最新TPO31阅读文本答案及译文
TPO 31 Reading3 文本及译文
Most savannas probably experience mild fires frequently and major burns every two years or so. Many savanna and dry-forest plant species are called pyrophytes, meaning they are adapted in various ways to withstand occasional burning. Frequent fire is a factor to which rain forest species seem unable to adapt, although ancient charcoal remains from Amazon forest soils dating prior to the arrival of humans suggest that moist forests also occasionally burn. Experiments suggest that if fire did not occur in savannas in the Americas, species composition would change significantly. When burning occurs, it prevents competition among plant species from progressing to the point where some
In many characteristics, savanna soils are similar to those of some rain forests, though more extreme. For example, savanna soils, like many rain forest soils, are typically oxisols (dominated by certain oxide minerals) and ultisols (soils containing no calcium carbonate), with a high acidity notably low concentrations of such minerals as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and potassium, while aluminum levels are high. Some savannas occur on wet, waterlogged soils; other dry, sandy, well-drained soils. This many seem contradictory, but it only means that extreme soil conditions, either too wet or too dry for forests, are satisfactory for savannas. More moderate conditions support moist forests.
托福TPO31阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO31阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Early Children Education Preschools—educational programs for children under the age of five—differ significantly from one country to another according to the views that different societies hold regarding the purpose of early childhood education.For instance,in a cross-country comparison of preschools in China,Japan,and the United States,researchers found that parents in the three countries view the purpose of preschools very differently.Whereas parents in China tend to see preschools primarily as a way of giving children a good start academically,Japanese parents view them primarily as a way of giving children the opportunity to be members of a group.In the United States,in comparison,parents regard the primary purpose of preschools as making children more independent and self-reliant,although obtaining a good academic start and having group experience are also important. 由于不同社会持有的关于儿童早教目的观点的不同，学前班(5岁以下儿童的教育项目)的形式在不同国家也大不相同。
TPO-31 Reading 2 解析
Q1正确答案：D解析：根据关键词parents in Japan定位到段落倒数第2句的后半句Japanese parents view them primarily as a way of giving children the opportunity to be members of group。
Q2正确答案：A解析：定位到第一段倒数第2句，Whereas parents in China tend to see和Japanese parents view them primarily as a way of …前后分别叙述了中国家长和日本家长送孩子上幼儿园教育目的，是对两个事实进行比较，有转折关系。
Whereas, “(用以比较或对比两个事实) 然而，但是，尽管”。
Q3正确答案：C解析：根据词汇所在上下文推断词意，focus所在句“While many programs focus primarily on…，some are geared mainly toward…”，大意是幼儿园的教育目的大致分两类，一类集中在social and emotional factors，另一类是集中在promoting cognitive gains。
focus on和concentrate on都有“专注于”的意思；另外这里和focus配合的介词是on, concentrate 也用on，通过动词搭配也可以帮助推断。
Q4正确答案：A解析：题干的意思是Head Start这个项目是为什么样的孩子而设计的。
段落的第2句到段尾句的内容都是对Head Start 这个program的介绍。
第3句后半部分说Head Start的开始是在美国宣布War on Poverty (向贫穷开战)的时候，所以可以推断这个项目是为低收入家庭服务的，A正确。
第3句前半部分的意思是Head Start 项目创立于60年代，服务了1300多万儿童，这些儿童不可能全都出生在50年代，排除C；根据段尾句的描述，可知Head Start目标是“whole child”，即为培养孩子全方面的素质，physical and emotional development只是培养目标的一部分，不是D选项中说的focus primarily on，排除D。
TPO31阅读解析-2
TPO 31-R-2Q1 According to paragraph 1, parents in Japan tend to think of preschool primarily as a place where children canA.get a good academic startB.expand their emotional developmentC.become more independentD.experience being part of a group Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow >.Q2 The word "Whereas" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.AlthoughB.BecauseC.MoreoverD.AlreadyQ3 The word "focus" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.considerB.respectC.concentrateD.adviseQ4 It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the Head Start program was designed to serve children whoe from families that do not have a lotEarly Childhood Education>Preschools--educational programs for children under the age of five--differ significantly from one country to another according to the views that different societies hold regarding the purpose of early childhood education. For instance, in a cross-country comparison of preschools in China, Japan, and the United States, researchers found that parents in the three countries view the purpose of preschools very differently. Whereas parents in China tend to see preschools primarily as a way of giving children a good start academically, Japanese parents view them primarily as a way of giving children the opportunity to be members of a group. In the United States, in comparison, parents regard the primary purpose of preschools as making children more independent andself-reliant, although obtaining a good academic start and having group experience are also important.