Skyscrapers
Rethinking Skyscrapers 重新审视摩天大楼
Rethinking SkyscrapersJerkily WatsonMost of the world’s tall buildings, called skyscrapers, are in the United States. However, the recent terrorist attacks have caused some Americans to worry about the safety of these extremely tall buildings.For almost 30 years, the World Trade Center stood more than 410 meters above New York City’s financial center. The two towers of the Center were the tallest buildings in the city. They had more than 100 levels. Then on the morning of September 11th, two hijacked airplanes struck the buildings.Many people died immediately in explosions and fires. Others ran down many levels of steps in an effort to escape the buildings. Others waited for help in their offices. Then, one after another, both buildings fell. The collapse of the towers killed thousands of people. It also wrecked or damaged surrounding buildings.Engineers from the state of Illinois soon will investigate the collapse of the buildings for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Their early study, however, shows that the buildings held up well. One tower remained standing for about forty-seven minutes after the plane hit it. The other tower stayed up for about one hour and forty minutes after it was struck. The fact that the towers stayed up as long as they did permitted many people to escape.Several experts have said no building could have resisted the attacks. The terrorists meant to cause the largest explosions and the hottest fires possible. So they hijacked planes heavily loaded with fuel. The heat from the burning fuel weakened the steel structure of the towers. These fires burned far hotter than fires used to test building materials. They also burned longer. The intense heat caused the upper levels of the buildings to fall. Then the lower levels also fell.Some pieces of building wreckage caused destruction in the area. Mainly, however, the towers imploded and fell down in their own space. Several engineers praised the World Trade Center for this. Many more people would have died if the buildings had fallen to the side.Officials say the wreckage will take months to clear. After the attacks, broken glass and smoking metal lay 12 meters above the ground. The World Trade Center had contained 200,000 tons of steel. It also had 43,000 windows.About 50,000 people worked in the World Trade Center. Some estimates say as many as 90,000 people passed through it on some days. The towers represented business and trade in the biggest city in America. Many people throughout the world recognizedpictures of the World Trade Center against the skies of New York.People in New York are discussing ways to remember the World Trade Center and the people who died in the attack. Several artists and building designers suggest a memorial called Towers of Light. The arts group Creative Time proposes forming two towers of light in the shape of the fallen buildings. These lights would reach toward the sky. The artists currently are researching methods that could produce lighting with such power.Businessman Larry Silverstein currently controls use of the World Trade Center property. Mr. Silverstein says he will rebuild the Center. However, it is unclear what the new center will be like.Some architects have suggested creating four shorter buildings. These structures would have about 50 levels. A park between the buildings would contain a memorial to victims of the attack.Other New York citizens called for rebuilding the World Trade Center as it was. For example, former mayor Ed Koch urged replacement of the two skyscrapers. He said this would show the terrorists that New York remained undefeated.However, some city planners believe such extremely tall structures should not be replaced. Instead, some experts advise copying other New York buildings that are not as tall.The Urban Land Institute is a research and educational organization for planners and building designers. Some members believe skyscrapers waste space. These experts say some buildings use their lower levels mainly to get people to the upper levels.Some experts also believe the office needs of businesses are changing. Most large companies now have their headquarters in skyscrapers. This permits their employees to work together in one place. However, employees today can communicate easily though electronic mail and other technology. So some planners believe there will be less need for skyscrapers in the future.The Empire State Building is now the tallest building in New York City. It was built in 1931. It was the tallest building in the world for more than 40 years. It still is one of the most popular. Thousands of millions of visitors have seen New York from observation areas in this building.Some Americans now say they are worried about the Empire State Building. However, a