2011届英语阅读理解专练---细节理解题2学习的啊
2011年职称英语考试理工类A级阅读理解练习题（1）
为了让⼴⼤考⽣更有效的备战2011年职称英语考试，整理了以下“理⼯类A级阅读理解练习题”资料，供考⽣复习。
阅读理解 下⾯有3篇短⽂，每篇短⽂后有5道题。
请根据短⽂内容，为每题确定1个选项。
第⼀篇More Than a Ride to School The National Education Association claims, "The school bus is a mirror of the community." They further add that, unfortunately, what appears on the exterior does not always reflect the reality of a chosen community. They are right ——sometimes it reflects more! Just ask Liesl Denson. Riding the school bus has been more than a ride to school for Liesl. Bruce Hardy, school bus driver for Althouse Bus Company has been Liesrs bus driver since kindergarten. Last year when Liesrs family moved to Parkesburg, knowing her bus wemt by her new residence, she requested to ride the same bus. This year Liesl is a senior and will enjoy her last year riding the bus. She says, "It's been a great ride so far! My bus driver is so cool and has always been a good friend and a good listener. Sometimes when you're a child adults do not think that what you have to say is important. Mr. Hardy always listens to what you have to say and makes you feel important." Her friends Ashley Batista and Amanda Wolfe agree. Bruce Hardy has been making Octorara students feel special since 1975. This year he will celebrate 30 years working for Althouse Bus Company. Larry Althouse, president of the company, acknowledges Bruce Hardy's outstanding record: "You do not come by employees like Bruce these days. He has never missed a day of work and has a perfect driving record. He was recognized in 2000 by the Pennsylvania School Bus Association for driving 350,000 accident free miles. Hardy's reputation is made further evident through the relationships he has made with the students that ride his bus." Althouse further adds, "Althouse Bus Company was established 70 years ago and has been providing quality transportation ever since. My grandfather started the business with one bus. Althouse Bus Company is delighted to have the opportunity to bring distinctive and safe service to our local school and community and looks forward to continuing to provide quality service for many more years to come." Three generations of business is not all the company has enjoyed. Thanks to drivers like Bruce Hardy, they have been building relationships through generations. Liesl's mother Carol also enjoys fond memories of riding Bruce Hardy's bus to the Octorara School District. 1 The word "mirror" in the first line could be best replaced by A "vehicle". B "device"…… C "need". D "reflection". 2 Bruce Hardy has been working with Althouse Bus Company A for 30 years. B for 70 years. C since last year. D since 2000. 3 Which of the following statements is NOT true of Bruce Hardy? A He is popular with his passengers. B He has never missed a day of work. C He is an impatient person. D He has driven 350,000 accident free miles. 4 Althouse Bus Company was founded by A Larry Althouse. B Althouse's grandfather. C Liesl's mother. D Ashley Batista. 5 Althouse Bus Company pays much attention to A employing young drivers. B running quality schools. C providing free driving lessons. D building sound relationships. 第⼆篇A Phone That Knows You're Busy It's a modem problem: you're too busy to be disturbed by incessant （连续不断的） phone calls so you turn your cellphone off. But if you don't remember to turn it back on when you're less busy, you could miss some important calls. If only the phone knew when it was wise to interrupt you, you wouldn't have to turn it off at all. Instead, it could let calls through when you are not too busy. A bunch of behavior sensors （传感器） and a clever piece of software could do just that, by analyzing your behavior to determine if it's a good time to interrupt you. If built into a phone, the system may decide you're too busy and ask the caller to leave a message or ring back later. James Fogarty and Scott Hudson at Camegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania based their system on tiny microphones, cameras and touch sensors that reveal body language and activity. First they had to study different behaviors to find out which ones strongly predict whether your mind is interrupted. The potential "busyness" signals they focused on included whether the office doors were left open or closed, the time of day, if other people were with the person in question, how close they were to each other, and whether or not the computer was in use. The sensors monitored these and many other factors while four subjects were at work. At random intervals, the subjects rated how interruptible they were on a scale ranging from "highly interTuptible" to "highly not-interruptible". Their ratings were then correlated with the various behaviors. "It is a shotgun （随意的） approach: we used all the indicators we could think of and then let statistics find out which were important," says Hudson. The model showed that using the keyboard, and talking on a landline or to someone else in the office correlated most strongly with how interruptible the subjects judged themselves to be. Interestingly, the computer was actually better than people at predicting when someone was too busy to be interrupted. The computer got it right 82 per cent of the time humans 77 per cent. Fogarty speculates that this might be because people doing the interrupting are inevitably biased towards delivering their message, whereas computers don't care. The first application for Hudson and Fogarty's system is likely to be in an instant messaging system, followed by office phones and cellphones. "There is no technological roadblock （障碍）to it being deployed in a couple of years," says Hudson. 6 A big problem facing people today is that A they must tolerate phone disturbances or miss important calls B they must turn off their phones to keep their homes quiet. C they have to switch from a desktop phone to a Cellphone. D they are too busy to make phone calls. 7 The behavior sensor and software system built in a phone A could help store messages. B could send messages instantly. C could tell when it is wise to interrupt you. D could identify important phone calls. 