曼昆《宏观经济学》(第9版)章节习题精编详解-第1~2篇【圣才出品】
曼昆《宏观经济学》教材精讲(开放的经济)【圣才出品】
第五章开放的经济5.1 本章框架结构图5.2 重难点解读本章在保持充分就业假设的条件下，介绍了解释贸易余额和汇率的模型，讨论了各种政策问题：预算赤字与贸易赤字之间的关系、保护主义贸易政策的宏观经济影响以及货币政策对外汇市场上通货价值的影响。
一、资本与产品的国际流动1．开放经济中的国民经济核算恒等式开放经济中的国民收入核算恒等式为：Y＝C d＋I d＋G d＋EX＝C d＋I d＋G d＋EX－IM＋IM＝（C d＋C f）＋（I d＋I f）＋（G d＋G f）＋（EX－IM）＝C＋I＋G＋NX该方程表明：在国内产出上的支出是消费、投资、政府购买以及净出口之和。
2．国际资本流动与贸易余额由开放经济下的国民收入核算恒等式Y＝C＋I＋G＋NX以及国民储蓄S＝Y－C－G可得：S－I＝NX（1）S－I表示国内储蓄和国内投资的差额，称为资本净流出，又称国外净投资，可正可负，反映资本市场的资金情况。
（2）NX＝出口－进口，称为净出口或称为贸易余额，可正可负，反映国家间产品和服务市场的流动情况。
当出口大于进口时，净出口为正，此时贸易盈余，国内产出大于国内支出；反之，贸易赤字；如果出口正好等于进口，净出口为零，国内产出等于国内支出，则贸易平衡。
恒等式S－I＝NX表明资本净流出恒等于贸易余额。
二、小型开放经济的一般均衡模型1．小型开放经济的两个显著特点（1）资本完全流动，即小型开放经济体中的家庭和企业可以不受政府干预地自由进入世界金融市场进行资产的买卖，从而导致了资本流入和资本流出。
（2）本国实际利率等于世界利率，即r＝r*，世界利率由世界储蓄和世界投资的均衡决定。
小型开放经济由于经济体太小，其在国际金融市场上的活动对世界利率不产生影响，这就意味着小型开放经济的利率由世界利率外生给定，不能起到通过调整投资使国内储蓄等于国内投资的作用。
2．小型开放经济的一般均衡模型（1）模型的三个假设条件：①产出Y由生产要素和生产函数固定，即Y＝Y＿＝F（K＿，L＿），所以该经济产出固定；②消费函数为C＝（Y－T），消费和可支配收入Y－T正相关；③投资I和实际利率r负相关，投资函数为I＝I（r）。
曼昆《宏观经济学》章节题库(总需求I：建立IS-LM模型)【圣才出品】
第11章总需求I：建立IS-LM模型一、判断题1．根据流动性偏好理论，当利率水平低到一定程度后，货币需求与利率无关。
（）【答案】T【解析】流动性偏好理论认为，货币的需求主要取决于交易动机、预防动机和投机动机。
其中，投机动机是指人们为了抓住购买有价证券的有利时机而在手边持有一部分货币的动机。
当利率极低时，人们会认为利率不大可能继续下降，也就是有价证券的市场价格不太可能上升而只会跌落，因而会将有价证券全部换成货币。
这时流动性偏好趋于无穷大，货币需求与利率大小无关。
2．在IS-LM模型中，IS方程中的利率与LM方程中的利率都是指名义利率。
（）【答案】F【解析】在IS方程中的利率是实际利率，因为决定投资的是实际利率，在LM方程中的利率是名义利率，因为名义利率与货币供给与需求相联系。
3．货币交易需求反映了货币的交换媒介职能。
（）【答案】T【解析】交易需求是指个人和企业需要货币是为了进行正常的交易活动，故反映了货币的交换媒介职能。
根据凯恩斯货币需求理论，货币需求有三种类型：交易需求、预防需求、投机需求。
4．实际货币供给增加可以通过价格水平的提高或者是名义货币供给的增加来达到。
（ ）【答案】F【解析】实际货币供给m ＝M/P ，这里M 是名义货币供给，M 增加时m 是增加的。
但是，当价格水平P 提高时，实际货币m 减少。
5．在不存在所得税的情况下，政府购买增加，同时转移支付等量减少，则国民生产总值的增加量即为政府增加的购买量（ ）。
【答案】T【解析】政府购买乘数为：1/（1－MPC ），转移支付乘数为：MPC/（1－MPC ），政府购买增加与转移支付等量减少，则111MPC Y G G G MPC MPC ∆=⋅∆-⋅∆=∆--6．如果在一个新的联邦预算中的人均政府购买提高了100美元，并且通过一项新的每人100美元的居民人均税支付它，这样政府赤字没有改变，中央银行使利率保持不变，这样GDP 也不会改变。
（ ）【答案】F【解析】平衡预算乘数是1。
曼昆《宏观经济学》章节题库(国民收入：源自何处,去向何方)【圣才出品】
曼昆《宏观经济学》章节题库第3章国民收入：源自何处，去向何方一、简答题1．除收入外，还有哪些因素影响消费？它们如何作用？答：收入是影响消费的最重要因素，但它并非影响消费的全部原因，尤其是短期内，在某些特殊情况下，边际消费倾向会小于0，有时候它会大于1。
因此，在日常生活中，除了收入，还有其他一些因素会影响消费行为。
（1）利率。
传统看法认为，提高利率可以刺激储蓄，但现代西方经济学家认为，提高利率是否会刺激储蓄，要根据利率变动对储蓄的替代效应和收入效应而定。
一方面，当利率提高时，人们认为减少目前消费，增加将来消费比较有利，因此会增加储蓄。
利率提高使得储蓄增加是利率变动对储蓄的替代效应。
另一方面，利率提高使他将来的利息收入增加，会使他认为自己更加富有，以致增加目前消费，从而减少储蓄。
这种储蓄的减少是利率对储蓄的收入效应。
利率如何影响储蓄，必须视替代效应与收入效应的总和而定。
一般而言，对低收入者来说，利率提高主要会发生替代效应，利率提高会导致储蓄增加。
对高收入者来说，利率的提高主要会发生收入效应，从而可能会减少储蓄。
（2）价格水平。
价格水平是指价格水平的变动，通过实际收入水平的变化而影响消费。
货币收入（名义收入）不变时，若物价上升，则实际收入下降。
如果消费者想要保持原有的生活水平，则平均消费倾向就会提高；反之，物价下跌时，平均消费倾向就会下降。
（3）收入分配。
高收入家庭的消费倾向较小，低收入家庭的消费倾向较大，因此，国民收入分配越是平均，全国性的平均消费倾向就会越大，而收入分配越是不平均，则全国性的平均消费倾向就会越小。
（4）社会保障制度。
一般来说，社会保障制度越是完善，居民越是敢于消费，否则储蓄意愿要增强。
2．假设消费者信心提高增加了消费者未来收入的预期，从而他们现在想消费的数量增加。
可以把这种情况解释为消费函数向上移动。
这种移动如何影响投资和利率？答：如果消费者增加现期的消费数量，那么私人储蓄和国民储蓄将下降。
曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解-失业【圣才出品】
第28章失业28.1复习笔记1．失业的衡量指标（1）失业失业指在一定年龄范围内，有工作能力，愿意工作并积极寻找工作而未能按当时通行的实际工资水平找到工作的人。
要注意：①年龄规定以外的无工作者不计入失业者；②丧失工作能力者不计入失业者；③在校学习的不计入失业者；④由于某种原因不愿工作或不积极寻找工作的人不计入失业者；⑤有些未领取失业救济的未登记注册的无工作者，不计入失业者。
衡量经济中失业状况的最基本指标是失业率。
失业率是指失业者占劳动力的百分比，公式表示为：公式中的劳动力是指失业人数和就业人数之和。
（2）充分就业充分就业并非人人都有工作，消灭了周期性失业的就业状态就是充分就业。
由于社会总需求不足而造成的失业叫周期性失业。
由于经济中某些难以克服的原因而造成的失业叫自然失业。
充分就业与自然失业的存在并不矛盾。
实现了充分就业时的失业率就是自然失业率。
劳动力参工率指劳动力在成年人口中所占的百分比，这个统计数字表示人口中选择参与劳动市场的人口的比率。
经济中总存在某种失业，而且各年的失业量都在变动。
失业率围绕正常失业率而波动。
正常失业率称为自然失业率，失业率与自然失业率的背离称为周期性失业。
（3）失业率不能准确地衡量失业的原因①一些人只是为了能得到政府的福利或由于得到“暗中”支付而装作找工作，他们仍被算在劳动力之中，作为失业者。
这种行为使失业统计数字偏高。
②一些人寻找工作不成功，并放弃了寻找工作，因此他们未被算在失业者之内。
这种行为使失业统计数字偏低。
2．失业的分类宏观经济学通常将失业分为三种类型，即摩擦性失业、结构性失业以及周期性失业。
（1）摩擦性失业指劳动力在正常流动过程中所产生的失业。
摩擦性失业量的大小取决于劳动力流动性的大小和寻找工作所需要的时间。
由于在动态经济中，劳动力的流动是正常的，所以摩擦性失业的存在也是正常的。
（2）结构性失业指劳动力的供给和需求不匹配所造成的失业，其特点是既有失业，又有职位空缺，失业者或者没有合适的技能，或者居住地点不当，因此无法填补现有的职位空缺。
沈坤荣《宏观经济学教程》课后习题详解(第九章 经济增长及其核算)【圣才出品】
⑤生产技术和知识。随着经济发展，新的生产方式逐渐取代了旧的生产方式，技术已广 泛渗透到社会生产力的各个要素之中。劳动生产率的提高主要依靠技术进步。
2．在新古典增长模型中，提高储蓄率对经济增长的短期影响和长期影响有哪些？ 答：在新古典增长模型中，提高储蓄率在短期内会提高人均资本存量，促进经济增长， 但是在长期内，提高储蓄率只会提高潜在的 GDP，并不改变经济增长率。
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
本增长率为零，经济增长率又恢复到原来的水平。因此，从长期看，高储蓄率导致了产出水 平的增加，更多的储蓄提高了潜在的 GDP 水平，但储蓄率并不改变稳态时的 GDP 增长率。
图 9-1 储蓄率的变动对稳态的影响 （2）储蓄率与经济增长的关系 如果一个经济保持较高的储蓄率，它会保持较高的资本存量水平和较高的产出水平，但 是它无法保持较高的增长率，因为资本的边际收益递减。如果储蓄率较低，则经济会有较低 的资本存量水平和产出水平。 较高的储蓄率仅意味着较高的稳定状态，表示当前资本存量水平（未达到稳态水平）与 较高稳态之间的差距可能更大，经济增长会有较大的空间和速度，导致经济在未达到稳态之 前有一个较快的增长。但这种较快的增长仅仅是暂时的，一旦经济在长期中达到稳定状态， 资本存量增长率恒定。
（1）从图 9-1 中可以看出，当储蓄率从 s 提高到 s ，人均储蓄曲线将从较低的位置 sf k
曼昆宏观经济经济学第九版英文原版答案