wealthy New York property owner has offered as much as 57 million dollars to buy it. He says he believes fear of skyscrapers will be temporary.Many of American skyscrapers have increased safety measures since the terroristattacks. Owners have placed barriers around the buildings at street level. Security devices and guards examine people who enter the buildings. Building occupants are receiving information about what to do in an emergency.Skyscrapers were invented in the United States. As early as the 1880s, two new technical developments made these taller buildings possible. One development was the mechanical elevator. It meant that people would not have to climb many steps to reach the upper floors of tall buildings. The development of steel also helped make taller buildings possible.The first skyscraper was built in Chicago, Illinois in 1885. The Home Insurance Building was almost 55 meters tall.Chicago became home to the world’s tallest buildings in 1973 when the Sears Tower was built. It is 442 meters tall. The Sears Tower was the tallest building in the world for 23 years. Then, in 1996, two taller buildings were completed. They are the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. They are about 452 meters tall.Recently, businessman Donald Trump proposed another very tall building for Chicago. Mr. Trump and the owners of the Chicago Sun-Times newspaper wanted to build a structure 457 meters high along the Chicago River. Mr. Trump and the newspaper owners have been seeking more money for the project. Now, however, it is unclear if they will continue proposing such a big skyscraper.Developers in China want to build the tallest skyscraper ever. They are planning an International Financial Center for Shanghai. The Center is to be more than 487 meters tall.The building would have several safety measures not included in the World Trade Center buildings. For example, the areas containing steps would be wider than those in the World Trade Center. Areas called refuge floors would be placed every ten to twelve levels. These open-air places are designed to protect people from smoke. They are legally required in China and some other Asian countries.Experts say there is almost no engineering limit to the height a skyscraper can be. Still, people’s feelings may limit the size of skyscrapers in the future.For example, a New York City stock trader works in an office high in a skyscraper. He says he once liked to look out his office window and see the other tall buildings of the city. But his feelings have changed since the terrorist attacks.Now, he says, he would like to work much closer to the ground.重新审视摩天大楼世界上大多数被称做摩天大楼的高层建筑在美国。
阅读材料5 Skyscrapers and Environment
Skyscrapers and Environment摩天大楼与环境In the late 1960's, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.60年代后期，许多北美人把注意力转向了环境问题，那些崭新的玻璃钢摩天大楼受到了广泛的批评。
生态学家指出，城市中密集的高层建筑经常给公共交通与停车场的承载能力造成过重的负担。
Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power. In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120, 000 kilowatts -- enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day.摩天大楼还是电能的过度消费者与浪费者。
最近的某一年，纽约市摩天写字楼1，700万英尺办公面积的增加使电能的最高日需求量提高了120，000千瓦。
这些电能足以供纽约的整个奥尔巴尼市使用一天。
英语作文范文 SkyscrapersandEnvironment
Skyscrapers and Environment: A Delicate BalanceSkyscrapers, or tall buildings, have become an iconic symbol of modern cities, showcasing architectural innovation and technological advancement. Their sheer height and grandeur have left people awestruck and, as a result, skyscrapers have sprung up in cities around the world, forming a dense urban landscape. Nonetheless, as much as they represent progress, skyscrapers pose significant environmental challenges that threaten the well-being of our planet. In this article, we will explore the impact of skyscrapers on the environment and the measures that can be taken to mitigate that impact, ensuring that the skyscrapers themselves can coexist alongside the environment in a sustainable manner.The Impact of Skyscrapers on the EnvironmentSkyscrapers, by their very nature, consume vast amounts of natural resources during their construction and operation, which negatively impacts the environment in several ways. One of the main environmental impacts of skyscraper construction is the depletion of natural resources, such as water, forest, and minerals, which are required to manufacture buildingmaterials. These resources are finite and often take years to replenish, or they cannot be replenished at all.In addition, skyscrapers require colossal amounts of energy for heating, cooling, and lighting, which contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to global warming. Such emissions, in turn, lead to various environmental problems, including air and water pollution, soil erosion, and climate change.Moreover, skyscrapers have a significant