English History
英语发展史 the history of English PPT课件
thanks
由此产生的许多短语一直保留到现在，如
night and main, friend or foe, a labour of love。
（公元1100—1500年）
In 1066, the Normans conquered
1066 14
England. French became the
存并很语 象语
了。在复合词的构成格式方面，也吸收 了法语的一些特色，例如：名词+形容词， 副词+过去分词(例by-gone)。这些现象， 语言学史上称为英语的罗曼语化。这就
是为什么从谱系关系上看，英语与德语
同族，但现代英语的词汇和法语更相近 的原因。
大量的法语词的涌入，也使英语词
汇起了词义变化。有一些英语固有
的词被淘汰掉了，有一些虽然还存
（1500-- ）
早期现代英语时期，对英语词汇的影响最大的是文艺复兴 运动。文专职复兴运动是十四世纪在意大利开始的，在十 六世纪以后的两个世纪内对英国的影响很大。在这一时期， 强调研究古代希腊、罗马文化，以对抗中世纪的封建文化。 于是许多外来词，主要是拉丁语和希腊语的词语传入英语， 成为英语的书面语和术语词的基本部分。同时也为英语提 供了大量的同义词。希腊和拉丁语词进入英语后有的保留 了原来的形式，如 climax, appendix, exterior, axis；有 的失去了词尾，如（扩号内为拉丁语）, consult (consultare), exclusion (exclusioneum) exotic (exoticus)； 还有的改变了词尾，使之更适合英语的形式，如形容词词 尾us 变成了ous或变成al，名词词尾tas变为ty。
英译汉
在8世纪末，斯堪的那维亚人攻占英国。 战 争持续了将近200年。 在这个时期，很多 拉丁语、丹麦和古斯堪的那维亚的单词融入
The Origins of a Nation---Early English History
Early English History The Origins of a Nation What shapes a nation Foreign invasionsBritain is better remembered for its past, or its longhistory, and the British history has been a history of invasions.When we talk about British people, we should be clear about the origin of them.The forefathers of British people had different national origins.A.I berians (伊比利亚人)The first known settlers of British people were Iberians. They came to Britain at about 3,000 BC during the New Stone Age. They probably came from the Iberian peninsular, now Spain. They are a dark-haired Mediterranean race. They are short in height, dark in skin and long in head. They were farming folk who kept animals and grew crops.B . Celts (凯尔特人)By the end of the Bronze Age, around 700 BC Celtic people had arrived from northwestern Europe, now France, Belgium and southern Germany. Celts are tall in height, blond in hair and somewhat aggressive. Their language was called the Celtic language. When they came, they brought with them a revolutionary new skill: iron-working. Celtscontinued to come and settle in Britain for about 500 years. They di dn’t kill off the Iberians. They drove some of them to the north and west, kept the rest as slaves and in the end the two races mixed to varying extent in different parts of the country. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, and their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic.C. RomansBritish recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.In 55BC, Julius Caesar, the great Roman general, invaded Britain for the first time. He landed in Kent with several thousand men. He met resistance and bad weather, so he decided to withdraw. He returned the following year. Yet, the successful invasion did not take place until nearly a century later, in AD 43, headed by the Emperor Claudius.So at last Romans came. When they came, they brought with them their laws, taxes, engineering skills, architecture and social system as well as theirlanguage, Latin. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain. Christianity came at first by indirect means, probably brought by traders and soldiers, and was quite well established later.The Romans made good use of Britain’s natural resources, mining lead, iron and tin锡and manufacturing pottery陶器. Though, the Romans gave the Britons a good deal of their civilization, they never settled in Britain in large numbers. They departed in AD411. They left behind a well-established Celtic-Roman culture. They also left behind the first written description of the land and its peoples.Reasons for withdraw in AD 410:a. barbarians from Eastern Europe at the gates of Rome;b. repeated attacks from Picts, so called because of their “painted faces”蓝军, and Scots;Ways to keep Picts: They built two great walls to keep the Picts out of the area they had conquered. These were Hadrian’s Wall and Antonine Wall.c. needing to set up a new military front on the east coast to hold off the Germanic Saxon tribes invading from Europe.D. Anglo-Saxons (盎格鲁-撒克逊人)In the 5th century AD, groups of people from North Europe came to settle in England. They were the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. These Germanic peoples form the basis of the modern English race. Theybrought in Old English, which was to become the official language of the nation. From AD 450 to 600, they gradually took control of most of the country. They became Christians and settled down as farmers. The name England is in fact derived from Anglo-land. The “Eng-”part comes from the word Angles. The word “English” means “ the language that belongs to the Angles.” Because “-ish” means “belonging to.” 1．Anglo-Saxons and the found of Heptarchy The Anglo-Saxons were three tribes of the Germanic people who originally lived in the northwest of modern Germany. In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes.The leader of Jutes, Hengist, became the King of Kent in 449.Then the Saxons established their kingdoms in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century.The Angles settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms ofKent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.2．In 829, Egbert, King of Wessex, became an overlord of all the English.King Arthur was the ruler of England in the 6th century. According to legendary stories, Arthur was the bastard私生子of the king of England. After the king died, Arthur was brought up secretly by an ordinary man. When he grew up, he got from the stone successfully the supernatural sword (神剑). This he was made sure the king of England.Many people know the story of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. According to the story, Arthur’s knights were often arguing about the seats while having meetings. Arthur was annoyed, then he ordered his men to have the big round table as the table for meetings. In this way, there would be no difference between the seats, and there would be no arguments over the seats. Maybe that’s the origin of round tables for meetings.King Arthur’s Round TableIn Arthurian legend, based on stories about the Anglo-Saxon hero King Arthur, the Round Table at Camelot served as a gathering place for Arthur’s knights. The table’s shape ensured that all who sat around it were equals. This replica of the Round Table can be seen at Winchester Castle in England.E.D anesNext came the Viking raiders (维金人/北欧海盗) from Scandinavia and Danes from Denmark. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 847. They plundered掠夺the coastlands and islands but eventually, they too settled, intermarried通婚andfused with the local population. During the 9th and 10th centuries, England was divided almost in half between the Viking Danes in the east and northeast and the Saxons in the west. By the end of the 10th century, however, the Saxons controlled most of the country. (Alfred the Great defeated the Danes and came to a relatively friendly agreement with them in 879.)Alfred was born in 849 at Oxfordshire and died in 901. He was one of the earliest and greatest of English Kings. He was also a pillar of light灯塔in the Dark Ages.The Dark Ages is a period of time in European history from 5th to the 11th centuries (黑暗时代). It is called the Dark Ages because this period of time was lacking in cultural achievements while ignorance and harsh despotism暴政became the ruling force.Alfred was the Saxon King. In 835, Danes began to come to England. The year 835 was the time before Alfred was born. So when Alfred became the King in 871 AD. The Danes were already in England in large