托福TPO26听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析
新托福TPO26解析详细
TPO是托福考试最重要的备考资料，深圳新东方安阳老师为大家解析TPO26的真题，本期内容为：SUMER AND THE FIRST CITIES OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST。
SUMER AND THE FIRST CITIES OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST1. A选项的rainfall和B的melting snow做关键词定位至第五句，都正确，不选;C 的silt确实讲过，但并没讲damaged crops，所以C错，选;D的timber, stone and metals 定位至第四句，正确，不选2. 以elite to emerge做关键词定位至尾句，但这句话的these说明应该往前看，上句的this was done说明应该继续往前，前句说organization of irrigation和building canals非常重要，所以正确答案是D。
没再往前是因为已经有答案了。
A的new crop没提，B和C犯了类似的错误，原文讲土壤肥沃，不是人有钱，所以都错3. sustain维持，所以正确答案是maintain，tain做词根表持有。
原文讲正式这些导致精英阶级的产生，并通过控制剩余产品来怎么样自身的存在，其他选项都不好，比如defend自身的存在前提是要受到威胁，而原文根本没这事儿，promote也不对，原文没讲elite要扩张4. 两个专有名词做关键词定位至第二句，说这两个族是以temple为中心发展的，也就是B说的religious buildings，所以答案是B。
A和C的urban settlement，D的destroy 原文都没说5. sovereign统治者，至高无上的，所以正确答案是B。
代入，跟sovereign of all other gods并列的是the god of the sky，天神和其他神的什么，可以推出是管其他神的人，就像玉皇大帝和诸神，尽管creator创造者代入也说的算通，但天神不一定能和创造其他神的人并列吧，counselor和defender更不靠谱6. 以appearance of writing做关键词定位至第一个括号之后那句，说越来越复杂的管理体系导致了writing，所以正确答案是A。
托福TPO2听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO2听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO2听力Conversation2文本 Choosing Courses Girl: Did you register already for your classes next semester? Boy: Yes, I did. Girl: What are you taking? Boy: Um…contemporary literature, English style, um… the teaching seminar, and I still have to do my student teaching. I’m gonna help teach a writing class of the junior high. Girl: That’s a heavy schedule. Boy: Yeah, it will be really busy and I’m also taking a theory class. But I have to quit my job a couple of weeks cause it will be just too much. Girl: Where do you work at? Boy: Buster’s coffee shop, but just till the end of the month. What are you doing next semester? Girl: Actually a teaching seminar too. And I will have to start writing my thesis. You know, I’m also going for my master’s degree. Boy: So you are not writing any poetry, I imagine. Girl: No, I was actually thinking about revising some of my poems and sending them into places for publication. Boy: Cool, you should. Um, did you hear about that new poetry club, The Poetry Kitchen? Girl: Yeah, no time. Boy: It’s fun; it’s Sunday night. You don’t do anything at Sunday nights? Girl: I do homework Sunday nights. Boy: Well, it’s only from 7 to 9. Girl: Is it every Sunday? Boy: Last Sunday of every month. I don’t know about this month, cause it’s probably a little too close to Thanksgiving, so they might move it up. I don’t know what they are gonna to do, but it’s a good time, it’s fun, some really impressive readings. Girl: Who? From our class? Boy: Some people from our class are reading. A lot of them go, sometimes even the professor. Girl: Really? I don’t know if I would want to read in front of her. Boy: You wouldn’t have to read, you can just watch. I just watched the first time, but it’s a good environment to read them, I think anyway. Girl: I probably have to write something new, so maybe during the summer, I just can’t now. Boy: Yeah, it wouldn’t be the same just reading old stuff. Are you going to do summer school? Girl: Definitely, otherwise, I will be short 6 credits. I have no choice. Boy: Yeah, me too. This is the second summer. I’ll have to take classes. I gotta go now, my Shakespeare class starts in twenty minutes. 托福TPO2听力Conversation2题目 1.What are the students mainly discussing? a) Their courses for next semester b) Their plans for the weekend c) A poetry club d) A class assignment 2.What does the man plan to do at the end of the month?。
TPO26听力解析
TPO26 listening听力解析注：问题中红色标记词汇为解题突破点和关键词。
（编辑整理by 瓜田, lisicheng, 123asp, Astraneo）Section1第一篇1.Why does the student go to speak to the man?✧To discuss a job opportunity she had heard about✧To learn about options for advertising her business✧To see if she can change a previous print order✧To discuss a design idea that she has for business cards答案：B解析：开头这个女生就讲明了来意，自己是math tutor，她要start her own business and need to get the word out. 然后后面就介绍了几种方法例如pencil，business card，flyer，sticky notes2.What does the man imply about customized sticky notes?A.They require more time to produce than other print products.B.They are less effective at attracting business than business cards.C.They are not usually available at other print shops.D.They should be a more popular choice of advertising than they are.答案：D解析：提到sticky notes说的是吸引注意，学生们都在用，good for business。
TPO25& TPO26听力题目及答案
TPO 25Conversation11. What is the conversation mainly about?A. The student’s eligibility to graduate next semesterB. The student’s difficulties in registering for classesC. A difficult class the student must take next semesterD. Possible elective ch oices in the student’s degree program2. According to the woman, why was the program’s curriculum changed?A. To attract more international students to the programB. To reflect the growing importance of international businessC. To take advantage of the expertise of new faculty membersD. To give students a stronger background in management3. What does the woman imply about the new departmental requirements?A. They will not affect the student’s plans for graduationB. They will not be officially approved by the department until next yearC. They will be limited to students specializing in the international businessD. They will be similar to recent changes made in other departments at the university4. Why does the woman mention writing a letter?A. To point out the best way for the student to contact the dean’s officeB. To confirm that a personal letter is a graduation requirementC. To indicate that she is willing to provide the student with further assistanceD. To emphasize that the student will need special permission to graduate5. Why does the woman say thisA. To suggest that the student has not fulfilled all of his requirementsB. To indicate one of the new graduation requirementsC. To find out the student’s opinion about a particular classD. To be sure that the student has taken a required classLecture 16. What is the main purpose of the lecture?A. To explain the government’s role in the regulating assisted migrationB. To discuss ways in which plants and animals adapt to climate changeC. To discuss a controversial approach to conserving plant and animal speciesD. To describe a recently discovered consequence of global warming7. According to the professor, what problem is assisted migration intended to overcome?A. To diminishing amount of undeveloped land that species can migrate throughB. The relative lack of nutrients available in cooler latitudes and higher elevationsC. The increase in alternations between cool and warm periodsD. Competition from other species in certain native habitats8. What point does the professor make when she discusses the cane toad?A. Translocated species sometimes die out from lack of foodB. Translocated species may spread too quickly in their new environmentC. Several techniques are available to achieve assisted migrationD. Animal species are often easier to translocate than plant species are9. What does the professor imply when she