hints for preparing conference papers
Helpful Hints for Technical Paper Writing
Helpful Hints for Technical Paper WritingArmando FoxAcknowledgments:Particularly influenced by Seth Hutchinson(MS thesis advisor),Eric Brewer(PhD thesis advisor),John Mullin(high school English–really!),and benefited from proofreadings by too many people to mention by name.Note:This is a page about writing technical papers,but many of the techniques also seem applicable to both non-technical writing and giving presentations.1Vision,Implementation,and Survey PapersIn a vision paper,you describe your grand scheme of the world and why it is good.You need some data to back up your statements,but this is not a detailed measurements paper.The goal of this paper is to convince the reader that your scheme is interesting,different,better than other schemes that have addressed similar problems,raises legitimate research questions,and is therefore worth spending the time to pursue research on.If you’re writing a vision paper,you have to be absolutely convinced of your vision,or no one else will be.Make no statement that cannot be backed up by citation,quantitative data,or at least a very goodfirst-cut experiment(”preliminary results suggest....”)The implementation paper,by contrast,gives detailed measurements of a system that was perhaps de-scribed in a previous vision paper.The goal here is to demonstrate what you learned from actually building the system:Did it validate your research hypothesis?What came out differently than you expected,and why?How much better,quantitatively,is your design than others’?If you’re writing a measurement-and-results paper,first determine which graphs will convey the results you think are important.Given those,the paper will practically write itself.Survey papers:TBD...2Before You Write...If possible,present your work in a short5-10minute talk to your colleagues before starting to write.This helps identify strengths and weaknesses and will give you an idea of what other people see as the important contributions.Surprisingly often,they will spot a significant contribution that you totally overlooked,or suggest a novel application of your ideas that dramatically increases the relevance and impact of your paper.Don’t cram.Recall the old saw about how nine pregnant women cannot produce a baby in one month. You can’t throw all your time into a paper at the last minute and expect a good result:you will become saturated,lose perspective because you are too close to the material,and ultimately be spinning your wheels, changing stuff back and forth without a really good feeling for why you’re doing it.Exceptions to this occur, but they’re rare.1Know when to say when.Even if you have written the paper with plenty of time and had a lot of outside review,after a certain point you will not be able to add much value without taking a break for a while(maybe a week or two).When that point comes,further work on the paper is just thrashing and not likely to improve it much,though it will leave you feeling dissatisfied.Wait for the reviews from the PC before doing much more.3Starting ChecksWrite from an outline.Let me say that again,because it’s really important:write from an outline.I know no one who can reel off any coherent technical writing more than one page long without some kind of top-down strategy.At least sketch out the major sections of the paper,and what points you want to make in each,from 10000feet.If you write any complete sentences during this phase,you’re getting mired in detail already. Bullets are what you want.Don’t even try to write the title or abstract until after the whole rest of the paper is written.Then,and only then,will you actually know what the hell it is you want to say.Unless you’re writing a PhD thesis,your paper will make only a small number of discrete points–say 2to4.Each important point should appear3times:once in the abstract/introduction,once in the body of the paper(where it is explained in detail),and once in the conclusions(where you derive some implications of this point for the future of systems research,or whatever).Bulleted conclusions can help.Remember that conference referees are at least as busy as you and they have to read several of these.Make sure they remember yours.4The Actual Paper:Writing1.Start from the outline.2.Make the outline reflect the level of subsections:for each subsection,write no more than two linesdescribing the purpose/goal of that subsection.This text will NOT be part of the paper-it is only there to remind you what you are trying to accomplish.It is ESSENTIAL that you be able to capture the purpose of a subsection in one or two lines.If you cannot do this,then you probably don’t understand what the subsection is really about,and when you try to write the text,it will be jumbled.3.Then,for each subsection,map out specific paragraphs:for each paragraph,write one sentence thatexplains the topic or main goal of just that paragraph.Again,this sentence probably will NOT make it into the actual text.It’s important to keep it to one sentence.(As every style manual will tell you, including Strunk&White,virtually every well-formed paragraph does indeed have one sentence that explains the point of the paragraph,with the other sentences supporting or expanding on the point of the topic sentence.)If you cannotfit the point of the pargraph into1sentence,the paragraph is probably making>1point,so it should be split into multiple paragraphs.4.Read through everything you have written and see if it has a logicalflow,ie if you believe it representsyour work adequately.5.Give what you have written to a technical colleague completely unfamiliar with your work(but ableto understand the computer science part),have them read it,then have them tell you(without looking at it)what s/he thinks the main point and contributions are.26.If all goes well,now replace the topic sentences with complete paragraphs.This way of writing will not yield a Shakespearean work of literature,but it is consistent and will result in readable,logically organized prose by construction.5The Actual Paper:Revising/EditingYour section organization will change.Sometimes it will be shuffled dramatically.This isfine;it means you’re understanding what presentation order works best.If you don’t go through at least three or four major revisions(where you move around or chop entire sections),it’s probably lousy.After doing some edits on each draft,give it a full top-to-bottom reading to evaluate its coherence and flow of ideas.Then,take a couple of hours and do something else;once you get close enough to your paper, you start missing the forest for the trees.Even early drafts are valuable for getting your colleagues’comments.Get comments from people who you think may be skeptical of your approach.Get comments from people who will really rip your writing style apart.Remember,at least they are your friends;the conference referees probably are not.Cite,cite,cite!Ask your colleagues for suggestions and pointers.You never want to be asked:“What about the work done by xxx,which obviously has something in common with your own?”(or worse:“...which refutes your own?”)Give due credit to those whose efforts you build on,as well as pointing out how your approach is different from(and better than)previous ones.6About WritingIt’s often said,correctly I think,that most technical people don’t write well.This doesn’t mean that they lack knowledge of grammar or spelling(though this is sometimes the case),but that they don’t know how to organize their writing at the level of paragraphs.Don’t artificially formalize your writing style.Technical writing must be clear and concise.Overblown writing rarely fools anyone and it makes the paper boring to read.•Bad:“Problem X is clearly a critical area that impacts our research agenda and hypothesis.Our ideas about problem X are embryonic and still evolving,and doubtless our ongoing work in this area will quickly yield fruitful results.”•Better:“We recognize that problem X is central to our agenda,but we have only begun to investigate it.”If you haven’t read Strunk and White’s The Elements of Style,read it now.If you have,read it again.If you can’t organize a paragraph,you won’t have much luck organizing a chapter.Omit needless words.Don’t be surprised if this turns out to be30-40%of the words you originally wrote.Yourfirst effort rarely captures the most vigorous or concise way to say something.Spend time tersifying.Run your paper by someone who is anal retentive about grammar to catch common errors:misuse of which and that,non-words and non-phrases such as for all intensive purposes or irregardless,lack of parallel sentence structure...37Final ChecksRemember that this will be read by people who(a)have never heard of you and the review is anonymous anyway,(b)have never heard of your project,(c)are reading about15-20papers apiece,all in different subject areas.They will spend thefirst5minutes deciding if your paper is actually good enough to be worth a fully detailed read;they will then spedn an hour or so reading it in detail,trying tofigure out(a)what your contribution is,(b)if the contribution is substantial enough to be worth publishing,(c)if the contribution is ”feasible”(ie it is implementable and therefore would be useful to someone).•Does the paper make clear precisely what your new contributions are,and how they are different/better than existing approaches to this or similar problems?•Does the outline of the paper(sections,subsections,etc.)cohere regardless of the granularity at which you view it?(The Outline mode of MS Word is a valuable feature for this check.I also wrote a simple Perl script that does this for LaTeXfiles.)•Have you observed the following invariant:Before telling me what you did,tell me why I should care.•Have you made every important point three times–once in the introduction/abstract,once in the body of the paper,and once in the conclusions?(Bulleted conclusions are usually a good idea)•Have you had it read by at least one person familiar with each of the areas the paper impinges on?