impact on the surrounding environment, altering natural landscapes, and affecting the quality of life of nearby residents. Their construction can damage nearby ecosystems, particularly if they are built on wetlands or sensitive habitats. Skyscrapers can also cause environmental disruptions and health issuesfor those living around them because of the increased noise and vibration generated by their operation.Solutions for Mitigating the Impact of SkyscrapersThe impact of skyscrapers on the environment can be curtailed using various solutions that promote sustainable living. One solution is the incorporation of renewable energysources, such as solar and wind power, to power skyscrapers. Renewable sources are more environmentally friendly and have a more significant impact on reducing greenhouse gas emissions than traditional fossil fuels.Another solution is to design skyscrapers that are more energy-efficient. This can be achieved by using high-performance insulation, double-glazed windows, and climate-responsive design techniques. These techniques significantly reduce energy wastage, contributing to the reduction of environmental impacts.Furthermore, skyscrapers鈥?design should also incorporate rainwater harvesting systems and graywater reuse, which can minimize water usage and reduce wastewater generation. This approach is essential in locations where water is scarce or is more costly to obtain.Lastly, Skyscraper developers should encourage employees and tenants to use public transportation, such as mass transit, bicycles, and ride-sharing services. This reduces the number of vehicles on the road, cutting down on traffic congestion and the air pollution emanating from traffic.ConclusionAs the world continues to grow and urbanize, skyscrapers will remain part of our contested urban landscape. Whilethere is no clear consensus on the role of the skyscraper in the modern city, it is clear that the environmental impactsof these tall structures must be minimized whenever and wherever possible. By utilizing the solutions presented here, we can promote sustainable, energy-efficient designs that incorporate renewable energy sources and minimize the disruption to nearby ecologies and neighborhoods. Importantly, when developing skyscrapers, we should always consider their impact on the environment, thus ensuring that they seamlessly integrate into our environment while inspiring and elevating the cityscape.。
【必备资料】托福口语必背篇经典文章-摩天大楼Skyscrapers and Environment
【必备资料】托福口语必背篇经典文章-摩天大楼Skyscrapers and Environment英语学习过程中，我们常会听到“语感”这个词，什么是语感?简言之，就是对语言的感觉。
如何培养语感呢?首先要多听英文材料，听的多了，口语自然而然就上去了。
那么，以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福口语的必备经典文章，希望能为大家的托福口语备考带来帮助。
托福口语必背篇经典文章：摩天大楼Skyscrapers and EnvironmentIn the late 1960’s, many people in North America turned their attention toenvironmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widelycriticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a cityoften overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power. In onerecent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office spacein New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120, 000kilowatts-enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day.Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss (orgain)through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that througha typical masonry wall filled with insulation board. To lessen the strain onheating and air-conditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapers have begun touse double-glazed panels of glass, and reflective glasses coated with silver orgold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city’s sanitation facilities, too. Iffully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year-as much as a city the size of Stanford, Connecticut , which has a population of more than 109, 000.。
Skyscrapers and Environment摩天大楼与环境
Skyscrapers and Environment摩天大楼与环境In the late 1960's, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.60年代后期，许多北美人把注意力转向了环境问题，那些崭新的玻璃钢摩天大楼受到了广泛的批评。
生态学家指出，城市中密集的高层建筑经常给公共交通与停车场的承载能力造成过重的负担。
Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power. In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120, 000 kilowatts -- enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day.摩天大楼还是电能的过度消费者与浪费者。
最近的某一年，纽约市摩天写字楼1，700万英尺办公面积的增加使电能的最高日需求量提高了120，000千瓦。
这些电能足以供纽约的整个奥尔巴尼市使用一天。
skyscrapers
1998
双峰塔
Petron 吉隆坡 尚存 as Tower s
Taipei 101 台北 尚存
452 米 452 米
88
最高的双子 塔
2004
台北 101大 楼 上海环 球金融 中心
480 米 508 米
101
中国建筑首 次荣登世界 最高摩天大 楼 楼板最高的 大楼
Skyscrapers
, which is called super high rise building , is a very high building with floors as many as forty or fifty.
The six tallest buildings in the world.
No.1
Burj Khalifa
哈利法塔原名迪拜塔 ,又称迪拜
大厦或比斯迪拜塔 ,是位于阿拉伯 联合酋长国迪拜的一栋已经建成 的摩天大楼，有160层，总高828 米，比台北101足足高出320米。 迪拜塔由韩国三星公司负责营造， 2004年9月21日开始动工，2010 年1月4日竣工启用，同时正式更 名哈利法塔。
Home 芝加哥 已毁 Insura nce Buildin g World 纽约 Buildin g Manha 纽约 ttan Life Insura nce Park 纽约 Row Buildin g Philad elphia City Hall 费城 已毁
1890
世界大 楼
94.2 米
106.4 米
2008
Shang 上海 hai World Financ ial Center Burj Khalif a 迪拜
Skyscraper 建筑英语范文
(A) THE SKYSCRAPERA generation ago, it was still possible to speak of the skyscraper as an American phenomenon. Of course there were tall buildings elsewhere, but few of them ―they seemed always to be somewhat out of place（不相称）, odd intrusions（侵入）of the American spirit into other cultures. The real skyscrapers, the important ones, were almost always American ―and the real skyscraper cities, like New York, Chicago, and Houston, were absolutely American.一代人以前，还有可能说摩天大楼是一种美国现象。
的确是那会儿到处都有高楼，但很少是摩天大楼。
它们似乎总是显得有些格格不入，似乎是美国精神对别国文化的古怪侵犯。
真正的摩天大厦，那些最重要的作品，几乎总是美国货，同时真正的摩天大楼式的城市，如纽约、芝加哥和休斯敦，都绝对是美国的。
Now, as we approach the end of the century, it is no longer so. America owns the history of the skyscraper, but other countries, other cultures, seem to control more and more of its present and, it seems certain, its future. The sheer（完全的、绝对的）quantity of skyscrapers that have been built outside the United States is astonishing; cities that through the 1970's had no very tall buildings at all seem now to have dozens of them, and it is no longer possible to think of the skylines of these cities as representing some kind of intervention（介入）of an alien（海外）American economic, technological and architectural culture. Skyscrapers are now the culture of Hong Kong, Shanghai, Tokyo, Seoul, Singapore and Bangkok, not to mention Frankfurt, Paris, San Paulo and Sydney. In the latest list of the one hundred tallest buildings in the world prepared by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat（栖息地，自然环境）, 35 of the structures ―more than one-third ―were not in North America. Skyscrapers are now commonplace in almost every large urban area of the developed world, if not in older historic cores, then on the outskirts（市郊）, as around Paris, and they have redefined the nature of urbanity（文雅气质）in our time.如今，随着我们接近世纪的尾声，事情不再是这样了。
city life词语归类
"City life" 可以从多个角度进行词语归类，以下是一些可能的分类方式：1. 生活方面：-都市生活方式(urban lifestyle)-城市居民(city dwellers)-高楼大厦(skyscrapers)-公寓生活(apartment living)-快节奏生活(fast-paced life)-通勤(commuting)-餐厅和咖啡馆(restaurants and cafes)-娱乐场所(entertainment venues)2. 社会文化方面：-多元文化(multiculturalism)-艺术与音乐(art and music scenes)-博物馆和画廊(museums and galleries)-街头艺术(street art)-社区活动(community events)-历史遗迹(historical landmarks)3. 环境与设施：-公共交通(public transportation)-公园和绿地(parks and green spaces)-商业区(business districts)-购物中心(shopping malls)-健身设施(fitness facilities)-医疗服务(healthcare services)4. 挑战与问题：-噪音污染(noise pollution)-空气污染(air pollution)-人口密度(population density)-生活成本(cost of living)-压力和焦虑(stress and anxiety)-安全问题(safety concerns)5. 个人经历与感受：-孤独感(feeling of loneliness)-社交互动(social interactions)-冒险与探索(adventure and exploration)-创造力激发(creativity stimulation)-适应城市生活(adjusting to city life)这些词语归类可以帮助我们更全面地理解和描述城市生活的各个方面。
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Burj Dubai
architectural image：
Several connective tubular towers form the building Top view of the tower shaped like "Y" Attracts more and more movies to film the exterior
The Advantages of Skyscrapers
Architectural modeling design is special
Take the latest precautions against earthquakes
and wind
Take more effective use of limited land source Bring significant economic benefits to city
Disadvantages
1.economic crisis 2.potential safety hazard
•terrorist attack •earthquake •fire hazard
3.environment
sunlight noise air quality
English Speech
balance the relationship between skyscrapers and environment
use vanguard design philosophy
Thanks for your attention
English Speech
Skyscrapers
● ● ● ● ●
English Speech
Home Insurance Building
The History of Skyscrapers
1、The building to be higher
YEAR 1885 1890 1894 1899 1908 1909 NAME Home Insurance Building World Building Manhattan Life Insurance Park Row Building Singer Building Met Life Tower CITY Chicago NewYork NewYork NewYork NewYork NewYork HEIGHT 54.9 meters 94.2 meters 106.1 meters 119.2 meters 186.6 meters 213.4 meters
YEAR 1930 1931 1972
NAME Chrysler Building Empire State Building World Trade Center
CITY NewYork NewYork NewYork
HEIGHT 281.9 meters 381 meters 417 meters
well-known seven-star "Burj Al Arab Hotel"
Technology： It use double membrane structure architecture form The super long rope of elevator has seismic effect
Terrorist Attacks and Natural Disasters
English Speech
Landscape Impact
English Speech
Health Effects
what we sould do
we should slow down the speed of building more skyscrapers
1974 2004
2010
Sears Tower Taipei 101
Burj Khalifa
Chicago Taibei
Dubai
452 meters 508 meters
828meters
125 ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ears
Height
15 times 54.9meters 828 meters
828 meters