2018年1月13日托福考试阅读机经预测
2018年托福综合写作预测机经
综合写作 Integrated Writing – W1场次 161029CN （ new ）题目：拯救白鲸的三种方式。
阅读：阅读：有一些措施能够拯救belugas（白鲸） 1. 完善法律，增加规定 2. 养殖后再放生的方式 3. 不抓走young belugas听力：听力：这些措施都没什么用。
1. 有些人忽视法律以及规定 2. 并不是长期的办法，而且环境也会改变 3. 除非有dams，否则很难做到场次 161217CN （ new ）题目：建造太阳能道路。
阅读：Build solar roads by paving glass, glass can absorb the sun’s energy and translate into electricity. 态度：Oppose 1. It is not a logical place. The roads are flat, not tilted. 2. Glass are not safe, especially in wet or icy condition 3. Will be very expensive.听力：态度：agree 1. It will be more efficient. The solar panel will produce more energy. It will reflect the sun in cloudy days not just in one direction but in many different directions. 2. A new kind of glass will solve the problem. The engineers have already researched for it, it will also useful in wet days. 3. The solar roads will produce more power which can be sold to other counties; its revenue can be the cost.场次 160709CN （ new ）题目：Hypothesis about why Vikings left Greenland in the 15th century（关于维京人离开格陵兰岛原因的几个假说）阅读：阅读1：Because of climate change the temperature got lower so the Vikings didn’t have enough food. （气候变化导致农作物减产，食物不足）阅读2：The Vikings were driven out by the local enemies.（维京人被当地人驱赶出格陵兰岛）阅读3：The trade between the Vikings and the European countries was cut off by Norway. （挪威王室不允许维京人和欧洲其他国家通商）听力：听力1：Vikings relied on fish for food and climate change didn’t change the ocean and the fish.（维京人以鱼类为主食，并没有面临饥荒）听力2： When the Vikings left, they took away all their valuables and tidied up, if they were driven out they would have been in a rush.（维京人离开时整齐有序，并没有落荒而逃的迹象）听力3： The formal trade was cut off but the illegal and unofficial trade was still on-going. Even the Norwegian King complained about the illegal trade was hard to control （虽然正式的贸易被禁止了，但是非法的和私下的通商依旧繁荣）场次 160710CN （ new ）题目：Three possible theories of what a sea-dwelling microorganism’s eye might be for.阅读：阅读1：The eye is used for following preys. 阅读2：The eye is used for sensing sunlight. 阅读3：The eye is used for aiming at having a better accuracy at other tiny life-forms when it is going to stab them.听力：听力 1：Other closely-related microorganisms which have no eyes could follow their prey successfully. Therefore, their eyes must be for other purposes. 听力2：Scientists studying the evolution of microorganism find that they are becoming less and less dependent on sunlight for energy. Compared with their ancestors, the sea-dwelling microorganism is with a much more complex eye. So it must have other functions. 听力3：After examining the eye thoroughly, researchers find that its eye couldn’t focus quite well, thus not being able to have better accuracy at other tiny life-forms when stabbing them.场次 160716CN （ new ）题目： Three possible theories of why sturgeon fish jump into the air.阅读：阅读1：They need to feed themselves by the insects in the air 阅读2：They want to remove the parasites on the scales. 阅读3：They are aggressive when the tourists’ boats invade their territory.听力：听力1：they don’t eat in the su mmer since they are fed in winter with enough, and they are bottom fed, they eat from the sea floor 听力2：The most dangerous parasites are internal, not external, even some domesticated have external parasites. 听力3： The human invasion is accidently, even without the invasion, the fish also jumped.场次 160827CN （ new ）题目：登录火星是否可行。
18年托福阅读真题附答案
The Extinction of the Dinosaursmillion years ago) and the Paleocene period (65..C55 million years ago) in part by the types and amounts of rocks and fossils they contain or lack. Before the limit of 65 million years ago，marine2.strata are rich in calcium carbonate due to accumulations of fossils of microscopic algaedeposited on the sea floor. Above the 65-million-year limit，sea-floor sediments contain much less calcium carbonate ，and fossils of several families of mollusks are no longer found.In continental sediments ，dinosaur fossils ，though frequent before 65 million years ago ，are totally absent. By3.contrast，new families of mammals appear，including large mammals for the first time.Scientists wondered for many years about what could have caused the dinosaurs' rapiddisappearance at the end of the Cretaceous period，coming up with a great variety of theories and scenarios. For some, it could have been due to unfavorable genetic changes triggered bya dramatic increaseby a factor of 10，100，1，000 in cosmic-ray particles reaching the Earthafter a supernova explosion somewhere in the neighborhood of the solar system. For these high-energy particles to affect life，they would have to get through the protective barrier of the Earth's magnetosphere ，the region of the upper atmosphere controlled by Earth'smagnetic field. That could have happened if the cloud of particles from the supernovaexplosion reached the Earth during a period when the magnetosphere was weakened ，something that may happen when the Earth's magnetic field changes direction. And we know that the magnetic north and south poles of the Earth switch on the average twice everymillion years. However，this is not the only possible explanation for dinosaur destruction . 