>While many programs designed for preschoolers focus primarily on social and emotional factors, some are geared mainly toward promoting cognitive gains and preparing preschoolers for the formal instruction they will experience when they start kindergarten. In the United States, the best-known program designed to promote future academic success is Head Start. Established in the 1960s when the United States declaredof moneyB.are not doing very well in kindergartenC.were born in the 1950sD.need programs that focus primarily onsocial and emotional factorsParagraph 2 is marked with an arrow >.Q5 According to paragraph 3, the Head Start program had NOT been successful at which of the following?A.Helping children adjust to schoolB.Providing long-term increase in IQ scoresC.Improving school performance throughouthigh schoolD.Preventing children from being placed inspecial-education classesParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow >.Q6 In paragraph 4, the author mentions the "results from other types of readiness programs" toA.provide support for the idea thatpreschool readiness programs have been somewhat successfulB.question the idea that Head Start is moreeffective than other preschool readiness programsC.indicate school completion is usually themost reliable indicator of success in most the War on Poverty, the program has served over 13 million children and their families. The program, which stresses parental involvement, was designed to serve the "whole child", including children's physical health,self-confidence, social responsibility, and social and emotional development.>Whether Head Start is seen as successful or not depends on the lens through which one is looking. If, for instance, the program is expected to provide long-term increases in IQ (intelligence quotient) scores, it is a disappointment. Although graduates of Head Start programs tend to show immediate IQ gains, these increases do lot last. On the other hand, it is clear that Head Start is meeting its goal of getting preschoolers ready for school. Preschoolers who participate in Head Start are better prepared for future schooling than those who do not. Furthermore, graduates of Head Start programs have better future school grade. Finally, some research suggests that ultimately Head Start graduates show higher academic performance at the end of high school, although the gains are modest.>In addition, results from other types of preschool readiness programs indicate that those who participate and graduate are less like to repeat grades, and they are more like to complete school than readiness program, for every dollar spent on the program, taxpayers saved seven dollars by the time the graduates reached the age of 27.readiness programsD.emphasize that participation in readinessprograms can be increased if costs are reducedParagraph 4 is marked with an arrow >.Q7 According to paragraph 4, a cost-benefit analysis of one preschool readiness program revealed thatA.only one dollar's worth of benefit wasgained for every seven dollars spent on the programB.the benefits of the program lasted onlyuntil the participants reached age 27C.taxpayers saved seven dollars for everydollar spent on the programD.to be successful, the program would needto receive about seven times as much money as it currently receives Paragraph 4 is marked with an arrow >.Q8 The word "comprehensive" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.easily understoodB.thoroughC.respectableD.objectiveQ9 Paragraph 5 mentions that participants in early intervention programs have been shown to do all of the following better than nonparticipants EXCEPTA.Take care of their healthB.Support themselves financiallyC.Take care of their own childrenD.Have increased emotional development Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow >.Q10 According to paragraph 5, which of the following is true about the benefits of early intervention programs?A.These programs produce good short-termbenefits but few long-term benefits. The most recent comprehensive evaluation of early intervention programs suggests that, taken as a group, preschool programs can provide significant benefits, and that government funds invested early in life may ultimately lead to a reduction in future costs. For instance, compared with children who did not participate in early intervention programs, participants in various programs showed gains in emotional or cognitive development, better educational outcomes, increased economic self-sufficiency, reduced levels of criminal activity, and improved health-related behavior s. Of course, not every program produced all these benefits, and not every child benefited to the same extent, Furthermore, some researchers argue that less-expensive programs are just as good as relatively expensive ones, such as Head Start. Still, the results of the evaluation wereB.Only the most expensive programs providesubstantial benefits.C.The Head Start program provides a rangeof benefits that no other program can provide.D.Some children benefit more than othersdo from these programs.Q11 The word "seek" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.claimB.manageC.failD.attemptQ12 The passage mentions "developmental psychologist David Elkind" in order toA.give an example of an expert who hasdesigned an effective early childhood education programB.introduce an alternative view about thevalue of early childhood educationC.explain why early childhood educationprograms are less effective in the United States than in other countriesD.refute the claim that academic success isdependent on factors outside parents' controlQ13 Look at the four squares【■】that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.According to Elkind, not only does this cause the child emotional distress, it also fails to bring the intended cognitive gains.