Study on Characteristics of 3-D Translating-Pulsating Source Green Function of Deep-Water Havel
Cav1.3钙离子通道在成年大鼠耳蜗的表达
Cav1.3钙离子通道在成年大鼠耳蜗的表达陈金;冰丹;周良强;褚汉启;陈请国;杜智会;祁繁;刘云;孙彦博;李鹏军【摘要】目的观察Cav1.3钙离子通道蛋白在成年大鼠耳蜗组织中的表达和分布,探讨其在听觉生理和病理中的作用.方法 35只成年SD大鼠随机分为A组(5只,分离耳蜗冰冻切片)、B组(10只,取耳蜗全部软组织及肾组织)、C组(20只,分离耳蜗基底膜、血管纹及螺旋神经节),采用免疫荧光染色方法检测Cav1.3钙离子通道蛋白在耳蜗组织中的分布,采用免疫印迹技术(Western blot,WB)以及逆转录聚合酶链反应(reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction,RT-PCR)检测Cav1.3钙通道蛋白在耳蜗组织中的表达.结果免疫荧光显示Cav1.3钙通道蛋白主要分布在成年大鼠耳蜗毛细胞、血管纹细胞,螺旋神经板缘细胞、螺旋韧带、螺旋神经节、螺旋凸;RT-PCR以及Western blot的结果显示Cav1.3钙离子通道蛋白在耳蜗组织和肾脏中有均表达,其中耳蜗基底膜上最多,螺旋神经节次之,耳蜗侧壁血管纹的表达量与前两者相比相对较少.结论本研究初步揭示了Cav1.3钙离子通道蛋白在成年SD大鼠耳蜗中的表达具有一定的组织特异性,为进一步研究Cav1.3钙离子通道蛋白在听觉生理和病理中重要的作用提供了理论依据.%Objective To investigate the expression of Cav 1.3 calcium channel in adult rat cochlea and study its role in auditory physiology and pathology.Methods The sprague-dawley rats were used as experimental subjects.The distribution of Cav1.3 calcium channel in the cochlea was detected by immunofluorescence technique.The expression of Cav1.3 was measured with Western blot (WB) and RT-PCR.Results Immunofluorescence photographs revealed that Cav 1.3 calcium channel localized in the lateral wall membrane,hair cells,stria vascularis,spiral ganglion cell,spiral ligment,spiral prominence,and limbuslaminae spiralis.The results of WB and RT-PCR inform Cav1.3 calcium channel gene (CACNA1D) were measured in the cochlea and kidney.The expression of Cav1.3was mainly in the basilar membrane.Moderate expression was observed in the spiral ganglion and striavascularis.Conclusion The preliminary study revealed the distribution of Cav 1.3 calcium channel gene(CACNA1D)in adult rat cochle possesses tissue specificity,providing a theoretical basis for further research in auditory physiology and pathology.