4.Other theories have raised the possibility of strong climate changes in the tropics (but theythen must be explained) . Certainly，if climate changes，the changed distributions oftemperature and rainfall modify the conditions that favor one ecosystem over another. The extinction of a particular family，genus，or species may result from a complicated chain of indirect causes and effects. Over thirty years ago ，scientist Carl Sagan quoted onesuggestion that the demise of the dinosaurs resulted from the disappearance of a species of fern plant that was important for dinosaur digestion. Other theories involved a worldwidecold wave following the spread of a layer of cold but not very salty water in the world'soceans ，which floated on the surface because，with its low salinity，the water was less dense.5.Proponents of another theory that remains under consideration today postulate that theextinction of the dinosaurs corresponds to a period of intense volcanic activity. It's not a question of just one or even of a thousand eruptions comparable to the explosion of Krakatoa in 1883，one of the largest volcanic events in modern times ，but rather of a prolonged period of activity. On the Deccan plateau in India，basalt (volcanic) rocks cover more than 500，000 square kilometers (nearly 200，000 square miles)，and correspond to massive lava outflows occurring precisely at the end of the Cretaceous. This sort of outflow could correspond tovolcanic activity similar to the activity that drives sea-floor spreading ，with lava emerging from elongated fractures in the crust rather than from craters.6.The volcanic convulsion that buried the Deccan plateau in lava must also have changed thecomposition of the atmosphere and severely affected climate. Initially，there must have been strong sudden cooling resulting from the blocking of sunlight by sulfate aerosol veils in thestratosphere (part of the Earth's atmosphere). If strong cooling lasted a year after the formation of the aerosols ， it would have been the death of tropical species unable to adapt to such a volcanic winter. 7. However ，a long period of strong volcanic activity (again ，remember thousands of Krakatoas) would at the same time have added a substantial amount of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere ， reinforcing the greenhouse effect. This would gradually warm things up ，ending the extended cold snap and producing global warming together with geographic shifts of humid and arid (dry) zones. Certainly things would change to upset living conditions ，leading to the extinction of some species while others would profit ，if only from the disappearance of predators. 1..According to paragraph 1，which of the following is true of Paleocene sediments A. They lack fossils from some families of mammals found in Cretaceous sediments. B. They contain fossils of dinosaurs. C. They contain fossils of some animals that did not exist during the Cretaceous. D. They contain fossils of more kinds of mollusks than are found in Cretaceous sediments. 2..The word unfavorable in the passage is closest in meaning to A. Unusual B. Disadvantageous C. Sudden D. major 3..The word triggered in the passage is closest in meaning to A. initiated B. intensifie C. followed D. aided 4..Why does the author include the information that the magnetic north and south poles of the Earth switch on the average twice every million years A. To provide evidence showing that Earth's protective barrier is difficult to get through B. To show that it is reasonable to think that particles from a supernova explosion could have reached Earth C. To explain why some scientists believe a supernova explosion may have occurred near our solar system D. To help explain why some scientists have rejected the theory presented in paragraph 2 5..According to the theory discussed in paragraph 2，a weakening of Earth's magnetosphere may haveA. caused a supernova to explode near our solar systemcBBBBB. allowed gene-altering particles to reach Earth's surfaceC. forced Earth's magnetic field to change directionD. allowed clouds of protective particles to escape from Earth's upper atmosphere 6..AII of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as possible causes for the extinction of the dinosaurs EXCEPT A. a change in the diet of dinosaurs B. a change in the climate of the tropics C. a decrease in global temperatures D. a decrease in deep ocean salinity 7..ln paragraph 3，why does the author include the quotation by Carl Sagan A. To explain the connection between dinosaur extinction and the extinction of other animal species B. To support the claim about species extinction being due to indirect causes and effects C. To show that scientists have revised their ideas greatly in the last thirty years D. To identify the differences between the various theories for the extinction of dinosaurs 8..According to paragraph 4，what was one unusual aspect of the volcanic activity at the end of the Cretaceous A. Some explosions were much larger than Krakatoa. B. Eruptions occurred over a long period of time . C. Active volcanoes were sometimes separated by many kilometers. D. There were active volcanoes in the sea as well as on land. 9..Which of the following is presented in paragraph 4 as evidence that intense volcanic activity occurred at about the time that the dinosaurs became extinct A. The size of the volcanic craters on the Deccan plateau B. An increase in sea-floor spreading C. The formation in India of large amounts of a type of rock associated with volcanoes D. The occurrence of a thousand or more volcanic explosions the size of Krakatoa 10..The word severely in the passage is closest in meaning to A. certainly B. consequently C. greatly D. permanently11..The word reinforcing in the passage is closest in meaning toA. making possible A9iu ˇBDBcDB. spreadingC. introducingD. strengthening 12..According to paragraph 5，all of the following are theorized to have occurred as a result of volcanic activity EXCEPTA. a decrease in the amount of sunlight reaching Earth's surfaceB. a reduction in the number of sulfate aerosol veils in the stratosphereC. increased dryness in some areas that were once more humidD. changes in the atmosphere's composition resulting in an increase in temperature13.. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Thus ，ecosystems following periods of extensive volcanic activity necessarily had different combinations of species than earlier ecosystems did.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14.. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage ，click on View Text Answer ChoicesA. Cosmic rays from a nearby supernova explosion may have penetrated Earth's atmosphere ，causing genetic changes that dinosaur populations could not survive.B. Climate changes in the tropics may have set off a chain of indirect effects that negativelyaffected the ecosystems in which dinosaurs lived.C. The spread of lava over large pa 同s of previously favored habitats such as the DeccanPlateau may have made these favored areas uninhabitable for many years.D. Although the volcanic winter resulting from the formation of sulfate aerosols eventuallyended ，temperatures may have remained below levels required by dinosaurs to survive.E. Temperature changes and geographic shifts in climate zones due to the atmospheric effects ofvolcanic activity may have been significant enough to cause extinction.F. To be convincing ，theories about what caused dinosaurs to become extinct must be able toexplain the disappearance of other predators in the food chain at the same time BE A DB。
2018年1月托福真题回忆及解析
2018年1月托福真题回忆及解析成功离不开一点一滴的积累，想要在托福考试中取得好成绩，必然少不了每天的坚持。
为了帮助大家高效备考，坚持学习，无忧考网搜集整理了2018年1月托福真题回忆及解析，以供参考。
2018年1月举行了4场托福考试，分别为1月6日、1月13日、1月27日、1月28日。
1月6日托福口语真题回忆：综合点评今天口语综合题的听力大部分同学反映比较简单;第一题出现两个问题比较罕见。
Task 1内容回忆 It's difficult for people to save money. Why? Make some suggestions for helping people save money. 为什么人们很难省下钱，你觉得人们可以有什么省钱的好办法。
参考答案 In modern society, it seems that more money people earn, muchharder it is for them to save financially. The reason for this phenomenon is, according to my opinion, that more and more sophisticated and user-friendly products, like iPhone, appear and companies sold them at higher price, which attracted consumers’ attention and allured them to pay more for such gadgets. From my perspective, first of all, making a budget is the most useful way. For example, if your salary is $5000, you could put 2500 aside as savings. What’s more, second-hand products still function well, but the price is comparatively much lower than that of first-hand ones. You could buy a second-hand Ford car with only $500 while it costs $1000 to get a new one.Task 2内容回忆 Nowadays, some parents prefer homeschooling to sending theirchildren to school. What do you think? 有些国家通过了 homeschool，谈一谈你对于这件事情的看法。