8 Scientists at Camegie Mellon University tried to find out A why office doors were often left open. B when it was a good time to turn off the computer. C what questions office workers were bothered with. D which behaviors could tell whether a person was busy 9 During the experiment, the subjects were asked A to control the sensors and the camera.0 0 B t o r a t e t h e d e g r e e s t o w h i c h t h e y c o u l d b e i n t e r r u p t e d . b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 7 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 8 " > 0 0 C t o c o m p a r e t h e i r b e h a v i o r s w i t h o t h e r s ' . b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 9 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 0 " > 0 0 D t o a n a l y z e a l l t h e i n d i c a t o r s o f i n t e r r u p t i o n . b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 1 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 2 " > 0 0 1 0 T h e c o m p u t e r p e r f o r m e d b e t t e r t h a n p e o p l e i n t h e s t u d y b e c a u s e b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 3 " > b r b d s f i d = " 21 4 " > 0 0 A t h e c o m p u t e r w o r k e d h a r d e r . b r b d s f i d = "2 1 5 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 6 " > 0 0 B t h e c o m p u te r w a s n o t b u s y . b r b d sf i d = " 2 1 7 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 8 " > 0 0 C p e o p l e t e n d e d t o b e b i a s e d . b r b d sf i d = " 2 1 9 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 2 0 " > 0 0 D p e o p l e w e r e n o tg o o d a t s t a t i s t i c s . b r b d s f i d = " 2 2 1 " >。
2024届高考英语阅读理解专练(含答案)
第一部分阅读理解四选一阅读理解的高考分值是37.5分，占比较大；考试分配时间为：28分钟左右；文章体裁分为：应用文，记叙文，说明文，议论文和新闻报道等。
阅读理解题目在文章中分布均匀，且多在段首和段尾。
题型为：细节理解题，推理判断题，词义猜测题，主旨大意题等，大多数题型为细节理解题和推理判断题。
卷别年份篇目语篇类型主题考查题型主题语境主题内容细节理解推理判断主旨大意词义猜测新课标Ⅰ卷2023A应用文人与社会自行车租赁服务3B记叙文人与自然污水净化生态箱13C说明文人与自我数字极简主义生活方式31 D说明文人与社会“群体智慧”效应121新高考Ⅰ卷2022A应用文人与自我课程评分细则21B说明文人与社会减少食物浪费31C说明文人与社会养老院养鸡项目121 D说明文人与社会饮食结构影响语音211新课标Ⅱ卷2023A应用文人与自然黄石国家公园护林员项目3B记叙文人与自我Urban Sprouts菜园子项目211 C说明文人与社会书籍介绍121D说明文人与自然接触自然有益健康22新高考Ⅱ卷2022A应用文人与社会博物馆参观信息3B记叙文人与社会新媒体的影响121 C说明文人与社会司机无视手机禁令1111 D说明文人与自我运动可以促进心脏健康22(细节理解题＋推理判断题＋词义猜测题＋段落大意题)【典例印证】【破题关键点】(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism,including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why itworks, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1，600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high－quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.1. What is the book aimed at?A. Teaching critical thinking skills.B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.C. Solving philosophical problems.D. Promoting the use of a digital device.2. What does the underlined word “declutter”in paragraph3 mean?A. Clear－up.B. Add－on.1. 先读第1题的题干，标出关键词________→根据关键词，从第一段开始浏览，寻找和题干关键词意思相近的________，确定此处内容是本题根据→根据本句中的“to make the case for digital minimalism(为数字极简主义辩护)”，确定第1题的答案________2. 再读第2题的题干，关键词是画线词________→根据关键词，从第1段后浏览，在第三段找到画线词→找到关键词后把此处内容和四个选项进行比对，确定第2题的答案________3. 然后读第3题的题干，标出关键词________→根据关键词，从第2题关键词后面浏览，寻找题干中的关键词→找到关键词后把此处内容和四个选项进行比对，确定第3题的答案________4. 最后读第4题的题干，标出关键词________→根据关键词，从第3题关键词后面浏览，寻找题干中的关键词→找到关键词后把此处内容和四个选项进行比对，确定第4题的答案________答案 1. aimed; goal; B2. declutter; A3. the final chapter of part one; C4. practices; AC. Check－in.D. Take－over.3. What is presented in the final chapter of part one?A. Theoretical models.B. Statistical methods.C. Practical examples.D. Historical analyses.4. What does the author suggest readers do with the practicesoffered in part two?A. Use them as needed.B. Recommend them to friends.C. Evaluate their effects.D. Identify the ideas behind them.题型微解题型微解1：细节理解题细节理解题是高考题型中考查较多的题型，也是容易得分的题型，该题型分为：直接细节题，间接细节题，数字计算题和归纳概括题。
2011高考英语阅读理解分类汇编之社会生活类(附答案)
2011高考英语阅读理解分类汇编之社会生活类1.（2011·天津卷）DBlind imitation (模仿)is self-destruction.To those who do not recognize their unique worth. Imitation appears attractive: to those who know their strenghth. Imitation is unacceptable.In the early stages of skill or character development, imitation is helpful. When I first learned to cook, I used recipes (菜谱) and turned out some tasty dishes. But soon I grew bored. Why follow someone else’s way of cooking when I could create my own? Imitating role models is like using training wheels on a child’s bicycle; they help you get going, but once you find your own balance, you fly faster and farther without relying on them.In daily life, imitation can hurt us if we subconsciously (下意识地) hold poor role models. If, as a child, you observed people whose lives were bad, you may have accepted their fear and pain as normal and gone on to follow what they did. If you do not make strong choices for yourself, you will get the results of the weak choices of others.In the field of entertainment, our culture glorifies celebrities. Those stars look great on screen. But when they step off screen, their personal lives may be disastrous. If you are going to follow someone, focus on their talent, not their bad character or unacceptable behaviors.Blessed is the person willing to act on their sundden desire to create somrthing unique.Think of the movies,books,teachers,and friends that have affected you most deeply.They touched you because their creations were motivated by inspiration,not desperation.The world is changed not by those who do what has been done brfore them,but by those who do what has been done inside them.Creative people have an endless resource of ideas.The problem a creator faces is not running out of material;it is what to do with the material knocking at the door of imagination.Syudy your role models,accept the gifts they have given,and leave behind what does not server.Then you can say,”I stand on the shoulders of my ancestors”tragedies and tory ,and know that they are cheering on.51.Imitation proves useful when you .A.know you are uniqueB.lose the bslance of lifeC.begin to learn something newD.get tired of routine practice52. To avoid the bad result of imitation, we should________.A. forget daily fear and painB. choose the right exampleC. ask others for decisionsD. stay away from stars53.Acording to the author. The world moves on because of those who are .A. desperate to intruence others with their knowledgeB. ready to turn their original ideas into realityC. eager to discover what their ancestors didD. willing to accept others’ideas54.The trouble a creator faces is .A. the lack of strong motivationB. the absence of practical ideasC. how to search for more materialsD. how to use imagination creatively55. What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?A. To highlight the importance of creatively.B. To criticize the characters of role models.C. To compare imitation with creation.D. To explain the meaning of success.CBBDA2.