numbers. They were threatening to take over England.Situation was bad for Alfred. Yet, he began to lead his men to fight against the Danes bravely. He reorganized the land army. At the same time, he built boats to fight against the Danes on the sea and rivers. Thus, he got the name of “the Fath er of the British Navy.”Of course, it was not easy for Alfred and his men to defeat the Danes, for the Danes were already very strong at the time. In the spring of 878, Alfred was defeated and compelled to flee逃跑for refuge.Many people know the story of “Alfred and the Burnt Cake” (烧焦的饼子). It’s said that once Alfred was surrounded by the Danes when he was in a farmhouse in the Danes’ occupied area. To hide from the Danes, the hostess of the house asked him to bake the cake. Alfred was so busy thinking of the ways of defeating the invading Danes that he let the cakes burn. Just at this time, the Danes came into the house in searching of Alfred. The hostess was a clever lady. She was pretending to scold Alfred for his burning of the cakes. In this way, he was not recognized by the Danes. Two months later, Alfred came out of his hiding place and organized his army again and beganhis plan for a counter attack反击. He finally defeated the Danes. But he was not able to drive the Danes out of the country. He made a treaty协议with them, allowing them to keep the northern and eastern parts of England.Alfred liberated half of England. Yet, he still worried about the Danes. He began to build the system of defense. Thus, he was regarded as an outstanding military leader in the British history.However, King Alfred did great contributions in peace.1) He established many schools.2) He took the lead to learn Latin.3) He repaired the churches and monasteries.4) He did translations and writings, which have been called the beginning of literature in England.Anglo-Saxon chronicleAlfred died in 901. After his death, more Danes came to England, because the later kings were not very strong. At last, a Danish King was put on the throne王冠. Yet, this Danish king didn’t rule long, and so didn’t his two sons. After their death, therewas no other man of the Danish royal family suitable for the throne. So, in 1042, Edward,an Englishman became the king. Edward ruled over England for 24 years. His main contribution as a king was the building of Westminster Abbey.Westminster Abbey was founded in 1065, one year before the death of Edward. From the 11th century to the 16th century, the palace was the reigning king’s place of residence. After the middle of the 16th century the king stopped to live at Westminster. Westminster is famous for its Poets’ Corner, which has been the traditional burial groundof the most famous English poets. Moreover, it is a place of coronation加冕for all the kings and queens since the Norman Conquest.F.Norman ConquestIn 1066, William of Normandy (William the conqueror) landed with a large armed force on the south coast and won a great victory over the Saxons (in the Battle of Hasting). William the conqueror and his followers set up a strong central government. This brought a new unified discipline and control to the country. They made French the official language and firmly established the feudal system封建体制. The king granted land to the aristocracy贵族. The French influence was so strong that many aspects of England’s social and cultural life became totally French.The Norman Conquest was the last invasion of England by foreigners.A) Norman ConquestThen in 1066, Edward died. Upon his deathbed, he recommended Harold as his successor继承人.Harold was Edward’s wife’s brother. He was also a great warrior. Yet, he was not from the royal family. He was accepted as king only upon Edward’s recommendation. So this gave rise to great dispute. William, Edward’s cousin表兄, was then Duke of Normandy. He was very angry when he heard the news that Harold became the king of England. He thought he should be the successor as the king of England. And this led to the Norman Conquest.Harold knew that William would come to measure swords 比剑with him. He was prepared to fight, placing an army on the southern coast of England to watch for William’s coming. Several months passed by and William failed to appear. When the harvest ti me in England came, many of Harold’s soldiers went back to their homes to gather in the crops. The coast was thus left undefended.William seized the chance and landed his army in Southeastern England without opposition in September 1066. Harold, who was fighting in the north, hurried back with his men. The two armies met near Hastings in Southeastern England. TheNormans, armed with bows and arrows, defeated the Anglo-Saxons who fought with battle-axes斧子. Harold was killed. This is the famous Battle of Hastings in English history.But the Normans were not so strong as to storm London directly. They crossed the Thames River and established their camps扎营a few miles from the city, cutting its connection with the hinterland(腹地). Finally, London was forced to give in and a big group of noblemen and churchmen came out of the city to welcome William. So on Christmas Day, 1066, Duke William was crowned in Westminster Abbey.William I of EnglandWilliam I, known as William the Conqueror, was king of England from 1066 to 1087. As king, William reorganized the feudal system, making all landholders swear greater loyalty to him rather than to theirseparate lords. William also ordered an exhaustive survey of the landed wealth in his realm. The written results, known as the Domesday Book, helped determine the revenues owed him by his subjects.After William was crowned the king of England (William I), the Norman aristocracy began to rule over a largely Saxon and English-speaking population. And this produces another of England’s heroic legends, the legend of Robin Hood.Robin Hood is a legendary hero of medieval中世纪England. In most tales about him, Robin Hood leads an outlaw band called the Merry Men in brave forest adventures. The Merry Men fight authority当权政府and rob the rich to give to the poor. For more than 600 years, the adventures of Robin Hood have been celebrated in stories, poems, ballads民谣, and motion pictures.The stories of Robin Hood are typically set in England between the 1100s and the 1400s. Most of the events take place in or near Sherwood Forest. The stories about Robin celebrate his courage, generosityand skill in archery (剑术). He does not hesitate to fight and steal from his enemies, but he always shows compassion (同情) for the poor, protects women and children, and offers assistance to anyone of honor.Although Robin fights to overturn the power of rich landowners, church leaders, and government representatives, he and his band respect the authority of the ruling king, who in most stories is Richard I. In many stories, the king disguises 乔装himself and joins the Merry Men, intending to capture Robin. But the king then discovers Robin’s honorable ways and pardons him.A number of prominent authors wrote about Robin Hood in the 18th and 19th centuries, including Sir Walter Scott and John Keats. In England during the Victorian Age (1837-1901), the legend became a popular inspiration for children's tales.Robin HoodThe legendary hero Robin Hood is a popular figure from English folklore. According to the stories about him, he led a band of outlaws called the Merry Men, who robbed from the rich to give to the poor.Statue of Robin HoodEnglish ballads tell the