【期刊名称】《听力学及言语疾病杂志》【年(卷),期】2017(025)006【总页数】4页(P630-633)【关键词】耳蜗;Cav1.3钙离子通道;大鼠【作者】陈金;冰丹;周良强;褚汉启;陈请国;杜智会;祁繁;刘云;孙彦博;李鹏军【作者单位】华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科武汉430030;华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科武汉430030;华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科武汉430030;华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科武汉430030;华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科武汉430030;华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科武汉430030;华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科武汉430030;华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科武汉430030;华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科武汉430030;华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科武汉430030【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R339.16Cav1.3钙离子通道蛋白是维持细胞内Ca2+浓度平衡的重要蛋白之一，它的主要作用是控制胞内Ca2+内流和细胞膜的去极化，从而维持内耳细胞内Ca2+稳态以及神经递质的释放，保证神经冲动的传导及内耳正常生理功能的发挥。
英语翻译专业毕业论文选题
“论文学翻译过程”“语义翻译和交际翻译理论在英汉翻译中的运用”“英语句子成分的省略及汉译”“文学翻译中隐喻的传译”一、选题范围1、翻译与文化：可以从宏观和微观两个方面考虑。
宏观方面，一般从翻译在目的语社会文化中的生产、接受、翻译在目的语社会文化中所起的功能等角度讨论，可以从社会、文化、历史、交际的视角切入。
阐述为什么有那样的译文？如严复的翻译，林纾的翻译，傅东华翻译《漂》时为什么使用归化的手段，鲁迅翻译的策略，翻译材料的选择等等。
微观方面，可以讨论语言文字所承载的文化内容和内涵如何在翻译中表达，如文化负载词的翻译策略等。
2、翻译与语言学理论：可以从篇章语言学，功能语言学（如喊韩礼德的系统功能理论等），对比语言学，心理语言学，交际语言学、文化语言学等方面考虑选题。
如功能语言学和篇章语言学中讨论的衔接与连贯及其翻译，也可以讨论他们在英语和汉语中的差别入手，进一步讨论他们在翻译中的处理，主位、述位的推进极其在翻译中的体现。
英语汉语对比及其翻译策略等等。
3、翻译与语文学。
主要从艺术的角度讨论文学翻译中的问题。
4、应用翻译：主要从特殊用途英语如商务英语、科技英语、旅游英语等方面讨论在这些特殊领域中涉及的翻译问题如何处理。
如旅游宣传资料的翻译等。
5、译文对比：可以是同一篇文章、同一本书，不同的译者在同以时期或不同时期进行的翻译做的对比，也可以是同一个译者对同一篇文章或书在不同时期的翻译的对比；可以是翻译技巧等微观层面的对比，也可以是宏观曾面的对比，以探索为什么在不同时期译者回采取不同的策略，有哪些社会的、文化的、政治的、意识形态的原因？6、翻译及评论：首先选择一篇长文，一般是文学作品且没有人翻译过，进行翻译，翻译完后，从上述五个方面选择一个理论视角对自己的翻译进行评论。
7、译者风格。
8、翻译与美学。
二、选题方法：上述各个方面均可写出几本甚至几十本专著，因此大家从上述方面可以选出一个写作的范围。
缩小选题范围：首先是广泛浏览上述各有关方面翻译研究资料，以确定自己对哪方面感兴趣且有话可说，这是缩小范围的第一步。
3-D打印蛋白质翻译核心组件在生命科学中的应用
