第六章 冠词

第1章冠词1.1 冠词概述冠词是一种虚词，放在名词（或名词词组）的前面，表示名词概念中泛指和特指的关系。

冠词分为不定冠词（the Indefinite Article）-- a(n)和定冠词（the Definite Article）-- the。

1.2 不定冠词1.2.1 不定冠词的用法：A)泛指某一类人或事物中的“任何一个”，用在单数可数名词之前。

A microscope is an instrument for examining very small objects.A woman has the same suffrage as a man.B)泛指某人的职业，阶级，宗教等，用在作补足语和同位语的名词之前。

His wish is to become an engineer.Dr Brown, a professor of Oxford University, is to deliver a lecture tomorrow.但如果这个职位在一个时期内只由一人担任时，则用零冠词（即不用冠词）。

As mayor of this city, it is my privilege to welcome you.He is head of the biology department.C)指量用法，当不定冠词用于指量时，还保持着原来“one”的意义。

1）与单数可数名词连用，表示单位数量：“每一(个)”。

The carpet costs $25 a square metre.My watch gains twelve seconds a day.2）和数词hundred, thousand, million以及名词dozen, score 等连用。

A hundred soldiers were sent to reinforce the frontier guards.This paper bag will hold about a score of buns.D)表示“某一个”的意思，与表示星期几的名词连用或与被形容词修饰的星期几、月份等词连用。

I can't remember exactly when he came from London, but I'm sure it was on a Friday.On a sultry Monday afternoon he went swimming by the seaside.E)表示“一种”、“一次”等意义，不定冠词用在抽象名词和物质名词之前。

A great vitality is to be found all over the country.The meeting proceeded in a friendly atmosphere.The Prime Minister received a hearty welcome.Her beautiful dress is made of a fine silk.1.2.2 姓名不用冠词人的姓名为专有名词, 一般不用任何冠词，但要表示某个叫这样名字的人或转化为一个普通名词时，就可以加不定冠词。

I met a Mr Denial of our company on the street yesterday.That ingenious carpenter is quite a Lu Ban.1.2.3 不定冠词用在可数名词前有时不定冠词用在一个具体的可数名词前，表示抽象的含义。

My sister likes to listen to music, therefor she has an ear for it.我姐姐喜欢听音乐，所以她对音乐有欣赏力。

He always turns a deaf ear to other's advice.他对别人的劝告总当做耳边风。

1.3 定冠词除大多数专有名词以外，定冠词能与各类名词搭配使用，定冠词主要用来特指某(些)事物，以区别于同类中其他的人或事物。

可用于：1.3.1 特指上文提到过的事物，His car struck a tree, you can still see the mark on the tree.He ordered a book some time ago. The book has now arrived.1.3.2 用在带有后置性定语的名词之前，The aeroplane the children were watching was a jet.The man on the horse is reading a novel.1.3.3 用于表示独一无二的事物的名词前，或在表示方位、左右等的名词之前，the earth, the moon, the sky, the weather, the North Pole, the south/west, the wind, the left/right等。

The dark clouds threatened a big storm.The wind has changed to the south.1.3.4 表示说话人与听话人双方都了解的人或物，Would you mind my turning off the light?He's going on a trip and is taking the family along.He sent for the doctor.1.3.5 用于形容词最高级和序数词之前，Most people think that Monday is the worst day of the week.An unprecedented earthquake destroyed millions of houses on the twenty-eighth day of July in 1976.如果在序数词（second, third, etc.）前加不定冠词，就表示“再一”，“又一”的意思。

Won't you have a second helping of meat?I really must buy a second (=another) pair of shoes.He succeeded in his experiment the second time ,but he did it a third time to make sure.1.3.6 用在表示乐器的名词前，She learned to play the flute.但如表示某种乐器时，则可使用不定冠词，My father bought me a piano as a birthday present.1.3.7 the+形容词/分词表示“一类人或事物”；the+姓的复数表示“一家”。

We respect the righteous but we despise the wicked.我们敬重正直的人，而鄙视不道德的人。

We should think of the poor, the old, and the sick.我们应该关心穷人，老人和病人。

The Jensens are a typical American farm family.詹森一家是典型的美国农场家庭。

The Miss Sullivans will return to New York.莎丽文家的女士们将回纽约去。

The unexpected always happens.天有不测风云。

由普通名词组成的专有名词前面一般加定冠词。

the Royal society of London 伦敦皇家学会the United States of America 美利坚合众国the May Fourth Movement五四运动the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence 和平共处五项原则1.3.8 定冠词常用在介词短语中，代替与句中宾语有关的所有格代词指已提到过的人的身体（或衣着）的一部分。

He took his friend by the hand.He gave the thief a box on the ear.The brave soldier was wounded in the leg.1.3.9 定冠词用在江河、湖泊、海洋的名字前，the West Lake西湖the Mediterranean Sea 地中海the Yangtze River长江1.4 零冠词零冠词（Omission of Articles）即不使用冠词。

1.5 大多数专有名词前都不加冠词，Morse, the inventor of the telegraph, was an American.All the people deeply lamented the departure of Premier Zhou.Would you please tell me where Jiaotong University is?International Children's day is coming.On Christmas Eve Western people usually get together and dance.1.6 物质名词，复数可数名词前用零冠词表示泛指，抽象名词前表示一般概念Water is transformed into steam by heat.Electricity is a form of energy.Don't stand in the doorway. There are people waiting to come in.Unity is strength.1.7 一日三餐的名称前，表示季节、月份或星期几名称前用零冠词，She arrived at supper.The breakfast was well cooked.School begins in September.Day is fading into dark.I have been busy all week.1.8 一些体育名词前，如球类、棋类、游戏等名称前一般用零冠词，Boys like playing football, basketball, baseball, etc.Chess, card playing and dancing are forms of indoor recreation.I like fishing, hunting but I don't like riding.1.9 语言或学科名称前一般用零冠词，He majors in English/physics.1.10 两个相对词并用时用零冠词，day by day, arm in arm, face to face等。