Chapter 6 British Literature
英语国家概况(1)课程第2次形成性考核答案和讲评
英语国家概况（1）课程形成性考核题英语国家概况（1）课程第2次形成性考核答案和讲评（Unit 06-10）The United Kingdom (II)I. True or False:Unit 6 British Literature(T) 01. The early British literature was concerned with Christianity, and Anglo-Saxons produced many versions of the Bible. (Unit 6)(F) 02. There was a general flowering of culture and intellectual life in Europe during the 17th and 18th centurywhich is known as “The Renaissance”. (Unit 6)There was a general flowering of culture and intellectual life in Europe between the 14th and 17th centuries which is known as “The Renaissance”. (T)(T) 03. Keats, Shelley and Byron brought the Romantic Movement to its height. (Unit 6)(T) 04. Robinson Crusoe tells the story of a shipwreck and a solitary survival. (Unit 6)(F) 05. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with the power of reason than with imagination andfeeling. (Unit 6)Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason. (T)(F) 06. Thomas Hardy, t he author of Tess of the D’Urbervilles, was a first-class novelist but a second-class poet.(Unit 6)Thomas Hardy, the author of Tess of the D’Urbervilles, was not only a first-class novelist but also a first-class poet. (T)Unit 7 British Education System(F) 07. The purpose of British education is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills. (Unit 7)The purpose of British education is not only to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills but also to socialize the children. (T)(T) 08. The 1944 Education Act made entry to secondary schools and universities “meritocratic”. (Unit 7)(F) 09. British universities are mainly private bodies which collect funds by themselves. (Unit 7)British universities are mainly public bodies which receive funds from the central government. (T) (T) 10. In Oxford and Cambridge, the BA converts to an MA several years later, upon payment of a fee. (Unit 7) (F) 11. Grammar schools in Britain select children at the age of 11 and provide them with a language education.(Unit 7)Grammar schools in Britain select children at the age of 11 and provide them with a general education.(T)(T) 12. Comprehensive schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities. (Unit 7)Unit 8 British Foreign Relations(F) 13. When the Second World ended, Britain no longer was the largest military power in Western Europe.(Unit 8)When the Second World ended, Britain was the largest military power in Western Europe. (T)(F) 14. According to Unit 8, the most single important factor which influences British contemporary foreignpolicy is its history. (Unit 8)According to Unit 8, the contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperialhistory and also by its geographical traits. (T)(T) 15. The Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain’s foreign policy. (Unit 8) (F) 16. Britain is a parliamentary monarch. (Unit 8)Britain is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarch. (T)(T) 17. Britain hosts a large military American presence and there are some American military bases in the UK.(Unit 8)(F) 18. Britain is not a member of the NATO due to its disagreement with some European countries on defencepolicy. (Unit 8)Britain is a member of the NATO despite its disagreement with some European countries on defence policy. (T)Unit 9 The British Media(T) 19. On an average day, an overwhelming majority of Britons over the age 15 read a national or local paper.(Unit 9)(F) 20. The British media play an important role in shaping a national education. (Unit 9)The British media play an important role in shaping a national culture. (T)(T) 21. Free press has the function of keeping an eye on the government, and therefore it is called the watchdog of parliamentary democracy. (Unit 9)(F) 22. The tabloids are larger format newspapers with colour photos and catchy headlines. (Unit 9)The tabloids are smaller format newspapers with colour photos and catchy headlines. (T)(T) 23. The British Broadcasting Corporation is funded by licence fees and viewers must buy a licence each year for their TV set. (Unit 9)(F) 24. The BBC World Service, the international branch of the BBC, broadcasts in English and 24 otherlanguages throughout the world. (Unit 9)The BBC World Service, the international branch of the BBC, broadcasts in English and 42 other languages throughout the world. (T)Unit 10 Sports, Holidays and Festival in Britain(F) 25. The tradition of having Sunday off derived from the Buddhism. (Unit 10)The tradition of having Sunday off derived from the Christian Church. (T)(F) 26. The origin of Bowling lies in the victory celebration ceremony by the modern soldiers. (Unit 10)The origin of Bowling lies in the victory celebration ceremony by the ancient warriors. (T)(F) 27. The game of Golf was invented by the Irish. (Unit 10)The game of Golf was invented by the Scottish. (T)(T) 28. The extremist animal-lovers’ group would like to have horse-racing banned. (Unit 10)(T) 29. Christmas Pantomime is one of the three Christmas traditions that are particularly British. (Unit 10) (T) 30. In Ireland, New Year’s Eve called Hogmanay (December 31st) is the major winter celebration. (Unit 10)II. Choose the best answer:Unit 6 British Literature01. Which of the following books is written by Geoffrey Chaucer? (Unit 6) Key AA. The Canterbury Tales.B. Beowulf.C. King Lear.D. Le Morte D’Arthur.02. Which literary form flourished in Elizabethan age more than any other form of literature? (Unit 6)Key CA. Novel.B. Essay.C. Drama.D. Poetry.03. Which of the following did NOT belong to Romanticism? (Unit 6) Key DA. Keats.B. Shelley.C. Wordsworth.D. Defoe.04. Which of the following is a tragedy written by Shakespeare? (Unit 6) Key BA. Dr. FaustusB. Macbeth.C. Frankenstein.D. The Tempest.05. Which of the following writers was NOT associated with Modernism? (Unit 6) Key CA. D. H. Lawrence.B. E. M. Foster.C. Charles Dickens.D. Virginal Woolf.06. Which of the following writers wrote the book “1984” that began “Postmodernism” in British literature”?(Unit 6) Key AA. George Orwell.B. Robert L. Stevenson.C. D. H. Lawrence.D. Virginia Woolf.Unit 7 British Education System07. In Britain, the great majority of parents send their children to ______. (Unit 7) Key CA. private schoolsB. independent schoolsC. state schoolsD. public schools08. In Britain, children from the age 5 to 16 ______. (Unit 7) Key BA. can legally receive partly free educationB. can legally receive completely free educationC. can not receive free education at allD. can not receive free education if their parents are rich09. Which of the following is a privately funded university in Britain? (Unit 7) Key DA. The University of Cambridge.B. The University of Oxford.C. The University of Edinburgh.D. The University of Buckingham.10. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Open University? (Unit 7) Key CA. It’s open to everybody.B. It requires no formal educational qualifications.C. No university degree is awarded.D. University courses are followed through TV, radio, email and internet, etc.11. In the examination called “the 11 plus”, students with academic potential go to ______. (Unit 7)Key AA. grammar schoolsB. comprehensive schoolsC. public schoolsD. technical schools12. Which of the following is NOT true about the British education system? (Unit 7) Key DA. It’s run by the state.B. It’s funded by the state.C. It’s supervised by the state.D. It’s dominated by the state.Unit 8 British Foreign Relations13. Britain had a big influence on the post-World War II international order because ______. (Unit 8)Key BA. it used to be a great imperial powerB. it used to be a great imperial powerC. it defeated Hitler’s armyD. it got support from its former colonies.14. Which countries are the permanent members of the UN Security Council? (Unit 8) Key CA. France, China, Germany, Russia and Britain.B. The United States, France, Britain, Germany and Russia.C. China, Russia, France, Britain and the United States.D. Britain, China, France, the United States and Japan.15. How much of the globe did Great Britain rule in its imperial prime? (Unit 8) Key BA. One fourth of the globe.B. One fifth of the globe.C. One third of the globe.D. Two thirds of the globe.16. Which of the following is not involved in making British foreign policy? (Unit 8) Key AA. The Queen of the UK.B. The Foreign Commonwealth Office.C. The Prime Minister.D. The Cabinet.17. Which of the following countries does not have nuclear weapon capabilities? (Unit 8)Key CA. BritainB. The United StatesC. GermanyD. France.18. The Commonwealth is an organization of ______ that were once part of the British Empire. (Unit 8)Key BA. about 40 countriesB. about 50 countriesC. about 60 countriesD. about 70 countriesUnit 9 The British Media19. Which of the following is the world’s oldest national newspaper? (Unit 9)Key CA. The Times.B. The Guardian.C. The Observer.D. The Financial Times.20. Which of the following is the British oldest daily newspaper? (Unit 9) Key DA. The Telegraph.B. The News of the World.C. The Guardian.D. The Times21. A free press is considered very important to the functioning of parliamentary democracy because ______.(Unit 9) Key AA. it plays a watchdog function, keeping an eye on the governmentB. it informs people to current affairs in the worldC. it provides people with subjective reportsD. it publishes short pamphlets for Parliament22. How many newspapers are there in Britain? (Unit 9) Key DA. About 100.B. About 140.C. About 150.D. About 150.23. Which of the following about the BBC is NOT true? (Unit 9) Key CA. There is no advertising on any of the BBC programmes.B. The BBC is funded by licence fee paid by people who possess television sets.C. The BBC has four channels.D. The BBC provides the World Service throughout the world.24. Which of the following newspapers is a tabloid? (Unit 9) Key AA. The News of the World.B. East Enders.C. The Telegraph.D. The Guardian.Unit 10 Sports, Holidays and Festival in Britain25. Which of the following was NOT invented in Britain? (Unit 10) Key CA. Football.B. Tennis.C. Basketball.D. Cricket.26. Where is the International tennis championships held? (Unit 10) Key BA. Wembley.B. Wimbledon.C. London.D. Edinburgh.27. Which of the following is truly a sport of the royal family? (Unit 10) Key DA. Cricket.B. Skiing.C. GolfingD. Horse racing.28. Easter commemorates ______. (Unit 10) Key CA. the birth of Jesus ChristB. the Crucifixion of Jesus ChristC. the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus ChristD. the coming of spring29. Which celebration particularly happens on the Queen’s birthday? (Unit 10) Key CA. Bonfires.B. The Orange March.C. Trooping the Colour.D. Masquerades.30. On which day is Halloween celebrated? (Unit 10) Key AA. October 31st.B. November 5th.C. March 17th.D. December 25th.III. E xplain the following terms:Unit 6 British Literature61. The Renaissance (Unit 6)The Renaissance is the period of time in Europe between 14th and 17th centuries, when art, literature, philosophy, and scientific ideas became very important and a lot of new art etc. was produced.62. Romanticism (Unit 6)Roughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature’s romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason. A volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is regarded as the romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence”. Keats, Byron and Shelley, the three great poets, brought the Romantic Movement to its height. The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novel.63. Modernism (Unit 6)Modernism refers to a form of literature mainly written before World War II. It is characterised by a high degree of experimentation. It can be seen s a reaction against the 19th century forms of Realism. Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often, Modernism writing seems disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action. One of the most famous English Modernist writers is Virginia Woolf.Unit 7 British Education System64. Independent schools (Unit 7)Independent schools are commonly called public schools which are actually private schools receive their funding through the private sector and tuition rates, with some government assistance. Independent schools are not part of national education system, but quality of instruction and standards are maintained through visits from Her Majesty’s Inspectors of Schools. These schools are restricted to the students whose parents arecomparatively rich.65. The Open University (Unit 7)The Open University was founded in Br itain in the 1960’s for people who might not get the opportunity for higher education for economic and social reasons. It’s open to everybody and does not demand the same educational qualifications as the other universities. University courses are followed through TV, radio, videos and a net work of study centres. At the end of their studies at the Open University, successful students are awarded a university degree.Unit 8 British Foreign Relations66. The foundation of British foreign policy (Unit 8)The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geographical traits. As Britain lost its empire recently, British policy-makers frequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs. Another decisive influence upon the way Britain handles its external affairs is geopolitical attitude to Europe.67. Britain and the EU (Unit 8)Britain joined the European Community in 1973 which is now called the EU. Britain’s pa rticipation in the EU remains controversial. At the centre of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear about what the EU is and what it will become. The UK has always been interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area. Britain likes to regard the EU as a place where economic cooperation is possible and where a flow of trained personnel and goods are possible. But Britain has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty to the EU.68. Britain and the United States (Unit 8)The British foreign policy is also affected by its relationship with the United States. During World War II, the two countries were closely allied and continued to work together closely in the postwar years, because they had many things in common about the past and the world situation. Even today, Britain and American policy-makers share the general ideas in many respects. The British are beginning to realize that their own foreig n policy action can be limited by the U.S., but both sides worked hard to maintain the “special relationship”.69. The Commonwealth (Unit 8)The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of states which is made up mostly of former British colonies. There are about 50 members of the Commonwealth: many of these are developing countries like India and Cyprus; others are developed countries like Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The