（2011·天津卷）CAn idea that started in Seattle's public library has spread throughout America and beyond. The concept is simple: help to build a sense of community in a city by getting everyone to read the same book at the same tome.In addition to encouraging reading as a pursuit (追求) to be enjoyed by all, the program allows strangers to communicate by discussing the book on the bus, as well as promoting reading as an experience to be shared in families and schools. The idea came from Seattle librarian NancyPearl who launched (发起）the "If All of Seattle Read the Same Book " project in 1998. Her original program used author visits,study guides and book discussion groups to bring people together with a book, but the idea has since expanded to many other American cities, and even to Hong kong.In Chicago, the mayor(市长）appeared on television to announce the choice of To Kill a Mockingbird as the first book in the "One Book, One Chicago" program. As a result, reading clubs and neighbourhood groups sprang up around the city. Across the US, stories emerged of parents and children reading to each other at night and strangers chatting away on the bus about plot and character.The only problem arose in New York ,where local readers could not decide on one book to represent the huge and diverse population. This may show that the idea works best in medium-sized cities or large towns,where a greater sense of unity(一致）can be achieved .Or it may show that New Yorkers rather missed the point ,putting all their energyAnd passion into the choice of the book rather than discussion about a book itself.Ultinatel was Nancy points out,the level of sucicess is not meastured by how many people read a book,but by how many people are enriched by the process.or have enjoyed speaking to someone with whom they would not otherwise have shared a word.46.What is the purpose of the project launched by Nancy?A.To invite authors to guide readers.B.To encourage people to read and share.C.To involve people in communnity service.D.To promote the friendship between cities.47.Why was it difficult for New Yorkers to carry out the projict?A.They had little interest in reading.B.They were too busy to read a book.C.They came from many different backgroundsD.They lacked support from the locat government48.According to the passage,where would the project be more easily carried out?A.In large communities with little sense of unityB.In large cities where libraries are far from homeC.In medium-sized cities with a diverse populationD.In large towns where agreement can be quickly reached49.The underlined words“shared a word”in Paragraph 5 probably meanA.exchanged ideas with each otherB.discussed the meaning of a wordC.gamed life experienceed the same language50.According to Nacy,the degree of students of the project is judged byA.the careful selection of a proper bookB.the growing popularity of the writersC.the number of people who benefit from reading.D.the number of books that each person reads.BCDAC3.（2011·重庆卷）ESkeptics are a stange lot. Some of them refuse to admit the serious threat of human activities to the enviroment, and they are tired of people who disagree with them. Those people, say skeptics, spread nothing but bad news about the environment. The “eco-guilt” brought on by the discouraging news about our planet gives rise to the popularity of skeptics as people search for more comforting worldviews.Perhaps that explain why a new book by Bjorn Lomborg received so much publicity. That book, The Skeptical Environmentalist, declares that it measures the “real state of the world” as fine. Of course, another explanation is the deep pockets some big businesses with special intererts. Indeed, Mr. Lomborg’s views are similar to those of some Industry-funded organizations, which start huge activities though the media to confuse the public about issues like global warming.So it was strange to see Mr. Lomborg’s book go largely unchallenged in the media though his beliefs were contrary to most scientific opinions. One national newspaper in Canada ran a number of articles and reviews full of words of praise, even with the conclusion that “After Lomborg, the environmental movement will begin to die down.”Such one-sided views should have immediately been challenged. But only a different review appeared in Nature, a respected science magazine with specific readership. The review remarked that Mr. Lomborg’s “preference for unexamined materials is incredible (不可信的)”。
2011全国职称英语阅读理解学习
31．Hurricane Katrina卡特里娜飓风①飓风眼是 C 。
②requirement（必要条件）解释不对的是 A 。
③drive解释 C 。
④从海面上升的暖流 B 。
⑤最后一段不正确的是 D 。
①一个直径12~60英里的、平静的低气压中心地带②海平面温度超过27°C③提供运行的动力或起因④低压⑤人道主义危机与大萧条一样严重32．Mind-reading Machine读心机①通过眼睛发送信息的过程是 C 负责。
②不正确的 D 。
③突出显示大脑工作区域 A 。
④研究员试验 B 。
⑤标题 B 。
①大脑中的神经元②读心机帮助科学家发现如何开发大脑智力③大脑处理信息的部分④两个志愿者⑤你的想法能被扫描33．Experts Call for Local and Regional Control of Si tes for Radioactive Waste专家呼吁局部和区域控制放射性废物地点①withdrawal指 B 。
②俩科学家认为，核设施的选址 B 。
③关于1987年国会决定核废料处理地点不正确的是 D 。
④作者在4段尝试说 C 。
⑤regional approach区域的方法指 A 。
①撤销，中止②由地方政府和州政府③3段，国会接受地方政府④建造核废料处理点适应地方情况⑤核废料处理点定在靠近反应堆和适应地区条件34．Batteries Built by Viruses病毒电池①1段， C 。
②Belcher的团队现在做 C 。
③shrink收缩；变小的反义词指 D 。
④6段提到Belcher的电池正确的是 D 。
⑤电池部件如何小 A 。
①躲避病毒因为它们是各种疾病的起因②制造病毒电池③增大，扩张④金属圆盘里面是病毒⑤十分之一头发的宽度35．Putting Plants to Work植物效能①关于植物与太阳能 C 。
②研究植物如何将阳光二氧化碳水转化成糖和淀粉的原因 B 。
③在 B 条件下水藻能够利用太阳能制造氢气。
2011英语阅读
2011英语阅读摘要：一、引言1.介绍2011 年英语阅读的相关背景2.阐述英语阅读在学生学习中的重要性二、2011 年英语阅读的主要内容1.阅读材料的多样性2.阅读技巧的培养3.阅读理解的提高三、2011 年英语阅读的教学方法1.教师引导下的自主阅读2.合作学习与讨论3.多媒体辅助教学四、2011 年英语阅读对学生的帮助1.提高学生的英语综合素质2.增强学生的跨文化交际能力3.为学生未来的学习和职业发展打下基础五、结论1.总结2011 年英语阅读的特点和优势2.展望未来英语阅读教育的发展趋势正文：随着全球化的发展和国际交流的日益频繁，英语已经成为了一种必不可少的工具。