mentions translocating networking of species?A. There are aspects of interdependency that are unknownB. Some species evolve in ways that help them survive in new habitatsC. It is difficult to know how far to move a network of species from its native habitatD. Many assisted-migration plans should involve the translocation of just one species10. What does the professor imply about the government’s role in regulating assisted migration in the United States?A. The government should continue to encourage assisted migrationB. The government has created policies that have proved unhelpfulC. The government should follow the example set by other countriesD. The government needs to increase its involvement in the issue11. What is the professor’s attitude toward the effort to save the Florida torreya?A. She is glad that some conservationists are willing to take a chance on assisted migrationB. She is concerned because it may have unintended consequencesC. She is surprised because other species are more endangered than Florida torreya isD. She expects the effort will have to be repeated several times before it succeedsLecture-212. What is the lecture mainly about?A. The influence of the Romantic style of music on eastern European composersB. The relationship between nationalism and popular music in the early 1900sC. The popularity of folk music in Austria-Hungary during the early 1900sD. The influence of folk music on the compositions of one Hungarian composer13. What does the professor imply about romantic music in Austria-Hungary in the early 1900s?A. It was not as popular there as it was in other European countriesB. It motivated Bart’k to listen to other types of musicC. It was listened to in the countryside more than it was in the citiesD. Its popularity was due to the work of Bart’k and other ethnomusicologists14. Why does the professor mention local celebrations in the countryside?A. To show how folk music influenced composers throughout Eastern EuropeB. To give an example of when performances of Bart’k music took placeC. To give an example of occasions when Bart’k had an opportunity to he ar folk musicD. To talk about why romantic music was popular in the countryside15. What was Bart’k original goal when he started to travel through eastern Europe?A. To promote his ballet, the wooden princeB. To document the local popular musicC. To discover which musical elements were popular in all countriesD. To find unusual musical elements he could use in his own compositions16. According to the professor, why was Bart’k music popular in Austria-Hungary?A. Bart’k music was considered more soph isticated than other concert-hall musicB. Bart’k compositions incorporated music from the local cultureC. People were familiar with the Romantic elements Bart’k included in his musicD. Bart’k took advantage of the popularity of ballet there and wrote ma ny new ballets17. What does the professor mean when he says this:A. He wants to change the topic of discussionB. He wants to acknowledge that the students may not be familiar with Bart’k’s musicC. He believes the students should already be familiar with the term ‘glissando’D. He will use an example of glissando to help define the termConversation-218. Why does the man go to see the professor?A. To find out how to distinguish between different types of whale songsB. To request permission to change the topic of his paperC. To discuss the difference between using the internet and using books to find sourcesD. To get help locating some information for his paper19. What is the topic of the man’s paper?A. How whales hold their breathB. Whale migration patternsC. Characteristic of whale habitatsD. The differences between the circulatory system of whales and that of other mammals20. What is the professor’s attitude toward the man’s question about how whales hold their breath?A. She thinks he does not need to spend a lot of time looking for the answerB. She is surprised because she has already addressed this question in classC. She dismissed it as unimportantD. She is pleased that has a plan to obtain the answer himself21. Why does the professor mention the limited time students have to complete their papers?A. To suggest that looking at research on the internet is a good way to save timeB. To point out that the library has reduced the amount of time it is open each dayC. To indicate her expectations for the amount of research to be done for the paperD. To emphasize the important of starting to write the paper a couple of weeks before it is due22. According to the professor, how does a whale conserve oxygen while underwater? Click on 2 answersA. Its heart rate decreasesB. Its lung capacity temporarily increasesC. It slows the pace of its swimmingD. Blood flow to certain organs is decreasedLecture-323. What is the lecture mainly about?A. The history of language in ancient EgyptB. The process that was used to create hieroglyphic writingC. The competition between two scholars to solve an archaeological puzzleD. The circumstances that led to the solution of an archaeological puzzle24. What was demotic script used for in ancient Egypt?A. Decorations on temples and monumentsB. Administrative documentsC. Illustration for storiesD. Representations of objects25. Why was ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic writing difficult for scholars to interpret?A. The language that it was based on was no longer usedB. The same words were often represented by several different symbolsC. It consisted of a mixture of three different languagesD. Only fragments of it were found26. What is the professor’s opinion about Thomas Young’s word with hier oglyphs?A. She feels that Young has not received the credit he deservesB. She is amazed that Young’s conclusion about hieroglyphs was correctC. She is surprised that Young did not recognize his own accomplishmentsD. She thinks that Young’s work was not careful enough to be taken seriously27. According to the professor, what led to the decoding of the Rosetta Stone?A. A hieroglyph that represented the name of a personB. A written and oral description of a historical eventC. The realization that each hieroglyph represented a different object or conceptD. The discovery that the word for “Sun” is written the same way in Greek, demotic, andhieroglyphics28. How did Young’s and Champollion’s studies of hieroglyphs differ from earlier studies of hieroglyphic writing?A. Young and Champollion had access to large collections of hieroglyphic writingB. Young and Champollion both guessed that hieroglyphs were symbols for soundsC. Young and Champollion both spoke Greek and CopticD. Young and Champollion shared their research with one anotherLecture-429. What is the discussion mainly about?A. The professor’s recent research on play and brain developmentB. Differing explanations of the reasons for playC. Examples of two distinct types of play fightingD. Differences in the play behaviors of various animal specials30. One of the students brings up the example of play fighting among wolf pups. What does this example lead him to believe?A. That wolves are especially violent animalsB. That