Commonwealth was set up a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.Unit 9 The British Media70. Quality papers (Unit 9)The quality papers belong to one of the categories of the national dailies. They carry more serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance. They also carry reviews, such as book reviews, and feature articles about high culture. These papers are also referred to as “the broadsheets” because they are printed on large size paper. The readers of such newspapers are generally a well-educated middle class audience.71. Tabloids (Unit 9)A tabloid is a small format newspaper with colour photos and catchy headlines. Tabloids are interested in scandals and gossip usually about famous people. They also carry lots of crime, sports and sensational human interest stories so as to attract readers. Stories are short, easy to read and often rely more on opinions than fact. They belong to a catalogue of national papers different from quality papers.Unit 10 Sports, Holidays and Festival in Britain72. Cricket and “fair play” (Unit 10)Cricket was one of the very first team sports in Britain to have organised rules and to be played according to the same rules nationally. The reason that fixed rules were applied to cricket so early on was a financial one: aristocrats loved betting on cricket matches and if people were going to risk money on a game, they wanted to ensure that the game would be played fairly. In Britain people from all walks of life play cricket, but in the 19th century, cricket was a sport played mai nly by the upper class. It was a kind of a “snob” game played by boys who attended public schools. As generations of public school boys grew up to become the civil servants and rulers of the UK and its colonies, cricket became associated with a set of moral values, in particular, the idea of “fair play” which supposedly characterised British government.73. Wimbledon (Unit 10)Wimbledon is the name of a London suburb. In Wimbledon, the world’s best players gather to compete on grass courts. It is one of the major events of the British sporting calendar and probably the most famous tennis event in the world. Besides actually watching the tennis matches, other activities closely associated with the “Wimbledon fortnight” are eating strawberries and cream,drinking champagne and hoping that it doesn’t rain.。
UnitBritishLiterature(英国文学)必备学习
美式论文、报告写作技巧编者按：美式教育地特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用,因此,报告便成了常见地考核学生学习成果地方式,比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文<含毕业论文）等.研究生presentation 及seminar 地机会更是占很大地比重,有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例.如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好地成绩,是本文提供给有志留学地有心人参考地目地. 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯,在启发式地教育环境下,写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生,虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强,但是表达能力由於自小培养,加上英语能力地优势,常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹地利基.反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作地训练,因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦,其实论文、报告地写作要领其实不难,只要把握技巧就可水到渠成.通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries>,本文(Texts>以及参考资料(References>三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下：(一> 篇首：封面(Title>序言(Preface>谢词(Acknowledge>提要(Summary>目录(Tables and Appendixes>(二> 本文：引言(Introduction>主体,含篇(Part>、章(Chapter>、节(Section> 、以及注释 (Footnotes>(三>参考资料：参考书目(References or Bibliography>附录资料(Appendix>.进行论文或报告写作之前,先要确定想要表达地主题,主题确定后,将其具体表达,即为题目.题目可以提供研究者：一.研究地方向二.研究地范围三.资料搜集地范围四.预期研究成果通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究,建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用.构思为确定写作大纲或Proposal 地先前步骤, 大纲是论文、报告地骨干, Proposal 是研究地架构、流程及范围地说明书.如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前地必要准备工作.好地论文或研究报告,要基于在完整、详实地资料上,而参考资料除了和教授商借之外,最主要地来源就是图书馆了,一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构地报告、科技或商业方面地杂志,及会议性质地资料.此外现代地电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料,在国外可利用学校地电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要地资料.当一切准备就绪,即可开始着手写报告,一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告,及小报告如 Seminar 式地报告.就算是小报告,也至少应含(一>TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期(二>Summary：即主要地结论(三>Introduction：包括理论背景及内容(四>Technical Sections：是论文地主体,为最重要地部份应再细分为几个片断.(五>Conclusions：即扼要地结论(六>Appendixes：复杂公式地导引及叁考资料和电脑程式地报表可附加在此项美式报告地撰写通常要打字,两行式,行间若有未拼完地字要以音节来连接.写报告通常需要用到电脑,如有计算数字统计图表地需求,也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS,统计分析软体如SAS,也是不可或缺地,电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界地重要工具,文书处理更是最基本地要求,因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎地工具.此外在英文语法、文法上地润饰与修改,如能请老美帮忙会比较好.论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation>,用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战,通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟,若是论文囗试则至少一小时.投影机及麦克风地使用对讲演地效果有很大帮助,正式讲演前多预习几次,时间宜控制适中,上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念,需留意听众地反应,切中主题,避免太多数字地导引.Unit 6British Literature (英国文学>一、本单元重点内容1. Beowulf {贝奥武夫(一首古英文史诗地名字,同时也是此诗中地英雄地名字>}2. The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里·乔叟地《坎特伯雷故事集》>3. Stories about King Arthur (关于亚瑟王和他地骑士们地故事>4. William Shakespeare (威廉·莎士比亚>5. the Romance writers in the 19th century (19世纪浪漫派作家>6. The Brontes (布朗特三姐妹>7. Charles Dickens (查理·狄更斯>8. Sir Walter Scott (瓦尔特·司各特>9. Robert Louis Stevenson (罗伯特·路易斯·斯蒂文森>10. Modernism (现代主义>11. Postmodernism (后现代主义>12. Joseph Conrad (约瑟夫·康拉德>13. Virginia Woolf (维吉尼亚·吴尔夫>14. wrence (D.H.·劳伦斯>15. E.M Foster (EM·福斯特>二、本单元重、难点辅导1. early writing1>. British literature concerned with Christianity: Anglo-Saxons’ illustrated versions of the bible: the most famous--- the Book of Kells2>. Beowulf --- a long poem, one of the oldest of these early “Old English”(AD 6th C. —AD 11thC.地盎格鲁˙撒克逊地英语> literary works (古英语文学作品指8th C. AD—11th C. AD>3>. Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400>The most important work in Middle English (中古英语：11th C. AD—15th C. AD> Literature. It’s made up of a series of stories told by 31 pilgrims to entertain eac h other on their way to the Christian Church at Canterbury in south-east England. It’s quite noticeable for its diversity, not only in the range of social status among the pilgrims, but also in style of the stories they tell.杰弗里·乔叟地《坎特伯雷故事集》是中古英语文学中最重要地作品.故事讲述了31个朝圣者结伴到英格兰东南部地坎特伯雷去朝圣.途中,每个人讲一个故事,来缓解旅途地劳顿. 值得注意地是,这部故事集体现地多样性,这些朝圣者来自不同地阶层,几乎涵盖了当时地所有社会阶层,他们讲故事地风格也各不相同. (中古英语：指11世纪到15世纪地英语>4>. the stories of King Arthur and his knightsKing Arthur was the King of England in the 5th Century and was the central figure of many legends. History of the Kings of Britain published in 1138 well established King Arthur in literary form. The book invented material to fill the broad gaps in the historical record. The stories of King Arthur’s court, his knights and th eir famous round table and the search for the Holy Grail were mainly based on a very few vague “facts”. The ruined castle at Tintagel in Cornwall mentioned in the legends of King Arthur is now a popular tourist destination.2. Elizabethan Drama (伊丽莎白一世:1533.9.7—1603.5.24>---a general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during 15th and16th C. which is known as “The Renaissance”--- drama: the most successful and long-lasting expressions of this development--- the 1st professional theatre opened in London in 1576--- thegreattrio (the best of the famous playwrights>1> Christopher Marlowe (克里斯托弗·马洛>—the earliest of the trio Dr Faustus《浮士德博士》2> William Shakespeare (1564--1616>— an English dramatist and poet in the Elizabethan age. He is generally regarded as the greatest playwright in English literature. His plays fall into three categories: tragedies (Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, etc.