曼昆宏观经济经济学第九版英文原版答案3(总13页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--Answers to Textbook Questions and ProblemsCHAPTER3?National Income: Where It Comes From and Where It Goes Questions for Review1. The factors of production and the production technology determine theamount of output an economy can produce. The factors of production are the inputs used to produce goods and services: the most important factors are capital and labor. The production technology determines how much output can be produced from any given amounts of theseinputs. An increase in one of the factors of production or animprovement in technology leads to an increase in the economy’soutput.2. When a firm decides how much of a factor of production to hire ordemand, it considers how this decision affects profits. For example, hiring an extra unit of labor increases output and thereforeincreases revenue; the firm compares this additional revenue to the additional cost from the higher wage bill. The additional revenue the firm receives depends on the marginal product of labor (MPL) and the price of the good produced (P). An additional unit of labor produces MPL units of additional output, which sells for P dollars per unit.Therefore, the additional revenue to the firm is P ? MPL. The cost of hiring the additional unit of labor is the wage W. Thus, this hiring decision has the following effect on profits:ΔProfit= ΔRevenue –ΔCost= (P ? MPL) –W.If the additional revenue, P ? MPL, exceeds the cost (W) of hiring the additional unit of labor, then profit increases. The firm will hire labor until it is no longer profitable to do so—that is, until the MPL falls to the point where the change in profit is zero. In the equation abov e, the firm hires labor until ΔP rofit = 0, which is when (P ? MPL) = W.This condition can be rewritten as:MPL = W/P.Therefore, a competitive profit-maximizing firm hires labor until the marginal product of labor equals the real wage. The same logicapplies to the firm’s decision regarding how much capital to hire:the firm will hire capital until the marginal product of capitalequals the real rental price.3. A production function has constant returns to scale if an equalpercentage increase in all factors of production causes an increase in output of the same percentage. For example, if a firm increases its use of capital and labor by 50 percent, and output increases by50 percent, then the production function has constant returns toscale.If the production function has constant returns to scale, then total income (or equivalently, total output) in an economy ofcompetitive profit-maximizing firms is divided between the return to labor, MPL ? L, and the return to capital, MPK ? K. That is, under constant returns to scale, economic profit is zero.4. A Cobb–Douglas production function has the form F(K,L) = AKαL1–α.The text showed that the parameter αgives capital’s share ofincome. So if capital earns one-fourth of total income, then ? = .Hence, F(K,L) = Consumption depends positively on disposable income—. the amount of income after all taxes have been paid. Higher disposable income means higher consumption.The quantity of investment goods demanded depends negatively on the real interest rate. For an investment to be profitable, itsreturn must be greater than its cost. Because the real interest rate measures the cost of funds, a higher real interest rate makes it more costly to invest, so the demand for investment goods falls.6. Government purchases are a measure of the value of goods and servicespurchased directly by the government. For example, the government buys missiles and tanks, builds roads, and provides services such as air traffic control. All of these activities are part of GDP.Transfer payments are government payments to individuals that are not in exchange for goods or services. They are the opposite of taxes: taxes reduce household disposable income, whereas transfer payments increase it. Examples of transfer payments include Social Security payments to the elderly, unemployment insurance, and veterans’benefits.7. Consumption, investment, and government purchases determine demandfor the economy’s output, whereas the factors of production and the production function determine the supply of output. The real interest rate adjusts to ensure that the deman d for the economy’s goodsequals the supply. At the equilibrium interest rate, the demand for goods and services equals the supply.8. When the government increases taxes, disposable income falls, andtherefore consumption falls as well. The decrease in consumptionequals the amount that taxes increase multiplied by the marginalpropensity to consume (MPC). The higher the MPC is, the greater is the negative effect of the tax increase on consumption. Becauseoutput is fixed by the factors of production and the productiontechnology, and government