1999年考研英语真题阅读详解

1999考研英语阅读真题词汇解析

1999考研英语阅读真题词汇解析提升阅读和翻译能力要打好基础，要做到这一点，一定要学会精读，以历年真题为依托，仔细研究每个句子，日积月累，坚持百日，相信会有很大的提升。

下面凯程网考研频道带大家来逐句拆分解读历年阅读真题，从成分到词汇及这你翻译，帮助大家打好基础，提升综合能力，大家抓紧学起来。

( 1999年真题Section III Reading ComprehensionText1第4段第3句)In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet.译文：五月份，伊利诺斯州的Schutt体育公司总裁Julie Nimmons就成功地打赢了这样一场官司，案件涉及一名橄榄球队员戴着该公司的头盔在一场比赛中受伤瘫痪。

分析：这个句子的主干是... Julie Nimmons... successfully fought a lawsuit...。

句子的主语是Julie Nimmons，后面逗号之间的部分是她的职位，宾语部分a lawsuit有一个较长的动词现在分词involving所引导的短语，involving的宾语是a football player，后面跟了一个who 引导的定语从句，这个定语从句中有一个while引导的时间状语，还原成句子就是while he was wearing a Schutt helmet。

找出其中的关键部分：…Julie Nimmons...president of Schutt... successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player... paralyzed... while wearing a Schutt helmet。

考研英语真题阅读详解

1999年阅读真题精解(2011-05-30 10:22:15)转载标签：黄涛考研真题答案教育分类：阅读篇1999 Text 1It's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprise! — fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly."While warnings are often appropriate and necessary —the dangers of drug interactions, for example —and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute —a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight —issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities," says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.51. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________.[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability[D] feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries[C] product labels would eventually be discarded[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes54. The author's attitude towards the issue seems to be ________.[A] biased [B] indifferent[C] puzzling [D] objective核心词汇1. rough 粗糙的，不平坦的；粗野的；tough 艰巨的；艰难的2. step 走3. slip 滑到4. light up 点燃5. burn down 烧毁6. fail to 没有7. lawsuit=suit 起诉；诉讼8. compensate for 为…作出补偿9. jury 陪审团10. hold sb. liable for 让…对…负责11. misfortune 不幸12. respond 做出反应13. warning labels 警告标识14. caution 警告15. while 尽管，而，当…时候16. appropriate 合适的17. interaction相互作用18. regulation 规则19. claim 索赔20. side with 支持21. defendant 被告；22. involving 涉及到23. paralyze 瘫痪24. nature 本质；by nature 天性25. carry substantial weight 具有相当的分量26. issue 发布了；发行了27. bombard with 大量提供28. a sea of 大量的29. trivialities 琐事30. end 目的31. have one’s way 得以实现32. legal liability 法律责任33. misfortune难句精解①While warnings are often appropriate and necessary —the dangers of drug interactions, for example —and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.▲在这个主从复合句中，前一个分句是由while引导的让步从句，这个从句由两个并列句组成，中间用and连接。

考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1999年part1

考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1999年part1Unit 6Part OneIt's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might - surprise! - fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly."While warnings are often appropriate and necessary - the dangers of drug interactions, for example - and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We're really sorry hehas become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute - a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight - issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities," says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.1. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.2. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________.[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability[D] feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern3. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries[C] product labels would eventually be discarded[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes4. The author's attitude towards the issue seems to be ________.[A] biased [B] indifferent [C] puzzling [D] objectiveUnit 6 （1999） Part 1重点词汇：1. compensate（补偿，赔偿）看作com+pens+ate，com-前缀"一起"，pens钢笔，-ate动词后缀，"把钢笔全都给你"→赔偿；名词形式为compensation?←com+pens+ation名词后缀。

1999考研英语(一)真题与答案解析

1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)1. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew thatthe assertion about economic recovery ________ just around the corner was untrue.[A] would be[B] to be[C] was[D] being2. Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills ________ peopleeach year than automobile accidents.[A] seven more times[B] seven times more[C] over seven times[D] seven times3. It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace ofmodern life and on the vague changes ________ place in our ever-changing world.[A] taking[B] to take[C] take[D] taken4. This is an exciting area of study, and one ________ which newapplications are being discovered almost daily.[A] from[B] by[C] in[D] through5. ________ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, theprinciple involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.[A] As[B] What[C] That[D] It6. Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony, I was unableto attend ________ such short notice.[A] to[B] in[C] with[D] on7. California has more light than it knows ________ to do with buteverything else is expensive.[A] how[B] what[C] which[D] where8. The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don’thave small children and get along ________ to spend most of their time together.[A] so well[B] too well[C] well as[D] well enough9. Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about________ compliments to his political leaders.[A] paying[B] having paid[C] to pay[D] to have paid10. These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use andcopying of digital information than ________ in traditional media.[A] exist[B] exists[C] existing[D] to existPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect andmark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)11. Your math instructor would have been Ahappy to give you a makeup examination had you gone B and explained Cthat your parents had been Dill at the time. 12. As the children become financially A independent of Bthe family, the emphasis on Cfamily financial security will shift from protection to save Dfor the retirement years. 13. Were Athe Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it could B dramatically transform a family-ran C enterprise that still gets 90% of its Drevenues from newspapers. 14. Symposium talks will cover a wide range A of subjects from Bover-fishing to physical and environment Cfactors that affect the populations Dof different species.15. Conversation calls for a Awillingness to alternate the role of speaker with one B of listener C , and it calls for occasional ‘digestive pauses ’by D both.16. If two theories are equal to A their ability to account for Ba body of data, the theory that does so Cwith the smaller number of assumptions is to be preferred D . 17. The Committee adopted a resolution requiring Athe seven automakers selling B the most cars in the state making C2 percent of those vehicles emissions-free Dby 1998. 18. As long as Apoor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with B richer people, who in general are lighter C skin D, there ’s going to be a constant racial conflict in the world.19. All those left undone A may sound greatly Bin theory, but even the truest believer C has great difficulty when Dit comes to specifics.20. Even if A automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on Balternative fuels C , the cars won ’t catch on in a big way when Ddrivers can fill them up at the gas station.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked[A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21. An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ________further research and further thinking about a particular topic.[A] stimulate[B] renovate[C] arouse[D] advocate22. Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy anumber of important practical ________.[A] obligations[B] regulations[C] observations[D] considerations23. Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss________ the bread-winner’sdeath.[A] at the cost of[B] on the verge of[C] as a result of[D] for the sake of24. In education there should be a good ________ among the branchesof knowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment.[A] distribution[B] balance[C] combination[D] assignment25. The American dream is most ________ during the periods ofproductivity and wealth generated by American capitalism.[A] plausible[B] patriotic[C] primitive[D] partial26. Poverty is not ________ in most cities although, perhaps because ofthe crowded conditions incertain areas, it is more visible there.[A] rare[B] temporary[C] prevalent[D] segmental27. People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than thoseliving in ________ populated areas.[A] densely[B] intensely[C] abundantly[D] highly28. As a way of ________ the mails while they were away, the Johnsonsasked the cleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.[A] picking up[B] coping with[C] passing out[D] getting across29. Tom’s mother tried hard to persuade him to ________ from hisintention to invest his savings in stock market.[A] pull out[B] give up[C] draw in[D] back down30. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live withoutadvanced medical ________, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.[A] interference[B] interruption[C] intervention[D] interaction31. These causes produced the great change in the country thatmodernized the ________ of higher education from the mid-1860’s to the mid-1880’s.[A] branch[C] domain[D] scope32. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the ________ in thefinancial system will drag down the economy.[A] shallowness[B] shakiness[C] scantiness[D] stiffness33. Crisis would be the right term to describe the ________ in manyanimal species.[A] minimization[B] restriction[C] descent[D] decline34. The city is an important railroad ________ and industrial andconvention center.[A] conjunction[B] network[D] link35. Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to ________myself of every chance to improve my English.[A] assure[B] inform[C] avail[D] notify36. Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off agas that ________ disease resistance in neighboring plants.[A] contracts[B] activates[C] maintains[D] prescribes37. Corporations and labor unions have ________ great benefits upontheir employees and members as well as upon the general public.[A] conferred[B] granted[C] flung38. The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit ofmonth, which was ________ from one new moon to the next.[A] measured[B] reckoned[C] judged[D] assessed39. The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the groundsthat it was ________ to the issue at hand.[A] irrational[B] unreasonable[C] invalid[D] irrelevant40. Fuel scarcities and price increases ________ automobile designers toscale down the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.[A] persuaded[B] prompted[C] imposedSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 41low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 42and active. When the work is well done, a 43of accident-free operations is established 44time lost due to injuriesis kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may 45greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program.Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 46 rules or regulations. 47others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety 48. The fewer the injury49, the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean thedifference between operating at 50or at a loss.41. [A] at[B] in[C] on[D] with42. [A] alive[B] vivid[C] mobile[D] diverse43. [A] regulation[B] climate[C] circumstance[D] requirement44. [A] where[B] how[C] what[D] unless45. [A] alter[B] differ[C] shift[D] distinguish46. [A] constituting[B] aggravating[C] observing[D] justifying47. [A] Some[B] Many[C] Even[D] Still48. [A] comes off[B] turns up[C] pays off[D] holds up49. [A] claims[B] reports[C] declarations[D] proclamations50. [A] an advantage[B] a benefit[C] an interest[D] a profitSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40points)Text 1It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Orso the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longerwarning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off. The label on a child’s Batman capecautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly.”While warnings are often appropriate and necessary -- the dangers of drug interactions, for example -- and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent ofthe companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois,successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute -- a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight -- issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warncustomers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,” says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.51. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legalsystem.[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companiespromised.52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________.[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability[D] feel obliged to view customers’ safety as their first concern53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries[C] product labels would eventually be discarded[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes54. The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be ________.[A] biased[B] indifferent[C] puzzling[D] objectiveText 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-businesssales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product they’re looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,”says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk byconducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push”information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of VirtualVineyards, Amazon., and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.55. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business________.[A] has been striving to expand its market[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C] tried but in vain to control the market[D] has been booming for one year or so56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, theauthor implies that ________.[A] the technology is popular with many Web users[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions[C] there is a radical change in strategy[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners57. In the view of Net purists, ________.[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set[D] there should be no online commercial information withoutrequests58. We learn from the last paragraph that ________.[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internetcommerce[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to onlinecustomers[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decadesago[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost ofcomputing powerText 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction -- indeed, contradiction -- which goes to the heart of what iswrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age,it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on theconfusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student.Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however,presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take -- at the very longest -- a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in theclassroom is ________.[A] far-reaching[B] dubiously oriented[C] self-contradictory[D] radically reformatory60. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ________.[A] is indicative of a pessimism in disguise[B] came into being along with the arrival of computers[C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates[D] originated from the optimistic attitude of industrializedcountries61. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s countrythe European model of professional training is ________.[A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates[B] worth trying in various social sections[C] of little practical value[D] attractive to every kind of professional62. According to the author, basic computer skills should be ________.[A] included as an auxiliary course in school[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[C] mastered through a life-long course[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseText 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on anear-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNAor cells -- routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 Maymeeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.”Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or toknowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.”63. We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the White House has got the panel’s recommendations oncloning64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that ________.[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made alaw[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being65. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because________.[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryoresearch[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloningcompletely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’sappeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settledText 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research.Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought. I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing acertain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.”“We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?”The scientist has beenshocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if。

考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1999年part3

some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism
characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is
9.dubiously （可疑地；怀疑地）← dub+ious+ly ，dub 怀疑 =doubt ，-ious 形容词后缀， -ly 副词后缀。
10.reformatory （改革的）← reform 改革 +atory 后缀。
fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for
a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion
to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.

考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1999年part4

Part FourWhen a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans , he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment- although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Prinoeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group--the National Bioethics Advisory Commission （NBAC）-has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton ' s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended in- definitely , and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells-routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. " Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of fed-eral funds to create embryos （the earliest stage of human offspring before birth）for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo' s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation , but in a phone interview, he said this is- sue was still "up in the air. "13. We can learn from the first paragraph that__[A]federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C]NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D]the White House has got the panel's recommendations on cloning14. The panel agreed on all of the following except that__[A]the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B]the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C]it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D]it would be against ethical values to clone a human being15 . NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because__[A]embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B]the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C]an embryo' s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D]the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law16. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that__[A]some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B]a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC' s appeal[D]the issue of human cloning will soon be settledUnit 6（1999） Part 4重点词汇：1.startle（使吃惊）2.husbandry（n.耕作；饲养）看作husband+（d）ry，让丈夫（husband）⼝⼲⾆燥（dry）的事→耕作；饲养。

徐绽考研英语阅读理解真题解析1999

1999年考研英语三层递进攻克阅读理解Text 1核心词汇accident［5AksidEnt］n.意外遭遇,事故；意外（因素）（ac=ad表强调+cid+ent名词后缀→落到身上→偶发事件）anticipate［An5tisipeit］vt.预料；期望；预先考虑；抢先；提前使用（anti前＋cip抓＋ate动词后缀→先拿→预期）appropriate［E5prEuprieit］a.适当的,恰当的,特有的vt.拨给,挪用,盗用（ap加强+propri+ate动词或形容词后缀→强调拥有公物→挪用）bombard［5bCmbB:d］v.（炮轰，攻击）为象声词。

carry［5kAri］v.运送,搬运;传送,传播;领,带;刊登claim［kleim］v.要求;声称;索赔n.要求;断言;索赔;权利compensate［5kCmpenseit］v.（for）补偿,赔偿（com全部+pens+ate做动词后缀→支付全部的花费→赔偿）；名词形式为compensation←com+pens+ation名词后缀defendant［di5fendEnt］n.辩护的；被告(defend（防卫；辩护）+ant后缀)disaster［di5za:stE］n.灾难; 灾祸; 灾害;彻底失败的人或事物(dis坏＋ester星→星位不正，表示有灾难→灾难，灾祸)fault［fC:lt］n.过失,过错;缺点,毛病guideline［5gaidlain］n.指导方针，指导原则，准则，标准indifferent［in5difrEnt］a.冷漠的,不关心的,不积极的（in不+different不同→同与不同无所谓→冷漠的）interaction［intE5rAkFEn］n.相互作用；相互影响（interact+ion名词后缀→相互影响legal［5li:gl］a.法律的;法定的n.守法者(leg法律+al形容词后缀→法律的)manufacturer［mAnju5fAktFErE］n.制造商，生产商（manufactur（e）+er人）mention［5menFEn］v/n.提到，论及（ment+ion→有思考→想到，提到）misfortune［mis5fC:tFEn］n./a．不幸,灾祸,灾难(mis坏+fortune运气→坏运气)moderate［5mCdErit］a.有节制的,中等的,适度的,温和的,稳健的（moder（=mod）+ate→做事有风度→适度的）objective［Cb5dVektiv］n.目标,目的a.客观的,真实的（object+ive形容词后缀→客观的）oblige［E5blaidV］v.强迫,迫使;责成;(使)感激,施恩于popularity［pCpju5lAriti］n.大众性；流行（popular流行+ity名词后缀）regulation［regju5leiFEn］n.规则,规章;调节,校准;调整（regulat+ion名词后缀）；动词形式为regulate（调整；校准；管制）←regul+atestepladder［5step7lAdE］n.（一种通常在顶端有个小平台的活动梯子）←step台阶+ladder梯子tide［taid］n.潮,潮汐;潮流,趋势tort［tC:t］n.民事侵权行为triviality［trivi5Aliti］n.平凡，琐屑(tri三+vi路+al...的+ity名词后缀→三条路→没有一个具体目标→琐碎)warn［wC:n］vt.警告vi.发出警告（war小心，谨慎+n动词后缀→使人小心）难句分析难句1While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.［分析］在这个主从复合句中，前一个分句是由while引导的让步从句，这个从句由两个并列句组成，中间用and连接。

1999考研英语(一)真题与答案解析

1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)1. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew thatthe assertion about economic recovery ________ just around the corner was untrue.[A] would be[B] to be[C] was[D] being2. Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills ________ peopleeach year than automobile accidents.[A] seven more times[B] seven times more[C] over seven times[D] seven times3. It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace ofmodern life and on the vague changes ________ place in our ever-changing world.[A] taking[B] to take[C] take[D] taken4. This is an exciting area of study, and one ________ which newapplications are being discovered almost daily.[A] from[B] by[C] in[D] through5. ________ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, theprinciple involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.[A] As[B] What[C] That[D] It6. Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony, I was unableto attend ________ such short notice.[A] to[B] in[C] with[D] on7. California has more light than it knows ________ to do with buteverything else is expensive.[A] how[B] what[C] which[D] where8. The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don’thave small children and get along ________ to spend most of their time together.[A] so well[B] too well[C] well as[D] well enough9. Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about________ compliments to his political leaders.[A] paying[B] having paid[C] to pay[D] to have paid10. These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use andcopying of digital information than ________ in traditional media.[A] exist[B] exists[C] existing[D] to existPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect andmark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)11. Your math instructor would have been Ahappy to give you a makeup examination had you gone B and explained Cthat your parents had been Dill at the time. 12. As the children become financially A independent of Bthe family, the emphasis on Cfamily financial security will shift from protection to save Dfor the retirement years. 13. Were Athe Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it could B dramatically transform a family-ran C enterprise that still gets 90% of its Drevenues from newspapers. 14. Symposium talks will cover a wide range A of subjects from Bover-fishing to physical and environment Cfactors that affect the populations Dof different species.15. Conversation calls for a Awillingness to alternate the role of speaker with one B of listener C , and it calls for occasional ‘digestive pauses ’by D both.16. If two theories are equal to A their ability to account for Ba body of data, the theory that does so Cwith the smaller number of assumptions is to be preferred D . 17. The Committee adopted a resolution requiring Athe seven automakers selling B the most cars in the state making C2 percent of those vehicles emissions-free Dby 1998. 18. As long as Apoor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with B richer people, who in general are lighter C skin D, there ’s going to be a constant racial conflict in the world.19. All those left undone A may sound greatly Bin theory, but even the truest believer C has great difficulty when Dit comes to specifics.20. Even if A automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on Balternative fuels C , the cars won ’t catch on in a big way when Ddrivers can fill them up at the gas station.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked[A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21. An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ________further research and further thinking about a particular topic.[A] stimulate[B] renovate[C] arouse[D] advocate22. Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy anumber of important practical ________.[A] obligations[B] regulations[C] observations[D] considerations23. Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss________ the bread-winner’sdeath.[A] at the cost of[B] on the verge of[C] as a result of[D] for the sake of24. In education there should be a good ________ among the branchesof knowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment.[A] distribution[B] balance[C] combination[D] assignment25. The American dream is most ________ during the periods ofproductivity and wealth generated by American capitalism.[A] plausible[B] patriotic[C] primitive[D] partial26. Poverty is not ________ in most cities although, perhaps because ofthe crowded conditions incertain areas, it is more visible there.[A] rare[B] temporary[C] prevalent[D] segmental27. People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than thoseliving in ________ populated areas.[A] densely[B] intensely[C] abundantly[D] highly28. As a way of ________ the mails while they were away, the Johnsonsasked the cleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.[A] picking up[B] coping with[C] passing out[D] getting across29. Tom’s mother tried hard to persuade him to ________ from hisintention to invest his savings in stock market.[A] pull out[B] give up[C] draw in[D] back down30. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live withoutadvanced medical ________, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.[A] interference[B] interruption[C] intervention[D] interaction31. These causes produced the great change in the country thatmodernized the ________ of higher education from the mid-1860’s to the mid-1880’s.[A] branch[C] domain[D] scope32. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the ________ in thefinancial system will drag down the economy.[A] shallowness[B] shakiness[C] scantiness[D] stiffness33. Crisis would be the right term to describe the ________ in manyanimal species.[A] minimization[B] restriction[C] descent[D] decline34. The city is an important railroad ________ and industrial andconvention center.[A] conjunction[B] network[D] link35. Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to ________myself of every chance to improve my English.[A] assure[B] inform[C] avail[D] notify36. Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off agas that ________ disease resistance in neighboring plants.[A] contracts[B] activates[C] maintains[D] prescribes37. Corporations and labor unions have ________ great benefits upontheir employees and members as well as upon the general public.[A] conferred[B] granted[C] flung38. The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit ofmonth, which was ________ from one new moon to the next.[A] measured[B] reckoned[C] judged[D] assessed39. The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the groundsthat it was ________ to the issue at hand.[A] irrational[B] unreasonable[C] invalid[D] irrelevant40. Fuel scarcities and price increases ________ automobile designers toscale down the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.[A] persuaded[B] prompted[C] imposedSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 41low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 42and active. When the work is well done, a 43of accident-free operations is established 44time lost due to injuriesis kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may 45greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program.Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 46 rules or regulations. 47others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety 48. The fewer the injury49, the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean thedifference between operating at 50or at a loss.41. [A] at[B] in[C] on[D] with42. [A] alive[B] vivid[C] mobile[D] diverse43. [A] regulation[B] climate[C] circumstance[D] requirement44. [A] where[B] how[C] what[D] unless45. [A] alter[B] differ[C] shift[D] distinguish46. [A] constituting[B] aggravating[C] observing[D] justifying47. [A] Some[B] Many[C] Even[D] Still48. [A] comes off[B] turns up[C] pays off[D] holds up49. [A] claims[B] reports[C] declarations[D] proclamations50. [A] an advantage[B] a benefit[C] an interest[D] a profitSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40points)Text 1It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Orso the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longerwarning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off. The label on a child’s Batman capecautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly.”While warnings are often appropriate and necessary -- the dangers of drug interactions, for example -- and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent ofthe companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois,successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute -- a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight -- issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warncustomers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,” says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.51. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legalsystem.[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companiespromised.52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________.[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability[D] feel obliged to view customers’ safety as their first concern53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries[C] product labels would eventually be discarded[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes54. The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be ________.[A] biased[B] indifferent[C] puzzling[D] objectiveText 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-businesssales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product they’re looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,”says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk byconducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push”information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of VirtualVineyards, Amazon., and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.55. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business________.[A] has been striving to expand its market[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C] tried but in vain to control the market[D] has been booming for one year or so56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, theauthor implies that ________.[A] the technology is popular with many Web users[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions[C] there is a radical change in strategy[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners57. In the view of Net purists, ________.[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set[D] there should be no online commercial information withoutrequests58. We learn from the last paragraph that ________.[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internetcommerce[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to onlinecustomers[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decadesago[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost ofcomputing powerText 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction -- indeed, contradiction -- which goes to the heart of what iswrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age,it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on theconfusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student.Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however,presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take -- at the very longest -- a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in theclassroom is ________.[A] far-reaching[B] dubiously oriented[C] self-contradictory[D] radically reformatory60. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ________.[A] is indicative of a pessimism in disguise[B] came into being along with the arrival of computers[C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates[D] originated from the optimistic attitude of industrializedcountries61. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s countrythe European model of professional training is ________.[A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates[B] worth trying in various social sections[C] of little practical value[D] attractive to every kind of professional62. According to the author, basic computer skills should be ________.[A] included as an auxiliary course in school[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[C] mastered through a life-long course[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseText 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on anear-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNAor cells -- routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 Maymeeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.”Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or toknowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.”63. We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the White House has got the panel’s recommendations oncloning64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that ________.[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made alaw[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being65. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because________.[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryoresearch[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloningcompletely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’sappeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settledText 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research.Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought. I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing acertain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.”“We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?”The scientist has beenshocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if。