story of the outlaw Robin Hood, who lived in England’s Sherwood Forest. No one knows for sure if Robin Hood existed, but the ballads about him give valuable information about English society in the late 14th and early 15th century.B) Influence of the Norman ConquestThe Norman Conquest was the last invasion of England by foreigners. Since then, no foreign invaders have ever set foot on this country. The Norman Conquest sped up the development offeudalism封建主义in England. The development of feudal aristocracy resulted in the appearance of noble titles. What’s more, the Norman way of life, French civilization imposed itself on the English people. And one of the most striking manifestations(证明) of the great influence of the conquerors was naturally to be seen in the language. The Norman continued to speak French for about three centuries after their conquest of England while their English subjects（仆人）retained their English tongue, which had developed into “Middle English”. The period of Middle English began soon after 1066. The Normans and the Anglo-Saxons,however, gradually got mixed and became intermingled融合.Exercises:1.Who are said to be the first forefathers of British people? (Iberians)2.When Celts went to Britain, they brought with them a revolutionary new skill. What is it? (iron working)3.Who introduced Christianity to Britain? (Romans)4.Who introduced Latin to Britain? (Romans)5.Who formed the basis of the Modern English race? (Angles, Saxons and Jutes) The Origins of a Nation(5000 BC -1066)Ⅰ.Settlers (5000 BC –55 BC)1.Iberians (the first known settlers)①At about 3000 BC, these short, dark and long-headed people came to Britain, probablyfrom the Iberian Peninsula, now Spain.②Long barrows in Wiltshire and Dorset were their communal burial mounds.③Stonehenge in Wiltshire is more dramatic monuments, which may have religious andpolitical means.2.Beaker Folk①At about 2000 BC they come from the areas now known as Holland and the Rhineland.②They took the name from their bell-shaped drinking vessels with which they wereburied in crouching positions in individual graves.③They built hill forts, with the finest examples of Maiden Castle.3.Celts①A taller and fairer race began to arrive about 700 BC.②They may originally come from eastern and central Europe, now France, Belgium andsouthern Germany.③They came in three main waves: a. Gaels at 600 BC (Gaelic); b. Brythons at 400 BC; c.Belgae at 150 BC (industrious and vigorous).④The Celtic bribes are ancestors of Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, and theirlanguages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic.⑤The Celts’ religion was Druidism (human sacrifices). The Druids were the wise men,astrologers and soothsayers.Ⅱ.Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)1.Roman ConquestBritish recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. Julius Caesar, invaded Britain for the first time in 55BC. He returned the following year, but he didn’t succeed. The successful invasion was take place in AD43, headed by the Emperor Claudius.2.Reasons for untotal occupation: a. some parts of the country resist; b. Roman troops wereoften withdraw from Britain to fight in other parts of Roman Empire.3.Ways to keep Picts: They built two great walls to keep the Picts, so called because of their“painted faces”, out of the area they had conquered. These were Hadrian’s Wall and Antonine Wall.4.Three problemsa.Picts still attacked them periodically;b.Saxon pirates attacked them in the southeast;c.Control was only effective in the south-eastern part of the country.5.Achievementwork of towns and roads.①Caster and Chester means camp.②Capital: London (Londinium).③Two cities: York had been created as a northern stronghold; Bath rapidlydeveloped because of its waters.b.Make use of Britain’s natural resou rces, mining lead, iron and tin and manufacturingpottery.6.Religion: Christianity.7.Reasons for withdraw in AD 410: a. barbarians from Eastern Europe at the gates of Rome;b. repeated attacks from Picts and Scots;c. needing to set up a new military front on theeast coast to hold off the Germanic Saxon tribes invading from Europe.8.Why was the Roman influence on Britain so limited?The Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Never during the4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. The Romans had no impact on thelanguage or culture of ordinary Britons.Ⅲ.Anglo-Saxons (446-871)1.Anglo-Saxons and the found of HeptarchyThe Anglo-Saxons were three tribes of the Germanic people who originally lived in the northwest of modern Germany. In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes. The leader of Jutes, Hengist, became the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons established their kingdoms in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century.The Angles settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principalkingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.2.Wars among Heptarchya.Offa, King of Mercia, built the great earthwork known as Offa’s Dyke, control for along time virtually all central, eastern and south-eastern England.b.In 829, Egbert, King of Wessex, became an overlord of all the English.3.Religiona.Teutonic religion (The names Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday derive fromtheir gods)b.Christianity①Columba, 563, convert north commoner.②In 597, Pope GregoryⅠsent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monasteryin Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. In 597, St.Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. Augustine was remarkablysuccessful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of thecommon people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in thenorth.c.Disagreement: The Roman missionaries held that the Pope’s authority was supreme,and the Celtic missionaries held that Christian belief did not require a final earthlyarbiter. They held a conference at Whitby in 664. Finally, the Roman missionariesgained the upper hand.4.AchievementsThe Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. They divided the country into shires. They devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system. They also established the manorial system. And they created the Witan.5.QuestionsⅣ.Viking and Danish1.The Norwegian Vikings and the Danes from Denmark attacked various parts of Englandfrom the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. The Vikings and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom.2.Alfred, king of Wessex was strong enough to defeat the Danes and came to a relativelyfriendly agreement with them in 879.a.Danes gained control of north and east of E ngland, i.e. “the Danelaw”.b.Alfred, king of Wessex, rule the rest.3.Alfred’s achievements.Alfred, king of Wessex, is known as “the father of the British navy” as he founded a strong fleet which first beat the Danes at sea, then protected the coasts and encouraged trade. He also reorganized the fyrd (the Saxon army), making it more efficient. Alfred, who is said to have taught himself Latin at the age of 40, translated into English Bede’s Ecclesiastical history of the English People. A learned man himself, he encouraged learning in others, established schools and formulated a legal system. This, as well as his admirable work with the army and the navy, makes him worthy of his title “Alfred the Great”.4.Successors.a.King Ethelred the Unready tried paying the invaders, who renewed invasions becausethe successors reconquered the Danelaw, to stay away by imposing a tax, called thedanegeld, on his people.b.Canute, the Danish leader, was chosen by Witan as king. He made England part ofScandinavian empire which included Norway as well as Denmark.Ⅴ.The Norman Conquest (1066)1.Background: King is also said to have promised the English throne to William, Duke ofNormandy. But, when Edward was on his deathbed, four men laid claim to the English throne. Finally, the Witan chose Harold as king. Four men: King of Norway / Tostig ←→Harold (king) →Duke of Normandy( join together ) ( fight ) ( fight )2.Process: ①1066.10.14, the battle on Senlac Field (near Hastings), where Harold waskilled; ②1066 Christmas, William crowned King of England by the Archbishop of York.3.Measure to face Saxon risings in the north: “harrying of the north”.Significance: The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.。