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. promising, suggesting that the potential benefits of early intervention can be substantial.>Not everyone agrees that programs that seek to enhance academic skills during the preschool years are a good thing. In fact, according to developmental psychologist David Elkind, United States society tends to push children so rapidly that they begin to feel stress and pressure at a young age. Elkind argues that academic success is largely dependent upon factors out of parents' control, such as inherited abilities and a child's rate of maturation. Consequently, children of a particular age cannot be expected to master educational material without taking into account their current level of cognitive development. In short, children require development appropriate educational practice, which is education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.================================= Not everyone agrees that programs that seek to enhance academic skills during the preschool years are a good thing. ■In fact, according to developmental psychologist David Elkind, United States society tends to push children so rapidly that they begin to feel stress and pressure at a young age. ■Elkind argues that academic success is largely dependent upon factors out of parents' control, such as inherited abilities and a child's rate of maturation.■Consequently, children of a particularQ14 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Preschool programs provide opportunities for young children to develop socially, emotionally, and cognitively.Answer ChoicesA.In addition to stressing academicdevelopment, preschools should be enjoyable, since studies show that children benefit from programs they find fun.B.Preschool programs such as Head Starthave been shown to help prepare children for school and may also have long-term benefits in helping children become effective adults.C.Studies have shown that preschoolprograms are most effective when they focus on only one area of development rather than trying to serve the “whole child”.D.The primary purpose of preschoolprograms varies by country, with some stressing the importance of group experience, and others self-reliance or age cannot be expected to master educational material without taking into account their current level of cognitive development. ■In short, children require development appropriate educational practice, which is education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child. =================================getting a good academic start.E.Critics of preschool programs argue thatthese programs put undue pressure on children and may not be effective if children are not developmentally ready for academic work.F.David Elkind is a critic of publicly fundedpreschool programs, arguing that the parent cannot control their children’s emotional development.。
TPO31原文
Lecture 1
Listen to part of a lecture in a music class.
Professor Today we're going to do something a little different. In the past few classes,we've listened to
Student Well,yeah. But,now,I think writing about trade for my paper isn't going to work.
Professor Oh,so your questions about shipping routes were for your research paper.
Professor That's great. I've gotten some really thought-provoking papers from students whose interests go beyond history.
Student Okay. But for the paper,you wanted us to try to include a comparison,right?
托福TPO31综合写作及材料原文 (细选2篇)
托福TPO31综合写作及材料原文(细选2篇)托福TPO31综合写作及材料原文1托福TPO31综合写作及材料原文2新托福TPO11综合写作材料及2A recent study reveals that people especially young people are reading far less literature – novels, plays, and poems –than they used to. This is troubling because the trend has unfortunate effects for the reading public, for culture in general, and for the future of literature itself.最近的研究显示人们，尤其是年轻人不再像以前那样爱读想小说、喜剧或者诗歌这类文学作品了。
这个现象是令人担忧的。
这是因为这对广大读者受众、对广义文化以及对于文学本身未来的发展都是非常不幸的。
While there has been a decline in book reading generally, the decline has been especially sharp for literature. This is unfortunate because nothing else provides the intellectual stimulation that literature does. Literature encourages us to exercise our imaginations, empathize with others, and expand our understanding of language. So, by reading less literature, the reading public is missing out on important benefits.在书籍阅读量下降的大气候下，文学类书籍阅读量下降更为明显。
TPO 31 Reading2 文本及译文
Whether Head Start is seen as successful or not depends on the lens through which one is looking. If, for instance, the program is expected to provide long-term increases in IQ (intelligence quotient) scores, it is a disappointment. Although graduates of Head Start programs tend to show immediate IQ gains, these increases do lot last. On the other hand, it is clear that Head Start is meeting its goal of getting preschoolers ready for school. Preschoolers who participate in Head Start are better prepared for future schooling than those who do not. Furthermore, graduates of Head Start programs have better future school grade. Finally, some research suggests that ultimately Head Start graduates show higher academic performance at the end of high school, although the gains are modest.