3-D打印蛋白质翻译核心组件在生命科学中的应用*周兆丽1，2，吴佩洋2，沈园园3，廖雪3，曹家翊3，郑昊旸2，宋佳烨3，李萍1，3*（1.上海健康医学院分子影像重点实验室，上海201318；2.上海健康医学院药学院，上海201318；3.上海健康医学院医疗器械学院，上海201318）3-D打印（Three-dimensional Printing），又名为增材制造（Additive Manufacturing，AM），是基于计算机辅助设计的数字模型逐层构建实体物品对象的一项新技术[1]。
3-D打印应用于包括工业制造、航天航空、建筑、艺术设计、医学、药学等在内的多个领域，被誉为将引领“第三次工业革命”的关键技术之一，是“中国制造2025”的重点支柱[2-4]。
3-D打印诞生于二十世纪八十年代，最初仅限于制造业，后来与数字化技术结合后开始向医学、药学领域发展，可以实现对人体组织胚胎学、病理解剖学等复杂教学模型的精确实体制造，可以制造保持生物活性的细胞、组织器官用于再生医学、医药学试验研究[5-9]。
个性化制造是3-D打印技术制作的突出优势之一，3-D打印可以将抽象的医学知识转化成直观、形象的实体模型[10-13]。
然而，目前的3-D打印，应用多停留于有实体模型、宏观大体可见的组织器官水平，对微观分子世界，分子结构及生命活动的显示，较少见。
基于上述，本研究拟就蛋白质翻译过程这一生命科学重要核心分子生化活动，运用3-D打印技术，以核糖体、核酸、氨基酸为基本元素，使用3ds Max等软件建模，构造3-D模型，使用Cura生成可打印的Gcode格式文件，进行3-D打印，利用打印后的各组件，将微观世界蛋白质的生物合成可视化，推进应用3-D打印翻译核心组件的“乐高式”模具在生命科学中的应用。
1材料与方法1.1辅助软件（3ds Max）制作过程通过3ds Max建立一个三维蛋白质翻译过程，将核糖体、核酸、氨基酸、作用于蛋白质翻译过程的氨基糖苷类小分子药物的形状、尺寸、场景等进行建立，调整参数，摘要：目的：3-D打印已广泛使用于生命科学领域，本研究拟通过3-D打印蛋白质翻译核心组件，提升蛋白质翻译这一生命科学领域核心生化活动的展示效果，推进其在生命科学领域微观世界的“乐高式”科技创新应用。
黄曲霉毒素的研究进展
1602022年1月上 第01期 总第373期学术研究China Science & Technology Overview黄曲霉毒素（Afl atoxin, AFT）主要由黄曲霉和寄生曲霉产生，有极强的毒性和致癌性，以黄曲霉素B1（Afl atoxin B1, AFB1）最为多见[1]，能够造成肝脏、肾脏、胃肠道等器官不同程度的损伤[2]。
AFB1被世界卫生组织（WorldHealth Organization, WHO）和国际癌症研究机构（Inter-national Agency for Research on Cancer , IARC）列为Ⅰ类致癌物[3]。
近年来，黄曲霉毒素因其较强的毒性效应及其对人畜健康的强烈危害性而引起人们的广泛关注和研究。
1.黄曲霉毒素的分子结构和理化性质AFT 是一种主要由曲霉属中的黄曲霉和寄生曲霉所产生的有毒次生代谢产物[4]，其基本结构为1个二呋喃环和1个氧杂萘邻酮（香豆素）组成（见图1），是一类化学结构相类似的二呋喃香豆素衍生物[5]，耐高温、强酸，极难分解[6]。
目前已发现黄曲霉素B 1、B 2、G 1、G 2、M 1、M 2等20余种异构体[7]。
它们的区别在于，经紫外线照射后，B 族发蓝紫色荧光，G 族发绿色荧光，其中B 1最为常见，且毒性最强[5]。
由细胞色素P450 1A2（CYP1A2）作用产生的AFM1是AFB 1的主要羟基化代谢产物，AFB 1微溶于水，不溶于非极性溶剂，可溶于极性有机溶剂，且稳定性较强、耐热[8]。
2.黄曲霉毒素的毒性效应2.1 黄曲霉毒素对生物大分子的影响黄曲霉毒素和其进入机体后形成的复合物能够抑制细胞中DNA、RNA 和蛋白质等物质的合成，从而影响机体的正常代谢和遗传物质的复制[9]。
Zhao 等[10]研究发现AFB 1可以使L02细胞的DNA 甲基化，并在miRNA 的调控下诱导细胞恶性转化从而引发癌症。
2.2 致癌、致畸、致突变性AFT 具有致癌性，AFB1慢性暴露会造成肝脏、肾脏和胃等器官的损伤并引发癌变[8]，并且AFT 诱发的癌变往往与突变相关[11]。
翻译的功能类型
This model gives due consideration to the role of the translator as an expert.这个理论给了译者应有的专家地