(Think of them as consultants in that area.There is a risk that you will get some of the details wrong in talking about an area that is tangential to the paper but that you’re not very familiar with,and if a reviewer happens to be versed in that area,it decreases your credibility.Such references are easy to get right,so there is no excuse.)•Have you searched carefully for any related work,and properly acknowledged it?The availability of papers and search indices on the Web makes it worse than ever to overlook significant related work.•Are you able to capture the non-experts in the audience with the opening of your paper,and impress the experts in the body of the paper?•Can you read only the abstract and conclusions and be able to give someone else a30-second digest of what the paper claims it says?Appendix:Mike’s comments•Write from an outline as described above.I like to add one step:after the subsection-level outline is done,flesh out the introduction section with a paragraph-level outline and the results with a graph-level outline(that sketches each graph and states what point each graph makes.)Iterate on this a few times until you have these sections right.•Talking someone else through the outline before you start writing is a really valuable step.We have found it really useful to put the outline up on an LCD projector with all authors in the room and to have someone talk through it while everyone looks for ways to improve the argument.This process improves the organization with much less effort than evaluating full prose drafts.Also,this approach helps all of the co-authors know how the piece they are writingfits into the whole.4•Be prepared to re-write a section from scratch.Multiple times.•Once you have written the introduction,read thefirst(topic)sentence of each paragraph to see if you actually have made a coherent argument.•“Rule number one is you must not fool yourself and you’re the easiest one to fool.”(Feynman)One of the most difficult things to do is to take a step back from something you have written and evaluate what will happen when a third party reads it.Learn to do this.5。
浦森LCCI认证会计与帐务（VRQ）级别2说明书
Examiner’s reportChief Examiner Feedback November 2021Pearson LCCI CertificateIn Bookkeeping and Accounting (VRQ) (ASE20093) Level 2LCCI QualificationsLCCI qualifications come from Pearson, the world’s leading learning company. We provide a wide range of qualifications including academic, vocational, occupational and specific programmes for employers.For further information, please visit our website athttps:///en/qualifications/lcci.htmlPearson: helping people progress, everywherePearson aspires to be the world’s leading learning company. Our aim is to help everyone progress in their lives through education. We believe in every kind of learning, for all kinds of people, wherever they are in the world. We’ve been involved in education for over 150 years, and by working across 70 countries, in 100 languages, we have built an international reputation for our commitment to high standards and raising achievement through innovation in education. Find out more about how we can help you and your students at: /ukNovember 2021Publications Code ASE20093_01_2111_ERAll the material in this publication is copyright© Pearson Education Ltd 2022IntroductionThe assessment was of 100 marks comprising of a total of a total of five questions of 19 - 21 marks with six multiple choice questions included therein. Candidates were required to answer all questions.The assessment for the November 2021 exam covered the following topics.•Preparation of a suspense account.•Calculation of profit after correction of errors.•Preparation of a revised statement of financial position.•Calculation of depreciation charge, accumulated depreciation and carrying value of non-current assets.•Accounting entries for the dissolution of a partnership.•Preparation of a cash account.•Calculation of purchases from incomplete data.•Preparation of a statement of profit or loss for a sole trader.•Accounting entries for accrued and prepaid expenses.•Preparation of a subscriptions account for a non-profit making organisation.•Preparation of a statement of changes in equity for a limited liability company.•Calculation of liquidity ratios.•Assessment of profitability and liquidity after share issue.It is also strongly recommended that this report is used in conjunction with the mark scheme.Question 1The suspense account was prepared to a reasonable standard but there were relatively few fully correct accounts. A common error was the inclusion of the closing inventory. There were few fully correct profit calculations with a range of errors including the omission of the closing inventory and subtracting, instead of adding, the returns outwards.The statement of financial position was generally well prepared. Common errors included the omission of the profit for the year, adding drawings and posting an incorrect amount for trade payables.Examiner TipsWhen preparing financial statements ensure that you are able to placethe entries in the correct sections with an appropriate label for eachentry.The first example has lost only one mark as the current liabilities havenot been totalled. The second example has entered an incorrect tradepayables figure and has been penalised for a number of labellingerrors and omissions resulting in the loss of six marks.Question 2There were some correct carrying value calculations, but many candidates apparently disregarded the fact that depreciation was charged on a monthly basis.There were a limited number of fully correct realisation accounts and common errors included the omission of the debit entries for machinery and the motor vehicle and the inclusion of the cash at bank figure. The calculation of the amount due to Tina was not well answered with common errors being the incorrect treatment of the debit balance on the current account, the omission of the loss on dissolution and the inclusion of the dissolution expenses.Examiner TipsEnsure that you are able to prepare a realisation account to determinethe amounts to be transferred to the capital accounts.The example has made all of the accounting entries correctly and beenawarded ten marks with the lost mark being due to labelling errors.Question 3Most candidates were able to produce a reasonable cash account but there were relatively few fully correct accounts. Errors included reversal of entries, particularly the bank entry, and incorrect labelling. The calculation of total purchases was well answered with a high number of candidates being awarded the two available marks and no common errors.The statement of profit or loss was well prepared by most candidates. The most common causes of loss of marks were the omission or incorrect treatment of carriage inwards, interest received and depreciation. Few candidates provided an appropriate justification to support the effect on profitability of making credit sales and consequently very few received the two available marks.Examiner TipsEnsure that you are able to produce the statements in the requiredformat and enter the figures in a logical order.The first example has been prepared without any errors and has beenawarded ten marks. The second example has incorrect entries forboth revenue and purchases, has omitted interest received and lost allof the marks for expenses and therefore has been awarded fourmarks.Question 4The rent account was not well prepared with relatively few correct accounts. Common errors were reversed entries and incorrect labelling. The subscriptions account preparation was slightly better, but it was common, again, to see reversed entries and incorrect labelling.Most candidates correctly classified the given items with many being awarded full marks. The explanations were not well answered with few identifying the accounting concept and although many did identify how the writing off of a subscription would affect the surplus few developed their answer sufficiently to receive the second mark.Examiner TipsEnsure that you are able to prepare a ledger account showing openingand closing balances and the relevant entries for the period.The first example has made the accounting entries correctly and as allthe dates and labels are correct five marks have been awarded. Thesecond example has entered the income and expenditure amount onthe incorrect side and has also lost the mark for dates and labels andreceives three marks.Question 5Very few candidates correctly calculated the number of ordinary shares issued, most calculated the dividend paid correctly and nearly all could calculate the profit for the year. The statement of changes in equity was very well answered with a high number of fully correct statements and no common errors.Most candidates provided the correct formulae and calculated the required ratios correctly with a high number of candidates being awarded all of the six available marks.A limited number of candidates lost marks for incorrect suffixes. The assessment of the effect on profitability and liquidity of a share issue was not well answered and some candidates completely failed to address the question asked by referring to the ratios which they had calculated.Examiner TipsEnsure that you make all the entries in the correct columns and thentotal the rows and columns of the statement of changes in equity.The first example is fully correct and has therefore been awarded fullmarks. The second example has not totalled the share issue row andhas therefore lost one mark.Paper SummaryBased on their performance on this paper, candidates are offered the following advice: Candidate performance on this paper was satisfactory with the following areas being acceptable:•Suspense accounts•Partnerships•Incomplete records of a sole trader•Non-profit making organisations•Limited liability companies.Questions requiring written responses are answered less well than all others with asignificant number of candidates not attempting such questions.Useful guidance under Teaching and learning materials, exam support:LCCI command words:https:///content/dam/pdf/LCCI/Bookkeeping-and-Accounting/2015/teaching-and-learning/LCCI-command-words-May-2017-final.pdfExaminer hints and tips – Level 2:https:///content/dam/pdf/LCCI/Bookkeeping-and-Accounting/2015/teaching-and-learning/lcci-book-keeping-level2-examiner-hints-tips.pdfPlease visit Pearson’s website for various resources to support candidates’ learning: https:///en/qualifications/lcci.htmlThe resources on our website include the following:Specification and sample assessments – specification and sample assessment material.Exam materials – past question papers, mark schemes and examiner reports.Teaching and learning materials – delivery guide, exam support, past training content, and suggested resources.Pearson Education Limited. Registered company number 872828with its registered office at 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL, United Kingdom。
