高三学案阅读与写作训练第1讲 阅读能力训练：长难句分词

高中英语阅读与写作训练讲义第一讲阅读能力训练：长难句分析写作指导：句子的合并Part 1: Warming-up exercise高考新题型：语法填空训练Everyone needs friends. It is nice to have a friend _______ (talk), laugh, and do things with. Surely, there are times ________we need to be alone. But we would feel lonely if we never have a friend.No two people are ________same. Sometimes friends don't get ________ well, which doesn't mean that they no longer like each other. Most of the time, they will go on being friends .Sometimes friends move away and we miss them very much, ________we can call them and write to them. Maybe we would even see them ________, and we can make new friends. It is ________ (surprise) to find out how much we like new people when we get to know them.There's more good news for people, if they have friends. ________ live longer than those people if those don't have friends. Why? It could be that they are happier. Being happy________ (help) you stay well. If someone cars about you, you take ________ (good) care of yourself.Part 2: Reading strategies在阅读中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。

长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。

长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。

理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。

首先，让我们来回顾一下句子的五种基本结构：一、句子的基本结构1.S + V （主谓）He has come.2.S + V + P （主、系、表）Mary is a student.He looks old.3.S + V +O （主、谓、宾）I need some help.The train will arrive in Beijing.4.S + V + O +O （主、谓、宾、宾）He told us a story.= He told a story to us.5.S + V + O +C （主、谓、宾、补）Anne made her diary her best friend.Nature kept her spellbound.以上五种基本句型都属于简单句，英语中除了简单句以外，还有并形句和复合句。

二、并列句并列句：用并列连接词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接在一起的句子叫并列句。

常用的连接词如下：and, but, either…or, however, not only…but also, or, or else, so, still, yet, neither…nor.并列句的构成：简单句+ 连接词+ 简单句。

He studied hard and he passed the examination.他学习努力并通过了考试。

Let’s hurry, or we’ll be late. 咱们赶紧点，要不就迟到啦。

I have been to Beijing many times but my parents have never been there.我去过北京多次，但我父母亲从没去过。

三、复合句复合句是由两个或两个以上的有主谓结构的句子用从属连词连接起来的句子。

其中一个句子是主体，叫做主句，而其他的句子叫做从句。

从句有三种：定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句，其中名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句；而状语从句就有时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、目的、方式和比较状语从句。

请分析下列句子属于什么从句：1.I don’t know the person who is sitting there.2.What he said are not the truth.3.He thought that you were not the suitable person for the job.4.The reason is that you are not an honest person.5.The idea that we are going to have a picnic next weekend is great.6.If it rains tomorrow, we’ll put off the sports meeting till next month.7.When I was six years old, I went to Beijing with my parents.8.I was late for class this morning because I didn’t get up on time.9.You’d better hurry up so that you won’t be late for class.10.Although she is very young, she can’t also be selected as a manager in the company.四、长难句的分类1.带有较多成分的简单句（留意非谓语在句子中的作用）。

如：(1)Having been sent to destination, the man sitting besides me began to smoke, feeling extremely bored.(2)He sat in front of them, dressed in a plain, ill-fitting suit, never moving, his dusty face masking his age.2.含有多个简单句的并列句。

如：In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale, had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children, but he was terribly unhappy.3.含有多个从句的复合句。

如(1)I can’t live in fear of the possibility that as the earth’s population grows and we use more and more of ournonrenewable (不能再生的) resources, our children may have to lead poorer lives.(2)However, those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers are relatively rare and thatmany liberal-arts students(文科生) graduate with the belief that the prospective(预期的) workplace may not have a place for them.4.含有多个插入成分的句子。

如：(1)Work, for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under, involves responsibility for a household, a child orchildren, and a job outside the home as well.(2)We live in a time when, more than ever before in history, people are moving about.5.并列复合句。