托福TPO31综合写作及材料原文
托福TPO31综合写作及材料原文托福TPO31综合写作范文及材料原文对于中华龙鸟化石骨骼周围的.细纹图案到底是羽毛还是皮肤纤维，托福TPO31综合写作的两份材料都有着不同的见解。
下面是店铺分享的材料原文和参考范文，欢迎阅读!托福TPO31综合写作参考范文The reading passage refutes the idea that the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil indicated a feathered dinosaur by demonstrating several counterarguments. The lecturer, however, is strongly convinced that lines could represent feathers through addressing the questions advanced by the reading.To start with, according to the reading, those lines may derive from decomposition of a died dinosaur’ skin instead of being part of a living one. The lecturer does not believe this point for the reason that other animals’ fossils that are buried at the same site have not shown such kind of decomposition; instead, their functional skin structures have been perfectly preserved in the volcanic ash. Therefore, these lines are likely to be well-preserved feathers instead of fibers.Moving on, the reading proposes that the lines may be the frills rather than remains of feathers. The listening argues this is not true. She further explains that there is an apparent chemical difference between feathers and frills. Feathers contain protein called beta-keratin while frills do not. And the chemical analysis suggested that Sinosauropteryx’s structures contain protein beta-keratin.Last but not least importantly, the reading puts emphasis on such a fact that lines around the backbone and the tail of the Sinosauropteryx cannot play the role of helping it fly orregulating its body temperature but common feathers have these functions. The lecturer, by contrasts mentions other functions of the feathers by using peacock as an example. The peacock has colorful feathers in its tail to attract the mate. Recent analysis has found that Sinosauropteryx’s structures are also colorful, which can also be used for display.Lastly, the author argues that the burning mirror is less effective and flexible than flaming arrows. Thus ancient Greek won’t both er to devote much effort to build such a useless weapon. Nonetheless, the lecturer argues that since flaming arrows are usual weapons used so much, Roman soldiers were familiar with them and knew how to protect the ship from burning by flaming arrows. But on the other hand, it was extremely hard to predict where the burning mirror would fire the ship. Thus it is more effective to use a burning mirror than flaming arrows.托福TPO31综合写作阅读材料A fossil skeleton of a dinosaur called Sinosauropteryx, preserved in volcanic ash, was discovered in Liaoning, China, in 1996. Interestingly, the fossil included a pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones. Some paleontologists interpret the lines as evidence that Sinosauropteryx had feathers. However, critics have opposed the idea that Sinosauropteryx was a feathered dinosaur, citing several reasons.First, the critics points out that the fine lines may not even represent functional structures of a living dinosaur, but rather structures that were formed after the a nimal’s death. After the animal died and was buried in volcanic ash, its skin may have decomposed into fibers. The skin fibers then became preserved as lines in the fossil; the lines were misinterpreted as evidence offeathers.Second, even if the fine lines are remains of real structures of a Sinosauropteryx, scientists cannot tell with certainty what part of the dinosaur’s anatomy the structures were. Many dinosaurs had frills, ornamental fan-shaped structures growing out of some parts of their bodies. Some of the critics argue that the lines surrounding the skeleton are much more likely to be fossilized remains of frills than remains of feathers.A third objection is based on the fact that the usual functions of feathers are to help animals fly or regulate their internal temperature. However, the structures represented by the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil were mostly located along the backbone and the tail of the animal. This would have made the structures quite useless for flight and of very limited use in thermoregulation. This suggests that the lines do not represent feathers.托福TPO31综合写作听力材料The evidence that the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil represent feathers is very strong. The arguments of the critics are unconvincing.First, it is unlikely that the lines are a result of the decomposition of the dinosaur ’s skin, because we don’t see any such decomposition in the fossils of other animals buried at the same site. In fact, the fossils of many other animals buried at the site show evidence that their functional skin structures have been beautifully preserved in volcanic ash. The well-preserved condition of the other fossils makes it likely that the Sinosauropteryx’s lines are also well-preserved functional structures, possibly feathers, and that they are not fibers caused by decomposition.Second, the idea that the lines represent frills… well, there is an important chemical difference between feathers and frills. Feathers contain a great deal of a protein called