Hints and Tips for Writing a Letter of Motivation
Hints and Tips for Writing a Letter of Motivation Master’s Program in Molecular Medicine Charité University Medical School, BerlinOpening remarksThe letter of motivation is one of the most important parts of your entire application. It plays a decisive role in determining if you will be accepted or not. Therefore we highly encourage you to read this document very carefully. It contains the hints and tips we in the program have collected over the years and after reading many, many essays. In our experience we have seen that many applicants with otherwise outstanding records were not accepted to our program because their letters of motivation were inadequate. In this document we describe the typical problems and deficiencies in these essays and give you concrete examples showing the do’s and don’ts. We hope you find our suggestions helpful, not only for your application to this program, but also for other documents you may need to write in the future.Why is the letter of motivation so crucial to the overall application?If you are a good student, with good grades in a field related to molecular medicine, and have already obtained some research experience, then most likely your application will make it to the last round of evaluations. By the time your application makes it this far your chances of being accepted to our program will depend largely your letter of motivation. The reason the letter becomes so important at this stage is that it enables the admissions committee to distinguish between those excellent students who will no doubt go on to succeed in science, and those who will be outstanding. Obviously, our admissions committee seeks the latter and the letter of motivation usually marks this difference.What is the difference between an excellent student and an outstanding one?The excellent students possess the necessary skills, knowledge, and experience to participate and even excel in our program. They often stand out because they are unusually ambitious, confident, and goal oriented. The outstanding students, whose backgrounds are generally also impressive, may not always appear to be so dedicated. However, these students, in the way they describe their interests, experiences, and motivation, indicate a degree of creativity and intellectual integrity that is missing from the otherwise top students. The content of their essays reflect a deep enthusiasm not so much for achieving success in the profession (though sometimes that too) as for science itself and engagement in the scientific process.In the picture they paint of themselves, their curiosity dazzles. The words and phrases they choose demonstrate creativity and an innate ability to think outside the box. If you are such a student, or aim to be, then it behooves you to do your best to show us these characteristics in your letter of motivation. How do I show that I am an outstanding student?The quick and dirty answer to this question is very simple. Show, don’t tell. You will read these words repeatedly in this document. They hold true not just when it comes to writing letters of motivation, but for writing just about anything. For some people this command extends to an entire life strategy or philosophy in and of itself. But for now, let us stick to the more practical aspects of writing your letter of motivation.An important corollary follows from the general suggestion, “Show, don’t tell” and i t certainly applies here. A good letter of motivation depends not only on WHAT you write, but HOW you write it. Keep this corollary in mind as you read through the rest of this document, and as you write your own essay (or anything else for tha t matter). A quick example; anyone can write “I am highly motivated to study molecular medicine.” In fact, that sentence probably appears in about 50% of all the essays we receive. It shows up so often that has become a meaningless cliché at this point. And while it may be true for you, and is an important point to get across, if you write it like that you are unlikely to be accepted. Thus, you need to consider carefully HOW you can express this statement so that you SHOW you are motivated, rather than just TELLING us you are.Specific Directions; Describe your BackgroundAny letter of motivation should include a description of your background. At first glance this requirement may appear unnecessary since the application form requires that you include background information already. But that information comes across only as one-dimensional facts; your grades, what classes you took, where you studied. These facts are, of course, vitally important, but they tell us little about you as a person. When you describe your background in your own words, you finally have an opportunity to show us who you are by HOW you describe your experiences.Are you a machine?“I took general and organic chemistry. These were excellent classes. I enjoyed them so muc h I decided to major in chemistry.”Are you a poet?“I felt the connections between the molecules, the types of different bonds, as trembling vibrations awaiting the pondering thrills of electronic exchanges.”Are you a bureaucrat?“After completing th e required courses in chemistry and biology I went on to fulfill the more extensive requirements for a degree in molecular medicine. I graduated with honors and was ranked 7th in my class.”Think about how you could describe the classes you took which are relevant to our program in such a way that you come across as an enthusiastic, curious, driven scientist. To help you here, you may want to consider what exactly it was about your favorite classes that you liked. Was there something about the information presented in those classes which you found particularly intriguing? Mystifying? Fascinating? Perplexing? If so, how exactly did this reaction manifest itself in you? Did you find yourself staying up all night to read your text books? Or talking non-stop about genetic mutations to your mother? The more you can delve into your own positive experiences of enjoying science, the more your unique personality will show through. By showing us these details you are also avoiding telling us in a boring way that you really like science. But watch out! You must be VERY honest in your descriptions. As soon as you start to exaggerate, you will sound ridiculous. Only if you remain brutally honest will you come across as seriously enthusiastic.The First DraftWhen you first start writing your letter of motivation, allow yourself to go crazy. Write absolutely ANYTHING and EVERYTHING that comes to your mind as you think about all the ways you liked (and maybe also disliked) your experiences with science so far. Take it to an extreme; describe the looks, feel, taste, sound, and even smell of your feelings and experiences. These descriptions will often supply you with excellent, and very unique, verbs and adjectives that you can use later in a more polished version. For exa mple, every time you find yourself writing one of those cliché sentences like “I really loved my course in biochemistry,” you can replace it with sentences like “I found the dynamic/sleek/intricate/raw interactions involved in DNA transcription burned/sizzled/chimed/ in my imagination.” Okay, that might be over-doing it a bit, but you get the idea.At this stage you shouldn’t worry about trying to write a formal essay. In fact, if it helps, you may just want to make a list of the classes, laboratory experiences, topics, questions, papers and techniques that you have come across so far. Then, next to each item on your list, force yourself to generate a list of verbs and adjectives that describe your reaction to that item. If you find yourself writing adjecti ves like “cool,” “amazing,” “fascinating,” then try again. These are totally boring words that appear in every essay. To dig deeper, ask yourself what, exactly, you thought was cool about learning PCR. Why did you find tumor genetics fascinating? How is bioinformatics amazing? If you are really clever, you will be able to think up your own questions to make yourself generate ever more specific descriptions. The more specific and unique your verbs and adjectives become, the more you will reflect the depth of your intellect and enthusiasm. And again, the more you can include specifics, the more you will be showing us that you loved learning about the immune system, rather than just telling us. If you can’t think of anything, then perhaps you should ask yourself if molecular medicine is really the program for you.What to Avoid -- ClichésThis is one of the most common mistakes students make when writing their letter of motivation. Typical clichés include the following:“I am highly motivated to study molecular medicine in your program.”“My greatest ambition is to pursue scientific research at the highest level.”“I have always been interested in science and especially biology. My i nterest goes back to when I was a child and ….”