位。
Functionality Plus Loyalty
Two Reservations to the Skopos Model by Nord.诺德 对于目的论有两个保留意见：
主要关注原文的结构，忽视了文外因素和文内因素本质上的交流互动。
2. It doesn’t take cultural aspects into sufficiently consideration.
文化因素没能得到充分考虑。
3. Lacks consistency缺乏一致性。
4. The transfer standards are different or even contradictory.翻译标准不一致，甚至相互矛盾
This applies both to ST and TT.对源语文本和译语 文本都适用
The focus is shifted from ST to TT and its communicative function or functions.关注点从源语 转移到译语和译语的功能
Characteristics
Source-text Analysis and Translation Strategy
extratextual factor文外因素 intratextual factor 文内因素
文外因素涉及信息发送者及其意图、接受者、媒介/渠道、 交际地点、交际时间、交际动机、文本功能、互文因素等；
a. culture-specificity of translational model翻译模式 的文化特殊性
中国人名英文规则
中国人名英文规则Chinese Names in English: Rules and GuidelinesIntroduction:The translation of Chinese names into English can be a challenging task due to the distinct differences in linguistic structure and cultural connotations between the two languages. This article aims to provide a comprehensive guide on the rules and guidelines for rendering Chinese names accurately and appropriately in English, ensuring clarity and effective communication in cross-cultural contexts.1. Names with Different Components:Chinese names typically consist of a surname and a given name, but variations exist such as compound surnames or multiple given names. When translating such names into English, it is essential to retain the original order, as the surname always precedes the given name. For example, the name "张伟" should be translated as "Zhang Wei," with "Zhang" as the surname and "Wei" as the given name.2. Pinyin Transliteration:Pinyin, the official romanization system for Mandarin Chinese, plays a crucial role in translating Chinese names into English. It uses the Latin alphabet to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters accurately. When transliterating Chinese names, follow the Pinyin system to ensure consistency and avoid confusion. For instance, the name "李娜" should be transliterated as "Li Na," adhering to the Pinyin pronunciation guidelines.3. Surname Abbreviations:In certain cases, Chinese individuals may adopt an abbreviated version of their surname when introducing themselves in English-speaking contexts. This practice helps facilitate communication and addresses the challenges of pronunciation and recognition for non-Chinese speakers. For example, the surname "王" can be abbreviated to "Wang" instead of the full transliteration "Wáng," providing ease of use while retaining cultural identity.4. English Equivalent or Meaningful Translation:When translating Chinese names, it is common to search for an English equivalent that phonetically approximates the original pronunciation. However, if an equivalent is not readily available, a translation that captures the meaning or characteristics of the Chinese name can be used. This approach ensures that the English name reflects the essence of the original name. For instance, the name "贝克汉姆" can be translated as "Beckham," as it conveys the similar sound and cultural appeal associated with the renowned footballer.5. Personal Preferences and Cultural Sensitivity:Respecting an individual's personal preference for the translation or pronunciation of their name is crucial. Some individuals may choose an alternative name, while others may prefer to keep their original Chinese name intact. It is essential to honor and accommodate these preferences, as they reflect personal identity and cultural heritage.6. Common Mistakes to Avoid:When translating Chinese names into English, certain common mistakes should be avoided. Firstly, using literal translations that maintain the structure of Chinese names can result in awkward or confusing English names. Secondly, excessive modification or substitution of Chinese characters can lead to inaccurate or misleading renditions. Lastly, it is advisable to avoid overly generic English names, as they may diminish cultural distinctiveness.Conclusion:Translating Chinese names into English requires careful consideration of linguistic, cultural, and personal factors. Adhering to the rules and guidelines outlined in this article ensures accurate and appropriate representations of Chinese names in English, fostering effective cross-cultural communication. By respecting individuals' preferences and promoting cultural sensitivity, we can bridge linguistic and cultural gaps while maintaining the integrity of Chinese names in English contexts.。
双低剂量肺动脉血管造影(CTPA)成像技术在诊断肺动脉栓塞的可行性研究
68·中国CT和MRI杂志 2024年1月 第22卷 第1期 总第171期【通讯作者】成启华，女，主任医师，主要研究方向：临床医学。