Beta-keratin. Frills, on the other hand, do not contain beta-keratin. Our chemical analyses suggest that the Sinosauropteryx structures did contain beta-keratin. So that indicates that the structures were feathers, not frills.Third, feathers can be used for other functions than flight and thermoregulation. Think of a bird, like peacock, for example. The peacock has long, colorful feathers in its tail. And it displays its tail in order to attract a mate. That’s a distinct function of feathers called the display function. Recently, we have been able to do analyses on the Sinosauropteryx structures that show us that the structures were colorful. They were orange and white. The fact that they were colorful strongly supports the idea that they were feathers that this dinosaur use for display.【托福TPO31综合写作范文及材料原文】。
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Geographic isolation also can proceed slowly, over great spans of time. We find evidence of such extended events in the fossil record, which affords glimpses into the breakup of formerly continuous environments. For example, during past ice ages, glaciers advanced down through North America and Europe and gradually cut off parts of populations from one another. When the glacier retreated, the separated populations of plants and animals came into contact again. Some groups that had descended from the same parent population were no longer reproductively compatible — they had evolved into separate species. In other groups, however, genetic divergences had not proceeded so far, and the descendants could still interbreed — for them, reproductive isolation was not completed, and so speciation had not occurred.
1. The word “promotes” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. describes B. encourages C. delays D. requires
2. According to paragraph 1, allopatric speciation involves which of the following? A. The division of a population into subspecies. B. The reuniting of separated populations after they have becomห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ distinct species. C. The movement of a population to a new homeland. D. The absence of gene flow between subpopulations.
Graves drew two conclusions from these observations. First, at least some of the observed differences between the enzymes of the Atlantic and Pacific fish populations were not random but were the result of evolutionary adaption. Second, it appears that closely related populations of fishes on both sides of the isthmus are starting to genetically diverge from each other. Because Graves’s study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive, divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process.
In the 1980s, John Graves studied two populations of closely related fishes, one population from the Atlantic side of isthmus, the other from the Pacific side. He compared four enzymes found in the muscles of each population. Graves found that all four Pacific enzymes function better at lower temperatures than the four Atlantic versions of the same enzymes. This is significant because Pacific seawater is typically 2 to 3 degrees cooler than seawater on the Atlantic side of isthmus. Analysis by gel electrophoresis revealed slight differences in amino acid sequence of the enzymes of two of the four pairs. This is significant because the amino acid sequence of an enzyme is determined by genes.
Allopatric speciation may be the main speciation route. This should not be surprising, since allopatry is pretty common. In general, the subpopulations of most species are separated from each other by some measurable distance. So even under normal situations the gene flow among the subpopulations is more of an intermittent trickle than a steady stream. In addition, barriers can rapidly arise and shut off the trickle. For example, in the 1800s a monstrous earthquake changed the course of the Mississippi River, a large river flowing in the central part of the United States of America. The change separated populations of insects now living along opposite shore, completely cutting off gene flow between them.
Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations
Evolutionary biologists believe that speciation, the formation of a new species, often begins when some kind of physical barrier arises and divides a population of a single species into separate subpopulations. Physical separation between subpopulations promotes the formation of new species because once the members of one subpopulation can no longer mate with members of another subpopulation, they cannot exchange variant genes that arise in one of the subpopulations. In the absences of gene flow between the subpopulations, genetic differences between the groups begin to accumulate. Eventually the subpopulations become so genetically distinct that they cannot interbreed even if the physical barriers between them were removed. At this point the subpopulations have evolved into distinct species. This route to speciation is known as allopatry (“allo-” means “different”, and “patria” means “homeland”)