History and Anthology of American Literature 美国文学史及选读 笔记
American History
美国历史
美国全称美利坚合众国（英语：United States of America），原为英国殖民地，后因种种因素逐渐兴起而成为一个强大的国家。
北美洲原始居民为印第安人。
16-18世纪，正在进行资本原始积累的西欧各国相继入侵北美洲。
到了十八世纪中期，在北美大西洋沿岸建立了十三块殖民地，殖民地的经济，文化，政治相对成熟。
但是殖民地与英国之间产生了裂痕，英国继续对北美地区采取高压政策，引起了北美地区居民强烈不满。
从1776年到1783年，北美十三州在华盛顿领导下取得了独立战争的胜利。
美国正式诞生，先后制定了一系列民主政治的法令。
逐步成为一个完全独立的民族主权国家。
美国独立后积极进行领土扩展，美国领土逐渐由大西洋沿岸扩张到太平洋沿岸。
经济发生了显著变化，北部、南部经济沿着不同方向发展。
南北矛盾日益加重。
1861年4月至1865年4月，美国南方与北方之间进行的战争，又称美国内战。
最终是北方领导的资产阶级获胜统一全国。
1865年开始了重建时期，逐步废除奴隶制，1877年，南部进行民主重建，制订了民主的进步法令，标志着民主重建的结束。
后来美国完成了工业革命，经济实力大增，两次世界大战奠定了美国在资本主义世界中霸主的地位。
冷战开始后和苏联平分天下。
冷战结束后，美国成为世界上唯一的超级大国。
但是二十世纪八十年代年美国经济情况仍较平稳。
进入90年代，美国计算机产业发展迅速，并带动全球的高科技信息产业，开拓了新一代的产业革命。
5 The development of American literautre 1865-1900 (1)
• The Adventure of Tom Sawyer (1876) • The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1883)
• “All modern literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn.” -- Ernest Hemingway
• Twain began Huckleberry Finn simply as a sequel to Tom Sawyer, with several narrative threads carried over from the earlier work. Even as he began, however, he must have realized that this was a very different, more authentic work. For the manuscript shows Twain trying to catch the trick, the exact lilt of Huck’s voice: “You will not know about me.”, “You do not know about me.”, and “You don’t know about me.” Only at the third attempt does Twain come up with the right, idiomatic but poetic, start. Like a jazz musician, trying to hit the right beat before swinging into the full melody and the rhythm of the piece, Twain searches for just the right voice, the right pitch and momentum, before moving into the story of his greatest vernacular hero. (p.125)
美国史参考书目(重要必看)
• 张友伦等：《美国历史上的社会运动和政府改革》， 天津教育出版社1992年； • 庄锡昌著：《二十世纪的美国文化》，浙江人民出版 社1993年；陆镜生编著：《美国人权政治──理论和 实践的历史考察》，当代世界出版社1997年； • 托克维尔著：《论美国的民主》，商务印书馆1988年； • 查尔斯· 比尔德等著：《美国文明的兴起》，商务印 书馆1991年； • 邓蜀生著：《世代悲欢美国梦》，人民出版社2002； 康马杰著：《美国精神》，光明日报出版社1988年；
• 5．端木义万主编《美国社会文化透视》，南 京大学出版社,1999. • 6．梅仁毅主编《美国研究读本》（英文） • 7．潘绍中编著《美国文化与文学选集》（An Anthology of American Culture and Literature 1607-1914） 1998年，商务印 书馆 • 8．齐文颖主编《美国史探研》，中国社会科 学出版社2001年
5. 黄安年著《美国的崛起——17-19世纪的美国》中 国社会科学出版社1992年；《 20世纪美国史》河 北人民出版社1989年 6. 来安方编著《英美概况》，河南教育出版社， 1995年 7． American History ，Jonathant Rose ，United States Information Agency , 1989. 8. History of the United States， by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard，Macmillan, March 1921;
(三)资料类
• 1、（美）《美国志－50州现状》 • 2、（美）《总统外传－美国历任总统简介》 • 3、阮宗泽、宋军编《为什么偏偏是美国》北京:世 界知识出版社,1995.9 • 4、黄安年编《百年来美国问题中文书目（18401990)》上、中、下册。 • 5、杨玉圣、胡玉坤编《中国美国学论文综目： 1979-1989》，辽宁大学出版社1991.
谈美国历史作文英语
谈美国历史作文英语Title: Exploring American History Through the Ages。
The history of the United States is a tapestry woven with diverse threads, spanning centuries of triumphs, struggles, and transformations. From its humble beginnings as a collection of colonies to its rise as a global superpower, American history is a testament to the resilience, innovation, and spirit of its people.One of the pivotal chapters in American history is the colonial period, which began in the early 17th century with the arrival of European settlers seeking religious freedom, economic opportunities, and adventure. The establishment of the Jamestown colony in 1607 marked the beginning of permanent English settlement in North America. Over the following decades, more colonies were founded along the eastern seaboard, each with its own unique characteristics and challenges.The colonial era was characterized by conflicts between the colonists and indigenous peoples, as well as tensions with the colonial powers in Europe. The French and Indian War, fought between 1754 and 1763, was a pivotal momentthat reshaped the geopolitical landscape of North America.It also laid the groundwork for the American Revolution, as the colonists chafed under British rule and sought greater autonomy.The American Revolution, which began in 1775 and culminated in the Declaration of Independence in 1776, wasa watershed moment in world history. It was a boldassertion of the principles of liberty, democracy, andself-determination, and it inspired similar movements for independence around the globe. The Revolutionary War,fought between the American colonies and the British Empire, tested the resolve and resilience of the fledgling nation but ultimately resulted in victory for the patriots.The period following the American Revolution was one of nation-building and exploration. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 laid the foundation for the Americanpolitical system, establishing a framework of government based on democratic principles and the separation of powers. The ratification of the Constitution in 1789 ushered in a new era of governance and set the stage for the expansion and growth of the United States.The 19th century was a time of rapid expansion and transformation for the United States. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 doubled the size of the young nation, opening up vast new territories for settlement and exploration. The westward expansion fueled by the promiseof manifest destiny brought Americans into conflict with indigenous peoples and other nations, leading to the annexation of Texas, the Mexican-American War, and the acquisition of territories such as California and Oregon.The Civil War, fought between 1861 and 1865, was a defining moment in American history, pitting the northern states against the southern states in a bloody struggleover the issue of slavery. The war resulted in theabolition of slavery and the preservation of the Union, but it also left deep scars on the nation and laid bare thedivisions between North and South.The latter half of the 19th century saw the United States emerge as an industrial powerhouse, fueled by technological innovation, immigration, and westward expansion. The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 connected the east and west coasts of the country, facilitating trade and commerce and opening up new markets for American goods.The turn of the 20th century brought new challenges and opportunities for the United States. The Progressive Era, marked by social and political reform, saw the rise of movements for women's suffrage, labor rights, and environmental conservation. The United States also emerged as a global power, flexing its muscles in conflicts such as the Spanish-American War and exerting its influence in regions such as Latin America and the Pacific.The 20th century was a century of highs and lows for the United States, marked by triumphs such as victory in World War II and the Civil Rights Movement, as well astragedies such as the Great Depression and the Vietnam War. Despite these challenges, the United States emerged as a beacon of freedom and democracy, inspiring people around the world with its ideals of liberty, equality, and opportunity.In conclusion, the history of the United States is a rich tapestry of triumphs, struggles, and transformations. From its colonial beginnings to its emergence as a global superpower, American history reflects the resilience, innovation, and spirit of its people. By studying the past, we can gain insights into the forces that have shaped the nation and chart a course for the future.。
美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记6.
History And Anthology of American Literature （6）附：作者及作品一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。
介绍欧美历史的书籍
1. 《美国史纲》（The Outline of American History）：作者是伯纳德·贝林格（Bernard Bailyn），是一本经典的美国历史教科书。
本书涵盖了从殖民地时期到20世纪的美国历史，重点关注政治、经济、文化和社会变革等方面。
2. 《欧洲史》（A Short History of Europe）：作者是罗伯特·格鲁夫（Robert K. Groueff），是一本全面介绍欧洲历史的书籍。
本书从古代文明到现代社会，详细介绍了欧洲的政治、经济、文化和社会发展。
3. 《西方文明史》（The History of Western Civilization）：作者是罗伯特·汤因比（Robert L. Gordon），是一本全面介绍西方文明历史的书籍。
本书从古代希腊和罗马文明到现代社会，详细介绍了西方文明的发展历程。
4. 《英国史》（A History of England）：作者是约翰·格里高利·吉本（John Gregorich Gibbon），是一本经典的英国历史教科书。
本书涵盖了从古代到现代的英国历史，重点关注政治、经济、文化和社会变革等方面。
5. 《法国史》（A History of France）：作者是罗伯特·弗莱彻（Robert Flaherty），是一本全面介绍法国历史的书籍。
本书从古代高卢到现代社会，详细介绍了法国的政治、经济、文化和社会发展。
6. 《德国史》（A History of Germany）：作者是约阿希姆·冯·魏茨泽克（Joachim von Wieser），是一本全面介绍德国历史的书籍。
本书涵盖了从古代到现代的德国历史，重点关注政治、经济、文化和社会变革等方面。
7. 《俄罗斯史》（A History of Russia）：作者是亚历山大·费奥多罗夫（Alexander Voikov），是一本全面介绍俄罗斯历史的书籍。
美国文学史1.Colonial American Lite
3.its Influence on Am literature 1)its optimism has exerted a great influence on American literature 2)Puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception changed gradually into a literary symbolism
Introduction Am literature is one of the youngest national literature in the world. It became a colony of Britain in the early 17th century. And the American Independence War stretched from 1776 to 1783. The short history can be divided into several stages: 1.the colonial period It stretched roughly from the settlement of Am in the early 17th C through the end of the 18th. (The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607 in Virginia. Following this one,anothor 3 colonies was set up in Am,including the one by the Puritans---The Massachusetts Bay Colony.)
1 History of American Literature 美国文学史 英语简介
Brief Introduction of the American Literature History
1. The Colonial Period (1607-End of the 18th C) 2. The Romantic Period (19th C-1865) 3. The Age of Realism (1865-1918) 4. The Modern Period (1918-1945) 5. The Postwar Period (1945- )
regarded as one of the American authors writing in the Modernist tradition of the 1920s)
The Modern Period (19181945)
The 1920s African American literature (Harlem Renaissance) Langston Hughes The 1930s Left or socialist-oriented writers: John Dos Passos and John Steinbeck
Henry David Thoreau Walt Whitman Emily Dickinson Edgar Allan Poe Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville
The Age of Realism (18651918)
William Dean Howells Mark Twain (The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn;
Frank Norris
Dreiser
(McTeagaue,
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History and Anthology of American LiteraturePart I The Literature of Colonial America1.Historical Introduction·The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.·Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was Captain John Smith. His reports of exploration have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.2.Early New England Literature·The American poets who emerged in the 17 century adapted the style of established European poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange, new environment. Anne Bradstreet was one such poet.John Smith1.The first American writer.2.Works:(1)A true Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony(2)A Map of Virginia with a Description of the Country(3)The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer IslesWilliam Bradford & John Winthrop1.William Bradford: 曾任普利茅斯总督·Work: Of Plymouth Plantation《普利茅斯垦殖记》2.John Winthrop: 曾任马萨诸塞湾总督，波士顿总督·Work: The History of New England from 1630 to 1649《新英格兰历史：1630-1649》John Cotton & Roger Williams1.John Cotton: 清教徒牧师和作家·The first major intellectual spokesman of Massachusetts Bay Colony was John Cotton, sometimes called “the Patriarch of New England”.2.Roger Williams: 出生于伦敦的进步宗教思想家，曾长期受到英国殖民当局的迫害·He was interested in the Indian language·Work：A Key into the Language of America 《阿美利加语言的钥匙》Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor1.Anne Bradstreet：美国第一位作品得以发表的女诗人·Work：The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America《第十位缪斯》2.Edward Taylor：美国清教派牧师和诗人，被公认为美国19世纪前最重要的诗人·The best of the Puritan poetsPart II The Literature of Reason and Revolution1.Background: In the seventies of the eighteenth century the English colonies in North America rose in arms against their mother country. The War of Independence lasted for eight years(1775-1783) and ended in the formation of a federative bourgeois democratic republic—the United States of America.2.American Enlightenment（美国启蒙运动）dealt a decisive blow to the Puritan traditions and brought to life seculareducation and literature.3.The secular ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of Benjamin Franklin.Benjamin Franklin1.是美国著名的思想家，政治家，科学家，发明家，外交家，教育家，作家。
参与起草了《独立宣言》和美国宪法,发明了双焦眼镜和玻璃口琴，做了著名的“风筝实验”，发明了避雷针。
是美国启蒙运动，即理性时代的象征。
2.Works：Autobiography《富兰克林自传》Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷理查年鉴》3.Contribution(1)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society.He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”.(2)Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”.Thomas Paine1.“Great Commoner of Mankind”2.Works: The Case of the Officers of the Excise，1772，《税吏事件》Common Sense, 1776,《常识》The American Crisis《美国危机》Rights of Man《人权》The Age of Reason《理性的时代》Thomas Jefferson1.美国第三任总统，独立宣言的主要起草者之一。
和富兰克林一样是通才，通晓政治学，园艺学，建筑学，考古学，词源学，密码学，测量学等，还身兼作家，律师和小提琴手。
他还创办了维吉尼亚大学。
他在任期间保护农业，发展民族资本主义工业，从法国手中购买路易斯安那州，使美国领土近乎增加了一倍。
2.Works: The Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》Philip Freneau1.The most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period.2.“Poet of the American Revolution”美国独立革命的诗人，“Father of American Poetry” ,美国文学之父，属于理性时代的诗人3.Works: The British Prison Ship《英国囚船》The Wild Honeysuckle《野生的金银花》The Indian Burying Ground《印第安人殡葬地》Part III The Literature of Romanticism1.Background(1)Political background and economic development(2)Romantic movement in European countriesDerivative – foreign influence2.Features(1)American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.(2)There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained.(3)The “newness” of Am ericans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism.(4)As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent.Washington Irving1.是美国革命后第一个获得国际声誉的作家，在美国文学史上享有“美国文学之父”的称号。
2.He was the first great prose stylist of American Romanticism, and his familiar style was destined to outlive the formal prose of such contemporaries as Scott and Cooper, and to provide a model for the prevailing prose narrative of the future.3.Works: A History of New York《纽约外史》The Sketch Book《见闻札记》（收录了The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷的传说》和Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·凡·温克尔》等名篇，开创了美国短篇小说的传统）James Frnimore Cooper1.The first important American novelist2.Three kinds of works:(1)Novels about the revolution past: The Spy《间谍》(2) Sea adventures: The Pilot《舵手》(3)Frontier saga: Leatherstocking Tales《皮袜子故事集》（包括The Deerslayer《猎鹿者》,The Last of the Mohicans 《最后一个莫西干人》,The pathfinder《探路人》,The Pioneers《拓荒者》,The Prairie《大草原》）·The nearest approach yet to an American epic·central figure：Natty BumppoWilliam Cullen Bryant1.美国首位重要的自然派诗人，引导美国诗歌摆脱了古典主义模式的僵硬束缚，使之进入了一个简朴清新的时期。