purchases have not changed, the decrease in consumption must be offset by an increase in investment. Forinvestment to rise, the real interest rate must fall. Therefore, a tax increase leads to a decrease in consumption, an increase ininvestment, and a fall in the real interest rate.Problems and Applications1. a. According to the neoclassical theory of distribution, the realwage equals the marginal product of labor. Because of diminishing returns to labor, an increase in the labor force causes themarginal product of labor to fall. Hence, the real wage falls.Given a Cobb–Douglas production function, the increase in the labor force will increase the marginal product of capital and will increase the real rental price of capital. With more workers, the capital will be used more intensively and will be more productive.b. The real rental price equals the marginal product of capital. Ifan earthquake destroys some of the capital stock (yet miraculously does not kill anyone and lower the labor force), the marginalproduct of capital rises and, hence, the real rental price rises.Given a Cobb–Douglas production function, the decrease in the capital stock will decrease the marginal product of labor and will decrease the real wage. With less capital, each worker becomesless productive.c. If a technological advance improves the production function, thisis likely to increase the marginal products of both capital andlabor. Hence, the real wage and the real rental price bothincrease.d. High inflation that doubles the nominal wage and the price levelwill have no impact on the real wage. Similarly, high inflationthat doubles the nominal rental price of capital and the pricelevel will have no impact on the real rental price of capital.2. a. To find the amount of output produced, substitute the given valuesfor labor and land into the production function:Y = = 100.b. According to the text, the formulas for the marginal product oflabor and the marginal product of capital (land) are:MPL = (1 –α)AKαL–α.MPK = αAKα–1L1–α.In this problem, α is and A is 1. Substitute in the given values for labor and land to find the marginal product of labor is andmarginal product of capital (land) is . We know that the real wage equals the marginal product of labor and the real rental price of land equals the marginal product of capital (land).c. Labor’s share of the output is given by the marginal product oflabor times the quantity of labor, or 50.d. The new level of output is .e. The new wage is . The new rental price of land is .f. Labor now receives .3. A production function has decreasing returns to scale if an equalpercentage increase in all factors of production leads to a smaller percentage increase in output. For example, if we double the amounts of capital and labor output increases by less than double, then the production function has decreasing returns to scale. This may happen if there is a fixed factor such as land in the production function, and this fixed factor becomes scarce as the economy grows larger.A production function has increasing returns to scale if an equalpercentage increase in all factors of production leads to a larger percentage increase in output. For example, if doubling the amount of capital and labor increases the output by more than double, then the production function has increasing returns to scale. This may happen if specialization of labor becomes greater as the population grows.For example, if only one worker builds a car, then it takes him a long time because he has to learn many different skills, and he must constantly change tasks and tools. But if many workers build a car, then each one can specialize in a particular task and become more productive.4. a. A Cobb–Douglas production function has the form Y = AKαL1–α. Thetext showed that the marginal products for the Cobb–Douglasproduction function are:MPL = (1 –α)Y/L.MPK = αY/K.Competitive profit-maximizing firms hire labor until its marginal product equals the real wage, and hire capital until its marginal product equals the real rental rate. Using these factsand the above marginal products for the Cobb–Douglas productionfunction, we find:W/P = MPL = (1 –α)Y/L.R/P = MPK = αY/K.Rewriting this:(W/P)L = MPL ? L = (1 –α)Y.(R/P)K = MPK ? K = αY.Note that the terms (W/P)L and (R/P)K are the wage bill and total return to capital, respectively. Given that the value of α = ,then the above formulas indicate that labor receives 70 percent of total output (or income) and capital receives 30 percent of total output (or income).b. To determine what happens to total output when the labor forceincreases by 10 percent, consider the formula for the Cobb–Douglas production function:Y = AKαL1–α.Let Y1 equal the initial value of output and Y2 equal final output.We know that α = . We also know that labor L increases by 10percent:Y 1 = Y 2 = .Note that we multiplied L by to reflect the 10-percent increase in the labor force.To calculate the percentage change in output, divide Y 2 by Y 1:Y 2Y 1=AK 0.31.1L ()0.7AK 0.3L 0.7=1.1()0.7=1.069.That is, output increases by percent. To determine how the increase in the labor force affects therental price of capital, consider the formula for the real rental price of capital R/P :R/P = MPK = αAK α–1L 1–α.We know that α = . We also know that labor (L ) increases by 10percent. Let (R/P )1 equal the initial value of the rental price ofcapital, and let (R/P )2 equal the final rental price of capitalafter the labor force increases by 10 percent. To find (R/P )2,multiply L by to reflect the 10-percent increase in the laborforce:(R/P )1 = – (R/P )2 = –.The rental price increases by the ratioR /P ()2R /P ()1=0.3AK -0.71.1L ()0.70.3AK -0.7L 0.7=1.1()0.7=1.069So the rental price increases by percent. To determine how the increase in the labor forceaffects the real wage, consider the formula for the real wage W/P :W/P = MPL = (1 – α)AK αL –α.We know that α = . We also know that labor (L ) increases by 10percent. Let (W/P )1 equal the initial value of the real wage, andlet (W/P )2 equal the final value of the real wage. To find (W/P )2, multiply L by to reflect the 10-percent increase in the laborforce:(W/P )1 = (1 – –. (W/P )2 = (1 – –.To calculate the percentage change in the real wage, divide (W/P )2 by (W/P )1:W /P ()2W /P ()1=1-0.3()AK 0.31.1L ()-0.31-0.3()AK 0.3L -0.3=1.1()-0.3=0.972That is, the real wage falls by percent.c. We can use the same logic as in part (b) to setY 1 = Y 2 = A Therefore, we have:Y 2Y 1=A 1.1K ()0.3L 0.7AK 0.3L 0.7=1.1()0.3=1.029This equation shows that output increases by about 3 percent. Notice that α < means that proportional increases to capital will increase output by less than the same proportional increase to labor.Again using the same logic as in part (b) for the change in the real rental price of capital:R /P ()2R /P ()1=0.3A 1.1K ()-0.7L 0.70.3AK -0.7L 0.7=1.1()-0.7=0.935The real rental price of capital falls by percent because there are diminishing returns to capital; that is, when capital increases, its marginal product falls.Finally, the change in the real wage is:W /P ()2W /P ()1=0.7A 1.1K ()0.3L -0.30.7AK 0.3L -0.3=1.1()0.3=1.029Hence, real wages increase by percent because the added capitalincreases the marginal productivity of the existing workers.(Notice that the wage and output have both increased by the same amount, leaving the labor share unchanged —a feature of Cobb –Douglas technologies.)d. Using the same formula, we find that the change in output is:Y 2Y 1= 1.1A ()K 0.3L 0.7AK 0.3L 0.7=1.1This equation shows that output increases by 10 percent. Similarly,the rental price of capital and the real wage also increase by 10 percent:R /P ()2R /P ()1=0.31.1A ()K -0.7L 0.70.3AK -0.7L 0.7=1.1W /P ()2W /P ()1=0.71.1A ()K 0.3L -0.30.7AK 0.3L -0.3=1.15. Labor income is defined asW P ´L =WL PLabor’s share of income is defined asWL P æèççöø÷÷/Y =WL PYFor example, if this ratio is about constant at a value of , then the value of W/P = *Y/L. This means that the real wage is roughlyproportional to labor productivity. Hence, any trend in laborproductivity must be matched by an equal trend in real wages.O therwise, labor’s share would deviate from . T hus, the first fact(a constant labor share) implies the second fact (the trend in realwages closely tracks the trend in labor productivity).6. a. Nominal wages are measured as dollars per hour worked. Prices aremeasured as dollars per unit produced (either a haircut or a unit of farm output). Marginal productivity is measured as units ofoutput produced per hour worked.b. According to the neoclassical theory, technical progress thatincreases the marginal product of farmers causes their real wageto rise. The real wage for farmers is measured as units of farmoutput per hour worked. The real wage is W/P F, and this is equalto ($/hour worked)/($/unit of farm output).c. If the marginal productivity of barbers is unchanged, then theirreal wage is unchanged. The real wage for barbers is measured ashaircuts per hour worked. The real wage is W/P B, and this is equal to ($/hour worked)/($/haircut).d.If workers can move freely between being farmers and being barbers,then they must be paid the same wage W in each sector.e. If the nominal wage W is the same in both sectors, but the realwage in terms of farm goods is greater than the real wage in terms of haircuts, then the price of haircuts must have risen relativeto the price of farm goods. We know that W/P = MPL so that W = P ?MPL. This means that PF MPLF= P H MPL B, given that the nominal wagesare the same. Since the marginal product of labor for barbers has not changed and the marginal product of labor for farmers hasrisen, the price of a haircut must have risen relative to theprice of the farm output. If we express this in growth rate terms, then the growth of the farm price + the growth of the marginalproduct of the farm labor = the growth of the haircut price.f. The farmers and the barbers are equally well off after the technological progress in farming, giventhe assumption that labor is freely mobile between the two sectorsand both types of people consume the same basket of goods. Given that the nominal wage ends up equal for each type of worker andthat they pay the same prices for final goods, they are equallywell off in terms of what they can buy with their nominal income.The real wage is a measure of how many units of output areproduced per worker. Technological progress in farming increased the units of farm output produced per hour worked. Movement oflabor between sectors then equalized the nominal wage.7. a. The marginal product of labor (MPL)is found by differentiatingthe production function with respect to labor:MPL=dY dL=13K1/3H1/3L-2/3An increase in human capital will increase the marginal product of labor because more human capital makes all the existing labor more productive.b. The marginal product of human capital (MPH)is found bydifferentiating the production function with respect to humancapital:MPH=dY dH=13K1/3L1/3H-2/3An increase in human capital will decrease the marginal product of human capital because there are diminishing returns.c. The labor share of output is the proportion of output that goes tolabor. The total amount of output that goes to labor is the real wage (which, under perfect competition, equals the marginalproduct of labor) times the quantity of labor. This quantity is divided by the total amount of output to compute the labor share:Labor Share=(13K1/3H1/3L-2/3)LK1/3H1/3L1/3=1 3We can use the same logic to find the human capital share:Human Capital Share=(13K1/3L1/3H-2/3)HK1/3H1/3L1/3=1 3so labor gets one-third of the output, and human capital gets one-third of the output. Since workers own their human capital (we hope!), it will appear that labor gets two-thirds of output.d. The ratio of the skilled wage to the unskilled wage is:Wskilled Wunskilled =MPL+MPHMPL=13K1/3L-2/3H1/3+13K1/3L1/3H-2/313K1/3L-2/3H1/3=1+LHNotice that the ratio is always greater than 1 because skilledworkers get paid more than unskilled workers. Also, when Hincreases this ratio falls because the diminishing returns tohuman capital lower its return, while at the same time increasing the marginal product of unskilled workers.e. If more colleges provide scholarships, it will increase H, and itdoes lead to a more egalitarian society. The policy lowers thereturns to education, decreasing the gap between the wages of more and less educated workers. More importantly, the policy evenraises the absolute wage of unskilled workers because theirmarginal product rises when the number of skilled workers rises.8. The effect of a government tax increase of $100 billion on (a) publicsaving, (b) private saving, and (c) national saving can be analyzed by using the following relationships:National Saving = [Private Saving] + [Public Saving]= [Y –T –C(Y –T)] + [T –G]= Y –C(Y –T) –G.a. Public Saving—The tax increase causes a 1-for-1 increase inpublic saving. T increases by $100 billion and, therefore, publicsaving increases by $100 billion.b.Private Saving—The increase in taxes decreases disposable income,Y –T, by $100 billion. Since the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is , consumption falls by ? $100 billion, or $60 billion.Hence,ΔPrivate Saving = –$100b – (–$100b) = –$40b.Private saving falls $40 billion.c. National Saving—Because national saving is the sum of privateand public saving, we can conclude that the $100 billion taxincrease leads to a $60 billion increase in national saving.Another way to see this is by using the third equation for national saving expressed above, that national saving equals Y –C(Y –T) –G. The $100 billion tax increase reduces disposable income and causes consumption to fall by $60 billion. Sinceneither G nor Y changes, national saving thus rises by $60 billion.d. Investment—To determine the effect of the tax increase oninvestment, recall the national accounts identity:Y = C(Y –T) + I(r) + G.Rearranging, we findY –C(Y –T) –G = I(r).The left side of this equation is national saving, so the equation just says that national saving equals investment. Since national saving increases by $60 billion, investment must also increase by $60 billion.How does this increase in investment take place We know that investment depends on the real interest rate. For investment to rise, the real interest rate must fall. Figure 3-1 illustrates saving and investment as a function of the real interest rate.The tax increase causes national saving to rise, so the supply curve for loanable funds shifts to the right. The equilibrium real interest rate falls, and investment rises.9. If consumers increase the amount that they consume today, thenprivate saving and, therefore, national saving will fall. We know this from the definition of national saving:National Saving = [Private Saving] + [Public Saving]= [Y –T –C(Y –T)] + [T –G].An increase in consumption decreases private saving, so national saving falls.Figure 3-2 illustrates saving and investment as a function of the real interest rate. If national saving decreases, the supply curve for loanable funds shifts to the left, thereby raising the realinterest rate and reducing investment.10. a. Private saving is the amount of disposable income, Y – T,that is not consumed:S private= Y – T – C= 8,000 – 2,000 – [1,000 + (2/3)(8,000 –2,000)]= 1,000.Public saving is the amount of taxes the government has left over after it makes its purchases:S public= T – G= 2,000 – 2,500= –500.National saving is the sum of private saving and public saving:S national= S private+ S public= 1,000 + (500)= 500.b. The equilibrium interest rate is the value of r that clears themarket for loanable funds. We already know that national saving is 500, so we just need to set it equal to investment:S national= I500 = 1,200 – 100rSolving this equation for r, we find:r = or 7%.c. When the government increases its spending, private saving remainsthe same as before (notice that G does not appear in the S privateequation above) while government saving decreases. Putting the newG into the equations above:S private= 1,000S public= T – G= 2,000 – 2,000= 0.Thus,S national= S private+ S public= 1,000 + (0)= 1,000.d. Once again the equilibrium interest rate clears the market for loanable funds:S national= I1,000 = 1,200 – 100rSolving this equation for r, we find:r = or 2%.11. To determine the effect on investment of an equal increase in bothtaxes and government spending, consider the national income accounts identity for national saving:National Saving = [Private Saving] + [Public Saving]= [Y –T –C(Y –T)] + [T –G].We know that Y is fixed by the factors of production. We also know that the change in consumption equals the marginal propensity toconsume (MPC) times the change in disposable income. This tells us thatΔNational Saving = {–ΔT – [MPC ? (–ΔT)]} + [ΔT –ΔG]= [–ΔT + (MPC ? ΔT)] + 0= (MPC –1) ΔT.The above expression tells us that the impact on national saving of an equal increase in T and G depends on the size of the marginal propensity to consume. The closer the MPC is to 1, the smaller is the fall in saving. For example, if the MPC equals 1, then the fall in consumption equals the rise in government purchases, so nationalsaving [Y –C(Y –T) –G] is unchanged. The closer the MPC is to 0 (and therefore the larger is the amount saved rather than spent for a one-dollar change in disposable income), the greater is the impact on saving. Because we assume that the MPC is less than 1, we expect that national saving falls in response to an equal increase in taxes and government spending.The reduction in saving means that the supply of loanable funds curve will shift to the left in Figure 3-3. The real interest rate rises, and investment falls.12. a. The demand curve for business investment shifts out to theright because the subsidy increases the number of profitableinvestment opportunities for any given interest rate. The demandcurve for residential investment remains unchanged.b. The total demand curve for investment in the economy shifts out tothe right since it represents the sum of business investment,which shifts out to the right, and residential investment, whichis unchanged. As a result the real interest rate rises as inFigure 3-4.c. The total quantity of investment does not change because it isconstrained by the inelastic supply of savings. The investment tax credit leads to a rise in business investment, but an offsettingfall in residential investment. That is, the higher interest rate means that residential investment falls (a movement along thecurve), whereas the rightward shift of the business investmentcurve leads business investment to rise by an equal amount. Figure3-5 shows this change. Note thatI 1B +I 1R +I 2B +I 2R =S .13. In this chapter, we concluded that an increase in governmentexpenditures reduces national saving and raises the interest rate. The increase in government expenditure therefore crowds outinvestment by the full amount of the increase. Similarly, a tax cut increases disposable income and hence consumption. This increase in consumption translates into a fall in national saving, and theincrease in consumption crowds out investment by the full amount of the increase.If consumption depends on the interest rate, then saving will also depend on it. The higher the interest rate, the greater the return to saving. Hence, it seems reasonable to think that an increase in the interest rate might increase saving and reduce consumption. Figure 3-6 shows saving as an increasing function of the interest rate.Consider what happens when government purchases increase. At anygiven level of the interest rate, national saving falls by the change in government purchases, as shown in Figure 3-7. The figure shows that if the saving function slopes upward, investment falls by less than the amount that government purchases rises by. This happens because consumption falls and saving increases in response to the higher interest rate. Hence, the more responsive consumption is tothe interest rate, the less investment is crowded out by government purchases.14. a. Figure 3-8 shows the case where the demand for loanablefunds is stable but the supply of funds (the saving schedule)fluctuates perhaps reflecting temporary shocks to income, changes in government spending, or changes in consumer confidence. In this case, when interest rates fall, investment rises; when interestrates rise, investment falls. We would expect a negativecorrelation between investment and interest rates.b. Figure 3-9 shows the case where the supply of loanable funds(saving) is stable, whereas the demand for loanable fundsfluctuates, perhaps reflecting changes in firms’ expectationsabout the marginal product of capital. We would now find apositive correlation between investment and the interest rate—when demand for funds rises, it pushes up the interest rate, so we observe that investment and the real interest rate increase at the same time.c. If both curves shift, we might generate a scatter plot as inFigure 3-10, where the economy fluctuates among points A, B, C, and D. Depending on how often the economy is at each of thesepoints, we might find little clear relationship between investment and interest rates.d. Situation (c) seems fairly reasonable—as both the supply of anddemand for loanable funds fluctuate over time in response tochanges in the economy.。
曼昆《宏观经济学》章节题库(经济增长Ⅰ：资本积累与人口增长)【圣才出品】
曼昆《宏观经济学》章节题库 第 7 章 经济增长Ⅰ：资本积累与人口增长
一、简答题 1．经济增长是每个国家宏观调控的最终目标，请根据你对经济增长的理解，简要概述 你认为哪些因素会影响经济增长。 答：经济增长是一个复杂的社会经济现象，影响因素有很多，而相关的理论也很多，主 要理论有丹尼森和库兹涅茨的经济因素分析。 （1）美国经济学家丹尼森把经济增长因素分为两大类：生产要素投入量和生产要素生 产率。关于生产要素投入量，丹尼森把经济增长看成劳动、资本和土地投入的结果，其中土 地是不变的，其他两个则是可变的。 单位投入要素的产出量（即产量与投入量之比），也就是要素生产率，主要取决于资源 配置状况，规模的节绀隋况和知识进展。具体而言，丹尼森把影响经济增长的因素归结为七 个，即就业者人数和他们的年龄性别构成；工作时间；就业人员的受教育程度；资本存量的 规模；资源配置状况；规模的节约（以市场扩大来衡量）；知识进展。其中前四个是投入量 方面的因素，而后三个为要素生产率方面的因素。 （2）库兹涅茨则认为，影响经济增长的因素主要是：知识存量的增长、劳动生产率的 提高及经济结构变化。 ①知识存量的增加。当不断增加的知识存量被利用时，它就成为现代经济高速增长的源 泉。但知识存量要被转化为现实的生产力，还要经过一系列中介环节，如对劳动力的训练进 行大量的投资，企业家要有能力克服一系列从未遇到的障碍，知识的使用者对技术是否适宜
稳定增长吗？
答：（1）如果一个经济的目标是，使人均消费量达到最大，那么，在技术和劳动增长
率（人口增长率）固定不变时，应如何选择人均资本量（资本劳动比率）的问题，经济学家
费尔普斯利用新古典增长模型做出了回答：如果对每个人的资本量选择能使资本的边际产品
曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》模拟试题详解(一~二)【圣才出品】
曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第7版）模拟试题及详解（一）一、名词解释1．通货膨胀税 答：通货膨胀税指通货膨胀引起的一部分货币购买力由资产持有者向货币发行者转移的现象，这种转移犹如一种赋税，因而称之为通货膨胀税。
通货膨胀税的计算公式是：1i T M i=+g 式中，T 为通货膨胀税，M 为一年中平均货币余额，i 为通货膨胀率，1i i +为每一单位货币所丧失的购买力。
通货膨胀税的主要受益者是国家政府，政府在通货膨胀过程中，可以得到三方面的收益：①扩大货币供应量能直接增加其收入。
②通过单位货币购买力的降低而减少来偿还国家债务的实际价值。
③直接增加税收收入，因为通货膨胀会使企业和个人的收入在名义上增加，纳税等级自动上升，政府可获得更多的收入。
2．货币中性答：货币中性是指名义货币数量的变化不会改变产品市场原有均衡状态和国民收入的结构，仅引起产品市场各种商品的绝对价格水平的同比变动的一种经济效应。
当货币是中性时，货币供给的增加引致货币需求的增加，货币市场在新的供求均衡点上达到均衡，货币市场均衡的改变只引起物价总水平的变化，不改变商品的相对价格，也不影响产品市场的均衡，不影响实际国民收入中消费与储蓄、投资与消费的比例关系。
此时，货币经济类似于物物交易经济。
这一观点从根本上否定了规则的货币政策对经济周期的调节作用；并认为只有对未被预期到的通货膨胀采取适当的货币政策才可以提高实际经济水平。
3．自然率假说答：自然率假说是卢卡斯在“自然失业率”的基础上，提出的一种关于就业、产出以及物价等经济变量存在着一种不由政府政策支配的实际因素（如生产、技术等）决定的自然水平的理论观点。
根据自然率假说，任何一个社会都存在一个自然失业率，其大小取决于社会的技术水平、资源数量和文化传统。