在这种背景下，2011 年的英语阅读教学在培养学生阅读能力、提高阅读理解水平、拓展知识面等方面发挥了重要作用。
本文将从以下几个方面对2011 年的英语阅读进行分析和讨论。
一、引言英语阅读是英语学习的重要组成部分，它不仅能帮助学生提高英语水平，还能拓宽他们的视野，培养他们的思维能力。
因此，对2011 年英语阅读的研究具有重要的现实意义。
二、2011 年英语阅读的主要内容2011 年的英语阅读涵盖了丰富的主题和题材，既有经典文学作品，也有现代通俗读物，更有涉及科技、社会、文化等领域的文章。
这使得学生在阅读过程中，不仅能欣赏到优美的英语文字，还能了解到各种知识，从而提高自己的综合素质。
此外，2011 年的英语阅读教学还注重培养学生的阅读技巧。
通过指导学生运用略读、寻读、细读等不同的阅读策略，使他们在阅读过程中能更高效地获取信息，提高阅读理解能力。
三、2011 年英语阅读的教学方法2011 年的英语阅读教学采用了多种方法，如教师引导下的自主阅读、合作学习与讨论、多媒体辅助教学等。
这些教学方法既激发了学生的学习兴趣，又培养了他们的自主学习能力和团队合作精神。
在教师引导下的自主阅读中，教师会根据学生的实际水平，选择适当的阅读材料，并给予指导和建议，使学生在阅读过程中遇到问题时能够自主解决。
上海2011届高考英语阅读训练加强版
某某2011届高考英语阅读训练加强版Reading prehension（1）Questions 1-11The work of the railroad pioneers in America became the basis for a great surge of railroad building halfway through the nineteenth century that linked the nation together as never before. R ailroads eventually became the nation’s number one transportation system, and remained so until the construction of the interstate highway system halfway through the twentieth century. They were of crucial importance in stimulating economic expansion, but their influence reached beyond the economy and was pervasive in American society at large.By 1804, English as well as American inventors had experimented with steam engines for moving land vehicles. In 1920, John Stevens ran a lootive and cars around in a circular track on his New Jersey estate, which the public saw as an amusing toy. And in 1825, after opening a short length of track, the Stockton to Darlington Railroad in England became the first line to carry general traffic. American businesspeople, especially those in the Atlantic coastal region who looked for better munication with the West, quickly became interested in the English experiment. The first pany in America to begin actual operations was the Baltimore and Ohio, which opened a thirteen- mile length of track in 1830. It used a team of horses to pull a train of passenger carriages and freight wagons along the track. Steam lootive power didn’t e into regular service until two years later.However, for the first decade or more, there was not yet a true railroad system. Even the longest of the lines was relatively short in the 1830’s, and most of them served simply to connect water routes to each other, not to link one railroad to another. Even when two lines did connect, the tracks often differed in width, so cars from one line couldn’t fit onto tracks of the next line. Schedules were unreliable and wrecks were frequent. Significantly, however, some important developments during the 1830’s and 1840’s included the introduction of h eavier iron rails, more flexible and powerful lootives, and passenger cars were redesigned to bee more stable, fortable, and larger. By the end of 1830 only 23 miles of track had been laid in the country. But by 1936, more than 1,000 miles of track had been laid in eleven States, and within the decade, almost 3,000 miles had been constructed. By that early age, the United States had already surpassed Great Britain in railroad construction, and particularly from the mid-1860’s, the late nineteenth century belonged to the railroads.1 The word “stimulating” in line 5 is closest in meaning to(a)helping(b)changing(c)promoting(d)influencing2The word “their” in line 6 refers to(a)r ailroad pioneers(b)railroads(c)the interstate highway system(d)American society3Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?(a)The United States regarded Great Britain as a petitor in developing the mostefficient railroad system(b)Steam lootive power was first used in 1832(c)American businessmen saw railroads as a threat to established businesses(d)Steam lootives replaced horses because of the distances across the country4 The author concludes that for the first decade or more, there was not yet a true railroad system because(a)passenger cars were not stable, fortable or large(b)lootives were not powerful enough(c)schedules were unreliable and wrecks were frequent(d)lines were relatively short and not usually linked5 The word “schedules” in line 23 is closest in meaning to:(a) safety procedures(b) employees(c) timetables(d) railroad tracks6 Which of the following is NOT true about the 1830’s and 1840’s (line 24)(a)passenger cars became larger(b)schedules were reliable(c)lootives became more powerful(d)tracks were heavier7 The word “stable” in line 26 is closest in meaning t o(a) fixed(b)supportive(c)reliable(d)sound8 By what time had almost 3,000 miles of track been laid?(a)1830(b)1836(c)1840(d)mid-1860s9 The word “surpassed” in line 29 is closest in meaning to(a) exceeded(b)beaten(c)overtaken(d)equaled10 Where in the passage does the author outline the main conclusions about theimportance of railroads in America?(a)Lines 3-7(b)Lines 14-18(c)Lines 19-21(d)Lines 29-3111 Why does the author include details about Great Britain in the passage?(a) To pare developments in both the United States and Great Britain(b) To illustrate the petitiveness between the two countries(c) To show where Americans got their ideas and technology from(d)To provide a more plete historical contextQuestions 12-19The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded annually and the first woman to win this prize was Baroness Bertha Felicie Sophie von Suttner in 1905. In fact, her work inspired the creation of the Prize. The first American woman to win this prize was Jane Addams, in 1931. However, Addams is best known as the founder of Hull House.Jane Addams was born in 1860, into a wealthy family. She was one of a small number of women in her generation to graduate from college. Her mitment to improving the lives of those around her led her to work for social reform and world peace. In the 1880s Jane Addams travelled to Europe. While she was in London, she visited a ‘settlement house’ called Toynbee Hall. Inspired by Toynbee Hall, Addams and her friend, Ellen Gates Starr, opened Hull House in a neighborhood of slums in Chiacago in 1899. Hull House provided a day care center for children of working mothers, a munity kitchen, and visiting nurses. Addams and her staff gave classes in English literacy, art, and other subjects. Hull House also