E-mail：****************FeasibilityCHINESE JOURNAL OF CT AND MRI, JAN. 2024, Vol.22, No.1 Total No.171含观察两组图像的CT值、信噪比(signal to noise ratio，SNR)、剂量长度乘积(dose length product，DLP)、容积CT剂量指数(computed tomography dose index，CTDIvoI)。
CT值测量的测试点选择在肺动脉主干及左右肺动脉分支取三个敏感区的平均CT 值，肺动脉干层面的胸前空气区左中右三个区域取三个敏感区，大小范围15mm，测量标准差的平均值作为背景噪声。
SNR=CT 值/背景噪声[4]。
DLP和CTDIvoI均由CT机自动测量。
图1 低碘对比剂剂量受检者VR图像；图2 低碘对比剂剂量受检者MIP显示分支；121.4 数据统计 数据采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件分析处理，计数资料采用率(%)表示，行χ2检验，计量资料用(χ-±s)表示，行t 检验，P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结 果2.1 两种检查的图像质量对比 两种检查方式的图像质量对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)，见表1。
2.2 两种检查方式的定量参数对比 低剂量组与常规剂量组的CT 值、背景噪声、SNR、DLP、CTDIvoI相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)，见表2。
2.3 两种检查对于肺动脉栓塞的检出率 低剂量组30例肺动脉栓塞检出率为93%，常规剂量组30例肺动脉栓塞检出率为90%，低剂量组与常规剂量组肺动脉栓塞检出率对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)，见表3。
3 讨 论 肺动脉栓塞是一种危机重症，受检者的死亡率非常高，对受检者的生命健康及生命安全有着非常严重的威胁[5]。
汉语借用英语外来词的特点及语用理据
汉语借用英语外来词的特点及语用理据全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The borrowing of English loanwords in the Chinese language has become increasingly common in recent years. The phenomenon of loanwords, also known as foreign borrowed words, refers to the process of adapting terms from one language and incorporating them into another. There are several key characteristics and pragmatic reasons why Chinese speakers choose to incorporate English loanwords into their vocabulary.Firstly, one of the primary reasons for the adoption of English loanwords in Chinese is the need for linguistic efficiency and precision. With the rapid development of globalization, many new concepts and technologies are constantly emerging, many of which do not have direct equivalents in Chinese. As a result, Chinese speakers often borrow English words to accurately convey these new ideas and concepts without the need for lengthy explanations or descriptions. For example, terms such as "computer", "internet", and "software" are commonly used in Chinese to refer to modern technology, asthere are no direct translations that adequately capture the nuances of these terms.Furthermore, the use of English loanwords in Chinese can also be attributed to the influence of Western culture and media. With the widespread popularity of Western entertainment, such as movies, music, and fashion, Chinese speakers are exposed to a wide range of English vocabulary on a daily basis. As a result, many English loanwords have become integrated into Chinese language usage, particularly among younger generations who are more likely to embrace Western culture.In addition, the adoption of English loanwords in Chinese can also serve as a form of social prestige or status symbol. By using English loanwords in their speech or writing, Chinese speakers may seek to demonstrate their education, sophistication, or international outlook. This is particularly evident in professional settings, where the use of English loanwords can convey professionalism and expertise in a particular field. For example, in the business world, terms such as "marketing", "strategy", and "management" are commonly used in Chinese to discuss business practices and concepts, as they are seen as more sophisticated and professional than their Chinese counterparts.Despite the benefits of incorporating English loanwords into Chinese, there are also potential drawbacks to consider. The overuse of English loanwords can lead to language pollution and the erosion of traditional Chinese vocabulary. In addition, the improper use or misinterpretation of English loanwords can result in misunderstanding or miscommunication among Chinese speakers.In conclusion, the borrowing of English loanwords in Chinese is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that is influenced by a variety of linguistic, cultural, and social factors. While the use of English loanwords can facilitate communication and enhance linguistic diversity, it is important for Chinese speakers to use these loanwords judiciously and in appropriate contexts to avoid language degradation and confusion.篇2The borrowing of English loanwords into Chinese has become increasingly common in recent years, reflecting the growing influence of English in the global arena. This trend has not only enriched the Chinese language, but also brought about changes in the way Chinese speakers communicate. In this article, we will explore the characteristics of Chinese loanwords from English and their pragmatic functions.One of the key features of Chinese loanwords from English is their adaptability to the Chinese language system. While loanwords from other languages may undergo extensive alterations to fit into Chinese phonology and morphology, English loanwords often retain their original pronunciation and spelling. This is due to the relatively high degree of similarity between English and Mandarin phonetic systems, as well as the widespread use of the Latin alphabet in Chinese transliteration.Another characteristic of English loanwords in Chinese is their selective adoption based on semantic gaps in the Chinese lexicon. Many English loanwords are introduced into Chinese to express concepts or referents that do not have exact equivalents in Chinese. For example, the word "wifi" is borrowed into Chinese as "无线网络" (wúxiàn wǎngluò) to denote wireless intern et, a concept that did not exist in traditional Chinese culture. By borrowing English loanwords, Chinese speakers are able to fill lexical gaps and communicate more efficiently in a globalized context.In addition to semantic considerations, the pragmatic functions of English loanwords in Chinese are also worth noting. English loanwords are often used to convey a sense of modernity, technology, or sophistication in Chinese discourse. For example,the use of English loanwords such as "cool" or "fashion" in Chinese may signal a speaker's desire to appear trendy or cosmopolitan. In this way, English loanwords serve as markers of social identity and cultural prestige in contemporary Chinese society.Furthermore, English loanwords in Chinese can also facilitate communication in specific domains or discourse communities. For example, in the fields of science, technology, and business, English loanwords are commonly used to refer to specialized terms and concepts that are universally recognized. By incorporating English loanwords into their discourse, Chinese speakers can enhance clarity and precision in communication with international colleagues and audiences.In conclusion, the borrowing of English loanwords into Chinese reflects the dynamic nature of language contact and adaptation in a globalized world. The characteristics of Chinese loanwords from English, such as adaptability, selective adoption, and pragmatic functions, demonstrate the complex interplay between linguistic systems and social contexts. As English continues to exert influence on Chinese language and culture, the phenomenon of loanword borrowing is likely to continueevolving and shaping the linguistic landscape of contemporary China.篇3With the increasing globalization and influence of Western culture, the phenomenon of borrowing English loanwords into Chinese has become more and more common in recent years. This practice of incorporating foreign words into the Chinese language is known as "汉语借用英语外来词" (Hànyǔ jièyòngYīngyǔ wàiláicí).There are several distinctive characteristics of the borrowing of English loanwords in Chinese. Firstly, the loanwords are usually adapted to fit the phonetic and syllabic structure of the Chinese language. This often involves transliterating the English word into Chinese characters that approximate its pronunciation. For example, the English word "coffee" is borrowed into Chinese as "咖啡" (kāfēi), which closely mirrors the sound of the original word.Secondly, loanwords in Chinese often undergo semantic shifts or extensions in meaning. This can be due to cultural differences between English-speaking countries and China, as well as the need to express new concepts or ideas that do nothave existing equivalents in Chinese. For example, the English word "cool" has been borrowed into Chinese to mean "fashionable" or "stylish," rather than its original literal meaning of low temperature.Additionally, the borrowing of English loanwords in Chinese is often influenced by social factors and trends. For instance, certain industries or professions may adopt English terms to give an air of modernity or sophistication. This is particularly common in fields such as technology, business, and popular culture, where English is often seen as a symbol of innovation and progress.From a linguistic perspective, the incorporation of English loanwords into Chinese can be seen as a form of code-switching or bilingualism. It allows Chinese speakers to draw on the resources of both languages to express themselves more effectively and adapt to the changing linguistic landscape. It also reflects the dynamic nature of language and the constant evolution of vocabulary to meet the needs of contemporary society.In conclusion, the borrowing of English loanwords in Chinese reflects the ongoing interaction between different cultures and languages in our increasingly interconnected world. By analyzingthe characteristics and language usage of these loanwords, we can gain insights into the ways in which language shapes and reflects our social reality.。