如：(1)I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse, but I have never questioned the fact that whether Iliked it or not, change was unavoidable.(2)But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowed, that we failed to respond withlove when it was tendered.6.有省略、倒装和分隔等现象(1)Splendid is the architecture of Manhattan, the heart of the city, with its one hundred and more skyscraper.(2)If you think as much of others as of yourself, you will not make any of these mistakes.五、强化练习（一）分析下列句子（学生小组讨论部分题目，剩余部分为课后作业）1.The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood, such as agricultural waste.(NMET2003.E篇)2.Mostly borrowed from English and Chinese, these terms are often changed into forms no longer understood bynative speakers. (NMET2003.D篇)3.It is one of many language books that are now flying off booksellers’ shelves. (NMET2003.D篇)4.Tales from Animal Hospital will delight all fans of the programme and anyone who has a lively interest in their pet,whether it be a cat, dog or snake! (NMET2003.C篇)5.Newton is shown as a gifted scientist with very human weaknesses who stood at the point in history where magicended and science began. (NMET2003.C篇)6.But for all the texts that are written, stored and sent electronically, a lot of them are still ending up on paper.(NMET2003.E篇)7.Until one day he came across two stone crosses in Ampthill park and learnt that they had been built in her honor in1773. (NMET2002.D篇)8.It is Sue Townsend’s musical play, based on her best-selling book. (NMET2002.C篇)9.Supporters of underground development say that building down rather than building up is a good way to use theearth’s space. (NMET2002.A篇)10.Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusualto hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa. (NMET2001.E篇)11.In general, women’s friendships with each other rest on shared emotions and support, but men’s relationships aremarked by shared activities. (NMET2001.E篇)12.Before 1066, in the land we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups.(NMET2001.D篇)（二）篇章练习（做题时留意文章中的长难句，并尝试翻译划线部分的句子）The Discovery of PenicillinWhen the Great War of 1 914---1 91 8 came, Fleming became an army doctor and carried on his work in France.When a soldier is wounded in battle, it usually happens that a piece of his dirty clothing is carried deep into the wound by the bullet. The wound becomes bad or "septic"（受感染的)，and disease spreads through the body. Sometimes an arm or leg has to be cut off, or the man dies---not of the wound but from the poison in his body. This happened in thousands of cases in the Great War. Fleming knew already that disease of this kind was caused by microbes which increased very quickly. It might be possible to kill them by washing the wound in an acid, called an antiseptic; this was always done as soon as possible, but the soldiers still died in great numbers.In our blood there are red and white cells, which can only be seen under a microscope. The white cells protect us against the microbes which cause disease; if the white cells are defeated, a person becomes very ill or may die. Unfortunately, the antiseptics which killed the microbes often killed the white cells too, and this prevented the wounded soldier from getting better.After the war, Fleming went on working for years, trying to find an antiseptic which would stop microbes from growing, but which would not harm the blood-cells, so that the body could carry on its own fight against disease.One day he stopped to examine the glass dishes on which he had grown some microbes in a special liquid. Usually these little dishes were covered by glass lids. In one .dish he was surprised to notice a greenish mould (霉), rather like the fungus that collects on mouldy food. That meant that a tiny spore (or seed), too small to see, must have floated .on to the dish when the lid was off; a day or two earlier.Most people, even scientists, would have thought the dish was spoiled and washed it clean, but Fleming took a closer look and then made a careful examination. He saw that a strange thing had happened. Where the greenish mould was growing, the disease microbes had disappeared.He began to work slowly, steadily, to find out the secrets of the mysterious mould. There were failures, but presently he grew enough of the mould to make from it a clear liquid. Tests showed that it could kill microbes, or stop them growing, in both animals and human beings, without harming their white blood-cells. He called the liquid penicillin.( ) 1. Penicillin was discovered ________A. before the Great WarB. during the Great WarC. at the end of the Great WarD. some years after the Great War( ) 2. In France, during the Great War, Fleming saw that ________A. antiseptics often failed to save wounded soldiers’ lives.B. there are red and white cells in our blood.C. bad or-"septic" wounds kill microbes.D. penicillin would kill microbes.( ) 3. The word "them" in "it might be possible to kill them" refers to ________A. soldiersB. diseasesC. microbesD. thousands of cases( ) 4. White cells can ________.A. kill microbesB. be seen by eyesC. be easily defeatedD. be killed by antiseptics( ) 5. Which of these statements is true according to the passage?A. Penicillin is a kind of food.B. It took a long time to discover penicillin because it couldn't be seen.C. Fleming saw that the greenish mould had killed the disease microbes.D. Antiseptics sometimes did as much harm as good to soldiers wounded in the Great WarPart 3: Writing 合并句子的方法（一）要想写出的文章吸引人，就必须按《课程标准》的要求，尝试使用复杂句型。