became a meeting place for clubs and labor unions. Most of the people who worked with Addams in Hull House were well educated, middle-class women. Hull House gave them an opportunity to use their education and it provided a training ground for careers in social work.Before World War I, Addams was probably the most beloved woman in America. In a newspaper poll that asked, “Who among our contemporaries are of the most value to the munity?”, Jane Addams was rated second, after Thomas Edison. When she opposed A merica’s involvement in World War I, however, newspaper editors called her a traitor and a fool, but she never changed her mind. Jane Addams was a strong champion of several other causes. Until 1920, American women could not vote. Addams joined in themove ment for women’s suffrage and was a vice president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. She was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and was president of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom. . Her reputation was gradually restored during the last years of her life. She died of cancer in 1935.12With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?(a)The first award of the Nobel Peace Prize to an American woman(b)A woman’s work for social reform and world peace(c)The early development of Social Work in America(d)Contributions of educated women to American society13 Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?(a)the work of Baroness Bertha Felicie Sophie von Suttner was an inspirationto Jane Addams(b)Jane Addams is most famous for her opening of Hull House(c)those who lived near Hull House had very poor literacy skills(d)Jane addams considered herself as a citizen of the world rather than of oneparticular country14 The word “mitment” in line 6 is closest in meaning to(a) involvement(b) obligation(c) dedication(d) enthusiasm15 Jane Addams was inspired to open Hull House because:(a) it gave educated women an opportunity to use their education anddevelopcareers in social work(b)she traveled to Europe in the 1880s(c)she visited Toynbee Hall(d)she was invited by a ‘settlement house’ in Chicago16T he word “their” in line 15 refers to(a) children of working mothers(b) middle-class women(c) visiting nurses(b)labor union members17The word “contemporaries” in line 18 is closest in meaning to(a)people of the same time(b)famous people still alive(c)elected officials(d)people old enough to vote18 According to the passage, Jane Addams’ reputation was damaged when she(a) allowed Hull House to bee a meeting place for clubs and labor unions(c)joined in the movement for women’s suffrage(c) became a founding member of the NAACP(d) opposed America’s involvement in World War I19Where in the passage does the author mention the services provided by Hull House?(a)lines 5-10(b)lines 10-15(c)lines 15-20(d)lines 20-25Questions 20-29The medieval artists didn’t know about perspective; they didn’t want to make their people look like real, individual people in a real, individual scene. They wanted to show the truth, the eternal quality of their religious stories. So these artists didn’t need to know about perspective.In the European Renaissance period, artists wanted to show the importance of the individual person and his or her possessions and surroundings. A flat medieval style couldn’t show this level of reality and the artists needed a new technique. It was the Italian artist Brunelleschi who discovered the technique of perspective drawing. At first the artists of the Renaissance only had single-point perspective. Later they realized that they could have two-pointed perspective and still later multi-point perspective.With two-point perspective they could turn an object (like a building) at an angle to the picture and draw two sides of it. The technique of perspective which seems so natural to us now is an invented technique, a part of the “grammar of painting”. Like all bits of grammar there are exceptions about perspective. For example, only vertical and horizontal surfaces seem to meet on ey e level. Sloping roof tops don’t meet on eye level.For 500 years, artists in Europe made use of perspective drawing in their pictures. Nevertheless, there are a range of priorities that artists in displaying individual styles. Crivelli wanted to show depth in his picture and he used a simple single-point perspective. Cezanne always talked about space and volume. Van Gogh, like some of the other painters of the Impressionist period, was interested in Japanese prints. And Japanese artists until this century were always very strong designers of “flat” pictures. Picasso certainly made pictures which have volume and depth. However, he wanted to keep our eyes on the surface and to remind us that his paintings are paintings and not illusions.It is technically easy to give an illusion of depth. However, a strong two dimensional design is just as important as a feeling of depth, and perhaps more important.20 The passage mainly discusses(a) the difference between medieval and Renaissance art(b) how the technique of perspective influenced the modern art(c) the discovery of the technique of perspective(d) the contribution of Renaissance artists21 The word “eternal” in line 3 is closest in meaning to(a)timeless(b)infinite(c)frequent(d)constant22 According to the passage, which is the main concern for medieval artists?(a)the individual person and his/her possessions and surroundings(b)real people, real scenes(c)eternal timeless truth of the earth(d)themes of religious stories23 The discovery of perspective was the result of(a)Renaissance artists’ to prove that the medieval artists could show levelof reality(b) the need to turn an object at an angle and draw more than oneside ofit(c) the subject being shifted from religious stories to individual person andsurroundings.