>, comedies (Merchant of Venice, The Dreams of the Midsummer Nigh t, etc.> and history plays (Henry VI, Charles II etc. >威廉·莎士比亚是伊丽莎白时期地英国剧作家和诗人.他通常被认为是英国文学中最伟大地剧作家.他地作品分为三类：悲剧、喜剧和历史剧,悲剧有《哈姆莱特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等,喜剧有《威尼斯商人》、《仲夏夜之梦》等,历史剧有《亨利6世》《查理二世》等.3> Ben Jonson3. the 19th C. literatureRoughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature’s romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason.粗略地讲,19世纪地前30几年构成英国文学地浪漫主义时期.浪漫派作家更多地关注人类地想象力和情感,而不是理性地力量.A volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is regarded as the romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence.” Keats, Byron and Shelley, the three great poets, brought Romantic Movement to its height. The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novel.威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治合编地《抒情歌谣集》被认为是浪漫派诗歌地“独立宣言”.济慈,拜伦和雪莱这三位伟大地诗人把浪漫主义运动推向高潮.浪漫主义地精神在小说中也有体现.The Romantics saw themselves as free spirits, emphasizing nature, originality, the emotional and personal, rather than the “rational” in their work. This was a change fr om the emphasis on imitating classical (meaning Ancient Greek and Roman> conventions and forms.---novels1>. Jane Austen—6 novels Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Emma2>. Bronte sisters—daughters of the vicar of a village church in Yorkshire. Though poor, they were educated and respectable. They all died young, but were remembered long after their death for their contribution to English literature. —Charlotte (Jane Eyre>, Emily (WutheringHeights> and Ann.她们是约克郡一个乡村教会地牧师地女儿,分别叫夏洛特,爱M莉和安.虽然很穷,但她们都受过良好地教育,非常受人尊敬.她们很年轻就去世了,但是因为她们对英国文学地贡献,在她们去世后那么久都没有被人遗忘.夏洛特地名篇是《简爱》,爱M莉地名篇是《呼啸山庄》.为了书出版,她们都得用男性化地笔名.3>. Elizabeth Gaskell (盖斯凯尔,a woman writer> (friend of Charlotte。
English Literature Chapter 6
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Life: Born in London; studied at Cambridge; studied law later; appointed Lord Chancellor during the reign of James Ⅰ. Imprisoned for corruption. Bacon’s only predecessor in the field of the essay was Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592), the French country squire; Bacon’s chief contribution lies in his role as the founder of materialism in philosophy and science in England. He employs what may be called the dialectical method by balancing opposing arguments before drawing his conclusions.
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2.1 The King James Bห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ble of 1611
History of Bible: History of English Bible King James’ Bible of 1611 Also known as the 1611 Authorized Version of
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3. English Literature during the English Bourgeois Revolution
John Milton : Milton as the Spokesman of the Revolution . “When I Consider How My Light Is Spent”; Milton the revolutionary , Milton the epic poet ; Every progressive English poet since Milton draws inspiration from him. a pamphlet to justify the execution of Charles Ⅰ: “ Defence of the English People” (1651) Persecution after the Restoration of Charles Ⅱ
英国文学简史第六章
《屈身求爱》
Simulation Exercise（模拟练习）
► 1、The
18th century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of___. ► 2、Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, ___was the first to introduce rationalism to England. ► 3、Essay on Criticism is a didactic poem written in the form of___. ► 4、Elegy Written in a Graveyard by ___is taken as a model of sentimentalist poetry, esp. the Graveyard school. ► 5、The Vicar of Wakefield is the only novel of ___, which describes misfortunes falling on the central character and the family. ► 6、The only important English dramatist in the 18th century is ___.
② Thomas Gray is the leading figure.
③ His Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is a case in point of this school.
► Thomas
Gray(托马斯· 格雷)
An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
British literature
British literature1.In _____ of Gulliver’s Travels, Jonathan Swift satirizes the western civilization includingfalse illusions about science, philosophy, history and even immortality.A. the first voyage to LilliputB. the second voyage to BrobdingnagC. the third voyage to the Flying IslandD. the fourth voyage to Houyhnhnm land2.In Thomas Hardy’s works, the conflict between the old and the modern is very pervasive. Hisattitude toward those traditional characters is _______.A. contemptB. sympatheticC. indifferentD. interested3.Relationships don’t seem to turn out overly well in Wuthering Heights. Which couple finallygets their happy ending?A. Linton and CathyB. Heatheliff and CatherineC. Hareton and CathyD. Edgar and Catherine4.―The depth and passion of its earnest glance,But to myself they turned (since none puts byThe curtain I have drawn for you, but I) …‖This part is quoted from Robert Browning’s ―My Last Duchess‖. Here ―you‖ refers to _____.A. Frä PandolfB. readersC. the DukeD. the emissary5.In subject matter, William Wordsworth’s poems have two major concerns. One is about nature.The other is about ______.A. French RevolutionB. literary theoryC. deathD. common life of ordinary people6.Through the character of Elizabeth, Jane Austen emphasizes the importance of _____ forwomen.A. marriageB. physical attractivenessC. independence and self-confidenceD. submissive character7._____ is a natural means of writing in revealing the prince’s inner conflict and psychologicalpredicament in Shakespeare’s Hamlet.A. DialogueB. SoliloquyC. Dramatic monologueD. Satire8.The major theme of Jane Austen’s novels is love and marriage. Which of the following is nota couple that appeared in Pride and Prejudice?A. Catherine and HeatheliffB. Lydia and WickhamC. Jane and BinleyD. Charlotte and Collins9.The sentence ―three or four families in a country village are the very thing to work on‖ canbest reflect the writer’s personal knowledge and range of writing. This writer is _____.A. Walter ScottB. Thomas HardyC. Jane EyreD. Jane Austen10.The first mass movement of the English working class was ____, which signified theawakening of the poor oppressed people.A. Enlightenment MovementB. Enclosure MovementC. Chartism MovementD. Romantic Movement11.In Sons and Lovers, D. H. Lawrence presented Paul as a(n) ______ man and artist.A. independentB. ambitiousC. strong-willedD. sensitive12.____is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes, it is along poem of over 3000 lines and the national epic of the English people.A. BeowulfB. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightC. The Canterbury TalesD. King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table13.The father of English poetry, the author of Troilus and Criseyde is also the one of .A. Romeo and JulietB.The Faerie QueenC. TamburlaineD. The Canterbury Tales14.Which of the following are regarded as Shakespeare's four great tragedies?A. Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King LearB. Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, MacbethC. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, MacbethD. Romeo and Juliet, Othello, Macbeth, Timon of Athens15.Which of the following is not the work of Francis Bacon?A. Advancement of LearningB. New InstrumentC. Songs of InnocenceD. Essays16.At the beginning of 17th century appeared a school of poets called metaphysics. ____ is thefounder of metaphysical poetry.A. Ben JohnsonB. John MiltonC. John BunyanD. John Donne17."He has a servant called Friday. ""He "in the quoted sentence is a character in .A. Henry Fielding's Tom JonesB. John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's ProgressC. Richard Brinsley Sheridan's The School for ScandalD. Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe18.The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realisticpicture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________.A．William Langland’ s Piers Plowman B．Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales C．John Gower’s Confession Amantis D．Sir Gawain and the Green Knight19.The sentence ―Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?‖ is the beginning line of one ofShakespeare’s ______________.A．comedies B．tragedies C．sonnets D．histories20.Paradise Lost is actually a story taken from ______________.A．the Renaissance B．the Old TestamentC．Greek Mythology D．the New Testament21.The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, WilliamShakespeare and ______________.A．John Milton B．John MarloweC．Ben Jonson D．Edmund Spenser22.―To be, or not to be—that is the question‖ is a line taken from______________.A．Hamlet B．Othello C．King Lear D．The Merchant of Venice23.Literature of Neoclassicism is different from that of Romanticism in that ______________.A．the former celebrates reason, rationality, order and instruction while the latter sees literature as an expression of an individual’s feeling and experiencesB．the former is heavily religious but the latter secularC．the former is an intellectual movement, the purpose of which is to arouse the middle class for political rights while the latter is concerned with the personal cultivationD．the former advocates the ―return to nature‖ whereas the latter turns to the ancient Greek and Roman writers for its models.24.The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the search for______________.A．material wealth B．spiritual salvationC．universal truth D．self- fulfillment25.Alexander Pope strongly advocated ______________ , emphasizing that literary works shouldbe judged by rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.A．Sentimentalism B．Romanticism C．Idealism D．Neoclassicism 26.It is generally regarded that Keats’ s most important and mature poems are in the form of______.A．ode B．elegy C．epic D．sonnet27.______ is the most outstanding stream of consciousness novelist, with _______ as hisencyclopedia – like masterpiece.A．James Joyce, Ulysses B．E.M. Foster, A Passage to IndiaC．D.H. Lawrence, Sons and Lovers D．Virginia Woolf, Mrs Dalloway28.The literary form which is fully developed and the most flourishing during the RomanticPeriod is ______________.A．prose B．drama C．novel D．poetry29.Which of the following poems by T.S. Eliot is hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20thcentury English poetry?A．Poems 1909-1925 B．The Hollow ManC．Prufrock and Other Observations D．The Waste Land30.―My last Duchess‖ is a poem that best exemplifies Robert Browning’s ______________.A．sensitive ear for the sounds of the English languageB．excellent choice of wordsC．mastering of the metrical devicesD．use of the dramatic monologue31.Of the below poets, has not been awarded Poet Laureate.A. William WordsworthB. Thomas GrayC. Alfred TennysonD. Ben Jonson32.Of the following literary giants, is not of Irish origin.A. George Bernard ShawB. William Butler YeatsC. T.S.EliotD. James Joyce33.______ is the essence of the Renaissance.A. IndividualismB. ReasonC. IrrationalismD. Humanism34.―Ode to the West Wind‖ is the representative work of .A. P.B. Shelley’s B. John Keats’sC. Samuel Coleridge’sD. Lord Byron’s35.―The Forsyte Saga‖ is a trilogy by .A. John GalsworthyB. Thomas HardyC. Charles DickensD. D.H. Lawrencewrence’s works are modern because of their .A. modern skill in writingB. modern publishing timeC. modern themesD. modern appearance37.Most of Bernard Shaw’s plays are concerned with .A. political problemsB. religious problemsC. moral problemsD. all the above38.The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is Samuel Beckett and his first play,_______, is regarded as the most famous and influential play of the Theater of Absurd.A. Waiting for GodotB. Murder in the CathedralC. Too True to Be GoodD. Mrs. Warren’s ProfessionAmerican literature1.Emerson rejected both the formal religion of the churches and the Deistic philosophy; insteadhe based his religion on an intuitive belief in an ultimate unity, which he called the ―______‖.A. over-soulB. super-manC. godly manD. intuition2.Which one of the following statements about Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter is true?A.Hawthorne intended to tell a love story in this novel.B.Hawthorne intended to tell a story of sin in this novel.C.Hawthorne intended to reveal the human psyche after they sinned, so as to show peoplethe tension between society and individualsD.Hawthorne focused his attention on consequences of the sin on the people in general, soas to call the readers back to the conventional Puritan way of living.3.The childhood of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn in the Mississippi is a record of a vanished wayof life in the _____ Mississippi valley and it has moved millions of people of different ages and conditions all over the world.A. early 16th centuryB. late 16th centuryC. post-Civil WarD. pre-Civil War4.In 1915 _____ became a naturalized British citizen, largely in protest against America’sfailure to join England in the First World War.A. T. S. EliotB. Henry JamesC. W.D. Howells D. George Eliot5.Allen Ginsberg. Whose ―Howl‖ became the manifesto of ______.A. the Westward MovementB. the Utopian MovementC. the Beat MovementD. the Deistic Movement6.Perhaps Dickinson’s greatest rendering of the moment of ____ is to be found in ―I heard a FlyBuzz – when I died –‖, a poem universally considered one of her masterpieces.A. enthusiasmB. deathC. crisisD. fantasy7.Most people consider ______ an unofficial manifest for the ―Transcendental Club‖.A. NatureB. Self-RelianceC. The American ScholarD. The Dial8.The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America was written by ____.A. John SmithB. John EllisC. Anne BradstreetD. Nathaniel Morton9.Edward Taylor was a poet of ____.A. Local ColorismB. American RomanticismC. New England TranscendentalismD. Colonial American10.Poor Richard's Almanac was written by ____ who also wrote ____.A. Benjamin Franklin...AutobiographyB. Washington Irving...AutobiographyC. Washington Irving...History of New YorkD. Benjamin Franklin...History of New York11.Whitman published his first edition of ______ in 1855.A. Leaves of GrassB. The Scarlet LetterC. Hymn to The NightD. The Secret of the Sea12.Dreiser’s naturalism and his choice of subject often echo his predecessor, ______, but hisstyle and method are very different.A. Mark TwainB. Stephen CraneC. Henry JamesD. Emerson13.Sister Carrie written by ______ is considered as one of the representative naturalistic novel inthe American literature.A. Sinclair LewisB. Theodore DreiserC. F. Scott FitzgeraldD. H.L.Mencken14.Mark Twain’s ______ tells a story of his boyhood ambitious to become a riverboat pilot, upand down the Mississippi.A. Roughing ItB. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnC. Life on the MississippiD. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer15.Stephen Crane’s style has been called realistic, ______ and impressionistic.A. romanticB. naturalisticC. classicalD. imagining16.______ is th e scene of Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.A. New YorkB. ChicagoC. CaliforniaD. Washington17.Which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism?A. NatureB. WaldenC. On BeautyD. S elf-Reliance18.Melvi lle’s _______ is an encyclopedia of everything, history, philosophy, religion, etc, inaddition to a detailed account of the operations of the whaling industry.A. The Old Man and the SeaB. Moby DickC. White JacketD. Billy Budd19.Leaves of Grass has _______ editions.A. nineB. fiveC. sixD. seven20._______ is not among the writing features of Melville’s works.A. SymbolismB. AllegoryC. Psychological analysesD. Dramatic monologue21.The realistic period is referred to as ―the Gilded Age‖ by _______.A. Mark TwainB. Henry JamesC. Emily DickinsonD. Theodore Dreiser22._______ is regarded by H. L. Menken as ―the true father of American national literature.‖A. Emily DickinsonB. Henry JamesC. Mark TwainD. Theodore Dreiser23.Henry James’s fame generally rests upon his novels and stories with ________.A. the love and marriage themeB. the theme of humor and satire on lifeC. the theme of revealing the miserable life of the poor and criticizing the capitalismD. the international theme24.Within Dickinson’s little lyrics, she addresses those issues that concern the whole humanbeings, which exclude ________.A. religionB. friendshipC. loveD. immortality25.The Colonial Period of American literature stretched roughly from the settlement of Americain the early 17th century through the end of ________ century.A. the 18thB. the 19thC. the 20thD. the 21st26.Benjamin Franklin was the epitome of the ______.A. American EnlightenmentB. Sugar ActC. Chartist movementD. Romanticist27.In the first section of Autobiography the writer addressed to ________A. his sonB. his friendsC. his wifeD. himself28.History of New York was published in 1807 under the name of ________A. Washington IrvingB. Diedrich KnickerbokerC. James Fenimore CooperD. John Whittier29.Natty Bumppo is the hero in Cooper’s ________A. The PrecautionB. The SpyC. The Gleanings in EuropeD. Leatherstocking Tales30.________ was regarded as a poet of the American RevolutionA. Philip FreneauB. Walt WhitmanC. Robert FrostD. Cal Sandburg31.The ship ______ carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way acrossthe Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.A. SunflowerB. ArmadaC. MayflowerD. Titanic32.Washington Irving got his idea for his most famous story, Rip Van Winkle, from a ________A. Greek legendB. German legendC. French legendD. English legend33.Rip Van Winkle is found in Irving’s longer work, ________A. The Sketch BookB. History of New YorkC. Tales of a TravelerD. The Precaution34.________ was often regarded as America’s first man of letters, devoting much of his career toliterature.A. Benjamin FranklinB. Philip FreneauC. Washington IrvingD. James Fenimore Cooper35.All the following novels are in Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales except ________A. The PioneersB. The PrairieC. The DeerslayerD. The Spy36.________ has always been r egarded as a writer who ―perfected the best classic style thatAmerican Literature ever produced‖.A．Edgar Ellen Poe B．Walt WhitmanC．Henry David Thoreau D．Washington Irving37.The Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in the history of American literature,stretches from the end of ______________ to the outbreak of ____________.A．the 17th century…the American War of IndependenceB．the 18th century…the American Civil WarC．the 17th century…the American Civil WarD．the 18th century…the U.S. – Mexican War38.Which of the following statements is NOT true of American Transcendentalism?A．It can be clearly defined as a part of American Romantic literary movement.B．It can be defined philosophically as ―the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively‖.C．Ralph Waldo Emerson was the chief advocate of this spiritual movement.D．It sprang from South America in the late 19th century.39.Nathaniel Hawthorne held an unceasing interest in the ―interior of the heart ‖of man’s being.So in almost every book he wrote, Hawthorne discusses______________.A．love and hatred B．sin and evilC．frustration and self—denial D．balance and self—discipline40.Which of the following statements might be true of the theme of Song of Myself by Whitman?A．This poem describes the growth of a child who learned about the world around him and improved himself accordingly.B．This poem shows the author’s cynical sentiments against the American Civil War.C．This poem reflects t he author’s belief in Unitarianism or Deism.D．This poem reflects the author’s belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value.41.In Moby—Dick, the white whale symbolizes ______________ for Melville, for it is complex,unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well.A．nature B．human society C．whaling industry D．truth42.Realism was a reaction against Romanticism or a move away from the bias towards romanceand self—creating fictions, and paved the way to ______________.A．Cynicism B．Modernism C．Transcendentalism D．Neo—Classicalism43.Hemingway once described Mark Twain’s novel ______________ the one book from which―all modern American literature comes‖.A．The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn B．The Adventures of Tom SawyerC．The Gilded Age D．The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg 44.__________ is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th—century―stream—of—consciousness‖ novels and the founder of psychological realism.A．Theodore Dreiser B．William FaulknerC．Henry James D．Mark Twainimagination.45.As a genre, naturalism emphasized ______________ as important deterministic forcesshaping individualized characters who were presented in special and detailed circum-stances.A．theological doctrines B．heredity and environmentC．education and hard work D．various opportunities and economic success 46.Ezra Pound, a leading spokesman of the ―______________‖ , was one of the most importantpoets in his time.A．Imagist Movement B．Cubist MovementC．Reformist Movement D．Transcendentalist Movement47.Eugene O’Neill’s first full—length play, ______________, won him the first Pulitzer Prize.Its theme is the choice between life and death, the interaction of subjective and objective factors.A．Bound East for Cardiff B．The Hairy ApeC．Desire Under the Elms D．Beyond the Horizon48.In Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, ―A‖ may stands for ________.A. AdulteryB. AngelC. AmiableD. All the above49.In Leaves of Grass, _______ is all that concerned Whitman.A. individualismB. the spirit of democracyC. freedomD. all the above50._______ has been regarded as the ―founder of the American Drama‖.A. Tennessee WilliamsB. Eugene O’NeillC. Arthur MillerD. Hendrik Ibser。
Chapter 6 Literature
Modernism prevailed before World War
Ⅱ. It can be viewed as a deliberate departure from tradition and is characterized by the use of innovative forms of expression. Modernism writers express in their works the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating in real life.