the play-as-preparation hypothesis is probably correctC. That wolves seldom engage in self-handicappingD. That the results of a recent study are probably not reliable31. Which statement best expresses the professor’s opinion of the play-as-preparation hypothesis?A. It is well supported by available evidenceB. It may apply only to certain species of animalsC. It does not explain some important aspects of playD. It is particularly useful explaining human behavior32. What does the professor imply about self-handicapping? Click on 2 answersA. It commonly occurs in play but not in other activitiesB. It applies only to animal species that do not hunt for foodC. It has been observed only in laboratory settingsD. It contradicts the play-as-preparation hypothesis33. The professor discusses a study on the relationship between brain growth and play. What does that study conclude?A. Patterns of brain growth are similar in animals that play and animals that do not playB. Excessive brain growth can sometimes limit an animal’s behavioral vocabularyC. Animals that do not play have less-developed brains than animals that playD. Animals without well-developed brains are seldom observed playing34. What does the student mean when she says this:A. She is not familiar with the play behavior of wolf pupsB. She doubts that wolf pups fight as much as the other students impliesC. She is not sure that she correctly understood the reading assignmentD. She disagrees with the other student’s opinion about play behavior题号正确答案1 A2 B3 A4 C5 D6 C7 A8 B9 A10 D11 B12 D13 B14 C15 B16 B17 D18 D19 B20 A21 C22 AD23 D24 B25 A26 C27 A28 B29 B30 B31 C32 AD33 C34 DTPO26听力Conversation-11. Why does the student go to speak to the man?A. To discuss a job opportunity she had heard aboutB. To learn about options for advertising her businessC. To see if she can change a previous print orderD. To discuss a design idea that she has for business cards2. What does the man imply about customized sticky notes?A. They require more time to produce than other print products.B. They are less effective at attracting business than business cards.C. They are not usually available at other print shops.D. They should be a more popular choice of advertising than they are.3. What does the man imply are the disadvantages of using pencils to advertise? Click on 2 answers.A. They are easy to lose.B. They might be more difficult to distribute.C. There is not much space for a message.D. They cost more than other methods.4. What did the student learn from her friend’s experience?A. The print shop in town processes orders quickly.B. Some print shops let customers design their own business cards.C. The university print shop has special discounts for students.D. Distributing business cards can attract a lot of attention to a tutoring business.5. What can be inferred about the student when she says this:A. She is concerned about the cost of a custom design.B. She thinks a simple design would attract more customers.C. She would like to invest more money in business cards.D. She would like to take advantage of the discount offered by the man.Lecture-16. What is the lecture mainly about?A. Reasons that environmentally friendly products often cost more than other productsB. Evidence that environmentally laws helped increase demand for environmentally friendly productsC. Differences between green marketing and traditional marketingD. The development of a trend to market products as environmentally friendly7. How does the professor organize the lecture?A. She gives some historical background, then she presents a case study.B. She describes several environmental friendly products, then she explains how the public responded to them.C. She describes a problem, then she proposes several possible solutions.D. She describes an approach to advertising, then she explains why it is often ineffective.8. According to the professor, why did the first effort to market the Eco-light fail?A. The ads did not explain that the Eco-light was environmentally friendly.B. The ads did not mention the long-term cost savings that result from using the Eco-light.C. The ads for the Eco-light were too long and detailed.D. The process used to manufacture the Eco-light damaged the environment.9. What does the professor imply when she mentions companies that are “extreme green” and “lean green”?A. Some companies have used the terms “extreme green” and “lean green ” in their ads.B. A system is available to classify companies according to their environmental programs.C. There are important aspects of green marketing that have been neglected by researchers.D. Marketers need to be creative to keep people interested in environmental issues.10. What opinion does the professor express about companies that use green advertising campaigns?A. The companies should consult environmentalists when developing the campaigns.B. The companies should publicize research that supports the claims made in their advertisements.C. The companies should be fully committed to protecting the environment.D. The companies should find ways to lower the price of their environmentally friendly products.11. What does the professor imply when she says this:A. Some green marketing campaigns are difficult to implement.B. Some marketing principles need to be updated.C. The point she is making is difficult to explain.D. Some marketers had unpleasant experiences with green campaigns.Lecture-212. What is the lecture mainly about?A. The discovery of a previously unknown trace metalB. The role trace metals play in carbon cyclingC. Ways that living organisms rid themselves of trace metalsD. Ways that zinc interacts with carbon dioxide13. What does the professor imply about the conversion of carbon dioxide molecules in plants?A. It is an unusually complex chemical process.B. It only takes place in full sunlight.C. It proceeds slowly when cadmium is present.D. It is regulated by an enzyme that may contain zinc 14.14. According to the professor, why is it surprising that many marine plants are able to survive near the surface of oceans?A. Weather conditions near the surface disrupt certain life processes.B. The salt content of surface waters is constantly changing.C. Surface waters contain low quantities of zinc.D. Surface waters absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide.15. According to the professor, what important function do diatoms serve?A. They alter cadmium so it is less toxic to humans.B. They help cycle zinc in places where it is scarce.C. They distribute carbon throughout the ocean.D. They remove cadmium from the ocean floor.16. What point does the professor make when she talks about cadmium being poisonous to humans?A. That cadmium and zinc can serve a similar function in plant enzymesB. That both cadmium and zinc are rare in plant enzymesC. That most trace metals are poisonous to humansD. That cadmium does not serve any biological purpose17. The professor states that the discovery of an enzyme containing cadmium is important. What are two reasons that this discovery is important?Click on 2 answers.A. It may lead to the discovery of new enzymes that use other trace metals.B. It may explain the ocean’s increased level of carbon dioxide.C. It may explain the scarcity of some elements in the ocean.D. It may help scientist better understand global warming.Conversation-21. Why does the student go to see the professor?A. To obtain notes from a class she missedB. To discuss a conference she attendedC. To ask about a possible topic for a research paperD. To clarify information about volunteering in the community2. What does the student say about the conference she attended?A. It will help convince students to get involved in the communityB. It taught her a lot about marine ecosystemsC. It helped her gain a volunteer position at a local organizationD. Few students were involved in the conference3. What caused the woman to become interested in bioluminescence?A. It was mentioned in the notes from a class she missedB. She observed the phenomenon while on a recent trip to a conferenceC. A volunteer she worked with told her about seeing some bioluminescent fishD. She heard a talk about bioluminescence at a conference she attended4. According to the professor, why were the jellyfish that the student saw glowing?A. They were avoiding predators by blending in with their surroundingB. They were trying to confuse predators with bright flashes of lightC. They were communicating with each otherD. They were trying to light up the dark water so they could see prey5. What does the professor imply about the student’s proposed research topic?A. A variety of bioluminescent organisms should be included in the researchB. Writing about the topic might be difficult because there is so much information on itC. The student should choose a topic that has already been covered in classD. The student should explain how bioluminescence benefits various species of jellyfish differentlyLecture-3Parabolic-orbit comet, Halley’s Comet, periodic-orbit comet6. What is the lecture mainly about?A. The orbits of cometsB. Unique characteristics of a famous cometC. The structure of cometsD. The origin and life cycle of comets7. According to the professor, what happens as a comet approaches the Sun? Click on 2 answers.A. Its nucleus loses some materialB. Its core becomes brighterC. It moves fasterD. It absorbs gases from the Sun8. Why does the professor emphasize the amount of time Hailey’s Comet i s beyond the orbit of Jupiter?A. To account for the comet’s composition of ice and dustB. To show the effect of Jupiter’s gravity on the comet’s orbitC. To argue that the comet’s orbit should not be considered periodicD. To explain why the comet is not visible from Earth very often9. What is the professor imply about the history of Hailey’s Comet?A. Hailey’s Comet did not always have the same orbit it has nowB. Hailey’s Comet used to be much smaller than it is nowC. Hailey’s Comet has always had th e same orbit that it has nowD. Hailey’s Comet is much younger than the rest of the solar system10. What is the professor’s opinion about the name” parabolic-orbit comets”?A. It is not widely accepted among astronomersB. It is probably not strictly accurateC. It is not a term that the students need to learnD. It will probably be replaced soon with a new name11. According to the professor, what can change a parabolic-orbit into a periodic-orbit comet?A. The loss of some of the comet’s materialB. The force of escaping gasesC. The gravitational influence of a planetD. Energy from the SunLecture-4Archimedes, Archimedes Palimpsest12. What is the main purpose of the lecture?A. To describe the restoration of a valuable ancient textB. To explain the significance of Archimedes’ theoriesC. To identify factors determine how long manuscripts surviveD. To compare various methods used to store historical artifacts13. What points does the professor make about the field of art conservation?Click on 2 answers.A. Many of its methods have ancient originsB. It often brings together experts from a variety of fieldsC. It involves conserving not just art but also other objects of historical valueD. It uses artistic methods more than scientific ones14. What does the professor identify as the most valuable attribute of the Archimedes Palimpsest?A. It is one of few manuscripts to have survived for more than 2000 yearsB. It serves as a document of several historical erasC. It contains the only known copy of Archimedes’s MethodD. It contains ancient works form more than one scholar15. According to the professor, why did a scribe remove the text by Archimedes form the manuscript’s pages?A. He thought the text was too damaged to be usefulB. He was offended by the content of the manuscriptC. He wanted to see what was hidden underneath the textD. He needed blank parchment for his own writing project16. Why does the professor mention that the original ink used in the manuscript contained iron?A. To suggest that the ink was probably made from spinachB. To explain why x-rays were used to study the palimpsestC. To explain why the palimpsest survived for more than 2000 yearsD. To point out that iron is commonly found in artifacts from ancient Greece17. Why does the professor say this:A. To express his surprise that the manuscript has survived so longB. To emphasize the historical importance of Archimedes’ ideasC. To emphasize the difficulty of a restoration projectD. To imply that most of the man uscript’s history is still unknown.Section1答案1B2C3CD4B5A6D7A8B9B10C11D12B13D14C15C16A17ADSection2答案1C2A3B4A5B6A7AC8D9A10B11C12A13BC14C15D16B17C。
TPO26听力文本完整修订版
TPO26Listening ScriptConversation1Listen to a conversation between a student and a university print shop employee.StudentHi.I saw your ad in the campus newspaper.EmployeeOh.We don’t have any job openings right now.StudentOh,no.I meant the other ad,about the services you provide for students.You see,I have been working at the campus tutoring center as a maths tutor.But things have changed,including my schedule.And now I want to start doing tutoring work independently.But in order to,basically,start my own business,I need to get the word out.EmployeeOK.StudentI was thinking I should get something printed up that I can hand out to people.EmployeeAh.Well,actually,I just printed up some great-looking fliers for someone doing the same thing.StudentFliers.Yeah,that’s an idea.I guess then I could post themEmployeeYeah.And you can hand them out too.But,oh,you know what?I did something really neat for someone last week.She didn’t want to go the traditional route,you know,business cards,fliers,so we customized pencils for her.StudentPencils?EmployeeYeah.You know,a little message printed on the pencil.StudentOh,that’s cool.EmployeeYeah.But you should know,it’s not our cheapest option.Oh,and you know those little sticky notes?StudentYou do those too?EmployeeWell,we did once.I think those bright pieces of paper would be real attention getters.You know,students use them all the time,so they should be good for business.I don’t know why we haven’t done more.StudentWow.EmployeeSo you’ve got some options.StudentRight.Well,what about business cards?My friend has these business cards.She does tutoring too.And she got them at this place in town,but they were kind of expensive.EmployeeFor business card?Well,I don’t know what your friend paid.But we could do something real simple and it wouldn’t be much.Like for a batch of250for one of our standard designs,20dollars maybe.Student20dollars sound EmployeeEmployeeNow,there are some other choices that’ll affect the cost.You know,like different background patterns,using color ink, that sort of thing.And it also depends on how many words you want to include.StudentOK.Well,I know what I want them to say.But I am just thinking,I kind of like that pencil idea.EmployeeYeah.I thought it was neat.Now,of course you can only fit your name and phone number,and like,in your case,maths tutoring on it.StudentRight.Well,I could custom design the business cards though right?That’s what my friend did.She said she designed them at the computer right there at the print shop.EmployeeWell,you can do that here too.But accustomed design would be a bigger investment for your business than one of our standard designs.StudentWell,I don’t know.I am interested in business cards,so can I look att he standard designs?Lecture1-Advertising(Green Marketing)Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in an advertising class.ProfessorLast class someone asked about green marketing.Green marketing refers to companies promoting the product as environmentally panies often turn to advertising experts to help them do this.Green marketing seems recent,but advertising professionals grew interest in it several decades ago.The seeds for green marketing were probably planted in1970,when the first Earth Day took place.Rallies all over the United States were organized to protest environmental degradation.Some20million demonstrators participated in that first Earth Day. And it helped spark dozens of environmental laws.The biggest was the Endangered Species Act of1973,which protects imperiled animal species from extinction.There was also passage of the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act was strengthened.Earth Day,environmental laws,environmental issues in the news,being green was entering the mainstream.And businesses started saying,hey,we can get involved in this.So in1975,a major advertising trade group held its first workshop on ecological marketing.A few years later,we began seeing ads tapping into people’s environmental concerns.But as some green marketers learned the hard way,green marketing must still involve all the same principles of a traditional marketing campaign.Your ad must attract attention,stimulate consumers’interest,create a desire for your product,and motivate people to take action,to buy your product.So let me tell you about one green marketing campaign that failed at first and explain why.It was for a compact fluorescent light bulb.We’ll call it the eco-light.It was first introduced,I believe,in the late90s.It cost far more than a regular incandescent bulb.The advertising message was basically,use this eco-light and save the planet.But that message wasn’t effective.Research shows that consumers don’t want to let go of any traditional product attributes, like convenience,price and quality.Even though surveys indicate that almost everybody cares about the environment.So the company reintroduced the eco-light with a new message,one that emphasized cost savings,that the eco-light lowers electric bills and lasts for years.So it’s good for the Earth,cost-effective and convenient because it doesn’t have to be changed every few months.This ad campaign worked like a charm.Something else,uh,the company that makes the eco-light,researchers would consider it an’extreme green company’,not only because its products are energy-efficient,but because the company tries to reduce its environmental impact in other ways too.Like in addition to selling Earth-friendly products,its offices and factories are designed to conserve energy and use all sorts of recycled materials.A company that only recycles office paper,researchers would classify as a’lean green company’.And there are other degrees of greenness in between.So if your green marketing strategy’s gonna work,your message should be valid on all dimensions.When a company as a whole is credited for reducing its environmental impact,this can lead to brand loyalty.People will come back and buy your product more and more.However,let’s say you’re fined for violating the Clean Water Act while manufacturing products from recycled materials.The public would eventually find out.You can’t just make the claim that a product is environmentally friendly and not follow through on.Lecture2-Biology(Carbon Cycling)Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.ProfessorOK.Just before the end of the last class,we started talking about trace metals,metals found in living organisms in very small quantities that serve an important biological,important nutritive function in those organisms.And one trace metal that serves a nutritive function is zinc.Zinc assists in a number of processes in humans,but we are going to focus on just one,one that applies to a number oforganisms,not just humans.See,zinc plays a major role in carbon cycling,the conversion of various kinds of molecules with carbon,like carbon dioxide,into other kinds of molecules with carbon that organisms can use.So,take respiration.Our bodies,our cells produce carbon dioxide when they break down sugars.We need to get the C02out of our bodies,so the C02is converted into carbonic acid,which the blood is able to carry to the lungs.Once the carbonic acid reaches the lungs,it’s converted back into carbon dioxide so that we can breathe it out.Now,this whole conversion process relies on a particular enzyme.Uh,who remembers what an enzyme is?Bob?Uh,it’s a protein,a specific kind of protein,one that speeds up chemical reactions.ProfessorExactly.Different enzymes assist indifferent chemical reactions.Now,the one that speeds up the conversion of carbon dioxide has zinc in it.So this zinc enzyme is critical for gettingC02out of our bodies through the lungs.And it’s also extremely important for plants.Bob,can you tell us why?StudentFor making food,for photosynthesis?ProfessorExactly.For photosynthesis.Plants also convert carbon dioxide into different forms ofcarbon-containing molecules and the conversion process used relies on the very same enzyme that work in humans.So zinc is also important for plants.OK.But zinc is scarce in certain environments.And it’s particularly scarce in waters near the surface of river sand lakes and shallower parts of oceans,which might make us wonder how plants could live there at all.In fact,there are a lot of marine plants that survive,that grow and reproduce in surface waters.In particular,there are a lot of diatoms.Diatoms are microscopic,photosynthetic organisms and they are a major source of food for other organisms in the ocean.There are a number of different types of diatoms,and,well,diatoms play a very important role in the carbon cycling process,because they help make carbon available to other organisms in deeper parts of the ocean.The carbon that these diatoms use in photosynthetic is transferred to other parts of the ocean when the diatoms are eaten,say,by a fish that absorbs the carbon and then swims to another part of the ocean,or when diatoms die and fall to the ocean floor.So how did diatoms survive if zinc is so scarce?Well,recently researchers discovered that a specific type of diatom makes a different enzyme that serves the same purpose.But this enzyme doesn’t contain zinc.Instead this new enzyme incorporates another trace metal,cadmium.Kelly,you’ve got a question?StudentYeah.I thought cadmium was toxic.Didn’t you say that?It is poisonous to humans.Uh,actually,we used to think that it was toxic to all biological life,that it didn’t serve any biological purpose.But new study suggests that cadmium can actually substitute for zinc,that organisms can use it instead of zinc when there isn’t enough zinc in their environment.Now,the discovery of this cadmium-based enzyme is really important for a number of reasons.It’s actually the first enzyme we have discovered that uses cadmium.So it’s possible that other not so typical trace metals may be used in chemical processes,that marine organisms might make enzymes from other trace metals when the essential one is scarce.And there may be other types of diatoms that use cadmium to cycle carbon.But there’s something else to think about.What is one of the most common greenhouse gases in our atmosphere,one of the major culprits in global warming.Carbon dioxide,right?Now,if all these diatoms are taking carbon dioxide from the surface,converting it and transporting it to the bottom of the ocean,well,maybe there’s more to that whole process,that cycle,something that we’ve overlooked.So further research might tell us more about these warming cycles too.Convcrsation2Hi,Jean.How was the...uh,the conference,right?the conference on volunteerism?That’s where you were last week. Good.And let me know if you have any questions.StudentWell,there is something that I wanted to ask you now.It’s about something I noticed at the beach.ProfessorOh,what’s that?StudentWell,see,there are a lot of jellyfish there,floating in the water.ProfessorThat couldn’t have been pleasant.StudentNot for swimming.But it was interesting.I mean,the jellyfish were glowing.I swear they were.And I am wonderwhat that’s about.ProfessorAh,glowing jellyfish.That is interesting.Uh,it’s called bioluminescence.And actually we are going to talk about it later in the semester.Basically,bioluminescence is light that’s produced by a chemical reaction.StudentReally?Inside the jellyfish?ProfessorWell,not all jellyfish,about half of them.Actually,a lot of marine organisms have the ability,especially in deeper parts of the ocean.StudentOh,I get it.Like the darker it gets,the more the fish needs light,right?ProfessorWell,bioluminescence serves a number of functions.Most aquatic organisms use it for communication and for attracting prey.But jellyfish usually use it as a defense against predators.Some jellyfish produce bright flashes of light that confuse predators,to,uh,to startle them.But jellyfish closer to the surface,probably like the jellyfish you saw, they use bioluminescence to hide.The light they produce matches the color of the dim sunlight,so they blend in,and, uh,and predators can’t see them.StudentWow,really?Well,I am looking for a topic for my term paper,so maybe I could do it on these glowing jellyfish.That’s why I wanted to ask you about them,you know,to find out if there was really something to write about.ProfessorIt’s a great topic.But you’ll have to make sure the topic is manageable.Like I said,about half of all jellyfish are bioluminescent,so you may want to look at a particular type of jellyfish or several types that benefit from bioluminescence in the same way,or you could investigate current research on bioluminescence,on,on the chemical process,or...Here’s an idea.You seem to be very involved in local issues.See if you can identify the jellyfish you observed on the beach and how they fit into the local ecosystem.StudentYeah,you know,some of the environmental groups I met last week might even able to help me.Lecture3-Astronomy(Comets)Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in an astronomy class.ProfessorOK.We have been looking at some of the smaller members of our solar system,comets.You already know about the structure of comets.Let’s continue our discussion now by talking about orbits,especially those of the so-called periodic-orbit comets.These are the comets that circle around the Sun pretty regularly.They return again and again, predictably,after a certain period of time.That’s why we say their orbits are periodic.Probably the most famous and brightest of these is Hailey’s comet.Hailey’s comet comes from far out in the solar system,goes in close to the Sun,and then out again.At its closest approach to the Sun,Hailey’s comet is about twice as close to the Sun as Earth is.And at its farthest,it’s about thirty-five times farther from the Sun than we are,which puts it out beyond Neptune.Basically,the idea here is that a periodic comet,with its very elongated orbit,just keeps coming back around again and again.With Hailey’s comet, well,it returns every75years,roughly.But where is Hailey’s comet during most of this time?Well,like all orbiting bodies,a comet moves faster when it’s closer to the Sun.So it only spends about a year or two in our neighborhood,inside the orbit of Jupiter.Most of its time is spent way out beyond Jupiter’s orbit,poking along near the farther reaches of it own orbit.Because of this,we can only see Hailey’s for a few months every75years,first on its way in toward the Sun,and then on its way out again.Now,you remember from our previous discussion that a comet’s nucleus,its core,is made up of ice and dust,like a frozen snowball.And as it approaches the Sun,it starts to heat up.And some of the ice vaporizes into gas and spreads out from the nucleus.The gases that vaporize from the comet,the comet never collects them back again,so on every orbit,the comet leaves part of itself behind.OK.How old is this solar system?Four and a half billion years,remember?AndHailey’s is going around the Sun once every75years and losing stuff each time.Sothe comet should be long gone by now,right?I mean,how come Hailey’s is still there?After four and a half billion years.How could it be?Well,the answer is that this comet hasn’t always been in such a short periodic orbit,since once a comet gets into an orbit that keeps it coming in close to the Sun quite frequently.Well,that comet’s probably not going to be around too much longer.So this kind of periodic orbit is only a phase in a comet’s life.A phase that just precedes its final breakup We’ve seen comets do that,going toward the Sun and then come back around, torn into pieces.But lots of comets aren’t like that.They come in,pass behind the Sun,and then travel back out.But with an orbit so large,and its farthest place so far away from the Sun that we just don’t know how far out it goes.We just can’t determine that very accurately from the close-in part of the orbit that we do see.So these are often called parabolic-orbit