(d) natural evolution of human senses24 The word “it” in line 12 refers to(a) the picture(b)perspective(c)angle(d)the object25 The word “Grammar ” in line 13 is closest in meaning to(a)construction(b)grammatical rules(c)rules and regulations(d)tones and volume26 The author’s purpose to give the example in line14-15 is to(a)explain how perspective work in painting(b)support two-pointed perspective(c)illustrate that there are exceptions about perspective(d)point out that the technique of perspective though seems so natural is aninvented technique27 The following artists’ priorities in style shift away from perspective except(a) Crivelli(b) Cezanne(c) Japanese artists(d) Brunelleschi28 The word ”Illusion” in line 25 is closest in meaning to(a)deception(b)photograph(c)decoration(d) illustration29 It can be inferred from the passage that Renaissance artists(a)embraced the medieval style of eternal truth(b)needed to develop a new approach towards painting to show a newlevel of reality(c)were inspired by vertical and horizontal surfaces in inventing thetechnique of perspective(d)saw two dimensional design more important than a feeling of depth Questions 30-39There are two main hypotheses when it es to explaining the emergence of modern humans. The ‘Out of Africa’ theory holds that homo sapiens burst onto the scene as a new species around 150,000 to 200,000 years ago in Africa and subsequently replaced archaic humans such as the Neandertals. The other model, known as multi-regional evolution or regional continuity, posits far more ancient and diverse roots for our kind. Proponents of this view believe that homo sapiens arose in Africa some 2 million years ago and evolved as a single species spread across the Old World, with populations in different regions linked through genetic and cultural exchange.Of these two models, Out of Africa, which was originally developed based on fossil evidence, and supported by much genetic research, has been favored by the majority of evolution scholars. The vast majority of these genetic studies have focused on DNA from living populations, and although some small progress has been made in recovering DNA from Neandertal that appears to support multi-regionalism, the chance of recovering nuclear DNA from early human fossils is quite slim at present. Fossils thus remain very much a part of the human origins debate.Another means of gathering theoretical evidence is through bones. Examinations of early modern human skulls from Central Europe and Australia dated to between 20,000 and 30,000 years old have suggested that both groups apparently exhibit traits seen in theirMiddle Eastern and African predecessors. But the early modern specimens from Central Europe also display Neandertal traits, and the early modern Australians showed affinities to archaic Homo from Indonesia. Meanwhile, the debate among paleoanthropologists continues , as supporters of the two hypotheses challenge the evidence and conclusions of each other.30The passage primarily discusses which of the following(a)Evidence that supports the “Out of Africa” theory(b)Two hypotheses and some evidence on the human origins debate(c)The difficulties in obtaining agreement among theorists on the humanorigins debate(d)That fossils remain very much a part of the human origins debate31The word “emergence” in line 1 is closest in meaning to(a)plexity(b)development(c)appearance(d)decline32The word “proponents” in line 6 is closet in meaning to(a)experts(b)advocates(c)inspectors(d)historians33All of the following are true except(a)three methods of gathering evidence are mentioned in the passage(b)the multi-regional model goes back further in history.(c)the Out of Africa model has had more support from scholars(d)DNA studies offer one of the best ways in future to provide clear evidence.34The word “slim” in line 14 is closest in meaning to(a)small(b)narrow(c)thin(d)difficult35Which of the following is not true(a)the vast majority of genetic studies have focused on living populations(b)early modern human skulls all support the same conclusions(c)both hypotheses focus on Africa as a location for the new species.(d)early modern Australian skulls have similarities to those from Indonesia.36In line 18, the word “their ” refers to which of the following(a)Middle Easterners and Africans(b)skulls(c)central Europeans and Australians(d)traits37Which of the following is NOT true about the two hypotheses(a)Both hypotheses regard Neandertals to be the predecessors of modernhumans(b)Genetic studies have supported both hypotheses(c)Both hypotheses cite Africa as an originating location.(d)One hypothesis dates the emergence of homo sapiens much earlier than theother.38It can be inferred from the passage that(a)there is likely to be an end to the debate in the near future(b)the debate will interest historians to take part in(c)the debate is likely to be less important in future(d)there is little likelihood that the debate will die down39According to the passage, the multi-regional evolution model posits far more diverse roots for our kind because(a)Evidence from examinations of early modern human skulls has e from anumber of different parts of the world.(b)DNA from Neandertal appears to support multi-regionalism(c)Populations in different regions were linked through genetic and culturalexchange(d)This has been supported by fossil evidenceQuestions 40-50Although management principles have been implemented since ancient times, most management scholars trace the beginning of modern management thought back to the early 1900s, beginning with the pioneering work of Frederick Taylor (1856-1915). Taylor was the first person to study work scientifically. He is most famous for introducing techniques of time and motion study, differential piece rate systems, and for systematically specializing the work of operating employees and managers. Along with other pioneers such as Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, Taylor set the stage, labeling his philosophy and methods “scientific management’. At that time, his philosophy, which was concerned with productivity, but which was often misinterpreted as promoting worker interests at the expense of management, was in marked contrast to the prevailing industrial norms of worker exploitation.The time and motion study concepts were popularized by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. The Gilbreths had 12 children. By analyzing his children’s dishwashing and bedmaking chores, this pioneer efficiency expert, Frank