James Joyce
詹姆斯· 乔伊斯
James
Joyce(18821941),an Irish novelist,
is another well-known novelist of the stream of consciousness school. James Joyce is one of the most innovative novelists, the 20th century and one of the great masters of “the stream of consciousness. ”
T. S. Eliot
Representative poems
• 《荒原》（The Waste Land，1922年） • 《四个四重奏》 （Four Quartets， 1943年）
3、Drama • Bernard Shaw
(George Bernard the Shaw,1856 year on July 26 ~1950 years on November 2), translates literally for George ·Berner ·drearily, Irish playwrights, in 1925 “because the work has the idealism and humanitarianism” attains the Nobel prize in literature, is the English modern outstanding realism play writer, is the world famous good at humorous and satire language master. Bernard Shaw's life, is and the socialism movement has the close relation life, he has read "Das Kapital" earnestly, declared publicly he “is an ordinary proletarian”, “a socialist". However, because in the world outlook limitation, he has not been able to become the proletariat soldiers, but lifelong is a bourgeoisie reformism.
新编英国文学选读(上)chapter6
CHAPTER SIXTHE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY (1603——1688) 1.Historical background:The Stuart: James first (1603— 1625)His son Charles I (1625—1649)Commonwealth led by Oliver Cromwell (1649——1660)Charles II, the son of Charles I (1660——1665)James II, the brother of Charles II (1665——1688)1）Causes of revolutionLack of ruling skillsWorsening relationship between the parliament and the monarch Puritans’s dissatisfaction and fear of persecution2）Processes of revolutionbreaking out of the bourgeois revolution in 1642: rejection of the Grand RemonstranceThe nature of the Lord Protectorrestoration of the monarchThe Glorious Revolution in 16883）Influences of revolution(1). supremacy of Parliament(2). beginning of modern England(3). final triumph of the principle of political liberty4)The literary scene of the timea.Decline of the English Renaissance:b.Decline of drama in early 17th century to the closing of the theaters in London in 1642c.A new literary movement gathering way:a movement away from the ornamental (artificial) language, elaborate metaphors toward plainer language2.The King James Bible of 1611·Testament: covenant between God and Hebrews·The Old Testament: in Hebrew·The New Testament: in Greek·Contributions:a. influenced the English prose by its “biblical language”b. granted ordinary people access to the bible. Thus it greatly promoted the protestant movement.*Genesis·the first book of the Old Testament·Central theme:God creates the world and appoints man as his regent, but man proves disobedient and God destroys his world through the Flood.The new post-Flood world is equally corrupt, but God does not destroy it, instead calling one man, Abraham, to be the seed of its salvation. At God's command Abraham descends from his home into the land of Canaan, given to him by God, where he dwells as a sojourner, as does his son Isaac and his grandson Jacob.Jacob's name is changed to Israel, and through the agency of his son Joseph, the children of Israel descend into Egypt, 70 people in all with their households, and God promises them a future of greatness. Genesis ends with Israel in Egypt, ready for the coming of Moses and the Exodus. The narrative is punctuated by a series of covenants with God, successively narrowing in scope from all mankind (the covenant with Noah) to a special relationship with one people alone.3.FRANCIS BACON (1561—1626)1)Question:Why did he, as Shakespeare’s contemporary belong to the next period?(1)Chief figure in English prose with his Essays(2)Aversion to medieval scholasticism(3)Progenitor of English materialism2)Characteristics of his works:(1)simple sentence structure(2) conciseness of expression(3) simplicity of diction4.Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets1)Metaphysical poetry(1)Characteristics:bold and ingenious conceits, incongruous imagery, complexity of thought, frequent use of paradox, deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression(2)Main themes:Love, death and religion(3)Chief representative: John Donne2)Cavalier poets(1)Characteristics:Courtliness, urbanity, and polish(2)Main themes:Love, “carpe diem”(3)Chief representative: Ben Johnson【*Cavalier School】The characteristics:1)The theme2)The style:(1)shared many elements with the metaphysical school such as(2) refined, elegant language, sweet rhythm5.John Donne (1572-1631)1)His life:Born in a Roman Catholic familyWent to Oxford, Cambridge and Lincoln’s InnAs a young man known as “a greatVisitor of ladies, a great frequenter ofPlays, a great writer of conceited verses”Eloped with Ann MoreDean of St. Paul’s Cathedral2)His WorksBefore 1600: Satires, Elegies, Songs and Sonnets: 55 love lyrics 1621 to 1631: religious poems and sermons, other religious writings *SongThe characteristics exemplified by John Donne’s Song:a. The themes:………………b. The style:(1)Why metaphysical?Emphasis on intellectual power and complexity of thoughts(2)Easy-to-understand language (plain language), yet not necessarily(3)Rigid and harsh expressions(4) Unnatural rhythm and strong lines(5) Bold and ingenious conceits and incongruous imagery;(6) analogy and paradox3)Two groups of his love lyrics(1). negative attitude towards love: cynical comments on the inconsistency of women in love(2). positive attitude towards love: fiery utterances of unruly passion mixed with coarse suggestions of sensual love and morbid thoughts of deathStyle: complicated reasoning through far-fetched comparisons or “conceits”and in strange imageries and obscure language e.g. The Flea6.George Herbert(1593 –1633)a Welsh-born English poet, orator and Anglican priest1)his life:Born into an artistic and wealthy familyWent to Trinity College, Cambridge2)his worksIn 1633 published The Temple: Sacred poems and privateejaculations3)characteristics of his religious poems：Wrote religious poems characterized by a precision of language, a metrical versatility, and an ingenious use of imagery or conceits7.Ben Jonsonwas chiefly known as a dramatist. He was also a poet,the representative of Cavaliers.1)His works:(1)drama：He was famous for his Comedies of Humous(2)poem:Love lyric: Song to Celia8.JOHN MILTON, The greatest puritan poet (1608——1674)1) his life story2) Paradise Lost, a religious worka. its literary genre: epicb. (1)its main theme: the assertion of God’s Providence(2) his hatred for the returned monarch(3)his Renaissance ideal of man: the glorification of humans for their lovec. writing techniques: black verse of iambic pentameterrun-on linescomplicated sentences like LatinAllusions9.JOHN BUNYAN,The chief puritan writer of prose (1628——1688)1) his life story2)The Pilgrim’s Progress, a religious worka. its literary genre: prose in the form of allegory and dramab. Theme: its main theme: the assertion of his religious views subtheme: satires at the vice and ills of the society he lived inc. writing techniques:(1) simple and daily used expressions(2) biblical language(3) revealing his ideas in a direct and straightforward way10.JOHN DRYDEN(1631——1700),the dominant literary figure in the Restoration period heavily influencing the literary trend at the time·his life story·his literary achievements: poetry, dramas and the most important ofall: the literary criticism, of which the most well known is An Essay of Dramatic Poesy【Question after class：】In what way does the 17th century literature pave the way for the literature of the next century?。
Chapter 6 Literature
• 3) Shakespeare (1564--1616) • He is the greatest playwright and poet of the Renaissance. • He wrote plays: 37 -- comedies, tragedies and historical plays. • poems: 154 sonnets • Comedies: The Merchant • of Venice
2.Jonathan Swift 乔 纳 森 ·斯 威 夫 特
( 1 6 6 7 — 1 7 4 5 ) His masterpiece: Gulliver’s Travels
• 3. Daniel Defoe: (1660--1731) • He was one of the progenitors of the novel in the English language. • His masterpiece : Robinson Crusoe
• I. The Old English Period and Middle English Period • 1. The Old English Period • Beowulf : a folk legend brought to England by the • Anglo-Saxons • Time: • passed down by word of mouth, from 6th century (750) • written in the 10th century • Character: • Beowulf -- hero • Hrothgar– King of Dane
• 《匹克威克外传》（ The Pickwick Papers ） —— 1836年 • 《雾都孤儿》（ Oliver Twist ） —— 1837年-1839年 • 《老古玩店》（ The Old Curiocity Shop ）—— 1840年1841年 • 《 大卫· 科波菲尔 》（ David Copperfield ）—— 1849年1850年 • 《艰难时世》（ Hard Times ）—— 1854年 • 《 双城记 》（ A Tale of Two Cities ）—— 1859年 • 《远大前程》（ Great Expectations ）—— 1860年-1861年 • 《我们共同的朋友》（ Our Mutual Friend ）—— 1864年1865年
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《泰晤士报》的英文名称The Times，中 文直译过来应该是《时报》。然而它的 译名却变成与读音相近、但毫无关联的 “泰晤士河”（River Thames）一样。 由于约定俗成的关系，错译保留至今。 现今世界各地有许多名为Times的报章， 如《纽约时报》（The New York Times）。为了区分出来，《泰晤士报》 有时被英语使用者称为《伦敦时报》 （The London Times）。《泰晤士报》 是世界上第一张以“Times”命名的报纸。
William Wordsworth (1770-1850) Belief: “spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling”
Lyrical Ballads 《抒情诗集》 My heart leaps up when I behold《我心 飞扬》 I wandered lonely as a cloud《我似行云 天自游》
distinct movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw upon Western classical art and culture (usually that of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome). These movements were dominant at various times between the 18th and 20th centuries.
Periods
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
The The The The The The The The old English Period (450 - 1066) Middle Ages Period (1066 - 1485) Renaissance (1500 - 1660) neo-classical period (1660-1785) romantic period (1785 - 1830) Victorian period (1832-1901) modern period (1914 - 1945) post modern period (1945 - )
Tales
Geoffrey Chaucer
The Renaissance(1500-1660)
文艺复兴是指14世纪在 意大利各城市兴起，16 世纪在欧洲盛行的一场 思想文化运动，在意大 利商业发达的城市，新 兴的资产阶级中的一些 先进的知识分子借助研 究古希腊、古罗马艺术 文化，通过文艺创作， 宣传人文精神。
பைடு நூலகம்
I wandered lonely as a cloud
I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o’er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodiles; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in neverending line Along the margin of a bay; Ten thousands saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.
Representatives: John Milton (1608 - 1674)
Paradise Lost Paradise Regained
Alexander Pope (1688 - 1744)
An essay on Criticism (A little learning is a
dangerous thing.)
The rape of the lock
Jonathan Swift (1667 - 1745)
Daniel Defoe (1660?-1731)
Guilliver’s Travels
Robinson Crusoe
The Romantic Period (1785 - 1830)
Trend: a revolt against the prescribed rules of Classicism more concerned about imagination and feeling rather than reason Genre: poem, essay and novel
The old English Period (450 - 1066)
Representative:
Beowulf
Genre epic
The Middle Ages period (1066-1485)
Background 1066 Norman Conquest 1485 The end of the War of Roses the beginning of Tudor
Hamlet
“To be, or not to bethat is the question”
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate:夏日怎能與妳譬喻比擬 Rough winds do shake the darling buds of 妳的可愛溫和夏日難及 May, 五月花蕾惡風吹襲落地 And summer's lease hath all too short a 夏日租約倏忽轉瞬到期 date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven 有時天眼高灼炎炎難耐 shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed, 更見烏雲常蔽金色面容 And every fair from fair sometime declines, 古今紅顏難逃紅顏色衰 命運無常季候欺凌作弄 By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed: 妳的永恆夏日卻將長存 But thy eternal summer shall not fade, 美貌紅顏必也永世不減 Nor lose possession of that fair thou 死神難誇妳為地府美人 ow'st, Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in 因妳芳名已成不朽詩篇 his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou 除非人世已經滅絕無生 grow'st, 此詩必將永傳與汝永恆 So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Don Juan 《唐璜》
Percy Bysse Shelley(1792-1822)
Prometheus Unbound 《解放了的普罗 米修斯》 Ode to the West Wind 《西风颂》
Ode to the West Wind 《西风颂》
O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being, Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,
Traits: admiration of the Greek and Latin classic works Genre: Drama, sonnet, etc. Representatives: Thomas More (1487 - 1535)
Utopia 《乌托邦》
Drama
William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616) Works: 37 plays, 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets Types: tragedies, comedies, historical play
The Four Tragedies
Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth
The Four Comedies 《仲夏夜之梦》A Midsummer Night's Dream 《皆大欢喜》As you like it 《第十二夜》Twelfth Night 《威尼斯商人》The merchant of Venice
The Middle Ages
Traits: greatly influenced Father of British Literature by French literature; the church had a monopoly of literature during much of the Middle Ages. Rep: Geoffrey Chaucer Works: The Canterbury
Beginning
Lyrical Ballads 《抒情诗集》written by
William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge Representatives: Lake poets: William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey