真题(2)
真题考试：2022 生理学真题及答案(2)
真题考试：2022 生理学真题及答案(2)1、在男性睾丸分泌的激素是【】（单选题）A. 抑制素B. 雄激素C. 雌激素D. 卵泡刺激素(FSH)试题答案：A2、红细胞渗透脆性是指【】（单选题）A. 红细胞对高渗盐溶液的抵抗力B. 红细胞在低渗盐溶液中膨胀破裂的特性C. 红细胞耐受机械撞击的能力D. 红细胞相互撞击破裂的特性试题答案：B3、直接引发成熟卵泡排卵的激素是【】（单选题）A. 黄体生成素(LH)B. 雌激素C. 促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)D. 卵泡刺激素(FSH)试题答案：A4、在动物中脑上、下丘之间切断脑干，将会出现（单选题）A. 脊休克B. 去大脑僵直C. 站立不稳D. 运动共济失调试题答案：B5、会计的基本职能是（单选题）A. 反映与分析B. 核算与监督C. 反映与核算D. 控制与监督试题答案：B6、下列各项中，不属于反映获利能力的财务指标有（多选题）A. 资产净利率B. 存货周转率C. 资产负债率D. 销售净利率E. 净资产收益率试题答案：B,C7、下列选项中不属于护理伦理学范畴的是（单选题）A. 权利和义务B. 情感和良心C. 审慎D. 生命和健康试题答案：D8、企业生产产品耗用的直接材料应记入（单选题）A. “制造费用”贷方B. “制造费用”借方C. “生产成本”贷方D. “生产成本”借方试题答案：D9、在肾内，能重吸收小管液中全部葡萄糖的肾小管是【】（单选题）A. 近端小管B. 髓袢降支C. 髓袢升支D. 远曲小管试题答案：A10、最重要的消化液是（单选题）A. 胃液B. 胰液C. 胆汁D. 小肠液试题答案：B11、在肾小管液中，不能以原形被肾小管上皮细胞商接重吸收的物质是【】（单选题）A. Na-B. K+C. C1-D. HCO3+试题答案：D12、下列各项中,体现谨慎性要求的有（多选题）A. 应收账款计提坏账准备B. 存货发出采用个别计价法C. 可供出售金融资产计提减值准备D. 固定资产采用加速折旧法计提折旧E. 存货采用成本与可变现净值孰低法进行期末计价试题答案：A,C,D,E13、随同产品出售但不单独计价的包装物，在发出时应按实际成本计入（单选题）A. 管理费用B. 生产成本C. 销售费用D. 其他业务成本试题答案：C14、下列各项中,属于“利润分配”科目核算内容的（多选题）A. 计提应交所得税B. 提取法定盈余公积C. 提取任意盈余公积D. 向投资者分配利润E. 计提应交城市维护建设税试题答案：B,C,D15、人体中能被各种功能活动直接利用的供能物质是（单选题）A. 葡萄糖B. 三磷酸腺苷C. 脂肪酸D. 氨基酸试题答案：B16、以下属于患者义务的有（多选题）A. 配合诊治和护理B. 遵守医院规章制度C. 支持医学科学发展D. 要求诉讼和赔偿E. 支持医学教育试题答案：A,B,C,E17、回收骨骼肌胞质申的钙泵主要分布在（单选题）A. 腿膜B. 胍潢网膜C. 横管膜D. 线黻体膜试题答案：B18、能促进胰腺腺泡细胞分泌含酶量多的胰液的胃肠激素是【】（单选题）A. 生长抑素B. 促胰液素C. 缩胆囊素D. 肠抑胃素试题答案：C19、下列各项中，符合现金流量表中现金概念的是（单选题）A. 应收股利B. 现金等价物C. 长期股权投资D. 持有至到期投资20、成人肾小球滤过率的正常值是【】（单选题）A. 100ml/minB. 125ml/minC. 1 75ml/minD. 180ml/min试题答案：B21、肺表面活性物质的作用是【】（单选题）A. 润滑气道B. 降低肺顺应性C. 降低肺泡表面张力D. 增加气体的溶解度试题答案：C22、脑是多种感觉传入大脑皮层的接替站，但不包括【】（单选题）A. 痛觉B. 触觉C. 听觉D. 嗅觉试题答案：D23、在肾内，能重吸收小管液中全部葡萄糖的肾小管是【】（单选题）A. 近端小管B. 髓袢降支C. 髓袢升支D. 远曲小管24、心室肌细胞动作电位平台期的形成是由于（单选题）A. N内流，外流B. N内流，C内流C. C外流，内流D. C内流，外流试题答案：D25、影响固定资产折旧的因素有（多选题）A. 原值B. 减值准备C. 公允价值D. 预计净残值E. 预计使用年限试题答案：A,B,D,E26、下列项目中，属于无形资产的有（多选题）A. 商誉B. 专利权C. 工作权D. 非专利技术E. 土地使用权试题答案：B,C,D,E27、企业用于办理日常转账结算和现金收付的银行账户是（单选题）A. 基本存款账户B. 一般存款账户C. 临时存款账户D. 专用存款账户试题答案：A28、采用“冰帽”为发热患者降温的散热方式是【】（单选题）A. 辐射散热B. 传导散热C. 对流散热D. 蒸发散热试题答案：B29、长期股权投资采用成本法核算，持有期间被投资企业宣告发放的现金股利应（单选题）A. 增加投资收益B. 增加营业外收入C. 减少长期股权投资D. 增加其他业务收入试题答案：A30、肺表面活性物质的作用是【】（单选题）A. 润滑气道B. 降低肺顺应性C. 降低肺泡表面张力D. 增加气体的溶解度试题答案：C31、可使机体能量代谢率显著升高的因素是【】（单选题）A. 高温环境B. 进食过程C. 肌肉活动D. 精神活动试题答案：C32、机体内绝大多数细胞直接接触的生活环境，称为【】（单选题）A. 外环境B. 内环境C. 细胞内液D. 血浆试题答案：B33、为国民经济提供装备和技术手段的产业是（单选题）A. 农业B. 工业C. 商业D. 金融业试题答案：B34、与胃黏膜屏障保护作用相关的离子是【】（单选题）A. K-B. NaC. Ca2+D. HCO3+试题答案：D35、下列激素中，对血糖浓度影响最小的是【】（单选题）A. 胰高血糖素B. 肾上腺素C. 生长激素D. 醛固酮试题答案：D36、血细胞中，数量最多的是【】（单选题）A. 红细胞B. 中性粒细胞C. 淋巴细胞D. 血小板试题答案：A37、下列各项中，一般需要企业用货物或劳务清偿的是（单选题）A. 预收账款B. 应交税费C. 应付利息D. 预付账款试题答案：A38、下列关于特异性投射系统的描述，正确的是【】（单选题）A. 主要起源于丘脑非特异投射核群B. 投射到大脑皮质的特定区域C. 是不同感觉共同上传途径D. 维持和改善大脑皮质的，兴奋状态试题答案：B39、下列变化中，能使血沉减慢的是【】（单选题）A. 血浆中纤维蛋白原含量增多B. 血浆中球蛋白含量增多C. 血浆中自蛋白含量增多D. 血浆中胆固醇含量增多试题答案：C40、半规管内感受细胞所接受的刺激是（单选题）A. 直线加速度B. 恒速度旋转C. 旋转变速运动D. 直线匀速运动试题答案：C41、下列关于特异性投射系统的描述，正确的是【】（单选题）A. 主要起源于丘脑非特异投射核群B. 投射到大脑皮质的特定区域C. 是不同感觉共同上传途径D. 维持和改善大脑皮质的，兴奋状态试题答案：B42、甲企业年初未分配利润为100万元，盈余公积40万元。
2024年6月全国大学英语CET四级真题和答案解析(第二套)
2024年06月大学英语四级考试真题（第2套）Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: Suppose your university is seeking students’ opinions on whether university sports facilities should be open to the public. You are now to write an essay to express your view. You will have 30 minutes for the task. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.PartⅡListening Comprehension (25 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A）, B), C) and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.1. A) It hit a bird shortly after takeoff.B) Its crew members went on strike.C) It narrowly escaped a plane crash when turning around.D) Its captain got slightly injured during the forced landing.2. A) Panic. C) Relieved.B) Nervous. D) Contented.Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.3. A) He is now kept in a secure area.B) He has escaped the zoo once again.C) He has been caught a second time.D) He finally disappeared six days ago.4. A) Squeezed.B) Threatened.C) Disappointed.D) Frustrated.Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.5. A) It is condemned as a crazy idea.B) It is enriching the city’s night life.C) It is questioned by local residents.D) It is giving rise to safety concerns.6. A) Avoid entering one-way streets.B) Ensure the safety of pedestrians.C) Follow all the traffic rules drivers do.D) Give way to automobiles at all times.7. A) To ease the city’s busy traffic.B) To bring new life into the city.C) To add a new means of transport.D) To reduce the city’s air pollution.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A），B），C)and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.8. A) Take it seriously. C) Make it sound scary.B) Discuss it regularly. D) Talk about it openly.9. A) By shopping around for the best deals. C) By citing concrete examples.B) By making abstract sums relevant. D) By visiting discount stores.10. A) Paying their kids to help with housework.B) Setting kids a good example by sharing chores.C) Giving kids pocket money according to their needs.D) Urging kids to deposit some of their gift money.11. A) The importance of cutting down family expenses.B) The need to learn important lessons from her elders.C) The delight in seeing their savings grow.D) The necessity of saving into a pension.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. A) He is a successful businessman.B) He reviews books on political affairs.C) He has published a new bestseller.D) He has worked in several banks.13. A) The man’s ideas about education.B) The man’s academic background.C) The man’s attempts at drawing public attention.D) The man’s proposals to solve economic problems.14. A) To reduce students’ financial burden.B) To motivate all students to be successful.C) To give students incentive to excel in economics.D) To provide remedies for students’ poor performance.15. A) Improving school budgeting. C) Seeking donations.B) Increasing tuition fees. D) Raising taxes.Section CDirections:In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. Afteryou hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A) To show his sympathy towards people always being busy.B) To prevent people from complaining about being “busy”.C) To call on busy people to take care of themselves.D) To help busy people to sort out their priorities.17. A) Avoid saying we are busy. C) Describe our schedule in detail.B) Reflect on their true purpose. D) Respond as most busy people do.18. A) To show their achievements resulted from great efforts.B) To prove they stand out as accomplished professionals.C) To cover up their failure to achieve some purpose.D) To tell others a complete lie about their inability.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. A) They will help one reduce fear. C) They will be less challenging after a time.B) They should become so popular. D) They should cover so many different types.20. A) To break one’s ultimate limits. C) To avoid dangerous mistakes.B) To stop being extremely afraid. D) To enjoy the sports to the full.21. A) By allowing our motivation to be at an all-time high.B) By stopping us hurting the same muscles repeatedly.C) By burning as many as 300 calories per hour.D) By enabling us to get an all-over workout.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22. A) It is natural.B) It is instrumental.C) It is personal.D) It is vital.23. A) To guard against being perceived negatively. C) To conceal personality preferences.B) To prevent themselves from being isolated. D) To maintain workplace harmony.24. A) It helps to enhance team spirit.B) It stimulates innovative ideas.C) It helps to resolve problems.D) It facilitates policy-making.25. A) An innovative mind.B) Corporate culture.C) Mutual trust.D) A healthy mentality.Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identifiedby a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once．A team of researchers led by Priyanka Joshi examined the degree to which men and women relied on “communicative abstraction” to verbally convey their ideas and emotions. Communicative abstraction, according to the researchers, reflects the tendency of people to use “abstract speech that focuses on the broader pi cture and 26 purpose of action rather than concrete speech focusing on details and the means of 27 action.” Interestingly, they found that men were far more likely to speak in the abstract than were women.To arrive at this 28 , the researchers examined the linguistic (语言的) patterns of men and women in over 600,000 blog posts written on websites. To do this, the researchers computed abstractness ratings for 29 40,000 commonly used words in the English language. Words conside red to be concrete could be easily visualized, such as “table” or “chair”. Words that were more 30 to visualize, for example, “justice” or “morality” were considered to be more abstract. They found that men used 31 more abstract language in their blog posts.What is the 32 of this effect? The researchers suggest that power differences between the genders— that is, men having more power in society—might be a key determinant (决定因素). For instance, in a follow-up study conducted with a sample of 300 students, the researchers 33 power dynamics in an interpersonal setting to see if this would influence communicative abstraction. They found that participants in a high-power interviewer role were more likely to give abstract descriptions of behaviors than were participants in a low-power interviewee role. This suggests that communicating more abstractly does not reflect a 34 tendency of men or women but rather 35 within specific contexts.Section BDirections:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.How to better work towards long-term goalsA)Hal Hershfield, a psychologist at the UCLA Anderson School of Management, wanted toknow why people weren’t saving for retirement. Across the board, people are living longer.Logically, they’ll need more money to live comfortably in their post-work years. And yet, savings rates in the U.S. have gone down in recent decades, not up.B)To help explain this seemingly irrational behavior, Hershfield and his team scanned thebrains of study participants while asking them to what degree various traits (特征)—like “honorable”or “funny”—applied to their current self, their future self, a current other, or a future other. As participants answered, Hershfield’s team recorded which parts of their brains lit up. Unsurprisingly, people’s brains were most active when thinking about their current selves and least active when thinking about a current other. But the team found that participants’ brain activity while considering their future selves more closely resembled their brain activity while thinking about a current other rather than the current self.C)Put in practical terms, when thinking of yourself in a month or a year or a decade, yourbrain registers that person in ways similar to how it would register Taylor Swift or the mailman. Understood in that way, saving for retirement is the equivalent of giving money away to someone else entirely.D)In light of Hershfield’s study, one simple question arises: Is it possible to make our presentselves give a damn about our future selves? The answers are anything but simple.E)Seen through the lens of the present self versus the future self, our self-defeating actions—like choosing to watch television rather than go to the gym—suddenly make perfect sense.We get to enjoy the very concrete, immediate benefits of our actions while someone else (namely, our future selves) suffers the hypothetical(假设的), far-off consequences. As a result, the decisions we make for our present selves often look very different from our decisions for our future selves. We believe that tomorrow will be different. We believe that we will be different tomorrow; but in doing so, we prioritize our current mood over the consequences of our inaction for the future self.F)Understanding our procrastination (拖延) through the lens of the present and future selves,we’re left with three possible solutions: The first is to force your future self to do whatever your present self doesn’t want to do. The second is to convince your present self that your future self is, in fact, still you. If the central problem is that we think of our future selves as other people, it follows that trying to identify more closely with our future selves will encourage us to make better long-term decisions.G)In a follow-up study, Hershfield wanted to explore ways to bridge the disconnect betweenthe present and future selves and encourage people to save more for retirement. He and his team took photos of study participants, and then used image processing to visually age their faces. Participants were then placed in a virtual reality setting where they could look into a mirror and see their aged selves looking back at them. Participants who saw their aged selves said they would save 30% more of their salary for retirement than the control group.H)Whatever your long-term goals may be—getting in better shape, launching your ownbusiness, writing a book—thinking about your deadline in terms of days rather than months or years can help you wrap your mind around how close the future really is.I)The third solution is to forget about your future self and use your present self’s love ofinstant gratification (满足感) to your advantage. While the two tactics (手段) above can be effective in making better long-term choices, in the end, you’re still struggling againsthuman nature. Our brains are hard-wired for instant gratification. Instead of fighting your present self’s need for immediate rewards, why not use it to your advantage? When most of us set goals, we focus on long-term results we want to see—e.g., losing weight, gettinga promotion, retiring in comfort, etc. While those visions of our future selves can beinspiring, when it comes to actually doing the day-to-day work, it may be more effective to reframe activities in terms of their immediate, or at least very near-term, rewards.J)Take writing this article, for instance. It’s easy for me to imagine how amazing it will feel at the end of the workday to have this article done. This isn’t just my opinion. Research partners Kaitlin Woolley of Cornell University and Ayelet Fishbach of the University of Chicago have made a career out of studying the differences between the goals that people achieve and the ones that fall to the wayside.K)“In one study, we asked people online about the goals they set at the beginning of the year.Most people set goals to achieve delayed, long-term benefits, such as career advancement, debt repayment, or improved health. We asked these individuals how enjoyable it was to pursue their goal, as well as how important their goal was. We also asked whether they were still working on their goals two months after setting them. We found that enjoyment predicted people’s goal persistence two months after setting the goal far more than how important they rated their goal to be,” Woolley said.L)This pattern held true across a wide variety of goals from exercising to studying to eating healthier foods. For example, people ate 50% more of a healthy food when directed to focus on the good taste rather than the long-term health benefits. Other studies have shown a greater uptake of exercise in people who were told to think of the enjoyment of doing the exercise now rather than future health gains.M)These findings suggest that when it comes to achieving your goals, enjoying the process itself is more important than wanting the long-term benefits. In other words, present self trumps (战胜) future self. Who says instant gratification has to be a bad thing? By all means, set ambitious long-term goals for your future self, but when it comes to actually following through day-to-day, make sure your present self knows what’s in it for her too.36. Our brains are genetically determined to satisfy immediate desires.37. Taken in a practical way, saving for post-work years is like giving money away to others.38. Research found that, as regards achievement of one’s goals, it is important to focus more on enjoying the process than the long-term benefits.39. Regarding our future selves as still being ourselves will help us make better long-term decisions.40. Savings rates in America have dropped in recent decades even though people’s life expectancy has increased.41. Researchers found that enjoyment rather than importance enabled people to persist in their goals.42. When making decisions, we give priority to our current frame of mind without thinking much of the consequences.43. People ate more of a healthy food when they focused on its good taste instead of its long-term benefits.44. As was expected, when people thought of their present selves, their brains were observed to become more active.45. Researchers found that participants who saw the images of their aged selves would save more for their later years than those who didn’t.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.People often wonder why some entrepreneurs have greater success than others. Is it habits, connections, luck, work ethic or any other behavior? I believe the key to success is willpower. Willpower is the ability to control yourself. It is a strong determination that allows you to do something difficult. It is a behavior we are born with more than one we learn; however, it is possible to not only learn it, but also strengthen it with constant exercise.Willpower is just like a muscle; to keep it strong you need to constantly exercise it. People with a great amount of willpower have the discipline to develop positive, successful habits. Even with an incredible amount of talent, without the discipline and motivation to create positive habits, it can be difficult to achieve success.Willpower and habits go hand in hand. It is critical to create good habits and take the actions necessary to stick to those habits day in and day out for greater success. Almost half of our daily actions are part of our habits and not decisions, so once the correct habits are in place, you will automatically perform those tasks on a day-today basis.The best way to create and stick to a habit is to have strong motivation. It’s easier to change your habits to lose weight if you have a health issue and you want to be around longer for your kids, or if your business is somethin g you’re passionate about. Having a valuable outcome associated with a habit will help you stick to that habit permanently.The art of self-control is one that most successful individuals have mastered. Self-control enables you to avoid behaviors that don’t contribute to your success and adopt those that do.Because there is a delayed satisfaction associated with self-control, it can be easy to get off track. However, if you work on sticking to those small positive habits one day at a time, it becomes easier to stay strong and achieve that delayed reward. Once a reward is achieved, it is much easier to continue sticking to your habits.46. What does the author say we need to do to strengthen our willpower?A) Keep it under control. C) Learn from entrepreneurs.B) Apply it continuously. D) Aim at success determinedly.47. How are almost half of our daily actions performed according to the passage?A) Out of habit. C) Like muscle building.B) With determination. D) By self-discipline.48. What will help people stick to doing something constructive automatically?A) Practising it on a day-to-day basis. C) Possessing a reasonable amount of talent.B) Associating it with improving health. D) Foreseeing the desired outcome it will yield.49. How does the art of self-control help us succeed?A) By allowing us to remain clear-headed permanently.B) By enabling us to alter our behaviors constantly.C) By enabling us to take positive actions.D) By allowing us to avoid taking risks.50. Why can it be difficult for us to maintain self-control?A) Most of us are not in the habit of exercising self-control.B) We may not get immediate rewards from self-control.C) Self-control tends to be associated with pains.D) Self-control only brings about small benefits.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Today, most scientific research is funded by government grants, companies doing research and development, and non-profit foundations. As a society, we reap the rewards from this science, but we also help pay for it. You indirectly support science through taxes you pay, products and services you purchase, and donations you make.Funding for science has changed with the times. Historically, science has been largely supported through private patronage(资助), church sponsorship, or simply paying for the research yourself. Today, researchers are likely to be funded by a mix of grants from various government agencies, institutions, and foundations. Other research is funded by private companies. Such corporate sponsorship is widespread in some fields. Almost 75% of U.S. clinical trials in medicine are paid for by private companies. And, of course, some researchers today still fund small-scale studies out of their own pockets. Most of us can’t afford to do nuclear research as a private hobby, but birdwatchers, rock collectors, and others can do real research on a limited budget.In a perfect world, money wouldn’t matter—all scientific studies would be completely objective. But in the real world, funding may introduce biases. Drug research sponsored by the pharmaceutical (制药的) industry is more likely to end up favoring the drug under consideration than studies sponsored by government grants or charitable organizations. Similarly, nutrition research sponsored by the food industry is more likely to end up favoring the food under consideration than independently funded research.So what should we make of all this? Should we ignore any research funded by companies or special interest groups? Certainly not. These groups provide invaluable funding for scientific research. Furthermore, science has many safeguards in place to catch instances of bias that affect research outcomes. Ultimately, misleading results will be corrected as science proceeds; however, this process takes time. Meanwhile, it pays to examine studies funded by industry or special interest groups with extra care. Are the results consistent with other independently funded studies? What do other scientists have to say about this research? A little examination can go a long way towards identifying bias associated with the funding source.51. What does the passage mainly discuss regarding scientific research?A) Its foundation.B) Its rewards.C) Its prospect.D) Its funding.52. What do we learn from the passage about researchers like birdwatchers and rock collectors?A) They have little access to government funding.B) They can do research with limited resources.C) They can do amateur work in their own fields.D) They have no means for large-scale research.53. What would scientific studies look like in a perfect world according to the author?A) They would be totally unbiased.B) They would be independently funded.C) They would be responsibly conducted.D) They would be strictly supervised.54. What does the author say about companies and special interest groups?A) They try hard to pull down the safeguards for research.B) They make extra efforts to research their own products.C) They provide valuable resources for scientific research.D) They reap the most benefits from scientific research.55. What does the author think of research funded by industry or special interest groups?A) Its recommendations should be examined for feasibility.B) Its misleading results should be corrected in time.C) Its validity should be checked with additional care.D) Its hidden biases should be identified independently.Part ⅣTranslation (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.农历（the lunar calendar）起源于数千年前的中国，根据太阳和月亮的运行规律制定。
全国计算机等级考试二级Python真题及解析(2)
全国计算机等级考试二级Python真题及解析(2)全国计算机等级考试二级Python真题及解析（2）一、选择题1.关于算法的描述，以下选项中错误的是：A.算法具有可行性、确定性、有穷性的基本特征B.算法的复杂度主要包括时间复杂度和空间复杂度C.算法的基本要素包括数据对象的运算和操作及算法的控制结构D.算法是指解题方案的准确而完整的描述正确答案：B2.关于数据结构的描述，以下选项中正确的是：A.数据的存储结构是指反映数据元素之间逻辑关系的数据结构B.数据的逻辑结构有顺序、链接、索引等存储方式C.数据结构可以直观地用图形表示D.数据结构指相互独立的数据元素的集合正确答案：A3.在深度为7的满二叉树中，结点个数总共是：A.64B.127C.63D.32正确答案：B4.对长度为n的线性表进行顺序查找，在最坏的情况下所需要的比较次数是：A.n×(n+1)B.n-1C.nD.n+1正确答案：C5.关于结构化程序设计方法原则的描述，以下选项中错误的是：A.逐步求精B.模块化C.自顶向下D.自底向上正确答案：D6.与信息隐蔽的概念直接相关的概念是：A.模块独立性B.模块类型划分C.模块耦合度D.软件结构定义正确答案：A7.关于软件工程的描述，以下选项中描述正确的是：A.软件工程包括3要素：结构化、模块化、面向对象B.软件工程工具是完成软件工程项目的技术手段C.软件工程方法支持软件的开发、管理、文档生成D.软件工程是应用于计算机软件的定义、开发和维护的一整套方案、工具、文档和实践标准和工序正确答案：D8.在软件工程详细设计阶段，以下选项中不是详细设计工具的是：A.程序流程图B.CSSC.PALD.判断表正确答案：B9.以下选项中表示关系表中的每一横行的是：A.属性B.列C.码D.元组正确答案：D10.将E-R图转换为关系模式时，可以表示实体与联系的是：A.关系B.键C.域D.属性正确答案：A11.以下选项中Python用于异常处理结构中用来捕获特定类型的异常的保留字是：A.exceptB.doC.passD.while正确答案：A12.以下选项中符合Python语言变量命名规则的是：A.*iB.3_1C.AI!D.Templist正确答案：D13.关于赋值语句，以下选项中描述错误的是：A.在Python中，赋值语句使用等号（=）进行赋值B.在Python中，可以同时给多个变量赋值C.在Python中，可以使用“+=”、“-=”等运算符进行赋值运算D.在Python中，赋值语句可以用于给变量重新赋值正确答案：A在Python语言中，有一种同时给多个变量赋值的语句，例如x = "alice"。
一级造价工程师考试《建设工程计价》历年真题及答案(2)
一级造价工程师考试《建设工程计价》历年真题及答案（2）单选题(共60题)1.【单项选择题】某工程合同12000万元，其中主要材料及构件占比为50%。
合同约定的工程预付款为3600万元，进度款支付比例为85%。
按起扣点计算的预付款起扣点为（）万元。
A、7200B、6120C、3000D、4800正确答案：D2.【单项选择题】国际工程分包费与直接费、间接费平行并列时，总包商对分包商的管理费应列入（）。
A、间接费B、分包费C、盈余D、上级单位管理费正确答案：B3.【单项选择题】依据《建设项目工程总承包合同示范文本（试行）》（GF-2011-0216）订立的工程总承包合同，采用的合同价款形式是（）。
A、固定单价B、可调单价C、固定总价D、可调总价正确答案：C4.【单项选择题】按照形成资产法编制建设投资估算表，生产准备费应列入（）。
A、固定资产费用B、固定资产其他费用C、无形资产费用D、其他资产费用正确答案：D5.【单项选择题】关于设备原价的说法，正确的是（）。
A、进口设备的原价是指其到岸价B、国产设备原价应通过查询相关交易价格或向生产厂家询价获得C、设备原价通常包含备品备件费在内D、设备原价占设备购置费比重增大，意味着资本有机构成的提高正确答案：C6.【单项选择题】按照成本估价法计算国产非标准设备原价时，下列费用项目中，包含在利润计算基数中的是（）。
A、增值税销项税额B、包装费C、外购配套件费D、设备设计费正确答案：B7.【单项选择题】某市政工程招标采用经评审的最低投标价法评标，招标文件规定对同时投多个标段的评标修正率为4%，现有投标人甲、乙同时投Ⅰ、Ⅱ标段，甲的报价分别为8000万元、7000万元，乙的报价分别为8500万元、6800万元。
已知投标人甲已经中标Ⅰ标段，在不考虑其他量化因素的情况下，投标人甲、乙Ⅱ标段的评标价分别为（）。
A、6720万元；6528万元B、6720万元；6800万元C、8834万元；6028万元D、7280万元；7072万元正确答案：B8.【单项选择题】关于工程量清单“量价分离”和“风险分担”的编制原则，下列说法正确的是（）。
2024年内蒙古小学教师资格证考试真题卷(2)
2024年内蒙古小学教师资格证考试真题卷（2）本卷共分为2 大题50 小题，作答时间为180 分钟，总分100分， 60 分及格。
一、单项选择题（共 25 题，每题 2 分。
每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意）1.下列选项不属于世界三大宗教之一的是A.佛教B.道教C.基督教D.伊斯兰教2.3，4，x，5 这五个数的平均数是4，则x=A.4B.5C.6D.73.下列有关文学常识的表述正确的一项是A. 《论语》是儒家经典著作之一，主要记述孔子的言行，内容涉及哲学、政治、伦理、道德、文学、教育等各方面，是了解儒家学说最直接、最宝贵的资料B.记录墨子及其弟子言行的《墨子》一书，由墨子的弟子整理而成。
墨子宣传“非攻”与“兼爱”，其学说与孔子的儒学在战国时期影响极大，与儒学并称为“显学”C.道家经典《老子》由老子所著，以其“言道德之意”，所以又称《道德经》。
老子，姓李名耳，为道家创始人D.道家学派的另一著作《庄子》，是庄周所著，其文语汇丰富，多用寓言，想象丰富，形成一种汪洋恣肆，富有浪漫主义色彩的独特风格。
鲁迅先生说：“其文则汪洋辟阖，仪态万方，晚周诸子之作，莫能先也。
”4.A、B、C、D 是a、b、c、d 的原因， A 是a 的原因， B 是b 的原因， C 是 c 的原因，所以， D 与 d 之间有因果联系。
这是A.剩余法B.共变法C.求异法D.求同法5.某小学生数学成绩的标准分为0．5，则这名小学生的成绩____A.高于平均分B.低于平均分C.等于平均分D.没法确定6.在乡试、会试、殿试中的第一名分别称A.解元、会元、状元B.会元、解元、状元C.状元、会元、解元D.解元、状元、会元7.中国新民主主义革命开端的标志是A.辛亥革命B.维新运动C.新文化运动D.五四运动8.有－幅著名的绘画作品，有人看了这幅画，“恍然如入汴京，置身流水游龙间，但少尘土扑面耳”。
这幅名画的作者是A.顾恺之B.展子虔C.阎立本D.张择端9.人们常说的“豆蔻女子”的年龄是指A.10 岁B.11 岁C.12 岁D.13 岁10.小说的三要素是A.人物、叙事、环境B.抒情、情节、环境C.人物、环境、题材D.人物、情节、环境11.“三曹”中不包括A.曹操B.曹丕C.曹植D.曹仁12.我国种子植物有24500 余种，居世界第位A.四B.五C.三D.二13.蛋白质是－类极为复杂的含氮化合物，它是构成生物体的主要成分，是构成细胞的基本物质材料，－般占生物体干物质重的A.0，5%B.9%C.50%D.95%14.广义相对论认为，空间－时间本质上是物质客体的广延性和持续性，它本身不是独立存在的。
2022年湖南省岳阳市中考地理真题 (2)
2022年岳阳市初中学业水平考试试卷地理一、选择题（本大题共17小题，每小题只有一个正确答案。
按答题卡中的要求填涂每小题正确答案的字母代号。
每小题3分，共51分。
）近年来，每年5~8月，某海域（图示区域）进入休渔期。
结合下图，完成下面小题。
1. 该休渔区南至（）A. 12°NB. 12°SC. 110°ED. 120°E2. 休渔期间，该海域（）A. 有极夜现象B. 昼长夜短C. 昼短夜长D. 寒风凛冽【答案】1. A 2. B【解析】【1题详解】由图可以看出，该休渔区纬度向北增大，纬度都是北纬，经度向东增大，经度都是东经，可以看出，休渔区域南至12°N，图中没有显示12°S ；西至110°E以西，东至120°E附近，故A正确、BCD错误，根据题意，故选A。
【2题详解】据图可知，该区域位于北半球。
每年5~8月，地处北半球的该海域进入夏季，昼长夜短，没有极夜现象；这里位于热带海域，夏季时不会有寒风凛冽，故ACD错误、B正确。
根据题意，故选B。
【点睛】地球的公转方向是自西向东的。
当太阳光直射在南回归线上时，这一天称为冬至日，为12月22日前后，北半球昼短夜长，北极圈以内地区有极夜现象；当太阳光直射在北回归线上时，这一天称为夏至日，为6月22日前后，北半球昼长夜短，北极圈以内地区有极昼现象；当太阳光第一次直射在赤道上时，这一天称为春分日，为3月21日前后，全球昼夜平分；第二次直射在赤道上时为秋分日，为9月23日前后，全球昼夜平分。
某学校利用盛满水的盆、海绵纸、吸管等材料设计了一个模拟地球表层运动的实验（如图），实验中发现，将吸管插入水中朝盆底吹气时，大量气泡出现在海绵纸交界处。
结合下图，完成下面小题。
3. 图中冒出的气泡模拟的地理现象，最有可能是（）A. 火山地震B. 海冰消融C. 水土流失D. 动物迁徙4. 目前，能合理解释该模拟实验现象的理论是（）A. 日心说B. 风成说C. 板块构造学说D. 盖天说【答案】3. A 4. C【解析】【3题详解】根据生活经验，在气流的推动下海绵纸会运动；由于受力是不均匀的，所以，海绵纸有的会相互碰撞，有的会相互分离，而不会有秩序地运动，该现象模拟的是火山和地震，一般来说，板块内部地壳比较稳定；板块交界地带，地壳比较活跃，多火山和地震。
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教师招聘考试易错题（2）1、在一节课内完成两项或两项以上教学任务的课属于（C）。
A.单一课B.选修课C.综合课D.活动课【解析】根据完成教学任务的量对课程进行划分，可以把课程分为单一课和综合课。
在一节课内完成两项或两项以上教学任务的课属于综合课。
在一节课内主要完成一种教学任务的课教单一课。
2、真正使教育心理学成为一门独立学科的人是（A）。
A.桑代克B.詹姆斯C.冯特D.赫尔巴特【解析】1903年，桑代克《教育心理学》，奠定了教育心理学的发展的基础，标志着西方教育心理学独立学科体系的确立，桑代克被称为“教育心理学之父”。
3、现代认知心理学认为，教学促进智力发展的最佳途径是（A）。
A.发展认知结构说B.习得知识C.培养认知过程品质说D.认识发生论4、（D）认为，为学生规定一种固定不变的课程是不适当的，因为它没有考虑到学生对知识的态度。
如果知识不能引起学习者的感情，就不可能是明确的知识。
A.后现代主义课程论B.学科中心主义课程论C.社会改造主义课程论D.存在主义课程论【解析】存在主义课程论认为，为学生规定一种固定不变的课程是不适当的，因为它没有考虑到学生对知识的态度。
规定固定课程的出发点，是它能消除学生的无知，并能给予学生一定的知识。
然而，人的境遇是时刻变化的，没有任何东西是固定的、绝对的，而且固定的课程难以适合学生的情况和需要。
这样的课程无助于学生的发展。
5、生成性目标取向追求的是（C ）。
A.普遍主义B.唯科学主义C.实践理性D.解放理性6、对如何促使学生从内部理解所学内容的意义，并对学习进行自我调节的一项研究是（D）。
A.合作性研究B.社会文化研究C.主动性研究D.反思性研究7、《中国教育改革和发展纲要》提出教育发展的“两全”目标，“两全”是指（D）。
A.全面普及义务教育，全面扫除青壮年文盲B.全面进行教育改革，全面发展职业教育C.全面改革政府包揽办学的格局，全面深化教育体制改革D.全面贯彻党的教育方针，全面提高教育质量8、为达到德育目的采用的教育者和受教育者相互作用的活动方式的总和是（C）。
A.德育原则B.德育途径C.德育方法D.德育模式9、关于教育目的，持社会本位论的代表人物是（A）。
A.斯宾塞B.孟子C.卢梭D.杜威10、下列哪个选项属于教师必须具备的特殊能力?（C）A.观察力B.注意力C.表达能力D.思维能力11、《学记》指出：“时教必有正业，退息必有居学。
”这说明了古代学校既有正式课堂学习，还有（C）。
A.自主学习B.课外辅导C.课外活动D.家庭教育12、由于我在考试中作弊，老师再也不会喜欢我了。
这句话表达的非理性信念是（B）。
A.概括化B.绝对化C.糟糕透顶D.以上均错误13、下列说法中，不正确的一项是（D ）。
A.学习评定是一种主观的价值判断B.测验是评价的一种特定形式C.测量是评定的主要依据D.评定比测量和测验更为具体，更具操作性【解析】评价分为定性评价和定量评价，测量和测验属于定量评价。
相对定性评价来说，测量和测验更具体、更有操作性。
14.老师将各种三角形呈现出来，告诉学生有两条边相等的是等腰三角形，而三条边相等的是等边三角形，让学生掌握各种三角形的概念，这主要涉及思维过程中的（D ）。
A 分析B 综合C 比较D 分类【解析】比较是在人脑中把各种事物加以对比，来确定他们之间的异同点和关系。
而分类是按照事物的异同，把他们区分为不同的种类。
本题是按照两边相等还是三边相等，将它们分为等腰或等边，属于分类。
15、有位教师讲《繁星》一课，为帮助学生较好的理解作者创作本文的心态，背景，他预先制作了一个幻灯片，上课时把天花板当做天空，当幻灯机的开关打开，天花板上群星灿烂，学生仰望天空，较好地体验到夜间星空的情趣及作者当时的心情，这一教学情境的创设法是（ D ）。
A.事物刺激法B.联系实际法C.音、美配合法D.观察演示法【解析】教师主要采用幻灯片观察演示繁星的景象。
16、课堂教学过程是一个师生不断发展的动态过程，课堂教学评价关注（ABCE ）。
A. 教学目标的确定是否体现课程改革的三维目标B. 教学方法的选择是否有利于教师教学的顺利进行C. 学生在课堂学习过程中是否表现出主体性并有发展的趋势和效果D. 教师在课堂教学中是否运用了合理的评价手段E. 教师的基本功及其对学生的影响【解析】课堂教学评价的内容(一)教学目的课堂教学是否根据课程标准、教材内容和学生实际情况以及教学的整体性原则，制订出明确、合理的教学目标；目标确立后，教学的各个环节是否围绕着目标来进行。
（二）教学内容教学内容的安排是否根据教材的科学体系和学科课程标准所规定的教学任务与要求，保证教学的科学性与思想性的统一；对教学内容的处理是否抓着了重难点，容量是否适当，难度是否符合学生的实际水平等。
（三）教学方法和手段教学方法与手段的运用是否有利于教学任务的完成，是否适合教材内容的性质与特点，是否符合学生的年龄特征与实际水平，是否适合当时的教学环境，是否有利于发挥教师的主导作用与学生的主体地位等。
（四）教学组织形式与结构教学组织形式和结构的选用是否有利于教学目标的实现，是否有利于学生对当堂知识的掌握及相关能力的培养，是否符合学生实际水平与当时的教学条件，是否有利于教学时间的合理分配等。
（五）教师的教学素质主要是对教师的教学态度、教学基本功和思想文化修养的要求。
（六）课堂教学效果主要是对学生对知识的掌握情况、能力的培养以及非智力因素培养的要求。
也有的专著认为，课堂教学评价主要从教学目标、教学内容、教学方法和教学效果这四个因素来衡量，也有的专著在这四个因素的基础上增加了师生活动成为五大因素来衡量。
17.自我意识的发展有如下特征（ACE ）。
A. 从客观的我向主观的我过渡B. 从主观的我向客观的我过渡C. 从他律向自律过渡D. 从自律向他律过渡E. 从无性意识向有性意识过渡【解析】（一）生理自我（在3岁左右基本成熟）生理自我，也称为自我中心期，是个体对自己的生理属性的意识，如：对体重、身高、身材、容貌等体像和性别方面的认识，对身体的痛苦、饥饿、疲倦等感觉。
生理自我是自我意识最原始的形态。
（二）社会自我（少年期基本成熟）社会自我，也称为客观化时期，是指个人对自己的社会属性的意识，包括个人对自己在各种关系中角色、地位、权利、义务等的意识。
是个人在与他人的交往过程中，参加各种社会活动，并在其中扮演各种社会角色，逐渐产生的。
（三）心理自我（青年初期开始发展和形成）心理自我，也称为主观自我时期，是指个体对自己的心理属性的意识，包括对自己的感知、记忆、思维、智力、性格、气质、动机、需要、价值观和行为等的意识。
18、就一个测验的优劣而言，最为重要的指标是（B ）A. 信度B. 效度C. 区分度D. 难度【解析】信度是测量结果的一致性或可信度程度。
效度是测验的有效性，即测验分数能够代表所要测量的心理特征的程度,或测验结果达到测验目的的程度。
难度是测题的难易程度。
区分度是项目得分对被试实际水平的区分能力或鉴别能力。
信度和效度是衡量一个测验的质量高低，而难度和区分度是衡量具体的每一个题目的好坏。
就一个测验的优劣而言，效度是一个比信度更为重要的指标，因为一个低效度的测验，即使具有很好的信度，也不能获得有用的资料。
19、感性知识分为两种水平，即( B )A、感觉和知觉B、感知和表象C、表象和语词D、概念和命题20、程序性知识包括两种，即( C )A、动作技能与心智技能B、感性知识与理性知识C、心智技能与认知策略D、直接经验与间接经验21、学生利用认知结构中原有的下位概念来学习新的上位概念的学习模式是( C )A、下位学习B、类属学习C、上位学习D、并列结合学习【解析】下位学习又称类属学习，是指将概括程度或包含程度较低的新概念或命题归属到认知结构中已有的、概括程度或包含程度更高的适当概念或命题之下的学习，从而获得新概念或新命题的意义。
上位学习：也称总括学习，是指在认知结构中原有的几个观念的基础上学习一个包容性程度更高的命题，即原有的观念是从属观念，而新学习的观念是总括性观念。
在这些原有观念的基础上学习一个概括和包容程度较高的概念或命题时，便产生上位学习。
22、教学评价的实施一般可分为三个基本步骤：①准备工作；②评价实施；③评价结果的处理。
以下不属于评价结果的处理的是（B）。
A.评价结果的分析判断B.资料的收集整理工作C.做出综合评价的结论D.评价结果的信息反馈23、想象的基本特征有（AD）。
A.新颖性B.离奇性C.生动性D.形象性24、学校的产生一般需要具备下列哪些条件?（ABC）A.社会生产水平的提高B.文字的产生和知识的记载达到一定程度C.脑力劳动和体力劳动的分离D.教育经验的积累25、按照皮亚杰的观点，不同年龄的儿童的认知能力差异正是由于他们各阶段（D ）发展水平上的差异所造成的。
A.平衡能力B.顺应能力C.同化能力D.认知结构【解析】按照皮亚杰的观点，不同年龄的儿童的认知能力差异正是由于他们各阶段认知结构发展水平上的差异所造成的。
26、根据《未成年人保护法》，下列说法正确的是（ B ）。
A.学校教职员工对未成年人实施体罚，变相体罚或者其他侮辱人格行为的，由法院责令改正B.学校教职员工对未成年人实施体罚，变相体罚或者其他侮辱人格行为的，由其所在单位责令整改C.学校教职员工对未成年人实施体罚，变相体罚或者其他侮辱人格行为的，无论情节轻重，都应依法给予处分D.学校教职员工对未成年人实施体罚，变相体罚或者其他侮辱人格行为的，情节严重的，依法给予刑事处罚【解析】第六十三条学校、幼儿园、托儿所侵害未成年人合法权益的，由教育行政部门或者其他有关部门责令改正；情节严重的，对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依法给予处分。
学校、幼儿园、托儿所教职员工对未成年人实施体罚、变相体罚或者其他侮辱人格行为的，由其所在单位或者上级机关责令改正；情节严重的，依法给予处分。
27、中学教师要关爱中学生，尊重中学生人格，富有爱心、责任心、耐心和（ B ）。
A. 公德心B. 细心C. 敬业心D. 好奇心【解析】《中小学教师专业标准》中指出，教师要富有爱心、责任心、耐心和细心。
28、.广义的教师语言所包括的类型有（ ABCD ）。
A.以语音为信号口语B.以文字为信号的书面语C.态势语（包括眼神、手势、身姿等）D.其他辅助语（主要指教具，包括实物、图片、音像资料等）E.日常俚语，谚语等【解析】广义的教师语言包括：（1）以语音为信号的口语；（2）以文字为信号的书面语；（3）态势语（包括眼神、手势、身姿等）；（4）其他辅助语（主要指教具，包括实物、图片、音像资料等）。
29、以下活动中属于开放型小结，即拓展型小结的有（ ACD ）。
A.悬念存疑B.总结归纳C.拓展延伸D.故事遗趣E.竞赛活动【解析】拓展延伸式是为发展学生的思维能力和创造能力而设计的结课方法。