“I have always been fascinated by scientific research / molecular mechanisms of disease / the scientific method / laboratory research.”Sentences such as these appear so often in the essays the admissions committee reads that they almost become meaningless. “Almost” meaningless because they implicitly provide an important insight into who you are and how you think: Clichés such as the ones above tell us that you lack the ability to think originally; that while you may have earned excellent grades in the past, you are more of a parrot than a scientist; that you have not taken the time to work very hard on your letter of motivation and therefore you are either intellectually lazy, or arrogant enough to think that what you have written quickly will be good enough, or you don’t really care about being accepted, or all of the above.A single cliché in your essay can be enough to remove you from the list of candidates. Thus, you should make every effort to avoid these statements. If you have read this document carefully then you know how to dig deeper into your unique experience, write specifically about what motivates you, and be very honest in the way you write. If you do that then the clichés will automatically disappear because no one has had exactly your experiences.How to Avoid ClichésWhile the use of clichés in your essay is certainly to be avoided, d on’t worry if they appear in early drafts of your essay. That is quite normal because you are probably just beginning to think about what truly motivates you. You shouldn’t expect to automatically come up with deep motivations and be able to describe them eloquently. In fact, your first draft might look like this:“I have always loved science. I always lov ed my science classes best when I was in school.When I reached university, there was no doubt in my mind that I would pursue a major in oneof the sciences. It was really just a question of which one as I found all the basic scientific fieldsso interesting. However, I finally decided to study biology because I liked that topic in sciencethe best. At the university I had the opportunity to work a great deal in the lab. I loved learningnew techniques and seeing how experiments worked. This was so much fun that I decided Iwould like to pursue research after I graduated. That is why I am so eager and motivated nowto attend your program. I know that I am highly enthusiastic, capable of working hard, and amquite ambitious to achieve the best that is possible.”As you can see, the example above is full of clichés, but if it honestly reflects the candidate’s experience, then it is a good start. All the author needs to do is dissect each sentence and ask themselves questions that will make them think more deeply about what they have said.Let us assume you wrote the paragraph above. You could start with the first sentence and ask “Why have I always loved science? What exactly was it about science, as opposed to art or literature or history that I liked so much?” If the initial answer to those questions is “well, I just thought it was so cool to learn how real things worked,” then dissect that statement too. W hy did you think that was so cool? Keep repeating these questions, perhaps even over the course of a few days, until you come up with very specific reasons. Don’t expect answers to pop into your head immediately. Know that some people ponder these questi ons for the whole life and never really come up with good answers. In fact, most people never bother to think about why they do what they do, or like what they like, or study what they have decided to study at all. If you even make an effort in your essay you will already be pretty far ahead of the game. Also keep in mind that you are young and that knowing yourself well, and the ability to think deeply about anything, is not something you have had a chance to practice very much, if at a ll. What’s more exam ples that illustrate the process of questioning rarely float around in most cultures (especially where television is prevalent). Thus, don’t feel badly if your first draft is full of clichés. This is to be expected. But do work hard to replace them with more substantive statements.What to Avoid -- PlagiarizingAt this point in your career you most certainly know that plagiarizing is strictly forbidden in any remotely academic context. Within the context of your application to this program plagiarizing constitutes a good enough reason to immediately dismiss your application from further consideration. While these facts should be obvious, you would be very surprised how many candidates nevertheless lift text from other sources and include it in their essays. What is still more surprising, is how often they use text from our very own website. For example, where our website might say“the program offers students the opportunity to work intensively in the laboratory and learn state-of-the-art techniques,”we will then see the following sentence in a candidate’s application:“I am eager to join the master’s program in molecular medicine because it offers me the opportunity to work intensively in the laboratory and learn state-of-the-art techniques.”As stated above, if the admissions committee, members of which wrote most of the text for the website themselves, see examples like the one above, the application in question will immediately be removed from further consideration.What to Avoid -- Religious MotivationsSome of the candidates for our program come from religious backgrounds. Often these applicants feel especially motivated by their deep religious beliefs. Such beliefs may be highly inspirational and sometimes enable students to achieve what might otherwise not have been possible for them. If this is the case for you then you may be inclined to base your essay on your religious motivations. While this would certainly be an honest approach, nevertheless, it should be avoided. The admissions committee is strictly interested in your intellectual motivations. The more you emphasis other sources of motivation, the less impressed they will be by your intellectual motivations, and the less likely it is that you will be accepted to this program. Furthermore, any discussion of religion opens up the possibility that the reader of your essay has strong and opposing beliefs. If this happens then you run the risk of having your application rejected for differences of opinion that actually have nothing to do with your ability to perform well in our program. Thus, while it may well be that you feel guided and inspired by your religion, and that these beliefs do indeed help you significantly, you should not discuss them in your letter of motivation. Stick to your intellectual interests in scientifically related topics.What to Avoid -- Altruistic MotivationsMany applicants feel deeply motivated by their altruistic intentions. For example, they have witnessed first-hand human suffering due to a particular disease and now they feel highly inspired to pursue research that might provide a cure. Or they come from a country that lacks sufficient medical treatment facilities and/or knowledge and they would like to study in Germany so that they can return to their home countries and develop more medical infrastructures. As with the religious motivations discussed above, these types of altruistic motivations may have been a strong motivating factor for you in your studies so far. They may be a significant reason for the success you have experienced in your academic work. Thus you may be highly tempted to include a discussion of these motivations, or indeed base your entire essay around this source of motivation. However, we strongly discourage you from doing so for two reasons. The first is that these essays tend to sound like clichés, which, as discussed above, are very much to be avoided. It is extremely difficult to write about altruistic motivations without sounding like a television commercial. What’s more, they also tend to sound like childish clichés and can give the impression that you are not mature enough to handle the considerable pressures involved in our intensive program.The second and more important reason is that the admissions committee is much more interested in your mind than your heart. They want to know your intellectual reasons for wanting to attend this program, not your sentimental reasons. This is not to say that emotions cannot play a very significant role in motivating you (in fact, they most certainly do, whether you know it or not). But if you emphasize your emotional reasons for wanting to study molecular medicine, then your intellectual reasons will slip downwards in importance. The admissions committee is only interested in your intellectual motivations! Romantic notions will not impress them at all. In fact, your application will probably be rejected becausethe admissions committee may conclude that, while you are intelligent enough, with such a sensitive orientation, you may not survive in a rigorous academic environment.What to Avoid – Childhood ExperiencesMany applicants focus the first paragraph of their essays on events that took place before they went to university. This approach is understandable because we are interested in your background, and since most of our applicants are under 27, most of their life up until now was their childhood. Nevertheless, given that the admissions committee is only interested in your intellectual motivations, pretty much anything you might say about your childhood is not of interest to them. On the contrary, mentions of teachers you had in school who particularly inspired you, or significant family events that took place when you were young, make you sound childish and detract from the overall mature, professional, intellectually inspired picture you probably want to paint of yourself.What to Avoid -- The ve rb “to be,” in all it s formsIf you think you are done, set your essay aside for a day or two. Only after a day or two pick it up again and re-read it. This time as you read just look at your verbs and adjectives. Any sentence that contains the verb “to be” in some form or another (but especially “is,” “are,” and “was”) should be re-written, no, “q ualifies as a candidate for re-writing.” The relatively boring verbs “to make,”“to have,” and “to do,”generally qualify as well.Be aware as you change your verbs that this is not simply a matter of replacing one verb with another. If it were that easy then the world would be full of famous writers. Rather, you need to rethink the sentence completely. Many people find this a nearly impossible task and give up rather quickly, which is understandable. However, if you break up the process into two steps it becomes significantly easier. In the first step, just think of verbs that in some sense convey the meaning you might want to get across. Only after you have generated a list of potential verbs, is it worth it to pick one and then consider how you might want to rewrite the sentence.Before and After – Drafts that illustrate the processNow that you have read all the tips, take a look at the following example of an adequately written paragraph and the drafts that follow to improve it. Here you will see the suggestions described above put into practice.Draft OneMy biology courses were especially interesting. The topics related to cancer were among my favorites. The related research project was also extremely fascinating. In the lab I was thrilled to beworking with cell cultures. At first the techniques involved were difficult, but I was stubborn in my wish to be very good, and finally I was successful.Not a bad paragraph, but it could be so much better with some attention to the verbs. Look at the next version and notice the verbs.Draft TwoAt university my biology courses captivated my interest the most. In particular, the topics related to cancer engaged me and emerged as my favorites. Working with cell cultures in a related research project thrilled me too. Initially I found the steps involved extremely difficult, but with stubborn persistence I finally mastered the procedure.Obviously the verbs in the second draft add spice to an otherwise boring paragraph. However, adding details that show the facts, rather than just telling them, would enhance the text even more. Why was the author especially captivated by her biology courses? Why did the topics related to cancer engage her more than the others? How did that engagement manifest itself in concrete terms? Why was working with cell cultures so thrilling? Answers to these questions could lead to a third draft like the one belowDraft ThreeAt university my biology courses captivated my interest the most, not only because the facts themselves interested me, but also because behind each fact lurked the fascinating detective story of its discovery. I found the topics related to cancer especially engaging. Here, the complexity of the mechanisms involved presented a particularly compelling drama, and one filled with plenty of remaining mysteries. Working with cell cultures in a related research project thrilled me too as I had always read about the technique but had never had the opportunity to perform it myself.Initially I stumbled a great deal. But with stubborn persistence I finally mastered the procedure and in the end achieved the best results in my group.Now this text is beginning to show the reader something about how enthusiastically this person ticks. The description of facts as “lurking”in a mysterious detective story shows the reader that she is highly engaged in the subject matter. This is much better than the second draft where she simple tells us that she is engaged. Likewise, when she tells us that she had always read about the techniques and now finally was able to perform them herself, she is showing us how enthusiastic she is about the work in the lab, not just telling us. One gets the impression that here is someone who is so excited about cell culture that she could hardly wait for the opportunity to perform the technique herself.Adding specific details about her experience also adds significant flavor to an otherwise bland paragraph. When she concludes the paragraph with a statement about her modest success, the reader senses that she is proud, and that is because, small as her success might have been, it is obviously quite meaningful to her. With this little fact she shows the reader a budding scientist who will be committed to her work. These words are much more convincing than is she had just written “I am very enthusiastic and will show a great deal of commitment to my work if you accept me to your prestigious program.”What to stressYour intellectual interest in molecular medicineA professional, serious toneSpecific details about the research experience you have had so far.We hope that this document proves helpful to you in writing the letter of motivation. If you have further questions please send an email to admissions-molmed@charite.de.Good luck with your essay!。
同济大学博士学位申请者发表学术论文要求及期刊会议目录
同济大学建筑与城市规划学院博士学位申请者发表学术论文要求及期刊会议目录同济大学学位评定委员会办公室二〇一〇年四月10.1建筑学一级学科推荐学术期刊目录（共102种）以下期刊适合学院港澳台博士研究生用（共10种）：10.2 建筑学一级学科推荐重要国际学术会议目录（共37种）1.建筑历史与理论专业博士研究生申请博士学位，必须在下面列表中的期刊上至少发表1篇学术论文，学术论文内容必须是建筑历史及其相关领域。
2.不含国际会议论文。
1. 建筑设计及其理论专业博士研究生申请博士学位，必须在下面列表中的期刊上至少发表1篇学术论文，学术论文内容必须是建筑设计及其相关领域。
2. 不含国际会议论文。
10.5 建筑技术科学二级学科推荐学术期刊目录（核心刊物）（共6种）1.建筑技术科学专业博士研究生申请博士学位，必须在下面列表中的期刊上至少发表1篇学术论文，学术论文内容必须是建筑设计及其相关领域。
2.不含国际会议论文。
10.6 城市规划与设计二级学科推荐学术期刊目录（核心刊物）城市规划设计专业博士研究生申请博士学位，必须在下面列表中的期刊或重要国际学术会议上至少发表1篇学术论文，学术论文内容必须是城市规划设计及其相关领域。
1. 期刊目录参见下表（4种）：2. 重要国际学术会议目录参见下表（4种）10.7 景观规划设计二级学科推荐学术期刊和重要国际学术会议目录（核心刊物）（共15种）景观规划设计专业博士研究生申请博士学位，必须在下面列表中的期刊或重要国际学术会议上至少发表1篇学术论文，学术论文内容必须是景观规划设计及其相关领域。
1. 期刊目录参见下表（13种）：2. 重要国际学术会议目录参见下表（2种）：。
MSW_A4_format(1)(可编辑修改word版)
Preparation of Papers in Two-Column Formatfor ISOCC (Paper Title)Center the Authors Names HereCenter the Affiliations HereCenter Address HereCenter the City, States and Country HereCenter Phone and Fax Numbers and E-mail Address HereTimes or Dutch Roman.AbstractThe abstract is a brief (50-80 words) synopsis of your 2page paper. Its use is to provide a quick outline of yourpresentation, giving the reader an overview of the research.This is an important aspect of your paper, as it is thisdescription that may attract the reader to continue and finishyour full report. Keywords should be so chosen that theybest describe the contents of the paper. In most cases, thesewords can be found in the title and abstract. Noun formswithout articles must be used. The use of hyphens andprepositions should be avoided. Keywords, 5-10 in number,should be typed on the next line after the abstract, startingwith the headline Keywords: Each keyword, except propernouns and acronyms, should be typed in lower-case letters andfollowed by a comma, except for the last one. (Examplekeywords: VLSI, CMOS and SOI)Keywords-component; formatting; style; styling; insert (keywords)IntroductionThese instructions give you basic guidelines for preparingcamera-ready (CR) papers for ISOCC. The instructionsassume that you have computer desktop publishing equipmentwith several fonts. Your goal is to simulate, as closely aspossible, the usual appearance of published papers in theIEEE explore as ISOCC Digests. These instructions havebeen prepared in the preferred format.How to Format the PageA.Full-Size Camera-Ready (CR) CopyPrepare Camera-Ready paper in full size format, on A4 sizeor 8 1/2” x 11” (215.9 mm x 279.4 mm) paper.B.FontsThe best results will be obtained if your computer word-processor has several font sizes. Do not use fonts smaller thanthe fonts specified in Table I. As an aid to gauging font size, 1point is about 0.35 mm. Use a proportional, serif font such asC.FormatsIn formatting your A4-size paper, set top margin to 20 mm (0.79 inches), bottom margin to 25 mm (0.98 inches), left margin to 14 mm (0.55 inches) and right margin to 15 mm (0.59 inches). If you are using paper 8 1/2” x 11”, set the top margin to 10 mm (0.39 inches), bottom margin to 17.4 mm (0.69 inches), left margin to 17 mm (0.67 inches) and right margin to 17.9 mm (0.70 inches). The column width is 88 mm (3.46 inches) with 5 mm (0.20 inches) space between the two columns.You should left- and right-justify your columns. On the last page of your paper, try to adjust the lengths of the two columns so that they are the same. Use automatic hyphenation,TABLE IFONT SIZES FOR CAMERA-READY PAPERSFontBold Italic TextSize10 Main text, authors’ affiliations10 Yes Headings, i.e. Abstract12 Authors’ names14 Yes Paper title10 Yes Sub-headings, i.e., Fonts9 References, table, table names,table captions, figure captions8 Footnotes, sub- and superscripts if you have it. Don't forget to check the spelling.IllustrationsPosition figures and tables at the tops and bottoms of columns, if possible. Large figures and tables may span both columns. Figure captions should be below the figures; table captions should be above the tables. Try to place the figures and tables after their first mention in the text. Use the abbreviation (e.g., “Fig. 1”) even at the beginning of a sentence.All half-tone illustrations (pictures/photographs) should be clear black and white prints. Do not use photocopies. These illustrations should be furnished within the copy. Make certain to include a caption in the paper for the illustration as well as to label the illustration on the back.r 2commas or periods when they are part of a sentence, like this,⎰F(r ,)drd=[r2/(20)]∞⋅⎰exp(-z j-z i )-1J1(r2)J0(r i)d.(1)Fig. 1 This is a sample figure. Captions exceeding one line are arranged like this.Helpful HintsBe sure that the symbols in your equation have been defined before the equation appears or immediately following. When you refer to equations in the text, refer to (1). Do not use “Eq.(1)” or “Equation (1)” except at the beginning of a sentence: “Equation (1) is used.”A.ReferencesList and number all references at the end of the paper. When referring to them in the text, type the corresponding reference number in square brackets as shown at the end of this sentence [1]. Number the citations consecutively. The sentence punctuation fol lows the brackets. Do not use “Ref.