comets.Parabolic means the orbit is open at the far end.Actually the orbit probably does close and return the comet to the vicinity of the Sun eventually,but the period might be tens of thousands of years.And basically,we can’t determine it.So we just,we refer to them as open-ended parabolic-orbit comets.So,what can change a comet with one of these long orbits where they only come by the Sun occasionally into a much more frequent periodic visitor?Well,gravitational interaction with planets,right?If a comet on one of these long period orbits at some point comes close to Jupiter or Saturn or one of the other planets,then the pull of that planet’s gravity might alter the orbit,maybe make it much shorter.So this comet,if it happens to pass by a planet just the right way,it can be drawn into a new orbit,one that’ll capture it and keep it coming back around the Sun much more often.Lecture4-Art Conservation(Archimcdes Palimpsest)Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in an art conservation class.ProfessorSo far we have been talking all semester about restoring and preserving pieces of art,like ancient frescos,early oil paintings,etc.But although our field is called art conservation,it also involves...what?StudentUm...preserving other types of cultural materials too.ProfessorVery good.Not just art.Old artifacts are very valuable when they represent early technologies,all contain important historical information.In fact,let me give you an example.You’ve heard about the Greek scholar,Archimedes,who lived more than2,000years ago,I am sure.Archimedes was a great mathematician.For example,he discovered the formula for the volume of a sphere.Not much of his work has survived,but what has survived is brilliant.And then in 1906,a Palimpsest of Archimedes’writing was discovered.Now,a palimpsest is a type of manuscript that contains writing that’s hidden because something else was written over it later.I’ll explain in a minute.This Archimedes palimpsest,as it’s now called,is by far the most important palimpsest anyone has ever seen.Because it contains the only known existing copy of Archimedes’treatise,called Method. Archimedes shows in it how maths can be applied to physics and physical reasoning back to maths problems,which is how he calculated the volume of the sphere,for example.This maybe commonplace today,but was revolutionary in his time.A few years ago,the palimpsest was sold at an auction for2million dollars.It could have ended up tucked away in a private collection,but fortunately,the collector who bought it has agreed to have experts restore every single word Archimedes wrote,so the contents can be shared with the world and studied.But there are two main problems.What do you think the first one might be?Jennifer?StudentUrn....well,it sounds like it’s extremely old.So probably some pages are at the point of crumbling into dust?ProfessorTrue.And some are moldy,and some were eaten away at by bookworms.This thing’s really decayed.But on top|of that,there’s another issue.And this is the reason why it’s a palimpsest.You see,the text apparently sat around in a library in Constantinople until1229A.D.But then a scribe erased,scraped away the writing as clean as he could in order to use the pages to write his own book on.Why would he do that?Take a guess.ProfessorWell,they used parchment to write on,but yes,there was a parchment shortage.StudentSo you are saying the parchment was basically recycled?ProfessorCorrect.Then,even later on,in the twentieth century,a forger painted ancient-looking pictures on several of the pages in order to make the book seem older and increase its value.So unfortunately,that’s quite a history.StudentBut professor Wilkens,if the scribe scraped away Archimedes’words and if these paintings covered the pages,how can the original work be recovered?ProfessorAh,that’s why I am telling you the story.That’s our task as conservationists,isn’t it?To find a way.There were still faint traces of Archimedes’words on the pages.First,we tried to make the Archimedes’words stand out with a variety of technologies,using ultraviolet light.But that didn’t work on every page.But then,there was this new idea that came from a scientist studying spinach.Student:Spinach?ProfessorYes.Spinach.This physicist,Uwe Bergman,does research that involves studying iron in spinach.He was reading an article about problems with the palimpsest and it said that there is iron in the original Archimedes’ink.So he came up with an idea to use the same method of looking at iron in spinach to view the iron on the palimpsest pages.And his idea worked.Bergman’s technique allows X-rays to pass through the forged paintings,pass through the scribe’s writing to hit the iron traces from the ink of the original Archimedes’text and create an image just of the iron on the pages.The iron-based letters seem to just pop off the page.The original text and diagrams emerged,line by line,diagram after diagram.And that’s kind of typical of our field.There’s a lot of interdisciplinary work.People from several different fields might be involved in working with a single art.。
托福TPO27听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO27听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO27听力Conversation2文本 Narrator: Listen to part of a conversation between a student and the professor of his history of technology class. Student: Would it be okay to focus on something related to agriculture? Professor: Sure, farming technology is fine, as long as it’s pre-modern. But this isn’t a long per, so are you going to need to pick a specific area of pre-modern agriculture, like irrigation or food crops of ancient Greece. Student: I am actually interested in hydroponics. Professor: Hydroponics. Growing plants in water instead of soil. Student: Well, not in pure water, in water that has the proper mix of nutrients. Professor: OK. But is it a pre-modern technology? I mean, hydroponics isn’t really my specialty but from the research I have read, we are talking the nineteenth century, maybe the seventeenth century if you really stretch it. Student: Oh? But the Aztec civilization back in the thirteenth century in basically where Mexico city is today … An article I read said the Aztecs were using hydroponics in something they called … I have got the word right here, um, Chinampas. Professor: Chinampas, the so-called floating gardens. Student: Exactly. So yeah the chinampas, the article said very clearly these floating gardens are proof that the Aztec invented hydroponic farming. Professor: Well, chinampas are artificial islands built up in shallow lakes. Islands made from packed earth and weeds and uh, material from the bottom of the lake.They may have appeared to be floating in the water, but in fact they reach all the way to the bottom of the lake. So the primary growing medium, what the plants draw nutrients from, is actually soil, not water. Student: So the article was wrong about that? Too bad, it seems like a great topic, but I guess… Professor: Wait a minute. Just because chinampas were not technically hydroponic doesn’t mean this couldn’t be an appropriate topic for your paper. Chinampas werestill a great pre-modern technological achievement. I mean, they enabled the Aztecs to grow plenty of food in an area without much available farmland. Student: But I wondered why the author wrote that chinampas were hydroponic. Professor: Well it’s pretty common for writers to generalize, say use a term like hydroponics to describe other types of agriculture.Personally, I would never say hydroponic except for plants growing in liquid. The crops on chinampas definitely benefited from the water surrounding them. But… hydroponic… Student: OK. So I will go with chinampas but leave out with the hydroponics part. Professor: Actually, there’s an important lesson here. We should pay attention to what happened in history but also how historical events are presented. Why, for example, would writers use a word like hydroponics so casually? Student: I guess ‘cause it’s a popular topic people want to read about? Professor: Or to help modern-day readers to understand something historical, maybe these writers think a familiar frame of reference is needed. Student: Well that article was in a popular magazine, not a scholarly journal for historians. Professor: OK. But historians sometimes do the same thing. Student: So I guess then that all historians might not describe chinampas in quite the same way either. Professor: Good point. Why not look into that too? And include it along with your description and analysis. 托福TPO27听力Conversation2题目 1.Why has the student come to see the professor? A. To find out her reaction to a paper he recently submitte. B. To point out a factual error in an article the class was assigned to read. C. To ask about the suitability of a topic he wants to write about. D. To ask about the difference between chinampas and hydroponics.。
根据2023年托福考试二真题答案及解析
根据2023年托福考试二真题答案及解析本文档旨在提供2023年托福考试二真题的答案及解析，帮助考生更好地理解和应对考试。
以下是各部分的题目答案和简要解析：听力部分：1. 答案：A解析：根据听力材料可知，对话中提到了去博物馆参观古代艺术品。
2. 答案：B解析：听力中提到了他们计划在周末一起去露营。
3. 答案：C解析：对话中提到了订购一份海鲜披萨。
阅读部分：4. 答案：D解析：根据第一段最后一句话可知，这位教授对环境问题持乐观态度。
5. 答案：A解析：根据第二段第一句话可知，家庭成员之间的交流关系对一个人的发展至关重要。
6. 答案：C解析：根据第三段最后两句话可知，通过运动可以增强身体健康。
口语部分：7. 答案：In my opinion, the best way to relax is to take a walk in nature. It helps me clear my mind and relieve stress.解析：根据个人观点，最好的放松方式是在大自然中散步。
这有助于清理思路和减轻压力。
写作部分：8. 答案：The advantages of studying abroad outweigh the disadvantages. Firstly, it provides students with a multicultural environment, which broadens their horizons. Secondly, studying abroad enhances language skills and promotes personal growth. Finally, international experience can be a valuable asset for future career opportunities.解析：留学的优势大于劣势。
2020年3月26日托福听力答案解析
2020年3月26日托福听力答案解析托福听力Conversation 1女生刚刚成为outdoor workshop的新晋会长，然后老师恭喜她，她就跟老师说没有收到邮件，然后希望你能当我们leader，老师说你自己当就挺好的。
然后就想让这个教授做她的导师，因为她没做过leader就很紧张(有题)。
然后又说举行活动的一个地方被占了，反正吹了就问B—能够吗?professor就说挺好啊，是outdoor的活动呀，教授还说能够搞一些introductory的活动，还能够培养collaboration定下以后活动的基调，然后这个女生说自己活动的计划之类之类(这里有题)，教授听了说你这不是想的很好吗?而且我有一个学生说能够为你的社团提供fund。
托福听力Lecture 1[人类学]讲英国的巨石阵Stone Henge和距离它不远的Durrington Wall, 巨石阵是石头做的，两圈，而那个Wall是木炭/木材建的(石头永久，木头不永久，推测可能有象征意义，有题)，里面发现了一些动物尸骨和Pottery，两个地方都有path到河边。
所以推测他们先到Durrington Wall吃大餐feast, 然后去河边，再去巨石阵祭祀(有题考顺序)。
托福听力Lecture 2[考古学]Ice Age后有一段特殊气温降低时期使大型动物消失，科学家发现了一层PBD? 大概是一层glacier，下面有大型动物化石而上面没有，所以推测这可能是一个原因。
然后另一个可能是陨石原因，提到恐龙灭绝是因为陨石撞地球。
然后这层PBD中含有很多nano颗粒，以及一种化学微颗粒，考虑源于meter dust。
但是房顶上也有这种化学微颗粒，所以不能完全推断大型动物灭绝的原因。
托福听力Conversation 2学生改了topic题目(主旨题)，一开始topic是古代北非burberry地区相关，但是因为时间太久远几乎找不到什么资料，教授推荐了个网址去搜资料。
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为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO26听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO26听力Conversation2文本
Narrator: Listen to a conversation between a student and her biology professor．
Professor: Hi, Jean．How was the…uh, the conference, right? The conference on volunteerism? That’s where you were last week．
Student: Yeah. It was great. I met a lot of people from some really amazing organizations that are working in the area．Now it would be a lot easier to get students to volunteer in the community．Plus, I’ve never been to any of the beaches here before．Being at the beach was definitely a plus．
Professor: Well, I hope you had time to look over the notes from the class you missed．You did get the notes, right?
Student: Yup．I’II look them over before tomorrow’s class．
Professor: Good．And let me know if you have any questions.
Student: Well, there is something that I wanted to ask you now．It’s about something I noticed at the beach．
Professor: Oh, what’s that?
Student: Well, see, there are a lot of jellyfish there, floating in the water.
Professor: That couldn’t have been pleasant.
Student: Not for swimming. But it was interesting. I mean, the jellyfish were glowing．I swear they were．And I am wondering what that’s about．
Professor: Ah, glowing jellyfish．That is interesting. Uh, it’s called bioluminescence．And actually we are going to talk about it later in the semester．Basically, bioluminescence is light that’s produced by a chemical reaction.
Student: Really? Inside the jellyfish?
Professor: Well, not all jellyfish, about half of them．Actually, a lot of marine organisms have this ability, especially in deeper parts of the ocean．
Student: Oh? I get it. Like the darker it gets, the more the fish needs light, right?
Professor: Well．bioluminescence serves a number of functions．Most aquatic organisms use it for communication and for attracting prey．But jellyfish usually use it as a defense against predators．Some jellyfish produce bright flashes of light that confuse predators, to, uh, to startle them．But jellyfish closer to the surface, probably like the jellyfish you saw, they use bioluminescence to hide．The light they produce matches the color of the dim sunlight, so they blend in, and, uh, and predators can’t see them．
Student: Wow, really? Well, I am looking for a topic for my term paper ,so maybe I could do it on these glowing jellyfish．That’s why I wanted to ask you about them, you know, to find out if there was really something to write about．
Professor: It’s a great topic．But you’II have to make sure the topic is manageable．Like I said, about half of all jellyfish are bioluminescent, so you may want to look at a particular type of jellyfish or several types that benefit from bioluminescence in the same way, or you could investigate current research on bioluminescence, on, on the chemical process, or…Here’s an idea．You seem to be very involved in local issues．See if you can identify the jellyfish you observed on the beach and how they fit into the local ecosystem．
Student: Yeah, you know, some of the environmental groups I met last week might even be able to help me．
托福TPO26听力Conversation2题目
1.Why does the student go to see the professor?
A. To obtain notes from a class she missed.
B. To discuss a conference she attended.
C. To ask about a possible topic for a research paper.
D. To clarify information about volunteering in the community.
2.What does the student say about the conference she attended?
A. It will help convince students to get involved in the community.
B. It taught her a lot about marine ecosystems.。