长期而言，经济总是趋向于自然失业率；尽管短期内，经济政策能够使得实际失业率不同于自然失业率。
弗里德曼根据自然率和菲利普斯曲线得出一个货币主义的结论：在短期，虽然可以通过货币政策把失业率人为地维持在小于自然率的水平，但是，在长期不可能做到这一点。
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1 / 154 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 圣才电子书 www.100xuexi.com 第1篇 导 言
第1章 宏观经济学科学 一、概念题 1．宏观经济学（macroeconomics） 答：宏观经济学与微观经济学相对，是一种现代的经济分析方法。它以国民经济总体作为考察对象，研究经济生活中有关总量的决定与变动，解释失业、通货膨胀、经济增长与波动、国际收支及汇率的决定与变动等经济中的宏观整体问题，所以又称之为总量经济学。宏观经济学的中心和基础是总需求—总供给模型。具体来说，宏观经济学主要包括总需求理论、总供给理论、失业与通货膨胀理论、经济增长与经济周期理论、开放经济理论、宏观经济政策等内容。 对宏观经济问题进行分析与研究的历史十分悠久，但现代意义上的宏观经济学直到20世纪30年代才得以形成和发展起来。现代宏观经济学诞生的标志是凯恩斯于1936年出版的《就业、利息和货币通论》。宏观经济学在20世纪30年代奠定基础，二战后逐步走向成熟并得到广泛应用，20世纪60年代后的“滞胀”问题使凯恩斯主义的统治地位受到严重挑战并形成了货币主义、供给学派、理性预期等学派对立争论的局面，20世纪90年代新凯恩斯主义的形成又使国家干预思想占据主流。宏观经济学是当代发展最为迅猛，应用最为广泛，因而也是最为重要的经济学学科。
2．实际GDP（real GDP） 答：实际GDP指用以前某一年的价格作为基期的价格计算出来的当年全部最终产品的 2 / 154
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 圣才电子书 www.100xuexi.com 市场价值。它衡量在两个不同时期经济中的产品产量变化，以相同的价格或不变金额来计算
两个时期所生产的所有产品的价值。在国民收入账户中，以2010年的价格作为基期来计算实际GDP，意味着在计算实际GDP时，用现期的产品产量乘以2010年的价格，便可得到以2010年价格出售的现期产出的价值。
3．通货膨胀与通货紧缩（inflation and deflation） 答：（1）通货膨胀是指在一段时期内，一个经济中大多数商品和劳务的价格水平持续显著地上涨。它包含三层含义：①通货膨胀是经济中一般价格水平的上涨，而不是个别商品或劳务的价格上涨；②通货膨胀是价格的持续上涨，而非一次性上涨；③通货膨胀是价格的显著上涨，而非某些微小的上升，例如每年上升0.5%，不能视为通货膨胀。 通货膨胀的严重程度一般用通货膨胀率来衡量。根据不同标准，可以把通货膨胀划分为不同类型。根据通货膨胀的表现形式，可分为公开型通货膨胀和隐蔽型通货膨胀；根据通货膨胀的严重程度，可分为爬行式通货膨胀、奔跑式通货膨胀和恶性通货膨胀；根据通货膨胀发生的原因，可分为需求拉上型通货膨胀、成本推动型通货膨胀、混合型通货膨胀和结构型通货膨胀；根据通货膨胀是否被预期，可分为预期型通货膨胀和未预期型通货膨胀。 （2）通货紧缩是与通货膨胀相对立的概念，是指在一段时期内，一个经济体中一般商品和劳务价格的持续显著地下降。 通货紧缩从本质上来说是一种货币现象，它在实体经济中的根源是总需求对总供给的偏离，或现实经济增长率对潜在经济增长率的偏离。当总需求持续小于总供给，或现实经济增长率持续低于潜在经济增长率时，就会出现通货紧缩现象。 通货紧缩的特征是物价水平的持续下跌。这个物价水平，严格说来应包括资产价格如股票、债券、房地产及商品和服务在内的价格指数，但碍于统计上的局限性，一般在国内用全 3 / 154
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 圣才电子书 www.100xuexi.com 国零售物价上涨率，在国外用消费价格指数（CPI）作为度量指标。如果全国零售物价上涨
率在零以下且持续时间超过6个月，人们通常在理论上就将其界定为典型的通货紧缩。 通货紧缩也是一种实体经济现象。它通常与经济衰退相伴随，表现为投资机会相对减少和投资的边际收益下降，由此造成银行信用紧缩，货币供应量增长持续下降，信贷增长乏力，消费和投资需求减少，企业普遍开工不足，非自愿失业增加，收入增长速度持续放慢，各个市场普遍低迷。
4．失业率（unemployment rate） 答：失业率衡量没有工作的劳动力所占的比例。就业者和失业者的总和称为劳动力，失业者占劳动力的百分比就是失业率。经济在长期中处于的失业率称为自然失业率，当经济中的失业率等于自然失业率时就称经济处于充分就业水平。
5．衰退（recession） 答：衰退是指实际GDP减少，但不严重的时期，一般的衡量标准是国民生产总值连续两个季度下降。一个完整的经济周期包括繁荣、衰退、萧条和复苏四个阶段。在繁荣阶段，经济活动全面扩张，不断达到新的高峰；在衰退阶段，经济在短时间保持均衡后出现紧缩的趋势；在萧条阶段，经济出现急剧的收缩和下降，很快从活动量的最高点下降到最低点；在复苏阶段，经济从最低点恢复并逐渐上升到先前的活动量高度，进入繁荣。
6．萧条（depression） 答：萧条是指实际GDP严重减少的时期。一个完整的经济周期包括繁荣、衰退、萧条和复苏四个阶段。在繁荣阶段，经济活动全面扩张，不断达到新的高峰；在衰退阶段，经济 4 / 154
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 圣才电子书 www.100xuexi.com 在短时间保持均衡后出现紧缩的趋势；在萧条阶段，经济出现急剧的收缩和下降，很快从活
动量的最高点下降到最低点；在复苏阶段，经济从最低点恢复并逐渐上升到先前的活动量高度，进入繁荣。
7．模型（models） 答：模型是指用来描述所研究的经济事物的有关经济变量之间相互关系的理论结构，是现代经济理论的一种主要分析方法，也称为经济数学模型，指用数学形式所表述的经济过程或经济理论结构。 其特点是：以所要研究的问题为中心，从错综复杂的经济现象中概括出一些变量，设立某些假设前提，并根据一定的经济理论把这些变量列成一定的方程式或方程式体系，以表示各经济变量之间的关系，反映经济过程的运行情况，模拟在不同的经济条件下经济主体的行为，同时据以分析过去和现在并预测未来。现实世界的情况是由各种主要变量和次要变量构成的，因而非常复杂，只有把次要因素排除在外，才能对经济运行进行严格的分析。运用经济模型，事先作出某些假设，可以排除掉许多次要因素，从而建立起一定的模型，然后通过运用这一模型，可以对错综复杂的现实世界作出极其简单的描述。
8．内生变量（endogenous variables） 答：内生变量又称为非政策性变量，是指在经济机制内部由纯粹的经济因素所决定的，不为政策所左右的变量。内生变量是“一种理论内所要解释的变量”。内生变量是由模型系统决定的，同时也对模型系统产生影响。内生变量一般都是经济变量，如市场经济中的价格、利率、汇率等变量。 5 / 154
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 圣才电子书 www.100xuexi.com 9．外生变量（exogenous variables）
答：外生变量又称政策性变量，是指在经济机制中受外部因素主要是政策因素影响，而由非经济体系内部因素所决定的变量。这种变量通常能够由政策控制，并以之作为政府实现其政策目标的变量。从广义上讲，任何一个系统（或模型）中都存在许多变量，其中自变量和因变量统称为内生变量，而作为给定条件存在的变量则称为外生变量，指不受自变量影响而受外部条件支配的变量。外生变量一般是确定性变量，或者是具有临界概率分布的随机变量，其参数不是模型系统研究的元素。外生变量影响系统，但本身不受系统的影响。外生变量一般是经济变量、条件变量、政策变量和虚拟变量。 在经济模型中，变量分为内生变量和外生变量。外生变量是由模型以外的因素所决定的变量，本身不能由模型解释。内生变量是一个模型要解释的变量。外生变量决定内生变量，外生变量的变化会引起内生变量值的变化。参数通常是由模型以外的因素决定的，参数也可以被看成是外生变量。例如，在下面均衡价格决定模型中：
dQaP
SQP
dSQQ
Q和P是模型所要决定其数值的变量，称为内生变量。α，β，δ，γ的数值是由模型的外部条件所决定的，被称为外生变量，也被称为参数。外生变量α，β，δ，γ的数值，将决定内生变量Q和的值。
10．市场出清（market clearing） 答：市场出清指商品市场与要素市场同时实现供求平衡的市场状态。作为经济学分析的一个重要假说，该假说认为，市场上价格机制的自我调节能够让市场自发的实现供求均衡，
P 6 / 154
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 圣才电子书 www.100xuexi.com 即市场出清的状态。在商品市场上，价格随供求关系的变动而迅速变动，即供大于求时，价
格迅速下降；供小于求时，价格迅速上升。通过价格迅速的调节，商品市场可以经常处于供求平衡的出清状态。同样，要素市场上，要素价格随要素供求关系的变动而迅速变动，即供大于求时，要素价格迅速下降；供小于求时，价格迅速上升。通过要素价格迅速的调节，要素市场可以经常处于供求平衡的出清状态。当商品市场与要素市场都出清时，经济处于充分就业状态。 市场出清假说的基本前提是价格与工资具有完全的弹性。凯恩斯主义以前的新古典经济学家根据这一假说证明了市场调节的完善性以及充分就业的必然性。凯恩斯主义的出现否认了市场出清假说，论证了如果仅仅依靠市场调节，经济中必然存在失业与生产过剩的危机，并提出了国家干预经济的政策主张。20世纪70年代初出现于经济学界的理性预期学派又重新接受了市场出清假说，并把它与理性预期假说作为基本前提来分析宏观经济的运行，证明市场机制的完善性。
11．弹性价格和黏性价格（flexible and sticky prices） 答：弹性价格是指可以对供求变动作出即时调整的价格，反之，调整比较缓慢的价格被称为黏性价格。古典经济学派认为商品或劳务的价格是有弹性的，因此市场总能处于出清状态，经济总能实现充分就业。但凯恩斯学派则认为价格不是完全有弹性的，而是存在黏性，因此在短期内经济会偏离充分就业水平。
12．微观经济学（microeconomics） 答：微观经济学与宏观经济学相对应，是主要以家庭、厂商（企业）和市场等单个经济主体及其相互关系为研究对象的经济学。微观经济学是以市场经济中各个经济单位的经济行