[3]” or “reference [3]” except at the beginning of a s entence. Number footnotes separately in superscripts. Place the actual footnote at the bottom of the column in which it is cited. Do not put footnotes in the reference list.Give all authors’ names; do not use “et al” unless there are six authors or more. Papers that have not been published, even if they have been submitted for publication, should be cited as “unpublished” [4]. Papers that have been accepted for public ation should be cited as “in press” [5]. Capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for proper nouns and element symbols.For papers published in translated journals, please give the English citation first, followed by the original foreign- language citations [6].B.Abbreviations and AcronymsDefine abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used. Acronyms such as MOSFET, AC and DC do not have to be defined. Redefine acronyms when first used in the text, even if they have been defined in the abstract.C.EquationsNumber equations consecutively with equation numbers in parentheses flush with the right margin, as in (1). To make your equations more compact, you may use the solidus (/), the exp function, or appropriate exponents. Italicize Roman symbols for quantities and variables, but not Greek symbols. Use a long dash rather than a hyphen for a minus sign. Use parentheses to avoid ambiguities in denominators. Punctuate equations with D.Other RecommendationsUse either one or two spaces between sections, and between text and tables or figures, to manipulate the column length. Use two spaces after periods at the end of sentences (full stops).AcknowledgmentThis research was supported by .. (Optional)References[1]G. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N. Sneddon, “On certain integrals ofLipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions,”Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529-551, April 1955.[2]J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treaties on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rded., Vol. 2, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1892, pp. 68-73.[3]I. S. Jacobs and C. P. Bean, “Fine particles, thin films andexchange anisotropy,'' in Magnetism, Vol. III, G. T. Rado and H.Suhl, Eds., New York: Academic Press, 1963, pp. 271-350.[4]M. Smith, “Title of paper optional here,” unpublished[5]K. Rose, “Title of paper with only first word capitalized,” inpress.[6]Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tanigawa, “Electronspectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interfa ce,” IEEE Trans. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740-741, August 1987 [Digests 9th Annual conf. Magn. Japan, p.3012, 1982]this is a sample figure。
国际学术会议的准备步骤
Goodmorningeveryone！MynameisChen. Frist of all, I’d like to introduce the paper I’m interested in which is namedUrban Community Perception on Nighttime Leisure Activities in Improving Public Park Design.As a social science paper, the objective ofthis study is to investigate the community perceptions on nighttime leisure activities in urban public parkwhich is done by usingquantitative analysis, random stratifies technique with four types of variable studied related to nighttime leisure called comforts, conveniences, safety and nighttime leisure in order to find outthe positive perception of nighttime leisure in urban public park towards urban community.And then, I’d like to talk about the preparatory work towards an international conference which should include5 steps. Initiating must be the first thing to complete if to prepare the conference such as confirm the topic, time and place etc. Secondly, there is no doubt that we need participants in this conference. Therefore, we need to advertise to the public or the world consisted by professors and invite them. The next step is to make sure whether you have got their reply and schedule. In the meanwhile, we can prepare meeting material as well as formulate some emergency plan. And the last thing is to arrange for it.As to the question about the way to take part in it, I think you can apply through various approaches or become one of the participant’s assistants or attendants.。
商务英语写作课后习题答案
Keys ( 参考答案)Unit One An Overview of Business Letter Writing(Omitted)Unit Two Application LettersI. T ranslation1.I am responsible for receiving telephone calls and visitors, scheduling all of the appointments,and organizing the paperwork and correspondence.2.My work experience, together with my educational preparation would qualify me for theposition.3.Should you wish to have more information, I would be happy to come and see you at amutually convenient time.4.I think you will agree that I am, at least, a strong candidate for the position you are offering.5.I feel that I am competent to meet the requirements which you have specified.II. Decide whether the following sentences are suitable or not in an application letter and try to explain which part is wrong.1. 提出不合理要求2. 不宜提以前被解雇的原因3. 拼写错误4. 年代写错5. 不宜在这样的正式文书中使用俚语及口语化词汇III. Write application letters according to requirements.1. Gentlemen,I am writing to request admission into the Department of English Language and Literature at your University for the fall semester of 2010. It is my long-cherished desire to pursue comparative study of Chinese and Western Literature at a university in the United States.I graduated from the Dept. of Foreign Language and Literature at Nanjing Normal University. I am currently a teacher of English for English major students at SoutheastUniversity.I shall appreciate it if you would forward the necessary application forms for admission with information about financial aid to the Department of English Language and Literature at your University for a Master’s degree of Arts.I am looking forward to your response at your earliest convenience.Sincerely yours,***2. Gentlemen,I learned from this morning’s paper that there is a vacancy for a stenographer in your company. I wish to be considered as an applicant for the position and beg to state my qualifications as follow:I am 22 years of age, a high school graduate and a graduate of Jinlin Night School where I studied stenography as well as typing.Enclosed you will find testimonials from principal Zhu Changrong of Nanjing No. 3 High School, and from President Li Dangfeng of Jinglin Night School.Please check my references. They will tell you I am conscientious and that I have an agreeable personality and good appearance and that I get along exceedingly well with people.I shall be glad to call at your office if you desire a personal interview. If I am successful in my application, I shall discharge my duties to the best of my ability.Respectful yours,***3. Dear Sirs,I am graduating from the Jiangsu Institute of Foreign Trade this summer. As a student of English for Business, I hope to work for a foreign company after graduation.In the past three academic years, I have proved myself to be a straight A student, awarded a succession of scholarships. My English is particularly good and German happens to be my second foreign language, which will live up to the requirements set by a wholly-owned foreigncompany like yours.I apply for the position of assistant to your marketing project manager. Y ou will find me a good team player, self-motivated and eager to learn. I believe I can be of value to your company.I should be very happy if you would arrange an interview with me.Y ours sincerely,(signature)Y u Lihong4. Director of Consulting CenterJiangsu Foreign Service Co., Ltd.406 Maoming Mansion, 580 maoming RoadLuwan District, shanghai 200021Dear Mr. Director:I am currently working on Master Degree in International Commercial law at Nanjin University. My supervisor Mr. Liu Mingyu, a well-known professor of law, tells me that SFSC specializes in recommending qualified personnel to muti-national companies and suggeststhat I contact you for recommendation.During the two years of studies at Fu Dan University, I have not only acquired a lot of knowledge of international commercial law, but learned two foreign languages as well --- English and Japanese. Moreover, I have published two papers in the university journal on problems that may arise after China's entry to WTO. And they have been favorably accepted.I am enclosing a resume, copies of my published papers, and Professor Liu's letter of recommendation.I sincerely hope you will introduce me to a famous multi-national company, to which I will dedicate myself.Truly yours,(signature)Fu JialinUnit Three ResumeI.The style of a resume must be direct and simple. T o omit pronouns and otherstechniques are very effective. Rewrite the following sentences in Resume.1.Developed new territory.2.Developed computer programs to monitor accounting systems including carefully writtendocumentation manuals that enabled users to operate these sophisticated systems effectively. 3.Managed operations of store with sales volume of $1,000,000 and supervised eightemployees.4.Earned average of $35,000--$55,000 a year in commissioned earnings. Received serviceaward for exceeding sales quota of three years employed.5.Developed effective interpersonal skills through involvement in student organizations such asthe Student Council…II.Fill in the blanks with your information and improve your own resume. (Omitted)III.Write a resume according the following information.1. Wang MinClass 97081Computer Science and Engineering CollegeSoutheast UniversityNanjin, Jiangsu, 210002(025) 3847-9238EDUCA TIONSoutheast University Nanjin, JiangsuBachelor of Science in Computer 1997-2001·GPA: 90/100·V ice President of the Southeast University Student Council responsible for academic research·Active member of the University Society of Electronics·Director of the University Association of Computer Science·Winner of the University Scholarship in every academic year·Winner of the Panda Prize for Excellent Students in 1998·MCSE Certificate in 1999·Author or tow research papers on the programming in the Southeast University JournalExperienceZHONGJI DEVELOPMENT COMPANY Nanjin, JiangsuIntern Engineer 1/2001 – Present·Install hardware and software for customers·Wrote programs in the Traffic Computerization Project of Nanjin·Received the Internship A ward from the Southeast UniversityJINDIAN COMPANY Nanjin, JiangsuPart-time Salesperson and Engineer Summer, 1998·Sold computers·Repaired computersENGLISH PROFICIENCY·Scored 630 on TOEFL in January 1999·Good at English listening, speaking, reading, and writing·Excellent technical communication skills in EnglishREFERENCESProf. Y ang Huan, Computer Science and Engineering College, Southeast University, Nanjin, Jiangsu 210042 (025) 8736-2673President Kong Lin, Zhongji Development Company, 12 South Section, Ring Road One, Nanjin, Jiangsu, 210005 (025) 3364-2564Mr. Han Fei, CEO, Jindian Company, 73 People’s Road, Nanjin, Jiangsu 210013 (025) 5574-7364Wang MinUnit Four CertificateI. Decide whether the following sentences are suitable or not in a recommendation letter. If not, try to rewrite it.1.He put all his efforts and time into reading books.2.He often comes to me to discuss any questions he meets in his study.3.I think it is my real pleasure to recommend Mr. Smith to you, who, in my opinion, a very ableyoung man with a strong sense of responsibility and great enthusiasm for helping others.4.I know Mr. Li personally from lectures and exercises in Mathematics.5.He takes actively part in Student Union activity.II. T ranslate the following certificate letters from Chinese into English according to the given information.1. CERTIFICA TETo Whom It May Concern:This is to certify that the bearer, Mr. Wang Yingjing is an acquaintance of mine, a man whom I know to be thoroughly trustworthy.General Manager of C. T. U. Co.2. CERTIFICA TEThis is to certify that Mr. Cai Minghuihas passed the Business English Test (Intermediate Level).Shanghai Business English Test CenterIssuing Date: September, 20023. CERTIFICA TEThis is to certify that Miss Song Weijia has been awarded the title ofModel Studentin the Social Work of College Students sponsored by the Jiangsu Institute of Foreign Trade. December 2004 JIFT Y outh League Committee4. TRAINING CERTIFICA TEOF INTERMEDIA TE COMPUTERThis is to certify that Tang Fanghui, female, aged 27, has completed the four-month training in intermediate computer at the Suzhou Y i Jin College of Continuing Education and passed the qualifying examination.STAMPSuzhou Y i Jin Collegeof Continuing EducationDate: May 20, 20035. Gentlemen:I beg to certify that Mr. David Brown has been a salesman in this firm for four years and has shown diligence and ability in the discharge of his duties. He has gained the esteem of his colleagues and superiors alike.V ery truly,ⅩⅩⅩUnit Five Meeting MinutesI. Look at the minutes below and change it into a verbatim.Suggested rewritten versionII. Draft meeting minutes according to the hints given. Suggested version:Unit Six Notice &AnnouncementI.Judge the subject of each notice1. Broadcast notice2. Birth notice3.Engagement notice4. Obituary5. Business noticeII. Draft notices according to the given information1.2.3．4．5.Unit Seven Itineraries & AgendasI.Discuss the following questions(Omitted)II.Draft an itinerary according to the given information1.Post-Conference Tour: Beijing-Nanjing-Wuxi-Suzhou-Shanghai(May 23-May 29, 2010)May 23 — Fly to Nanjing.May 24—Sightseeing in Nanjing: Dr. Sun Y at-Sen Mausoleum, Zhonghuamen, and the Qinhuai River Scenery.May 25 —T ake train to Wuxi.Sightseeing in Wuxi: Cruise on the Taihu Lake and Jichang Garden.May 26 — Take train to Suzhou.Sightseeing in Suzhou: Zhuo Zheng Y uan, Huqiu, and Hanshan (Old Hill)Temple.May 27 — Take train to Shanghai.May 28 — Sightseeing in Shanghai: Jade Buddha Temple, Y uyuan Garden, Shanghai Museum, Children's Palace, and the Bund.May 29 — After breakfast at the hotel, the tour will terminate.2．Security CouncilMeeting AgendaUnit Eight E-mail I.Discuss the following questions（Omitted）II.Write E-mails according to the given information 1.Unit Nine NotesI. Suggested Subjects1) Request for Repairing Something2) Note for saying Good-bye3）Asking for Sick LeaveII. Suggested V ersion1.Unit T en Business Letters1. Establishing Business RelationsI. T ranslate the following phrases from Chinese to English, or from English to Chinese.1. 国有 6. specialize in…2. 独家代理7. on the basis of quality and mutual benefits3. 稳定的货源8. specific enquiry4. 在……行业中9. wholesalers and retailers5. 试订货10. financial standingII. Write a letter to a foreign company for establishing business relations covering the following contents:Dear Sir,In the latest issue of the China Foreign Trade, we saw the name of your company listed as being interested in making certain purchases in China.We take this oppourtunity to place our name before you as being a buying, shipping and selling agent. If you do not have anyone here to look after your interested in that capacity, we should be glad if you give us your kind consideration.We inform you that we have been engaged in this business for the past 10 years. We, therefore, feel that because of our experience, we are well qualified to take care of your interests at this end. Further, as for references, we can give you the names of some concerns in your country and also our bankers are Bank of China.Looking forward to hearing from you!2. Making InquiriesⅠ. T ranslate the following sentences from Chinese to English or English to Chinese.1.Specializing in the export of Chinese Cotton Piece Goods, we express our desire to tradewith you in this line.2.Being closely connected with reliable wholesalers here, we shall be able to do considerableimport business with you.3.Please furnish us with your own sample of rayon handkerchiefs closest in designs andquality to those we enclose here.4.我们对你方的羊毛地毯很感兴趣，请将最新的CFR 报价和支付方式告知我方，并说明最快的交货日期。
IEEE投稿指南
IEEE投稿指南T：比较深入详尽学术研究M：产业新闻、技术动态之类的L：不超过三页的小短文1、IEEE提供的word模板：（word 6.0 以上版本）TRANS-JOUR.DOC 或TRANS-JOUR.PDF2、IEEE提供的latex模板：网址同上一、预备篇1、如果是投会议文章，需要和举办方联系，以防人家有专门的排版要求。
关键字要按字母顺序写。
2、打开TRANS-JOUR.DOC后, 选择(View | Page Layout), 然后才能看到脚注（footnotes）. 那个模板专门好用，你把你的文章copy过来后，直截了当点左上角的格式窗口就能够自动转换格式了，专门一些标题，它会自动转大小写、斜体、粗体等等，唯独美中不足的确实是reference中的斜体得手工完成，呵呵。
我使用过程中觉得最大的一个好处确实是公式后面的编号，你在如何推它也可不能跳到下一行去，也不用担忧和上下编号不对齐。
公式的位置你任意调整皆可。
解决我一直头疼的一个咨询题，呵呵3、不要改变默认字体等等。
文章页数不要超过6页，本来每页110刀，超过部分每页要200刀！4、文章里面的显现符号的时候，例如x，y，上标什么的，一定要用公式编辑器或mathtype来完成，千万不用什么改字体的方法。
5、visio生成的图形在转成pdf文档的时候经常会把字体丢失，因此转换后要认真检查，万无一失的方法是先用hypercram等抓图软件把visio的页面抓下来（记得关掉链接点和网格），然后copy到word里面再转换。
6、压缩包不要超过1Mbytes，记得用.zip格式，老外不认.rar，（估量是老外太穷，winrar得单买，而.zip 的解压xp差不多自带了）7、图表一定要放大单发，递交的paper里面或者不加图表，或者自己加着玩玩，以便明白自己的paper 会有多少页，图表里面不要包含图表名称和边框等8、单位的咨询题，单位放括号里面，我原先总用冒号...再确实是乘号不要用x等等小常识，想起来再补充吧～二、投稿篇（懒的翻了，就整理一下，大伙儿看英文吧，呵呵）II.Procedure for Paper SubmissionA.Review StageIf you want to submit your file with one column electronically, pleas e do the following:--First, click on the View menu and choose Print Layout.--Second, place your cursor in the first paragraph. Go to the Format menu, choose Columns, choose one column Layout, and choos e “apply to whole document”from the dropdown menu.--Third, click and drag the right margin bar to just over4 inches in width.The graphics will stay in the “second”column, but you can drag t hem to the first column. Make the graphic wider to push out any text th at may try to fill in next to the graphic.B.Final StageWhen you submit your final version, after your paper has been accep ted, print it in two-column format, including figures and tables. Send thre e prints of the paper; two will go to IEEE and one will be retained by t he Editor-in-Chief or conference publications chair.You must also send your final manuscript on a disk, which IEEE wil l use to prepare your paper for publication. Write the authors’names on the disk label. If you are using a Macintosh, please save your file on a PC formatted disk, if possible. You may use Zip or CD-ROM disks for l arge files, or compress files using Compress, Pkzip, Stuffit, or Gzip.C.Figures （这段专门重要，确实是讲图表一定要放大单发，递交的paper里面或者不加图表，或者自己加着玩玩，以便明白自己的pap er会有多少页）All tables and figures will be processed as images. However, IEEE c annot extract the tables and figures embedded in your document. (The fig ures and tables you insert in your document are only to help you gauge t he size of your paper, for the convenience of the referees, and to make it easy for you to distribute preprints.) Therefore, submit, on separate sheet s of paper, enlarged versions of the tables and figures that appear in your document. These are the images IEEE will scan and publish with your p aper.D.Electronic Image Files (Optional)You will have the greatest control over the appearance of your figure s if you are able to prepare electronic image files. If you do not have th e required computer skills, just submit paper prints as described above and skip this section.1) Easiest Way: If you have a scanner, the best and quickest way to prepare noncolor figure files is to print your tables and figures on paper exactly as you want them to appear, scan them, and then save them toa file in PostScript (PS) or Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) formats. Use a separate file for each image. File names should be of the form “fig1.ps”or “fig2.eps.”2) Slightly Harder Way: Using a scanner as above, save the images i n TIFF format. High-contrast line figures and tables should be prepared w ith 600 dpi resolution and saved with no compression, 1 bit per pixel (m onochrome), with file names of the form “fig3.tif”or “table1.tif.”To obtain a 3.45-in figure (one-column width) at 600 dpi, the figure requires a horizontal size of 2070 pixels. Typical file sizes will be on the order of 0.5 MB.Photographs and grayscale figures should be prepared with 220 dpi r esolution and saved with no compression, 8 bits per pixel (grayscale). To obtain a 3.45-in figure (one-column width) at 220 dpi, the figure should have a horizontal size of 759 pixels.Color figures should be prepared with 400 dpi resolution and saved with no compression, 8 bits per pixel (palette or 256 color). To obtain a 3.45-in figure (one column width) at 400 dpi, the figure should have a h orizontal size of 1380 pixels.4) Other Ways: Experienced computer users can convert figures and t ables from their original format to TIFF. Some useful image converters ar e Adobe Photoshop, Corel Draw, and Microsoft Photo Editor, an application that is part of Microsoft Office 97 and Office 2000 (look for C:\Progr am Files\Common Files \Microsoft Shared\ PhotoEd\ PHOTOED.EXE. (Yo u may have to custom-install Photo Editor from your original Office dis k.)Here is a way to make TIFF image files of tables. First, create your table in Word. Use horizontal lines but no vertical lines. Hide gridlines (Table | Hide Gridlines). Spell check the table to remove any red underlin es that indicate spelling errors. Adjust magnification (View | Zoom) such that you can view the entire table at maximum area when you select Vie w | Full Screen. Move the cursor so that it is out of the way. Press “Pr int Screen”on your keyboard; this copies the screen image to the Windo ws clipboard. Open Microsoft Photo Editor and click Edit | Paste as New Image. Crop the table image (click Select button; select the part you wa nt, then Image | Crop). Adjust the properties of the image (File | Properti es) to monochrome (1 bit) and 600 pixels per inch. Resize the image (Im age | Resize) to a width of 3.45 inches. Save the file (File | Save As) in TIFF with no compression (click “More”button).Most graphing programs allow you to save graphs in TIFF; however, you often have no control over compression or number of bits per pixel. You should open these image files in a program such as Microsoft Phot o Editor and re-save them using no compression, either 1 or 8 bits, and either 600 or 220 dpi resolution (File | Properties; Image | Resize). See S ection II-D2 for an explanation of number of bits and resolution. If your graphing program cannot export to TIFF, you can use the same technique described for tables in the previous paragraph.A way to convert a figure from Windows Metafile (WMF) to TIFF i s to paste it into Microsoft PowerPoint, save it in JPG format, open it wi th Microsoft Photo Editor or similar converter, and re-save it as TIFF.Microsoft Excel allows you to save spreadsheet charts in Graphics In terchange Format (GIF). To get good resolution, make the Excel charts ve ry large. Then use the “Save asNo matter how you convert your images, it is a good idea to print t he TIFF files to make sure nothing was lost in the conversion.If you modify this document for use with other IEEE journals or co nferences, you should save it as type “Word 97-2000 & 6.0/95 - RTF (*. doc)”so that it can be opened by any version of Word.E.Copyright FormIII.MATHIV.UnitsUse either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI units are strongly encouraged.) English units may be used as secondary units (in parenthes es). This applies to papers in data storage. For example, write “15 Gb/c m2 (100 Gb/in2).”An exception is when English units are used as ident ifiers in trade, such as “3½in disk drive.”Avoid combining SI and C GS units, such as current in amperes and magnetic field in oersteds. This often leads to confusion because equations do not balance dimensionally. If you must use mixed units, clearly state the units for each quantity in an equation.The SI unit for magnetic field strength H is A/m. However, if you wish to use units of T, either refer to magnetic flux density B or magneti c field strength symbolized as µ0H. Use the center dot to separate comp ound units, e.g., “A·m2.”V.Helpful HintsA.Figures and TablesBecause IEEE will do the final formatting of your paper, you do not need to position figures and tables at the top and bottom of each colum n. In fact, all figures, figure captions, and tables can be at the end of thepaper. Large figures and tables may span both columns. Place figure cap tions below the figures; place table titles above the tables. If your figure has two parts, include the labels “(a)”and “(b)”as part of the artwo rk. Please verify that the figures and tables you mention in the text actua lly exist. Please do not include captions as part of the figures. Do not pu t captions in “text boxes”linked to the figures. Do not put borders aro und the outside of your figures. Use the abbreviation “Fig.”even at the beginning of a sentence. Do not abbreviate “Table.”Tables are number ed with Roman numerals.Figure axis labels are often a source of confusion. Use words rather than symbols. As an example, write the quantity “Magnetization,”or “M agnetization M,”not just “M.”Put units in parentheses. Do not label axes only with units. As in Fig. 1, for example, write “Magnetization (A /m)”or “Magnetization (A m-1),”not just “A/m.”Do not label axe s with a ratio of quantities and units. For example, write “Temperature (K),”not “Temperature/K.”B.ReferencesPlease note that the references at the end of this document are in th e preferred referencing style. Give all authors’names; do not use “et al.”unless there are six authors or more. Use a space after authors' initials. Papers that have not been published should be cited as “unpublished”[4]. Papers that have been submitted for publication should be cited as “sub mitted for publication”[5]. Papers that have been accepted for publicatio n, but not yet specified for an issue should be cited as “to be published”[6]. Please give affiliations and addresses for private communications [7].Capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for proper noun s and element symbols. For papers published in translation journals, pleas e give the English citation first, followed by the original foreign-language citation [8].C.Abbreviations and AcronymsDefine abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even after they have already been defined in the abstract. Abbreviat ions such as IEEE, SI, ac, and dc do not have to be defined. Abbreviatio ns that incorporate periods should not have spaces: write “C.N.R.S.,”no t “C. N. R. S.”Do not use abbreviations in the title unless they are un avoidable (for example, “IEEE”in the title of this article).D.EquationsNumber equations consecutively with equation numbers in parentheses flush with the right margin, as in (1). First use the equation editor to cr eate the equation. Then select the “Equation”markup style. Press the ta b key and write the equation number in parentheses. To make your equati ons more compact, you may use the solidus ( / ), the exp function, or a ppropriate exponents. Use parentheses to avoid ambiguities in denominator s. Punctuate equations when they are part of a sentence, as in(1)E.Other RecommendationsUse one space after periods and colons. Hyphenate complex modifier s: “zero-field-cooled magnetization.”Avoid dangling participles, such as, “Using (1), the potential was calculated.”[It is not clear who or what used (1).] Write instead, “The potential was calculated by using (1),”or “Using (1), we calculated the potential.”Use a zero before decimal points: “0.25,”not “.25.”Use “cm3,”not “cc.”Indicate sample dimensions as “0.1 cm ´0.2 cm,”not “0.1 ´0.2 cm2.”The abbreviation for “seconds”is “s,”not “se c.”Do not mix complete spellings and abbreviations of units: use “Wb/ m2”or “webers per square meter,”not “webers/m2.”When expressi ng a range of values, write “7 to 9”or “7-9,”not “7~9.”A parenthetical statement at the end of a sentence is punctuated outsi de of the closing parenthesis (like this). (A parenthetical sentence is punct uated within the parentheses.) In American English, periods and commas are within quotation marks, like “this period.”Other punctuation is “o utside”! Avoid contractions; for example, write “do not”instead of “d on’t.”The serial comma is preferred: “A, B, and C”instead of “A,B and C.”If you wish, you may write in the first person singular or plural and use the active voice (“I observed that ...”or “We observed that ...”instead of “It was observed that ...”). Remember to check spelling. If y our native language is not English, please get a native English-speaking c olleague to proofread your paper.VI.Some Common MistakesBe aware of the different meanings of the homophones “affect”(us ually a verb) and “effect”(usually a noun), “complement”and “com pliment,”“discreet”and “discrete,”“principal”(e.g., “principal i nvestigator”) and “principle”(e.g., “principle of measurement”). Do not confuse “imply”and “infer.”Prefixes such as “non,”“sub,”“micro,”“multi,”and “"ultr a”are not independent words; they should be joined to the words they modify, usually without a hyphen. There is no period after the “et”in t he Latin abbreviation “et al.”(it is also italicized). The abbreviation “i.e.,”means “that is,”and the abbreviation “e.g.,”means “for examp le”(these abbreviations are not italicized).An excellent style manual and source of information for science writ ers is [9]. A general IEEE style guide, Information for Authors, is availab le at。
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English for International Conference Communication
Outlining, Drafting and Editing
the outline of a paper is the framework or skeleton of the paper conceived ideas observed facts
English for International Conference Communication
Brainstorming and Specifying Topics
useful suggestions or comments
a painstaking thinking process
English for International Conference Communication
English for International Conference Communication
Considering Themes and Audience
——analyze the call for papers and the possible participants of the conference The factors that have to be taken into account may include: the topics to be discussed in the specific session; classification of the possible audience according to their actual needs and their professional levels; the intention and inclinations that you are aiming at through your papers.
all the aspects are well related and appeared in the paper as an organic entirety
logical coherent systematic
obtained data
a good outline
English for International Conference Communication
There are the follow thits final submission:
Considering Themes and Audience Brainstorming and Specifying Topics Outlining, Drafting and Editing
Thank you!
——2011.3.22.
English for International Conference Communication
Outlining, Drafting and Editing
basis
outlining
improve
drafting drafting 3
drafting 1
revision
drafting 2
revision editing
……
final manuscript
English for International Conference Communication
English for International Conference Communication
Hints for Preparing Conference Papers
Zhao Peipei School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
CONTENTS
Brainstorming and Specifying Topics
Specifying a suitable topic by following the three general rules: 1) it should be of theoretical, scientific or practical value; 2) it should be within the reach of the author and possibly completed within the required time; 3) it should have sufficient materials and documents available for reference.