Gilbreth, hit on principles wherebyworkers could eliminate waste motion. He was memorialized by two of his children in their 1949 book called “Cheaper by the Dozen”.The Gilbreth methods included using stop watches to time worker movements and special tools (cameras and special clocks) to monitor and study worker performance, and also involved identification of “therbligs” (Gilbreth spelled backwards) – basic motions used in production jobs. Many of these motions and acpanying times have been used to determine how long it should take a skilled worker to perform a given job. In this way an industrial engineer can get a handle on the approximate time it should take to produce a product or provide a service. However, use of work analysis in this way is unlikely to lead to useful results unless all five work dimensions are considered: physical, psychological, social, cultural, and power.40.What is the passage primarily about?(a)The limitations of pioneering studies in understanding human behavior(b)How time and motion studies were first developed(c)The first applications of a scientific approach to understanding humanbehavior(d)The beginnings of modern management theory41. The word “ which” in line 9 refers to(a) scientific management(b) philosophy(c) productivity(d) time and motion study42.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that(a) workers weled the application of scientific management(b) Talor’s philosophy is different from the industrial norms(c) by the early 1900s science had reached a stage where it could beapplied to the workplace(d)workers were no longer exploited after the introduction of scientificmanagement.43. The word “prevailing” in line 10 is closest in meaning to(a)predominant(b)broadly accepted(c)prevalent(d)mon44.According to the passage, Frank Gilbreth discovered how workers couldeliminate waste motion by(a)using special tools such as cameras and clocks(b)using stop watches(c)applying scientific management principles(d)watching his children do their chores45. The basic motions used in production jobs were given which one offollowing names by Frank Gilbreth?(a) dimensions(b)gilreths(c) therbligs(d) monitors46.According to the passage, the time it takes a skilled worker to perform themotion of a given job can be measured by using:(a)stop watches(b)all 5 work dimensions(c)special tools(d)therbligs47. The word “motions” in line 20 is closest in meaning to(a)stop watches(b)habits(c)actions(d)special tools48. Where in the passage does the author ment that the principles of scientific management were often misunderstood?(a)Lines 1-5(b)Lines 6-10(c)Lines 11-15(d)Lines 16-2049. The word “ dimensions” in line 24 is closest in meanin g to(a) sizes(a)extents(b)aspects(c)standards50. All of the following are true except(a)scientific management was concerned with productivity.(b)the beginnings of modern management thought menced in the 19th century.(c)Frank Gilbreth’s fame was enha nced by two of his children writing a book.(d)analyzing work to increase productivity is not likely to be useful unless allof the dimensions are considered.Test 1– Answer Key1.c2.b3.b4.d5.c6.b7.d8.c9.a 10.a 11.d 12.b 13.b 14.c 15.c 16.b 17.a 18.d 19.b 20.b 21.a 22.d 23.c 24.d 25.c 26.c 27.d 28.a 29.b 30.b 31.c 32.b 33.d 34.a 35.b 36.c 37.a 38.d 39.c 40.d 41.b 42.b 43.a 44.d 45.c 46.d 47.c 48.b 49.c 50.b。
2011年英语专八考试真题及答案
2011年英语专八考试真题（影印完整版）2011专八真题阅读理解参考答案（周玉亮版）TEXT A11. A the family structure12. B English working class homes have spacious sitting rooms13. C stark14. A togetherness15. B constant pressure from the stateTEXT B16. A it further explains high-tech hubris17. B slow growth of the US economy18. A integrated the use of paper and the digital form19. C more digital data use leads to greater paper use20. A he review the situation from different perspectivesTEXT C21. D because Britons are still conscious of their class status22. D income is unimportant in determining which class one belongs to23. C Occupation and class are no longer related to each other24. C fewer types of work25. A showing modestyTEXD D26. D awkwardness27. B luxurious28. A they the couple as an object of fun29. C sweeping over the horizon, a precipice30. B the couple feel ill at ease2011专八人文知识真题参考答案（周玉亮版）31. B)英国最北部：Scotland；32. D)第一个到澳洲的人：Dutch；33. A)枫叶之国：Canada；34. B)The Common Sense的作者：Thomas Paine35. D) Virginia Woolf：Novelist；36. C) 历史叙事诗：Epic37. A) 探讨20世纪American Myth的文学作品：The Great Gatsby38. C）探讨语言和思维的学科：Cognitive Lingusitics39. A) 元音和辅音的区别：Obstruction of the air stream;40. C) 推动多种语言使用：Multilingualism2011年专八真题参考答案：改错部分2011年3月专八真题参考答案：改错部分From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, I knew that when I grew up I should be a writer. Between the ages of about seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon this idea, but I did so with the consciousness that I was outraging my true nature and that sooner or later I should have to settle down and write books.I was the middle child of three, but there was a gap of five years on either side, and I barely saw my father before I was eight. For this and other reasons I was somewhat lonely, and I soon developed disagreeable mannerisms which made me unpopular throughout my schooldays. I had the lonely child's habit of making up stories and holding conversations with imaginary persons, and I think from the very start my literary ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created a sort of private world in which I could get my own back for my failure in everyday life. Nevertheless the volume of serious — i.e. seriously intended — writing which I produced all through my childhood and boyhood would not amount to half a dozen pages. I wrote my first poem at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation._______________________1. grew 后加up2. conscience 改成consciousness3. soon 改成sooner4. the 去掉5. disagreeing 改成disagreeable6. imaginative 改成imaginary7. literal 改成literary8. in 去掉9. which 前加in10. Therefore, 改成Nevertheless2011年专八真题参考答案：汉译英部分2011年专八真题：汉译英原文现代社会无论价值观的持有还是生活方式的选择都充满了矛盾。
2011年高考英语真题解析分项版汇编 专题10社会生活、文化教育类阅读理解
