughts: nationalism, humanism, and puritanism.Spenser’s position in English literatureSpenser has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley and Keats.3.Francis BaconBacon was the founder of modern science in England. It began with a survey of the accomplishments of science up to his time and an examination of the reasons why it has not achieve more.The English version of his part forms his Advancement of Learning.Then followed his New Instrument.Bacon is also famous for his Essays.Drama1.The Miracle Play2.The Morality PlayA morality presented the conflict of good and evil with allegorical personages, such as Mercy, Peace, Hate, Folly and so on.3.The InterludeThen there arouse a new kind of drama called ‘Interlude’, a short performance slipped into a play to enliven the audience after a solemn scene.4.The playwrightsThere was a group of so-called ‘university wits’ (Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash) wrote for the stage of the time.MarloweThe most gifted of the ‘university wits’ was Christopher Marlowe.Marlowe was the son of a shoemaker in Canterbury.Marlowe’s best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine (对权利的贪婪), The Jew of Malta (对钱的贪婪), and Doctor Faustus (对知识的贪婪)Marlowe’s Literary AchievementIt is Marlowe who first made blank verse (rhymeless iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama. His blank verse is a living thing; it is vigorous, fluid and precise.His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist Shakespeare---whose achievement were the monument of the English Renaissance.Shakespeare四大悲剧/喜剧悲剧:《Hamlet》《Othello》《King Lear》《Macbeth》喜剧:《A Midsummer Night’s Dream 》《As You Like It》《Twelfth Night》《The Merchant Of Venice》Shakespeare lived in an age when the old feudal social and economic order was being destroyed and a new capitalist society was being born and when London took a leading part in that destruction and that new birth.In 1593 and 1594, Shakespeare published his two narrative poem Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece. His Sonnets were printed in 1609.Scholars have had to work out the chronological (按时间顺序的) order of his plays, based on three kinds of evidence:A.External evidenceB.Internal evidenceC.Stylistic evidencePeriods of Shakespeare’s Dramatic CompositionⅠ.The period of his apprenticeship in play-writingⅡ.Mature period,mainly a period of ‘great comedies’ and mature historical playsⅢ.The period of ‘great tragedies’ and ‘dark comedies’Ⅳ,The period of romantic drama.。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

英国文学源远流长,经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。

在这个过程中,文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响,文学内部遵循自身规律,历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。

一、中世纪文学(约5世纪-1485)
英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样,不是书面的,而是口头的。

故事与传说口头流传,并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展,最后才有写本。

公元5世纪中叶,盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。

盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中,最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》(Beowulf),它被认为是英国的民族史诗。

《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事,具有神话传奇色彩。

这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说,随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国,现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的,当时,不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。

因此,《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌,呈现出新旧生活方式的混合,兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想,体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。

公元1066年,居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡,征服英格兰。

诺曼底人占领英格兰后,封建等级制度得以加强和完备,法国文化占据主导地位,法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。

这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇,流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。

《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》(Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,1375-1400)以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材,歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德,是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。

传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情,是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。

14世纪以后,英国资本主义工商业发展较快,市民阶级兴起,英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉,社会各阶层普遍使用英语,为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。

杰弗利·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer,1343-1400)的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。

《坎特伯雷故事》(The Canterbury Tales)以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索,通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事,勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。

乔叟首创英雄诗行,即五步抑扬格英雄双韵体,对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献,被誉为"英国诗歌之父".乔叟的文笔精练优美,流畅自然,他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平,推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。

二、文艺复兴时期文学(15世纪后期-17世纪初)
相对于欧洲其他国家来说,英国的文艺复兴起始较晚,通常认为是在15世纪末。

文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义,它主张以人为本,反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观,提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。

托马斯·莫尔(Thomas More,1478-1535)是英国最主要的早期人文主义者,他的《乌托邦》(Utopia)批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会,设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。

Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词,但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。

《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河,这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》(The New Atlantis)、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》(Gulliver's Travels)、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》(Erewhon)一直延续到20世纪的科幻小
说。

文艺复兴时期诗歌创作繁荣,埃德蒙·斯宾塞(Edmund Spenser,1552-1599)的长诗《仙后》(The Faerie Queene)歌颂女王,宣扬人文主义思想。

他创造的"斯宾塞诗体"每节诗有九行,韵律复杂,具有柔和动听、萦绕耳际的音乐性。

弗兰西斯·培根(Francis Bacon,1561-1626)是这一时期最重要的散文家,他对文学的主要贡献是《论说文集》(Essays),共58篇。

这些文章题材广泛,内容涉及哲学、宗教、政治制度以及婚姻、爱情、友谊、园艺、读书等,文笔典雅,略带古风而又明白畅达。

英国戏剧起源于中世纪教堂的宗教仪式,取材于圣经故事的神秘剧和奇迹剧在14、15世纪英国舞台上占有主导地位,随后出现了以抽象概念作为剧中人物的道德剧。

到了16世纪末,戏剧进入全盛时期。

克里斯托弗·马洛(Christopher Marlowe,1564-1593)冲破旧的戏剧形式的束缚,创作了一种新戏剧。

《帖木儿大帝》(Tamburlaine)、《浮士德博士的悲剧》(The Tragical History of the Life and Death of D*. **ustus)、《马耳他岛的犹太人》(The Jew of Malta)等剧作反映了文艺复兴时期那种永无止境的探索精神和极端的个人主义精神。

马洛将戏剧情节集中于一个主要角色的做法、他对人物性格的分析以及他的素体诗戏剧对白,对英国戏剧的发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献。

英国文艺复兴时期最杰出的作家是威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare,1564-1616),他的全部作品包括两首长诗,154首十四行诗和38部(一说39部)戏剧。

莎士比亚的主要剧作有喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night's Dream)、《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice),悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》(Romeo and Juliet)、《哈姆莱特》(Hamlet)、《奥赛罗》(Othello)、《李尔王》(King Lear)、《麦克白》(Macbeth),历史剧《亨利四世》(Henry IV),传奇剧《暴风雨》(The Tempest)等。

莎士比亚塑造了性格鲜明的人物形象,展现了封建制度和资本主义制度交替时期波澜壮阔的历史画面,宣扬了人文主义和个性解放。

他的剧作思想内容深刻,艺术表现手法精湛,历经几个世纪,长演不衰。

莎士比亚是语言大师,他娴熟地运用英语,将英语的丰富表现力推向极致。

与莎士比亚同时或稍后还有一批剧作家在进行创作,本·琼森(Ben Johnson,1572-1637)是其中最主要的作家,莎士比亚曾在他的喜剧《人人高兴》(Every Man in His Humor)中扮演角色。

琼森的讽刺喜剧《狐狸》(V olpone)、《练金术士》(The Alchemist)揭露了当时社会人们追逐金钱的风气,喜剧性很强。

三、17世纪文学
1603年伊丽莎白女王去世后,英国国王与议会矛盾日趋激烈,政局动荡。

1649年1月国王查理一世被送上断头台,同年5月,英国宣布为共和国。

约翰·弥尔顿(John Milton,1608-1674)积极投入资产阶级革命,曾任共和国政府拉丁秘书,写了不少文章捍卫共和国。

1660年,查理二世回国复辟,弥尔顿一度被捕入狱,在朋友帮助下才得免一死,获释回家。

在双目失明的状态下,他完成了长诗《失乐园》(Paradise Lost)和《复乐园》(Paradise Regained)、诗剧《力士参孙》(Samson Agonistes)。

这些作品反映了王政复辟后弥尔顿内心的痛苦以及对资产阶级革命始终不渝的态度,文体雄伟庄严。

17世纪英国诗歌另外的一支是玄学派诗歌,代表诗人有约翰·邓恩(John Donne,1572-1631)和安德鲁·马韦尔(Andrew Marvell,1621-1678)。

玄学派诗歌的特点是采用奇特的意象和别具匠心的比喻,揉细腻的感情与深邃的思辩于一体。

玄学派诗歌在18和19世纪一直为世人所忽视,直到20世纪初,才从历史的尘封中重见天日,对现代主义诗风产生很大影响。

王政复辟时期最受人欢迎的作家是约翰·班扬(John Bunyan,1628-1688),他的《天路历程》(The Pilgrim's Progress)采用梦幻的形式讲述宗教寓言,但揭开梦幻的面纱,展现在读者面前的是17世纪英国社会的一幅现实主义图景。

查理二世复辟后,被清教徒关闭的剧院重新开放,英国戏剧获得新生。

这一时期出现的风俗喜剧是当时戏剧的最高成就,威廉·康格里夫(William Congreve,
1670-1729)的《以爱还爱》(Love for Love)、《如此世道》(The Way of the World)等剧作是风俗喜剧的代表作品。

17世纪下半叶,约翰·德莱顿(John Dryden,1631-1700)驰骋文坛,集桂冠诗人、散文家、剧作家于一身。

德莱顿关于戏剧创作和舞台艺术的论述构成英国戏剧史上第一组有分量的戏剧评论,他那简洁明朗的散文文体影响了18世纪许多作家的文风。

相关文档
最新文档