英国文学史及选读之文学史作品及作者
作家及作品1.the first epic in the English history：the song of Beowulf2.Romance传奇：Arthur and his Knights of the Round TableKing Arthur and his Knights of the Round TableSir Gawain and the Green Knight3. Popular Ballads民谣：The Robin Hood Ballad4. Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里·乔索：The Romaunt of the Rose玫瑰传奇The Book of the Duchess悼公爵夫人Troilus and Criseyde特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集5.Thomas More托马斯莫尔：Utopia乌托邦book onebook two6.William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚：the great comedies：A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人As You Like It皆大欢喜Twelfth Night第十二夜The great tragedies：Hamlet哈姆雷特Othello奥塞罗King Lear 李尔王Macbeth 麦克白Henry VI; Part II; III; I 亨利六世上、中、下Richard III 里查德三世The Comedy of Errors 错误的喜剧错中错Titus Andronicus 克斯泰特斯·安庄尼The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍妇The Two Gentlemen of Verona 维洛那二绅士Love’s Labor’s Lost 爱的徒劳空爱一场Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶Richard II 里查德二世King John 约翰王Much Ado about Nothing无事生非Henry IV; Part I; Henry IV; Part II 亨利四世Henry V 亨利五世The Merry Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流女人Julius Caesar凯撒大帝As You Like It如愿皆大欢喜Twelfth Night 第十二夜Troilus and Cressida 特洛埃勒斯与克莱西达All’s Well That Ends Well 终成眷属Measure for Measure 恶有恶报一报还一报Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉Coriolanus 科利奥兰纳斯Timon of Athens 雅典的泰蒙Pericles波里克利斯Cymbeline辛柏林The Winter’s Tales冬天的故事The Tempest暴风雨Henry VIII亨利八世7.Francis Bacon：the first English essayistOf truth 论真理Of studies 论学习Love;truth ;friendship ;parents ;children ;beauty ;studies ;riches ;youth ;age ;garden ;death and others8.John Donne：the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetryFlea 跳骚Others：George HerbertAndrew MarvellHenry Vaughan9.John Milton：Paradise Lost 失乐园Paradise Regained 复乐园Samson AgonistesLycidas10.John Bunyan约翰·班扬：Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner罪人受恩记功德无量Pilgrim’s Pr ogress 天路历程The Life and Death of Mr. Badman 恶人先生的生平和死亡贝德曼先生的一生The Holy War 神圣战争11.Daniel Defoe：father of English novelRobinson CrusoeThe shortest way with the dissentersCaptain SingletonColonel JacqueMoll Flanders12.Jonathan Swift： A Tale of a Tub 一个木桶的故事乔纳森·斯威夫特Battle of Books 书的战争书战Predictions for the Year 1708 对1708的预言Vindication of Isaac Bickerstaff 比克斯塔夫先生第一个预言的应验Gulliver’s Travels格林佛游记The Drapier’s Letters 一个麻布商的书信A Modest Proposal 一个小小的建议13.Joseph Addison：writer and a great stylist.约瑟夫·艾迪生 A Letter from Italy 意大利来鸿“The Campaign”“出征”; best-known poem in heroic coupletRosamond 罗沙蒙The Spectator 旁观者; a daily paperCato 卡托 a tragedyAddison and Steele : epistolary novel书信体小说14. Henry Fielding ：Joseph Andrews约瑟夫˙安德鲁斯的经历comic epic poem in prose散文体滑稽史诗亨利·菲尔丁Jonathan Wild the Great 大伟人乔纳森˙魏尔德Tom Jones 汤姆˙琼斯Amelia 阿米丽亚Plays ：The Welsh Opera 威尔斯歌剧Don Quixote in England 唐·吉诃德在英国Pasqin 巴斯昆The Historical Register for the Year 1736 一七三六年历史记事15. Alexander Pope: classical poet in the period of English Enlightenment亚历山大·薄伯Pastorals 田园组诗Essay on Criticism 论批评a didactic poem in heroic coupletsThe Rape of the Lock 夺发记masterpieceTranslations; in heroic couplet：The Iliad of Homer荷马的伊里亚特The Odyssey of Homer 河马的奥德赛The Works of Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集The Dunciad “愚人志” a satirical poem.Moral Essays “道德论” a philosophic poem.An Essay on Men “人论” a philosophic poem16. Samuel Johnson：London伦敦塞缪尔·约翰逊The Vanity of Human Wishes 人类欲望之虚幻Life of Richard Savage 理查德·沙维之传Rasselas 阿比西尼王子·拉赛拉斯Two periodicals: The Rambler 漫游者The Idler闲散者The two most important literary works：The Preface of Shakespeare莎士比亚戏剧集序言Lives of Poets 诗人传A Dictionary of English Language 英语辞典17.James Boswell：Life of Johnson a classic of English biography18.Thomas Grey：model of sentimentalistElegy Written in a Country Churchyard 墓园挽歌Others：Thomas Parnell ：Night-Piece on Death 夜吟死亡Robert Blair : The Grave 坟墓Edward Yong ：Night Thoughts 夜思19. Oliver Goldsmith：Periodical: The Bee哥尔德·斯密斯Poems: The Traveler 旅游人The Deserted Village 荒村Novel: The Vicar of Wakefield 威克菲尔德的牧师Comedies: The Good-Natured Man 好心人She Stoops to Conquer 屈身求爱Collection of essays: The Citizen of the World 世界公民20. William Blake : Songs of Innocence 天真之歌威廉·布莱克Songs of Experience 经验之歌The Marriage of Heaven and Hell 天堂与地狱的婚姻The Tiger21. Robert Burn s: A Red; Red; RedAuld Lang Syne 往昔的时光To a Mouse22. Richard Brinsley Sheridan：The Rivals 情敌The School for Scandal 造谣学校23. William Wordsworth：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner “古舟子咏”; “老水手之行”华兹华斯The Prelude 序曲Lyrical BalladsLines Written in Early SpringTo the CucooI Wandered Lonely as a CloudMy Heart Leaps UpIntimations of ImmortalityLines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey 丁登寺The solitary reaperComposed Upon Westminster Bridge24.Samuel Taylor Coleridge：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 古舟子咏; 老水手之行Kubla Khan 忽必烈汗Christabel 克里斯特贝尔Biographia Literaria 文学传记 a literary criticismChristabel25. Robert Southey：Joan of Arc 1793 圣女贞德Wat Tyler 1794瓦特·泰勒The Inchcape Rock因尺角之石The Battle of Blenheim 布莱尼姆之战My Days among the Dead are Passed我与死者作伴的日子已结束Life of Nelson纳尔逊传Thalaba the Destroyer 撒拉巴1801Madoc 麦道克1805The Curse of Kehama 克哈马的诅咒1810Roderick; the Last of the Goths 罗德里最后的高斯人181426.George Gordon Byron：She Walks in BeautyWhen We Two PartedDon JuanThe Vision of JudgmentChild Har old’ Pilgrimage27.Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind 西风颂Queen MabThe Revolt of IslamPrometheus Unbound 解放了的普罗旺斯The Masque of Anarchy 暴政的假面舞会A Defence of PoetryOzymandias奥西曼提斯T a Skylark 致云雀Adonais 阿多尼斯28.John Keats：Long poems: Endymion 恩底弥翁his first long poemIsabella 伊莎贝拉The Eve of St. Agnes 圣·爱格尼斯节前夕Lamia 莱米亚Hyperion 赫坡里昂Short poems : On a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂Ode to Autumn 秋颂Ode on Melancholy 忧郁颂Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂the best knownOde on Indolence 懒惰颂Ode on a Grecian UrnOn the Grasshopper and the Cricket 蛐蛐与蟋蟀Bright Star 闪亮的星星When I have Fear 当我害怕的时候29．Walter Scott: The Lay of the Last Minstrel 最末一个行吟诗人Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border 苏格兰边区歌谣集Marmion 玛密恩The Lady of the Lake 湖上夫人Scott’s Historical Novels: Waverley 威弗利first historical novel.Guy Mannering 盖曼纳合not very goodOld Morality 清教徒Rob Roy 罗布·罗伊the best of the groupThe Heart of Midlothian 弥德洛西恩的心English History: Ivanhoe 艾凡赫Norman Conquest the best of the groupKenilworth 肯纳尔沃思堡during the Tudor dynastyThe Fortunes of Nigel 尼格尔的家产Stuart ruleWoodstock 皇家猎宫The English RevolutionPeveril of the Peak 贝弗利尔·皮克the Restoration European Countries: Quentin Durward 昆丁·达沃德best-known novel on Frenchhistory.Talisman 惊军英雄记Count Robert of Paris 巴黎的罗伯特伯爵St. Ronan’s Wells 圣·罗南之泉the only one; dealingwith his contemporary life 当代生活小说.30. Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见Northanger AbbeyMansfield ParkEmmaPersuasionSense and Sensibility31. Charles Dicken s: Sketches by Boz 特写集the first bookThe Pickwick Papers 匹克威克外传Oliver Twist 奥克佛·特维斯特雾都孤儿Nichols Nickleby 尼古拉斯·尼克尔贝The Old Curiosity Shop 老古玩店Barnaby Rudge 巴纳比·拉奇The first novel of social historyAmerican Notes 美国札记Martin Chuzzlewit 马丁·朱述尔维特The Chimes 教堂钟声A Christmas Carol 圣诞颂歌以圣诞为题材具有浓郁宗教色彩The Cricket on the Hearth 灶上蟋蟀Dombey and Son 董贝父子David Copperfield 大卫·科波菲尔his best bookBleak House 荒凉山庄Hard Times 艰难时世Little Dorrit 小杜丽A Tale of Two Cities 双城记Great Expectations 远大前程Our Mutual Friend 我们的共同朋友the worse book;Edwin Drood unfinished 艾德温·德鲁德之迷32. William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fai 名利场rThe Newcomes 纽克姆一家The History of Pendennis 彭登尼斯The Book of Snobs 势力人集The History of Henry Esmond 亨利·埃斯蒙德的历史The Virginians 弗吉尼亚人33. George Eliot：Novels: Adam Bede 亚当·比德The Mill on the Floss 弗洛斯河上的磨房Silas Marner 织工马南Middlemarch 米德尔马契Description of rural life; moral problems; psychological studies of charactersFelix Holt the Radical 费立可斯·霍尔特Daniel Deronda 丹尼尔·德龙达Romola 罗慕拉Scenes of Clerical Life 教区生活场景Translation: The Essence of Christianity 基督教的本质Editor : The Westminster Review威斯敏斯特评论34. Charlotte Bronte: The Professor 教授Jane Eyre 简爱Shirley 舍丽Villette 维莱特35．Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄36. Anne Bronte: Agnes Grey 安格斯格雷The Tenant of the Wildfell Hall37.Alfred Tennyson：Poems by Two Brothers 两兄弟诗集Poems; Chiefly Lyrical 抒情诗集Poems two volumes 诗集The Princess 公主Maud 毛黛The Idylls of the King 国王叙事集In Memoriam 悼念Short Poems：Break; Break; Break 拍吧;拍吧;拍吧”Crossing the Bar 穿过沙洲38. Robert Browning: The Ring and the Book 指环和书dramatic monologuesDramatic Lyrics 戏剧抒情诗Dramatic Romances and Lyrics 戏剧故事及抒情诗Men and Women 男男女女Dramatic Personae 登场人物Poems: Pippa Passes 皮帕走过了Bells and Pomegranates 铃铛和石榴树Home-Thoughts; from Abroad 异域乡思Meeting at Night 深夜幽会Parting at Morning 清晨离别The Pied Piper of Hamelin39. Elizabeth Barrett: The Battle of Marathon 马拉顿之战The Cry of the Children 孩子们的哭声Sonnets from the Portuguese 葡萄牙十四行诗Poems before Congress 在大会之前写成的诗Casa Guidi Windows 圭迪的窗子Aurora Leigh 奥罗拉·利40. Thomas Hard y: Novel: Far From the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣The Woodlanders 林地居民The Return of the Native 还乡The Mayor of Casterbridge 卡斯特桥市长Tess of the D‘Urbervilles 德伯家的苔丝Jude the Obscure无名的裘德Under the Greenwood Tree 绿荫下Poem:The Dynasts; written between 列王41. David Herbert Lawrence: Rainbow 虹Lady Chatterley Lover 查泰莱夫人的情人The White Peacock 白孔雀Women in Love 恋爱中的女人Sons and Lovers 儿子和情人Oedipus Complex 恋母情结The STREAM CONSCIOUSNESS42. Virginia Woolf: Jacob′Room 雅各布的房间Mrs. Dalloway 达洛威夫人To the Lighthouse 到灯塔去Orlando 奥兰多The Waves 海浪43.James Joyce: Dubliners 都柏林人first workA Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 年轻艺术家的肖像first novelUlysses 尤莉西斯Finnegans Wake 芬尼根的守灵夜43. William Butler Yeats: Sailing to Byzantium 驶向拜占庭When You are Old 当你老了44. George Bernard Shaw: Widower Houses 鳏夫的房子Mrs. Warren′s Profession 华伦夫人的职业The Devil′s Disciple 魔鬼的门徒Man and Superman 人和超人Major Barbara 芭芭拉上校Heartbreak House 伤心之家Saint Joan 少女贞德The Apple Cart 苹果车45. Oscar Wilde: Salome 莎美乐tragedyThe Importance of Being Earnest 认真的重要性A Woman of No Importance 无足轻重的女人An Ideal Husband 理想丈夫Lady Windermere′s Fan 温德美尔的扇子The Picture of Dorian Gray 道林格雷的肖像。
English and its history英语和它的历史
M3U2Reading English and its historyAll through history, people from many different countries and cultures have lived together in Britain. The English language is made up of the grammar and vocabulary these people brought to Britain. That is why English has so many difficult rules that confuse people.Old EnglishOld English is very different from the English we speak nowadays. In fact, we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today. Before the 5th century, people in Britain all spoke a language called Celtic. Then two Germanic groups from the European mainland—the Angles and the Saxons—occupied Britain. Old English consisted of a mixture of their languages. (Both the English language and the English people are named after the Angles; the word Angle was spelt Engle in Old English.) Aside from place names such as London, very few Celtic words became part of Old English. At the end of the 9th century, the Vikings, people from Northern European countries such as Denmark and Norway, began to move to Britain. They brought with them their languages, which also mixed with Old English. By the 10th century, Old English had become the official language of England.When we speak English today, we sometimes feel puzzled about which words or phrases to use. This is because English has many words and phrases from different languages, but with similar meanings. For example, the word sick came from a word once used by the Angles and the Saxons, while ill came from a word once used by the Norwegians.Middle EnglishMiddle English is the name given to the English used from around the 12th to the 15th centuries. Many things played a part in the development of this new type of English. The most important contribution was from the Normans, a French-speaking people who defeated England and took control of the country in 1066. However, the Norman Conquest did not affect English as much as the Angles and the Saxons’ victory about 600 years earlier, which led to Old English replacing Celtic. Even though the Normans spoke French for the entire 250 years they ruled England, French did not replace English as the first language. On the other hand, the English language did borrow many words from French. This resulted in even more words with similar meanings, such as answer (from Old English) and reply (from Old French). It is interesting to learn how the words for most animals raised for food, such as cow, sheep and pig, came from Old English. However, the words for the meat of these animals, which was served to the Normans, came from Old French: beef, mutton, pork and bacon.Old French made other contributions to Middle English as well. In Old English, the Germanic way of making words plural was used. For example, they said housen instead of houses, and shoen instead of shoes. After the Normans took control, they began using the French way of making plurals, adding an -s to house and shoe. Only a few words kept their Germanic plural forms, such as man/men and child/children.After the Norman Conquest, high-class people spoke French while common people spoke English. However, by the latter half of the 14th century, English had come into widespread use among all classes in England. In 1399, Henry Ⅳbecame King of England. His mother tongue was English, and he used English for all official events.Modern EnglishModern English appeared during the Renaissance in the 16th century. Because of this Modern English includes many Latin and Greek words. Pronunciation also went through huge changes during this period. Of course, this was not the end of the changes in the English language. The question of whether English will keep on changing in the future is easy to answer. It is certain that this process will continue, and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of saying things.M3U2Project The development Chinese charactersThe Chinese language differs from Western languages in that, instead of an alphabet, it uses characters which stand for ideas, objects or deeds. Chinese words are formed by putting together different characters. In many cases, a single character can also make up a word. The history of the Chinese language can be examined by looking at how these characters developed.Chinese writing began thousands of years ago. According to an ancient story, a man named Cang Jie invented Chinese writing. One winter day while he was hunting, he saw the tracks of animals in the snow and observed that the appearance of each one was different. Then he had the idea that he could use different shapes to represent different objects. The first Chinese characters were drawings of physical objects. Some characters have been simplified and others have been made more difficult over time. However, as a whole, the characters have developed from drawings into standard forms. The character for a mountain was at first three mountaintops together. This became one mountaintop and three lines, and over time turned into the character used nowadays.Not all characters were developed from drawings of objects. Sometimes to express ideas, some characters were made by combining two or more characters together. For example, 'rest' was made up of the characters for a man and a tree. The character 'prisoner' was formed with a 'man' inside a square. Other characters were developed for directions and numbers. It is easy to distinguish their meanings by looking at them, for example, the characters for 'up' and 'down', which are opposites of each other.Though these kinds of characters indicate meanings, one of their shortcomings is that they do not show how they should be pronounced. Therefore, a method was developed to have one part of a character indicate the meaning and the other suggest the pronunciation. Many Chinese characters used today were made this way.In the 1950s the Chinese government introduced simplified Chinese characters and now they have widespread use in China's mainland.The story of BrailleUsually, when we talk about reading, we think of using our eyes to see letters written in ink on paper. However, this is not always true. For example, blind people cannot see, but they can still read books.The man who introduced blind people to reading was Louis Braille (1809-1852). Braille lost hiseyesight at the age of three as a result of an injury. When he was ten, he went to a school for the blind in Paris. In those days, books for blind people used paper pressed against metal wire to form letters. Since the metal wire was heavy, each book weighed as much as 100 pounds. The whole system was not convenient for use. Indeed, the school library only had fourteen such books in it.In 1821, a soldier visited the school and showed the students a system for passing messages at night during times of battle. His system used paper with small, raised dots that could be felt with the fingers. Each letter of the alphabet was represented by a different pattern which consisted of twelve dots. The soldiers would drag their fingers over the raised dots to read the message. While the students found the soldier's idea interesting, the system was too difficult to be of practical use. However, young Louis Braille took the idea and worked on it. At the age of fifteen, he created a system with patterns of six raised dots representing each letter. 'Braille', the system for reading used today by blind people around the world, was thus born.The blind can easily recognize Braille with the fingers. They can also easily write in Braille with a special typewriter. Today, it is the most common system used by blind people for reading and writing, and nearly every language, including Chinese, has its own version of Braille for its people to use.。
介绍英文历史的作文
介绍英文历史的作文English history is a long and fascinating story, filled with kings and queens, wars and conquests, and the rise and fall of empires. It is a history that has shaped the world we live in today, and continues to influence our culture and society.The earliest known inhabitants of the British Isles were the Celts, who arrived around 700 BC. They were a tribal people, living in small communities and relying on farming and hunting for their livelihood. The Romans invaded in 43 AD, bringing with them their advanced technology and culture. They built roads, towns, and forts, and introduced Christianity to the native population.The Anglo-Saxons, a group of Germanic tribes, invaded in the 5th century and established several kingdoms in the region. They were eventually united under the rule of King Alfred the Great, who defended the kingdom against Viking invasions and promoted education and literature.The Norman Conquest of 1066 brought William the Conqueror to power, and marked the beginning of a new era in English history. The Normans introduced feudalism, built castles and cathedrals, and established a strong central government. The English language also began to evolve, as French words and phrases were added to the existing Anglo-Saxon vocabulary.The Tudor period, which began in 1485, saw the rise of the powerful Tudor dynasty, with monarchs such as HenryVIII and Elizabeth I. This was a time of great change and upheaval, as England broke away from the Catholic Church and established the Church of England, and embarked on a series of wars and explorations that would expand its influence around the world.The English Civil War of the 17th century pitted the royalists against the parliamentarians, and resulted in the execution of King Charles I and the establishment of a republican government. This turbulent period was followed by the Restoration, in which the monarchy was restoredunder King Charles II.The Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19thcenturies transformed England into a modern industrial society, with the development of factories, railways, and new technologies. This period also saw the expansion of the British Empire, as England established colonies and trade networks around the world.The 20th century brought two world wars and significant social and political changes to England. The country emerged from the devastation of war as a global superpower, and continued to play a major role in international affairs.Today, English history continues to be a source ofpride and inspiration for the people of England, and a subject of fascination for people around the world. It is a history that is rich and complex, and has left an indelible mark on the world we live in.。
英语简史-A BRIEF HISTORY OF ENGLISH
The Anglo-Saxon Period 410-787 A.D.
Anglo-Saxons-Jutes
Important Events in the (First) AngloSaxon Period
410-450 Angles and Saxons invade from Baltic shores of Germany, and Jutes invade from Jutland peninsula in Denmark, thus driving out the Celts.
Anglo-Saxon Poetry and Riddles The Book of Exeter
Contains more than 30 poems and 90 riddles. Written down by monks in about 975, our primary source of Anglo-Saxon poetry Dominant mood in poetry is elegiac, or mournful Dominant tone of riddles is light and somewhat bawdy (for entertainment purposes- think SNL).
The Most Important Results of the Roman Occupation
Established camps that eventually became towns. Maintained relative peace. Latin heavily influenced the English language. Christianity begins to replace Paganism, especially after St. Augustine converts King Aethelbert in 597.
英语的历史英语作文
英语的历史英语作文The History of English。
English, as we know it today, is a rich and diverse language with a long and fascinating history. Its roots can be traced back to the Germanic tribes who settled in England in the 5th and 6th centuries. Over time, English has evolved and changed, influenced by a variety of different languages and cultures. In this essay, we will explore the history of the English language, from its humble beginnings to its current status as a global lingua franca.The story of English begins with the arrival of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes in Britain in the 5th century. These Germanic tribes brought with them their own language, which would eventually become Old English. Old English was a highly inflected language, with a complex system of grammatical endings and a vocabulary that was largely Germanic in origin. However, the language began to changewith the arrival of the Vikings in the 8th and 9th centuries. The Vikings brought with them their own language, Old Norse, which had a significant impact on the development of English. Many Norse words were incorporated into Old English, and the grammar of the language began to simplify.The next major influence on the English language came with the Norman Conquest of 1066. The Normans, who were of Scandinavian descent but had adopted the French languageand culture, brought with them a form of French known asOld Norman. This had a profound effect on English, as many French words were borrowed into the language, particularlyin the areas of government, law, and the arts. As a result, English became a rich and complex language, with a vocabulary that drew on both Germanic and Romance sources.Over the centuries, English continued to evolve, and by the time of the Renaissance, it had become a fully-fledged literary language. The works of writers such as Chaucer and Shakespeare helped to standardize the language andestablish it as a vehicle for artistic expression. Theinvention of the printing press in the 15th century further contributed to the spread and standardization of English,as books and pamphlets could be produced in large numbers and distributed widely.The next major phase in the history of English camewith the expansion of the British Empire in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. As the British established colonies around the world, English was spread to every corner of the globe. In many cases, it became the dominant language ofthe colonized territories, and in some cases, it replaced indigenous languages altogether. This has led to thecurrent situation, where English is spoken by millions of people as a first or second language, and is used as a means of communication in international business, diplomacy, and academia.In conclusion, the history of English is a story of continuous change and adaptation. From its origins as a Germanic dialect spoken by a few thousand people in the British Isles, it has grown into a global language with a rich and diverse vocabulary. Its history has been shaped bythe influences of many different languages and cultures,and it continues to evolve and change to this day. Englishis a testament to the power of language to adapt and change, and its history is a testament to the resilience of the human spirit.。
一篇关于英国历史的英语作文80词
一篇关于英国历史的英语作文80词全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Once upon a time, there was a country called England. England is a really old country with a lot of history. Let me tell you all about it!First of all, England has a really long history. It all started way back in the Stone Age when cavemen were living there. They built Stonehenge, which is a big circle of stones that nobody really knows the purpose of.Then, the Romans came to England. They built cool things like Hadrian's Wall and brought new ideas like baths and roads. But then the Roman Empire fell apart and the Anglo-Saxons took over. They were warriors who liked to fight a lot.After that, the Vikings invaded England. They were fierce warriors who sailed across the sea in big ships. But eventually, they settled down and became part of the country.In 1066, a big battle called the Battle of Hastings took place. The Normans, led by William the Conqueror, defeated theAnglo-Saxons and William became the king of England. This was a really important event in English history.Over the years, England became a powerful kingdom. It had kings and queens like Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth I who did a lot of important things. They built beautiful castles, explored new lands, and fought wars with other countries.England also went through a lot of changes. The Industrial Revolution started in England and changed the way people lived and worked. Factories were built, cities grew bigger, and new inventions were made.In the 20th century, England went through two world wars. It was a difficult time, but the people of England were strong and brave. They worked together to rebuild their country and make it better than ever.Today, England is a modern country with a rich history. It's known for its famous landmarks like Big Ben and the Tower of London, its delicious food like fish and chips, and its traditions like tea time.I love learning about the history of England. It's so interesting to see how the country has changed over the years. I can't wait to learn even more about it!篇2Hello everyone! Today I'm going to tell you all about the history of England. England has a really long history, with lots of kings and queens ruling over the country.In the olden days, there were lots of battles between different kingdoms in England. One of the most famous battles was the Battle of Hastings in 1066. This battle was fought between King Harold II of England and William the Conqueror, who was from Normandy in France. William won the battle and became the first Norman king of England.After that, there were lots of different kings and queens who ruled England. Some of them were really famous, like King Henry VIII who had six wives, and Queen Elizabeth I who defeated the Spanish Armada.In the 17th century, there was a big civil war in England between the Royalists who supported the king, and the Parliamentarians who wanted more power. In the end, the Parliamentarians won and King Charles I was executed.In the 18th and 19th centuries, England became a really powerful country. The British Empire spanned the globe, with colonies all over the world. England was at the forefront of theIndustrial Revolution, with lots of inventions and new technologies.In the 20th century, England was involved in two World Wars. After the wars, the British Empire started to break up and many countries gained their independence.Today, England is part of the United Kingdom along with Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It has a rich history and a lot of famous landmarks like Big Ben, Buckingham Palace, and Stonehenge. England may be a small country, but it has a big place in history!篇3Once upon a time, there was a country called England. England is a super cool country with a long, long history. Let me tell you all about it!First of all, England used to have kings and queens ruling the country. They lived in big, fancy castles and wore fancy clothes. One of the most famous kings was King Henry VIII. He had six wives and he even chopped off some of their heads! Crazy, right?Then there was Queen Elizabeth I. She was a super powerful queen and she defeated the Spanish Armada. She also liked to wear lots of fancy dresses and jewelry. Go, Queen Elizabeth!England also had a famous battle called the Battle of Hastings. It was between the Normans and the Saxons. The Normans, led by William the Conqueror, won the battle and became kings of England. That's how the Norman Conquest happened!In the 1600s, there was a big civil war in England. It was between the King and Parliament. The Parliament won and they chopped off the King's head! Poor King Charles I.England also had a really cool scientist named Isaac Newton. He discovered gravity when an apple fell on his head. How cool is that?And let's not forget about the British Empire. It was the biggest empire in the world and England had colonies all over the globe. They ruled countries like India, Canada, and Australia. But eventually, those countries gained their independence.Today, England is a modern country with a cool queen called Queen Elizabeth II. The history of England is super interestingand has shaped the country into what it is today. I love learning about all the cool stories from England's past!篇4Once upon a time, there was a country called England. England is a small country in Europe with a long and interesting history.Long, long ago, before there were cars or planes or even smartphones, England was ruled by kings and queens. The most famous of all the kings and queens was Queen Elizabeth I. She ruled England for a long time and was known as the Virgin Queen because she never got married. Queen Elizabeth I was a very powerful and wise ruler who made England a strong and prosperous country.But not all the kings and queens of England were good. Some were very mean and greedy, like King Henry VIII. He had six wives and he even had two of them executed! King Henry VIII was also the king who started the Church of England because he wanted to get a divorce from his first wife.In the 17th century, England had a civil war between the supporters of the king and the supporters of Parliament. The king was eventually defeated and executed. This was a veryimportant event in English history because it marked the end of absolute monarchy in England.In the 18th and 19th centuries, England became a powerful empire with colonies all over the world. The Industrial Revolution began in England, leading to great advances in technology and industry. England became the "workshop of the world" and its factories produced goods that were shipped all over the globe.In the 20th century, England fought in two World Wars and emerged as a victor. The British Empire began to decline and many of its colonies gained independence. Today, England is a modern and multicultural country with a rich history that is still remembered and celebrated. And that, my friends, is the story of England.篇5Once upon a time, there was a country called England. It is a very old country with a long history. Let me tell you all about it!England is a small island in the north-west of Europe. It has a lot of green fields, beautiful castles, and even a big clock called Big Ben in its capital city, London. But do you know how England became the way it is today?A long time ago, England was ruled by kings and queens. One of the most famous kings was King Henry VIII. He had six wives, can you believe it? And he even started his own church, the Church of England, just so he could divorce his first wife!But there were also times of great sadness in England's history. The Black Death was a terrible disease that killed many people in the Middle Ages. And there was a big fire in London in 1666 that destroyed a lot of the city.In the 18th and 19th centuries, England became very powerful. It had a big empire that stretched all over the world. The Industrial Revolution started in England, bringing new inventions like the steam engine and changing the way people lived and worked.In the 20th century, England went through two world wars. Many brave soldiers fought to protect their country and its freedom. And today, England is a modern and diverse country with people from all over the world living there.So that's the story of England, a country with a rich and fascinating history. I hope you enjoyed learning all about it!篇6Hey guys, today I want to tell you all about the history of England! It's super cool and full of kings, queens, battles, and even some dragons (just kidding about the dragons, but that would be awesome, right?).So, England has been around for like, forever. The Romans invaded and built a lot of stuff, like Hadrian's Wall, which was to keep out those pesky Northern invaders. Then, the Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings showed up and fought over who would be in charge.But then, in 1066, everything changed! William the Conqueror, from France, invaded England and became the first Norman king. He built castles all over the place and made sure everyone knew he was in charge. And that's how the Norman kings ruled for a long time.Then, in the 1500s, King Henry VIII showed up and had a bunch of wives (like, seriously, six wives!). He wanted a son to be king, so he kept getting married and divorced until he finally got one (poor wives).After that, England had some big battles with France (the Hundred Years' War), and then the English Civil War where they chopped off the king's head (yikes!). But eventually, thingssettled down and England became a powerful empire with colonies all over the world.And now, England is known for fish and chips, Big Ben, the Queen, and of course, Harry Potter! So cool, right? England's history is amazing and full of drama, just like a movie. I can't wait to learn more about it!篇7Once upon a time, there was a country called England. England is a really old country with a lot of history. Let me tell you all about it!A long time ago, in the year 1066, there was a big battle called the Battle of Hastings. It was between two kings, King Harold and Duke William. Duke William won the battle and became King of England. He was also known as William the Conqueror. After that, England had a new king and a new royal family called the Normans.In the 14th century, there was a terrible disease called the Black Death. It was a really scary disease that spread quickly and killed a lot of people. It was a difficult time for England, but they managed to recover and become stronger.In the 16th century, there was a queen called Queen Elizabeth I. She was a powerful queen who ruled England for a long time. She defeated the Spanish Armada and made England a strong and powerful country.In the 17th century, there was a civil war in England between the Royalists and the Parliamentarians. The Parliamentarians won and King Charles I was executed. This was a difficult time for England, but they eventually became a constitutional monarchy with a king or queen as the head of state.In the 19th century, England became a powerful empire with colonies all around the world. They were known as the British Empire and they had a lot of influence in world affairs.In the 20th century, England was involved in two World Wars. They fought bravely and helped to defeat the enemies. After the wars, England went through a lot of changes and became a modern country with a strong economy and a diverse society.So, that's a brief history of England. It's a country with a lot of stories and adventures. I hope you enjoyed learning about it!篇8Hi everyone! Today I want to talk to you about the history of England. England is a country in Europe and it has a really long and cool history.So, a long time ago, England was ruled by kings and queens. One of the most famous kings was King Henry VIII. He had six wives and he started the Church of England because he wanted to get a divorce from his first wife. He was a bit of a crazy king, but he did some cool things too.Then, there was Queen Elizabeth I. She was a really powerful queen and she defeated the Spanish Armada. She was called the Virgin Queen because she never got married. She was a smart queen and she did a lot of good things for England.After that, England had a civil war between the Cavaliers and the Roundheads. The Roundheads were led by Oliver Cromwell and they won the war. Cromwell became the leader of England, but he was a bit of a dictator. After he died, the monarchy was restored and King Charles II became king.In the 19th century, England became really powerful and had an empire that stretched all over the world. They had colonies in India, Africa, and Australia. Queen Victoria was the queen at that time and she ruled for a really long time.In the 20th century, England was involved in two world wars. They fought with the Allies in World War I and World War II. After the wars, England became a lot more modern and they have a lot of cool things like the Beatles and Harry Potter.So, that's a brief history of England. It's a really interesting country with a lot of cool stories. I hope you learned something new today!篇9Hey guys, do you want to know about the history of England? Let me tell you all about it!England has a super long history that goes way back to ancient times. It all started with the Celts, who lived in England over 2,000 years ago. Then came the Romans, with Julius Caesar leading the charge in 55 BC. The Romans built roads, walls, and even the city of Londinium (which is now London!).After the Romans, the Anglo-Saxons arrived in England from Germany in the 5th century. They brought their own language and culture, and eventually united the different kingdoms into one country. Then came the Vikings – fierce warriors from Scandinavia who invaded England in the 8th century.In 1066, things got really interesting when William the Conqueror, a Norman duke from France, invaded England and became the first Norman king. This event forever changed the course of English history and introduced feudalism to the country.Fast forward to the Tudor era, with famous monarchs like Henry VIII and Elizabeth I ruling England. The Tudors were followed by the Stuarts, who had some pretty crazy stories of their own (like the English Civil War!).And of course, we can't forget about the Industrial Revolution, which transformed England into a major world power. The British Empire expanded across the globe, bringing wealth and influence to the country.Today, England is a modern nation with a rich history that is still celebrated and remembered. So next time you visit England, remember to check out some of its famous historical sites – you won't be disappointed!篇10Hello everyone! Today I'm going to tell you all about the history of England. England is a really cool place with a lot of interesting stories from the past.A long time ago, England was ruled by kings and queens. One of the most famous kings was King Henry VIII. He had lots of wives and even started his own church just so he could get a divorce! Can you believe that?Another important event in English history is the English Civil War. It was a big fight between the king and Parliament over who should have more power. In the end, the king lost his head! Literally, they cut it off!England also had a really big empire. They had colonies all over the world, including India and America. The British Empire was really powerful and had a lot of influence on other countries.One of the most famous English people is William Shakespeare. He was a playwright and wrote lots of famous plays like Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet. He was like the Beyonce of his time!In more recent history, England was involved in both World Wars. They fought against Germany and helped to defeat the bad guys. England is a really important country in the world and has a lot of history to learn about.I hope you enjoyed learning a bit about England's history. It's really interesting and there are so many cool stories to discover. Thanks for reading!。
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Language Focus
Gloucestershire
Variant(s): or Glouces·ter Glouces· county SW central England area 1055 square miles (2732 square kilometers), kilometers), population 520,600 Durham
Paper in Progress
Assignment 2 Try to outline your area of interests in the history of the English language and narrow your topic down by working out a possible title for your course paper.
lament verb [I or T]哀叹 T]哀叹 to express sadness and regret about:
The poem opens by lamenting (over) the death of a young man. My grandmother, as usual, lamented the decline in moral standards in today's society. The late lamented (= dead and remembered with affection) Frank Giotto used to live here.
Illustrate the Norse influence on English in terms of vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar. Assignment 1 Try to find out at least two places in the first three chapters which can be cross-referred to crosseach other for mutual illumination of a certain point.
Etymology: County Durham, England
saga
Etymology: Old Norse 1 : a prose narrative recorded in Iceland in the 12th and 13th centuries of historients of the heroic age of Norway and Iceland 2 : a modern heroic narrative resembling the Icelandic saga 3 : a long detailed account <a saga of the Old South>
Timeline
By the _____ century the ______ dialect was the dominant variety of Old English. From the _____ the kings of Wessex were powerful enough to claim the title of kings of England. It is most likely that some kind of English replaced Danish after the fall of York in ___.
lament noun [C] FORMAL a song, poem or other piece of writing which expresses sadness about someone's death: The whole play can be interpreted as a lament for lost youth. lamentation noun [C or U] FORMAL sadness and regret, or something that expresses these feelings: For all the lamentations that schools do not teach the game, it is still played in some areas.
English and Danish (II)
Outline
3.3 The Anglo-Saxon written tradition Anglo3.4 English in the Danelaw 3.5 Norse influence in English
Vocabulary Pronunciation Grammar Norse in English dialects
说粤语的人与说吴方言的人在相互理解方 面有很多困难，但是我们并不能因此推断 粤语和吴方言是两种界限分明、截然不同 的语言。 Cantonese speakers and those who speak the Wu dialect have enormous difficulty in understanding each other, but it does not follow that they speak two clearly defined and separate languages.
Points to Ponder
What do you think of the mutual intelligibility between English and Danish in the Danelaw? What are the key factors for the variation of the survival of Norse in different parts of Britain?