月日托福机经
2009年1月10日托福机经1月10日托福机经阅读：第一篇： functionism(忘了是这个词还是functional) culture第一段先举了生物学的例子，这里有题，问为什么要举生物学的例子。
大概就是典型的结构主义思想，每一个器官都是有功能的。
引出文化，文化也一样，不是无缘无故的。
然后给出了两个人的观点。
第一个人的意思是每一个文化主要取决于大众的需要，并且大众的需要分两层，第一是basic demand，衣食住行，第二层是宗教，政治还是什么的。
但是这个理论有缺陷，就是他不能解释为什么每个文化都需要解决基本需求问题，但是文化和文化之间不一样呢。
另一个人的观点是文化是用来消除亲家之间的conflict的，后面记得不是很清楚，不敢乱说了。
最后貌似说了这两个观点都不是完美的第二篇：讲古代人的畜牧史，貌似就是说古代人掌握了动物什么时候来喝水，然后就趁机下手逮动物。
其中两个概念很混乱，breeding和domestication，想死的感觉啊……!记得比较清楚的是说，他们并不是每种动物都养，经过了很多代人的经验，才放弃了一些不好养的动物。
第三篇：美国觉得污染会杀死鱼，于是设立了sanctum，但是在这里面可以捕鱼。
所以造成了过度捕捞，过度捕捞比起污染什么的对鱼的数量下降来说更致命。
鱼随之会变得更少，并且更小。
外界环境也会影响鱼，温度，气候什么的。
鱼类有丰富营养，比如鳗鱼什么的，每年增长速度貌似才5%，但是每年增加的需求量就有15%。
然后说了中国养了很多鱼。
最后说了海藻，海藻繁殖快，营养高，相比之下，农产品生产过程很慢。
日本就养海藻。
加试：电报电话在欧洲和美国的发展，鸟类学说话1月10日托福机经听力：1. 学生放假忘了cancel电话服务，暑假的时候貌似他的宿舍有人住，电话打爆了，她的电话费就奇高无比。
但是她和电话公司签了合同，上面有说了不用要自己cancel的。
最后老师说可以帮助联系下暑假住的学生，但是如果联系不到，那个女生就要自掏电话费了。
2019 年 1 月 13 日托福阅读机经
2019年1月13日托福阅读机经1.Measuring Earthquake Size地震的测量。
2.Architectural Change in Eighth-Century Japan日本建筑发展历史。
3.life on Mars火星有无生命。
史前动物的大量减少可能是甶于全球气温升高导致的。
第一段是说这个动物在50000年之前有记录，然后在10000年之前之后就没有看到相关的记录了。
第二段说，这个动物必须要在环境很好的地方生孩子并且会迁移到食物丰富的地方，然后气温上升导致了这个动物吃的植物在他们迁移之前就已经开完了花结完了果实，所以它们就没有吃的了。
然后另一个原因是它们迁移去到的地方，甶于温度升高导致有很多的飞虫，这些飞虫会在这个动物身上产卵最终导致动物死亡。
最后一个原因是因为人类的捕杀，因为有证据史前人类很好知道了这个动物会躲在哪里。
4.India农业发展和影响。
5.海底壁画。
在海里发现岩洞里面有壁画，有一个是auk。
科学家进而研究岩洞为什么在水里，发现画是两个时期画的，第一个时期是2700年以前，画了auk的一部分（具体记不清哪部分了）剩余的部分和其他动物是第二个时期画的，在1800-1900年以前，这时候冰川后期，大部分水被冻成冰所以海平面比现在低750(单位不记得）也就是说当时岩洞是高于海平面的。
80%的话都是有箭和矛，这也就代表着当时人们画这些动物可能是因为它们的value，auk虽然是很好的sea diver但是它在陆地上很笨拙因此更容易被捕获，所以1800年后开始灭绝1了。
（时间不确定）后面讲了一个地方的人value auk用它的fat烧油什么的，就是它对人的用处。
6.关于ants的。
7.The Extinction of the Dinosaurs恐龙灭绝。
8.Wool Industry in Fifteenth-Century Europe;羊毛产业在欧洲的发展:欧洲15世纪的羊毛产业。
2018年1月13日托福阅读小范围考试预测
2018年1月13日托福阅读小范围考试预测报考了2018年1月13日托福考试的同学们，你们都准备好了吗？很快就要到大家奔赴战场了，为了提升大家的信心，三立在线教育托福网为大家带来了2018年1月13日托福阅读小范围考试预测，大家可以参考一下。
2018年1月13日托福阅读考试小范围预测Title：Live PerformanceUnlike video and cinema (although sometimes employing elements of both), the theater is a living, real-time event, with both performers and audience mutually interacting, each aware of the other's immediate presence. This turns out to be an extremely important distinction. Distinguished film stars, particularly those with theater backgrounds (as most have), routinely return to the live dramatic stagedespite the substantially greater financial rewards of film workand invariably prefer stage acting because of the immediate audience response theater provides, with its corresponding sensations of excitement and presence.The first of these is the rapport existing between actor and audience. Both are breathing the same air; both are involvedat the same time and in the same spacewith the stage life depicted by the play. Sometimes their mutual fascination is almost palpable; every actor's performance is affected by the way the audience yields or withholds its responses: its laughter, sighs, applause, gasps, silences. Live theatrical performance is always a two-way communication between stage and house.Second, theater creates a relationship among the audience members. Having arrived at the theaters as individuals or in groups of two or three, the audience members quickly find themselves fused into a common experience with total strangers: laughing at the same jokes, empathizing with the same characters, experiencing the same revelations. This broad communal response is never developed by television drama, which is played chiefly to solitary or clustered viewers who (because of frequent commercial advertisements) are only intermittently engaged, nor is it likely to happen in movie houses, where audience members essentially assume a one-on-one relationship with the screen and rarely (except in private or group screenings) break out in a powerful collective response, much less applause. By contrast, live theatrical presentations generate audience activity that is broadly social in nature: the crowd arrives at the theater at about the same time, people mingle and chat during intermissions, and all depart together, often in spirited conversation about the play.Moreover, they communicate during the play: laughter and applause build upon themselves and gain strength from the recognition that others are laughing and applauding. The final ovationunique to live performanceinevitably involves the audience applauding itself, as well as the performers, for understanding and appreciating the theatrical excellence they have all seen together. And plays with political themes can even generate collective political response. In a celebrated example, 1935s Waiting for Lefty was staged as if the audience were a group of union members; by the play's end the audience was yelling Strike! Strike! in response to the play's issues. Obviously, only a liveperformance could evoke such a response.Finally, live performance inevitably has the quality of immediacy. The action of the play is taking place right now, as it is being watched, and anything can happen. Although in most professional productions the changes that occur in performance from one night to another are so subtle that only an expert would notice, the fact is that each night's presentation is unique, and everyone presentthe audience, the cast, and those behind the scenesknows it. This awareness lends an excitement that cannot be achieved by theatrical events that are wholly in the can. One reason for the excitement, of course, is that in live performance, mistakes can happen; this possibility occasions a certain abiding tension, perhaps even an edge of stage fright, which some people say creates the ultimate thrill of the theater. But just as disaster can come without warning, so too can splendor. On any given night, each actor is trying to better his or her previous performance, and no one knows when this collective effort will coalesce into something sublime. The actors' constant striving toward selftranscendence gives the theater a vitality that is missing from performances fixed unalterably on videotape or celluloid. But perhaps most appropriately, the immediacy of live performance embodies the fundamental uncertainty of life. One prime function of theater is to address the uncertainties of human existence, and the very format of live performance presents a moment-to-moment uncertainty right before our eyes. Ultimately, this immediate theater helps us define the questions and confusions of our lives and lets us grapple, in the present, with their implications.1. The word distinction in the passage is closest in meaning toA. ideaB. blendC. definitionD. difference2. Paragraph 1 makes which of the following points about theater and filmA. Theater audiences tend to be more critical than film audiences.B. Actors in the theater are usually not as well-known as film actors.C. Theater companies tend to pay more than film companies do for the most distinguished actors.D. Audiences respond to actors differently in theater than in film.3. Paragraph 1 suggests that the reason distinguished film stars return to live theater is that theyA. are able to command higher fees as well-known actorsB. enjoy the excitement of performing before a live audienceC. have great respect for theatrical drama as an art formD. are dissatisfied with the roles they are offered in films and television4. The word rapport in the passage is closest in meaning toA. excitementB. balanceC. bondD. fascination5. In paragraph 3, which of the following is mentioned as support for the statement that This broad communal response is never developed by television dramaA. T elevision drama is rarely about serious social issues.B. People do not usually talk to each other while watching television.C. T elevision audiences vary greatly in their interest in television dramas.D. People do not typically watch television in large groups.6. According to paragraph 3, movie house audiences are different from audiences at live theatrical performances because movie house audiences do notA. enjoy humor and jokes as much as theater audiences doB. develop broad communal responsesC. sympathize with the characters they see dramatizedD. generally applaud unless everyone else is applauding7. Why does the author mention the play Waiting for LeftyA. T o illustrate the power of the communal response to playsB. To argue that plays about political subjects have more power to evoke deep feelings in an audience than nonpolitical plays doC. To provide an example of a play that was a popular success because it dealt with important political issuesD. To compare the political importance of plays in recent times with the political importance of earlier plays8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage. Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Although experts can detect the changes that occur in different performances, the changes are too subtle to be noticed by anyone else.B. Although their performances vary only subtly from one night to another, actors in most professional productions want audiences to believe that every performance is unique.C. Everyone involved in the professional production of a play knows that very small, almost unnoticeable changes make each performance unique.D. In most professional productions, changes are included from one performance to another that are intended to make every performance a unique one.9. The word thrill in the passage is closest in meaning toA. goalB. weaknessC. meaningD. excitement10. The word vitality in the passage is closest in meaning toA. styleB. energyC. purposeD. quality 11. According to paragraph4, on any given night the result of actors' efforts to better their previous performances is that the actorsA. form long-lasting relationships with the audienceB. are better able to overcome their stage frightC. create a quality that is not present in film or televisionD. are more likely to be admired by audiences12. It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that one of the reasons filmed performances are less exciting than live theatrical performances is becauseA. there is little chance that a mistake will occur in a filmed performanceB. most movies portray situations that audiences have seen beforeC. audiences are interested in seeing famous actors live rather than on a screenD. most people are accustomed to going to the movies but view the theater as a special event13. Look at the four squaresthat indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Such signs of an audience's engagement thus become part of every performance. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text. Answer ChoicesA. Although live theater is unlike either video or cinema, the different genressometimes overlap.B. While live theater is regarded by most film actors as the most exciting place to perform, many are too troubled by stage fright to perform live.C. In the theater, there is a two-way communication between actor and audience that has an effect on the actor's performance.D. Audiences at live theatrical performances form a special connection, sharing the common experience of reacting to a live theatrical performance.E. Many people go to the theater excited to see in a live performance an actor that they have never seen before except on television or in films.F. The excitement of live theater cannot be achieved in any other medium, and its immediacy and uncertainty help us deal with life's fundamental uncertainty.三立在线托福精品课程包括：1.托福真题模考冲刺课程：以独家42套真题（在线真题）为辅助材料，把2015、2016年全部真题一网打尽，精讲每一道题、每篇文章。
英语考试作文-13日托福考试 写作真题回忆整理
英语考试作文
13日托福考试写作真题回忆整理
2018年1月13日托福考试已经结束，参加这场托福考试的同学考得如何呢?本次托福考试考到了哪些托福真题呢?有没有遇到加试呢?这里托福范文TOEFL写作栏目老师第1时间为大家整理了完整的2018年1月13日托福听写作考试真题回忆，希望对大家托福备考有帮助。
2018年1月13日托福考试真题回忆汇总：
2018年01月13日托福写作考题回忆
托福综合写作
话题：lionfish商业化的利弊
阅读：市场上多卖lionfish有好处
1)生活在珊瑚礁的lionfish数量过多，进行捕捞售卖可保护生态
2)市场上多卖lionfish可以降低人们对其它鱼类的需求。
3)lionfish可提供蛋白质。
听力：lionfish的商业化的坏处
1)捕捞lionfish时，也会捕到其它鱼类，包括稀有物种，
会加剧生态问题。
2)当lionfish有市场时，会出现人工养殖，一旦人养的lionfish逃脱，会有。
2018年托福阅读练习题及答案(2篇)
2018年托福阅读练习题及答案（2篇）托福阅读考试介绍：托福考试满分为120分，分为4部分，考试顺序为：阅读→听力→口语→写作。
托福阅读考试时间：1个小时(遇加试时，时间为1个小时40分钟)。
阅读部分包括3篇文章，每篇650至750个单词，每篇对应11至13道试题。
题目类型包括：图表题，篇章总结题(从给出的选项中选择能够概括文章内容的句子)，变换措辞题，词汇题(在一定的上下文中)，指代关系题，简化句子题，插入文本题，事实信息题，推断题，修辞目的题以及否定排除题(例如，下列各项均正确除……之外)。
在完成答题的过程中，考生可以使用“复查”功能瞬间找出没有回答的题目，而不必每道题都过一遍。
PASSAGE 1By the mid-nineteenth century, the term icebox had entered the American language, but icewas still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice tradegrew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by someforward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, halfthe ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, andBaltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston andChicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new householdconvenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenthcentury, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration,was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the icefrom melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept theice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve thedelicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the righttrack. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which th e villageof Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport hisbutter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff inthe tubs ofhis competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-poundbricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have totravel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The influence of ice on the diet(B) The development of refrigeration(C) The transportation of goods to market(D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century2. According to the passage , when did the word icebox become part of the language of the United States?(A) in 1803(B) sometime before 1850(C) during the civil war(D) near the end of the nineteenth century3. The phrase forward-looking in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) progressive(B) popular(C) thrifty(D) well-established4. The author mentions fish in line 4 because(A) many fish dealers also sold ice(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars(C) fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice(D) fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention of the icebox5. The word it in line 5 refers to(A) fresh meat(B) the Civil War(C) ice(D) a refrigerator6. According to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox?(A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars(B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice(C) The use of insufficient insulation(D) Inadequate understanding of physics7. The word rudimentary in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) growing(B) undeveloped(C) necessary(D) uninteresting8. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would(A) completely prevent ice from melting(B) stop air from circulating(C) allow ice to melt slowly(D) use blankets to conserve ice9. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been on the right track (lines 18-19) to indicate that(A) the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm(B) Moore was an honest merchant(C) Moore was a prosperous farmer(D) Moore's design was fairly successful10. According to the passage , Moore's icebox allowed him to(A) charge more for his butter(B) travel to market at night(C) manufacture butter more quickly(D) produce ice all year round11. The produce mentioned in line 25 could include(A) iceboxes(B) butter(C) ice(D) marketsAnswers:BBACC DBCDA BPASSAGE 2The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Presenton Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves,transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face ofthe Earth.Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported bywind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent ofcontinental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks,streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This immensepolarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominatesthis entire step in the cycle because watertends to minimize its potential energy by running fromhigh altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measureof the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for awater molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs —atmosphere, continent, and ocean—we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days inthe atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. Thislast figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere butalso the rapidity of water transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents.Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved andtransported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form thethin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed andtransported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from twoclosely linked andinterdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Theirrespective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.1. The word modifying in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) changing(B) traveling(C) describing(D) destroying2. The word which in line 5 refers to(A) clouds(B) oceans(C) continents(D) compounds3. According to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water(A) precipitating onto the ground(B) changing from a solid to a liquid state(C) evaporating from the oceans(D) being carried by wind4. The passage suggests that the purpose of the hydrographic network (line 8) is to(A) determine the size of molecules of water(B) prevent soil erosion caused by flooding(C) move water from the Earth's surface to the oceans(D) regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers5. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in the third paragraph?(A) The potential energy contained in water(B) The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds(C) The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents(D) The relative size of the water storage areas6. The word rapidity in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) significance(B) method(C) swiftness(D) reliability7. The word they in line 24 refers to(A) insoluble ions(B) soluble ions(C) soils(D) continents8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT(A) magnesium(B) iron(C) potassium(D) calcium9. The word efficiency in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) relationship(B) growth(C) influence(D) effectivenessAnswers:AACCD CABD。
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2018年托福第二次考试命题就开始了，那么大家对于考试的内容有一些什么样的判断吗，和三立在线教育托福网一起来看看2018年1月13日托福考试阅读机经预测。
阅读真题和词汇题按照常考题型进行分类汇总。
2018年1月13日托福考试阅读机经预测之真题测练(部分内容)：
②2015-8-22CN The Upper Paleolithic Revolution
P1: The Old Stone Age is the earliest period of human development and the longest phase of mankind’s history. It was not till around 30 thousand years ago (or 30 “kya") that the archaeological record reveals the emergence of technical and social advances, which comprised new technologies, hunting techniques, human burials, and an artistic tradition of astonishing competency. This dramatic change was known as the Upper Paleolithic Revolution. It had been traditionally argued that the Upper Paleolithic Revolution was an archaeological phenomenon exclusive to Eurasia. The absence of equivalent evidence in other regions suggested that a fundamental change had occurred in human intellectual development around 40 kya in Europe. However, the recent discovery in the Blombos Cave in South Africa of a block of decorated ochre and then sets of shell beads, dated to around 77 kya, opened up the debate. This supports other evidence of more versatile stone implements and bone tools found in Africa from the same period. Now the Upper Paleolithic Revolution is regarded as the most noticeable evidence for the evolution of modern human behavior.
•P2: Two further questions follow. First, what was happening to the human cognitive process during the 40,000 years or so from innovative usage of stone in the Blombos Cave to the flourishing of human creativity in Europe? Second, during the Pleistocene a series of momentous climatic events occurred—was climate change then a component? The question of whether the sudden transition seen in Europe was built on earlier developments in Africa has been addressed at length by anthropologists Sally McBrearty and Alison Brooks. They argue that the whole issue of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution stems from a profound Eurocentric bias and a failure to appreciate the depth and breadth of the African archaeological record.
In fact, many South African archaeological sites show that the revolution occurred in Africa during the Middle Paleolithic—tens of thousands of years before they appeared in Europe. This is supported by evidence of using new stone tools like the blade and microlithic technology. Replication has shown that blades from the time required a high level of skill to make due to their shape, indicating a higher level of hominid complexity. At the same time, exploitation of aquatic resources began to prosper.
题目：
1. Why does the author mention a block of decorated ochre and sets of shell beads?
A. To help make the point that archaeologists regard artistic creations as the highest kind of human achievement
B. To illustrate how the discovery of certain objects makes the discovery of certain other objects more likely
C. To give some of the evidence that has changed archaeologists' thinking about human intellectual development
D. To help explain why archaeologists have been slow to recognize the importance of certain evidence available to them
2. How far back in time do the origins of the more versatile stone implements and bone tools found in Africa go
A. To around 40 kya
B. To around 77 kya
C. To the time of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution
D. To a time before modern "human”behavior had begun to evolve
3. The word "equivalent" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. comprehensible
B. concrete
C. comparable
D. widely debated
2018年1月13日托福考试阅读机经预测之高频词汇(部分内容)：
以上是2018年1月13日托福考试阅读机经预测的部分内容。
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