2011年高考英语试题考点分项解析阅读理解分类汇编之社会生活类〔2011·重庆卷〕ESkeptics are stange lot.Some of them refuse to admit the serious threat of human activities to the enviroment, and they are tired of people who disagree with them.Those people,say skeptics,spread noting but bad news about the environment.The “eco-guilt〞brought on by the discouraging nes about our planet gives rise to the popularity od skeptice as people search for more comforting worldviews.Perhaps that explains why a new book by Bjorn Lomborg received so much publicity.That book ,The Skeptical Environmentalist, declares that it measures the “real state of the world〞as fine. Of course ,another explanation is the deep pockets of some big businesses with special intererts. Indeed, Mr. Lomborg’s views are similar to those of some Industry-funded organizations, which start huge activities though the media to confuse the public aboat issues like global warming.So it was strange to see Mr. Lomborg’s book go largely unchallenged in the media though his beliefs were contrary to most scientific opinions. One national newspaper in Canada ran a number of articles and reviews full of words of praise, even with the conclusion that “After Lomborg, the environmental movement will begin to die down.〞Such one-sided views should have immediately been challenged. But only a different review appeared in Nature, a respected science magazine with specific readership. The review remarked that Mr. Lomborg’s “preference for unexamined materials is incredible〔不可信的〕〞。
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雅思阅读题目出题的本质是三种替换：同义词/词组替换，句型替换，语法替换，笔者将从这三方面根据学生课堂笔记进行分类整理。以下是剑桥真题中的考点词,替换词,一次多义总结： 1.rigid/ stiff/ unchanged/ little change 僵硬的，一成不变的
2.significant/enormous/dramatic/tremendous/appreciably/remarkable/crucial/ 巨大的,明显的，程度大的/substantial
3.approximately 将近-nearly, almost 4.proportion/ percentage 比例 5.be involved (in)/ involve in/ involvement [n.] 涉及，卷入，参与 6.given/ considering , in regard to / despite/ although 有鉴于 考虑到，尽管 6.induce [v] 引入，引导，引诱/ inductive [n] 归纳 >< deduce /deductive推断 7.fortune/ destiny/ chances 8.deplete 开采完，耗尽/ exhaust –exhaust emission (尾气)排放/ exploit 9.complex 错综复杂的/ complicated/ sophisticated 老奸巨滑的，复杂的 10.capacity能力，容量/ competence （竞争）能力/ ability 能力（笼统的） 11.确保，保障：Secure-security/ ensure (insure)/ guarantee 押金 12.solely/ merely/ only 13.a vast array of 系列/ a great variety of 花样，品种/ a great rang 系列 of 14.pesticide 杀虫/ suicide 自杀/ homicide/ murder杀人 15.believe/ assume (responsibility)/ suppose 16.授权，委托：authorize/ commission 佣金/ entitle 头衔 + ment =right （权利） 17.purchase/ buy 18. ethnic 种族的/ ethic 伦理，道德的 + s =[n ] 19. modify/ change [v] shift work 轮班工作[n] 20. insight/knowledge/ learning/ understanding/ knowing 21.constrain拘泥，限制/ restrict 限制/ limit 22. circumstance 环境（社会 ）/ surroundings/ environment 环境（ 环保 ）背景 background 后台 / settings后台，布景/ context 上下文（ 文章中 ）
23.notorious 臭名昭著的/ flagrant臭的>24.移民：immigrant (进来)/ emigrant(出去)/migrant 25.兴旺，繁荣；prosperous/ thriving/ booming（人口，行业）/flourishing 26.神圣的：divine/ heavenly/ holy/ sacred 27.有毒的：poisonous/ toxic ( in-, non- 无毒的) 28.致命的：deadly/ fatal/ lethal/ mortal 29.类似于：look like/ resemble 30. chronic长期的,慢性的— long-term 长期的 31.网恋：virtual love/ cyber love 32.网友：on-line /net/ cyber friend 上网（聊天）chat on line/ go on-line cyber café/网吧 33.evolve-evolution 进化/ revolute-revolution 革命，旋转/ involve-involution 卷入，涉及
34. indicator/ predictor 表示诠释，预测 35.indicate/ demonstrate/ display/exhibit/betray 36. therapist /expert/ specialist 37. 优点，长处，美德：advantage/ merit/ virtue/ length 38. commonest/ frequent 39. 未开发的，初级的：rudimentary/ underdeveloped 40. 退化：degenerate/ -tion [n] ->generate 生产，制造/ degrade ->grade 等级/ deteriorate 恶化，每况愈下
41. 分类：category-categorize/ class-classify 42. consequence后果->影响/ subsequence紧跟其后/ sequence=order秩序/ frequency频率
43.clash 冲突（民族，种族）/crash 飞机坠毁 44. substitution=> substitute sth for sb /replace 45.alternative=> 选择性，代替性，辅助性 46.孤立：isolate/ alienate/insulate隔绝， 排外，孤立->be alien to/insulate (-ior) 绝缘，隔热（体）
47．缺点，不足之处：defect/ flaw/ failing/ disadvantage /drawback 48.创新的，发明的，新颖的，创新的：inventive (-tion)/ innovative (-tion)/ creative (-tion)/ ingenious (ity)/novel (-ty) =>[n]/creative/revolutionary
易错拼写：environment/ convenient 49．neutral 中立的，中性的 /negative 否定，消极，阴性的 /positive 肯定，积极，阳性的
50．ambiguous->ambiguity 模棱两可的，暧昧的/obscure 51.communicate 沟通，传达，通报 52.accommodate 1供...食宿，2=adapt to 适应，调整，3=hold 容纳，4使…停靠 53.commitment 1 ~ to sth 奉献 2 责任,义务 54．contribute to 导致 ~ result in /account for (占据)导致 54.缺乏的，不足的：inadequate/ insufficient/ deficient/lack (of)/ short (of) 55.强调：emphasize/ stress/ highlight/ focus on/ concentrate on
英语作文常用谚语、俗语 1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。 2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解，自欺欺人。 3、All rivers run into sea. 海纳百川。 4、All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。 5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。 6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善终。 7、Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 8、A faithful friend is hard to find. 知音难觅。 9、A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。 10、A friend is easier lost than found. 得朋友难，失朋友易。 11、A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。 12、A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者善终。 13、A good book is a good friend. 好书如挚友。 14、A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。 15、A mother's love never changes. 母爱永恒。 16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一苹果，不用请医生。 17、A single flower does not make a spring. 一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。 18、A year's plan starts with spring. 一年之计在于春。 19、A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。 20、Better late than never. 不怕慢，单怕站。 21、By reading we enrich the mind.读书使人充实， 22、Care and diligence bring luck. 谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。 23、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success. 自信是走向成功的第一步。 24、Custom is a second nature. 习惯是后天养成的。 25、Custom makes all things easy. 有个好习惯，事事皆不难。 26、Doing is better than saying. 与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。 27、Do nothing by halves. 凡事不可半途而废。 28、Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today. 今日事，今日毕。 29、Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. 不要自找麻烦。 30、Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy,