郑州托福 2015年1月10日听力考试及解析
托福真题2015-01-10Reading十六世纪欧洲工匠+疾病与历史+地球大气
CACBB, DCDAA,BCD, 124 BDCDC, BB(与上一题重复)DCA, CC B, 123 ACDBD, AABCD, ABD, 135Vulnerable toSusceptible toArtisans in Sixteenth-Century EuropeFor centuries European artisans had operated in small, autonomous handcraft businesses, but by the sixteenth century an evolving economic system—moving toward modern capitalism, with its free-market pricing, new organization of production, investments, and so on—had started to erode their stable and relatively prosperous position. What forces contributed to the decline of the artisan?In a few industries there appeared technological innovations that cost more to install and operate than artisans—even associations of artisans—could afford. For example, in iron production, such specialized equipment as blast furnaces, tilt hammers, wire-drawing machines, and stamping, rolling, and slitting mills became more familiar components of the industry. Thus the need for fixed capital (equipment and buildings used in production) soared. Besides these items, expensive in their own right, facilities for water, storage, and deliveries were needed. In addition, pig (raw) iron turned out by blast furnaces could not be forged until refined further in a new intermediate stage. In late sixteenth-century Antwerp, where a skilled worker earned 125 to 250 guilders a year, a large blast furnace alone cost 3,000 guilders, and other industrial equipment was equally or more expensive.Raw materials, not equipment, const ituted artisans’ major expense in most traders, however. Whereas in 1583 an Antwerp silk weaver paid 12 guilders for a loom (and made small payments over many years to pay off the debt for purchasing the loom), every six weeks he or she had to lay out 24 guilders for the 2 pounds of raw silk required to make a piece of cloth. Thus access to cheap and plentiful primary materials was a constant preoccupation for independent producers. Using local materials might allow even the poorest among them to avoid reliance on merchant suppliers. The loss of nearby sources could therefore be devastating. As silk cultivation waned around the Spanish cities of Cordoba and Toledo, weavers in these cities were forced to become employees of merchants who put out raw silk fromValencia and Murcia provinces. In the Dutch Republic, merchants who imported unprocessed salt from France, Portugal, and Spain gained control of the salt-refining industry once exploitation of local salt marshes was halted for fear that dikes (which held back the sea from the low-lying Dutch land) would be undermined.Credit was necessary for production but created additional vulnerabilities for artisans. Prices for industrial products lagged behind those of raw materials and foodstuffs, and this, coupled with rising taxes, made it difficult for many producers to repay their creditors. Periodic downturns, when food prices shot up and demand for manufactures fell off, drove them further into debt or even into bankruptcy, from which they might emerge only by agreeing to sell their products exclusively to merchants or fellow artisans who extended them loans. Frequent enough during periods of growth, such credit crises became deeper and lasted longer after about 1570, as did war-related disruptions of raw-material supplies and markets. Artisans’ autonomy was imperiled, too, by restrictions on their access to markets. During the sixteenth century, a situation like this often resulted from the concentration of export trade in a few great storage and distribution centers. The disappearance of regional markets where weavers in Flanders (what is now northern Belgium) had previously bought flax and sold linen left them at the mercy of big-city middlemen, who quickly turned them into domestic workers. In a similar fashion, formerly independent producers in southern Wiltshire in England, who had bought yarn from spinners or local brokers and sold their cloth to merchants in nearby Salisbury, became subject to London merchants who monopolized both wool supplies and woolens exports.With good reason, finally, urban artisans feared the growth of industries in the countryside. For one thing, they worried that the spread of village crafts would reduce their supply of raw materials, driving up prices. City producers also knew that rural locations enjoyed lower living costs, wages, and taxes, and often employed fewer or simplified processes. These advantages became a major preoccupation as competition intensified in the 1570s and 1580sParagraph 1For centuries European artisans had operated in small, autonomous handcraft businesses, but by the sixteenth century an evolving economic system—moving toward modern capitalism, with its free-market pricing, new organization of production, investments, and so on—had started to erode their stable and relatively prosperous position. What forces contributed to the decline of the artisan?1.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. C (句子主干)In the sixteenth century, the European economy moved toward a system of free-market pricing, new ways of production, and investments.Before the sixteenth century, European makers of handcrafts enjoyed stability, autonomy, and relative prosperity.By the sixteenth century, the rise of capitalism began to weaken the autonomy and relative prosperity of European artisans.European artisans operated small, autonomous businesses before modern capitalism emerged in the sixteenth century.Paragraph 2In a few industries there appeared technological innovations that cost more to install and operate than artisans—even associations of artisans—could afford. For example, in iron production, such specialized equipment as blast furnaces, tilt hammers, wire-drawing machines, and stamping, rolling, and slitting mills became more familiar components of the industry. Thus the need for fixed capital (equipment and buildings used in production) soared. Besides these items, expensive in their own right, facilities for water, storage, and deliveries were needed. In addition, pig (raw) iron turned out by blast furnaces could not be forged until refined further in a new intermediate stage. In late sixteenth-century Antwerp, where a skilled worker earned 125 to 250 guilders a year, a large blast furnace alone cost 3,000 guilders, and other industrial equipment was equally or more expensive.2.The word “Besides” in the passage is closet in meaning to AIn addition toMore important thanDifferent fromTogether with3.According to paragraph 2, how did technological advances contribute to theeconomic decline of artisans?Artisans had no place to store or use the new machines.Goods produced by the new technology were cheaper than those produced by artisans.The fixed costs of remaining in business became very high.Artisans did not know how to use the new machines.Paragraph 3Raw materials, not equipment, constituted artisans’ major expense in most traders, however. Whereas in 1583 an Antwerp silk weaver paid 12 guilders for a loom (and made small payments over many years to pay off the debt for purchasing the loom), every six weeks he or she had to lay out 24 guilders for the 2 pounds of raw silk required to make a piece of cloth. Thus access to cheap and plentiful primary materials was a constant preoccupation for independent producers. Using local materials might allow even the poorest among them to avoid reliance on merchantsuppliers. The loss of nearby sources could therefore be devastating. As silk cultivation waned around the Spanish cities of Cordoba and Toledo, weavers in these cities were forced to become employees of merchants who put out raw silk from Valencia and Murcia provinces. In the Dutch Republic, merchants who imported unprocessed salt from France, Portugal, and Spain gained control of the salt-refining industry once exploitation of local salt marshes was halted for fear that dikes (which held back the sea from the low-lying Dutch land) would be undermined.4.The word “preoccupation” in the passage is closet in meaning tonecessityconcernstruggleuncertainty5.In paragraph 3, why does the author provide the information about an Antwerpsilk weaver’s costs in 1583?To describe some typical costs in the silk-weaving industryTo support the statement that artisans’ main expense was materials, not equipmentTo argue against the view that artisans did not have to borrow money to buy equipmentTo show that materials were cheap and plentiful for most artisans6.What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about local materials?They were of higher quality than imported materials.They were usually more plentiful than imported materials.They remained available even after merchants began to control the industries.They tended to be more affordable than materials supplied by merchants.7.According to paragraph 3, which of the following was sometimes an effect onartisans of the loss of local sources of their primary materials?They had to sell their products to merchants.They needed to take loans in order to buy the materials from merchants.They could no longer afford to be independent producers.They imported the materials from distant sources.Paragraph 4Credit was necessary for production but created additional vulnerabilities for artisans. Prices for industrial products lagged behind those of raw materials and foodstuffs, and this, coupled with rising taxes, made it difficult for many producers to repay their creditors. Periodic downturns, when food prices shot up and demand for manufactures fell off, drove them further into debt or even into bankruptcy, from which they might emerge only by agreeing to sell their products exclusively to merchants or fellow artisans who extended them loans. Frequent enough duringperiods of growth, such credit crises became deeper and lasted longer after about 1570, as did war-related disruptions of raw-material supplies and markets.8.The phrase “coupled with” in the passage is closet in meaning tocaused bycompared withaffected bycombined with9.According to paragraph 4, all of the following caused economic difficulties forartisans EXCEPTdecreasing availability of creditdecreased demand for manufactured goodsincreased taxesproblems caused by warsParagraph 5Artisans’ autonomy was imperiled, too, by restrictions on their access to markets. During the sixteenth century, a situation like this often resulted from the concentration of export trade in a few great storage and distribution centers. The disappearance of regional markets where weavers in Flanders (what is now northern Belgium) had previously bought flax and sold linen left them at the mercy of big-city middlemen, who quickly turned them into domestic workers. In a similar fashion, formerly independent producers in southern Wiltshire in England, who had bought yarn from spinners or local brokers and sold their cloth to merchants in nearby Salisbury, became subject to London merchants who monopolized both wool supplies and woolens exports.10.The word “autonomy” in the passag e is closet in meaning toindependenceinfluenceability to make a livingability to adapt11.Paragraph 5 supports which of the following statements about artisans during thesixteenth century?They had difficulty transporting their goods to the best markets.They were at a disadvantage because the concentration of supplies and exports was in the hands of big-city merchants.They received higher wages as employees of big-city merchants.They were able to obtain raw materials from local merchants.Paragraph 6With good reason, finally, urban artisans feared the growth of industries in thecountryside. For one thing, they worried that the spread of village crafts would reduce their supply of raw materials, driving up prices. City producers also knew that rural locations enjoyed lower living costs, wages, and taxes, and often employed fewer or simplified processes. These advantages became a major preoccupation as competition intensified in the 1570s and 1580s12.All of the following are identified in paragraph 6 as concerns that urban artisanshad about the growth of industry in the countryside EXCEPTa decrease in the supply of raw materialsa cheaper cost of living in the countrysidea more manageable level of competitionless complex production processes in the countrysideParagraph 3Raw materials, not equipment, constituted artisans’ major expense in most traders, however. ■Whereas in 1583 an Antwerp silk weaver paid 12 guilders for a loom (and made small payments over many years to pay off the debt for purchasing the loom), every six weeks he or she had to lay out 24 guilders for the 2 pounds of raw silk required to make a piece of cloth. ■Thus access to cheap and plentiful primary materials was a constant preoccupation for independent producers. ■Using local materials might allow even the poorest among them to avoid reliance on merchant suppliers. ■The loss of nearby sources could therefore be devastating. As silk cultivation waned around the Spanish cities of Cordoba and Toledo, weavers in these cities were forced to become employees of merchants who put out raw silk from Valencia and Murcia provinces. In the Dutch Republic, merchants who imported unprocessed salt from France, Portugal, and Spain gained control of the salt-refining industry once exploitation of local salt marshes was halted for fear that dikes (which held back the sea from the low-lying Dutch land) would be undermined.13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can beadded to the passage.This was possible because when transportation costs were low, the price of raw materials was generally also low.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click onView Text.Answer choicesArtisans’ ability to earn profits was restricted by their dependence on creditors, to whom they were forced to sell their goods, and by competition from rural areas.As industries came under the control of merchants, artisans lost access to cheap raw materials, and they had to borrow money to buy the materials they needed from merchant suppliers.In the new industrial system from which skilled artisans were progressively excluded, the quality of manufactured items gradually declined. Advances in technology in some industries increased the cost of the equipment, buildings, and facilities that artisans needed for producing and selling their goods.Iron production in the sixteenth century depended on new inventions such as blast furnaces, tilt hammers, wire-drawing machines, and stamping, rolling, and silting mills.The rising prices of food and other necessities often left artisans without enough money to pay their taxes and other business expenses.Disease and HistoryWhat is the relationship between disease and the evolution of human societies?Epidemiology is the study of the causes, distribution, and control of diseases in populations. Throughout history, there have been general trends in the relationship between diseases and the human species. Anthropologist George Armelogos has outlined these trends and refers to them as three “epidemiological transitions.”For most of our species’ hist ory, we lived in small, widely dispersed, nomadic groups. Our ancestors certainly experienced diseases of various sorts and would have come into contact with new diseases as they migrated to new environments. But infectious disease may not have had serious effects on large numbers of people or many different populations, since diseases would have had little chance of being passed on to many other humans.When some people began to settle down and produce their food through farming and animal domestication—starting about 10,000 years ago—the first epidemiological transition occurred. Infectious diseases increased in impact, as larger and denser concentrations of people provided greater opportunity for disease to be passed from host to host. Animal domestication may have brought people into contact with new diseases previously limited to other species. Working the soil would have exposed farmers to insects and other pathogens. Irrigation in some areas provided breeding places for mosquitoes, increasing the incidence of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. Sanitation problems caused by larger, more sedentary populations would have helped transmit diseases in human waste, as would the use of animal dung for fertilizer. In addition, agriculture also led to a narrowing of food sources, as compared to the varied diets of hunters and gatherers. This could have resulted in nutritional deficiencies; moreover, the storage of food surpluses attracted new disease carriers such as insects and rats. Trade between settled communities helped spread diseases over large geographic areas, as in the case of the Black Death in Europe. Epidemics, in the sense of diseases that affect a large number of populations at the same time, were essentially nonexistent until the development of agricultural economies.Beginning in the last years of the nineteenth century and continuing into the twentieth, we experienced the second epidemiological transition. With modern medical science providing immunizations and antibiotics and with better public health measures and improved nutrition, many infectious diseases were brought under control, or even eliminated. In terms of what ailed and killed us, there was a shift to chronic diseases such as heart and lung diseases. The increase in many of these came not only from the fact that fewer people were dying from infectious disease and were living longer but also from the results of modern lifestyles in developed countries and among the upper classes of developing countries—a moresedentary life leading to less physical activity, more stress, environmental pollution, and high-fat diets. But at least, we thought, many of these problems were things we could potentially control; all those infectious epidemics were of the past.But on the heels of the second transition had come the third epidemiological transition, and we are in it now. New diseases are emerging, and old ones are returning. Both of these phenomena can be understood in terms of evolutionary theory.The return of old diseases is the result of the fact that microorganisms are evolving species themselves. For example, new and serious antibiotic-resistant strains of tuberculosis have recently appeared. This evolution may have been encouraged by what some authorities consider our overuse of antibiotics, giving microorganisms a greater chance to evolve resistance by exposing them to a constant barrage of selective challenges. Some bacteria reproduce hourly, and so the processes of genetic mutation and natural selection are speeded up in these species.Emerging diseases are also the result of human activity in the modern world, which brings more people into contact with more diseases, some of which were unheard of even a few decades ago. As people and their products became more mobile, and as our populations spread into previously little-inhabited areas, cutting down forests and otherwise altering ecological conditions, we contact other species that may carry diseases to which they are immune but that prove deadly to us.Paragraph 2into contact with new diseases as they migrated to new environments. But infectious disease may not have had serious effects on large numbers of people or many different populations, since diseases would have had little chance of being passed on to many other humans.15.The word “dispersed” in the passage is closet in meaning toactivescatteredvariedlinked16.According to paragraph 2, why were infectious diseases not a serious problem formost of human history?There were very few infectious diseases early in human history.Population groups did not move around enough to be exposed to new diseases. Many disease-causing organisms had features that made them difficult to pass on to other humans.Population groups did not have enough contact with each other to spread diseases widely.Paragraph 3When some people began to settle down and produce their food through farming and animal domestication—starting about 10,000 years ago—the first epidemiological transition occurred. Infectious diseases increased in impact, as larger and denser concentrations of people provided greater opportunity for disease to be passed from host to host. Animal domestication may have brought people into contact with new diseases previously limited to other species. Working the soil would have exposed farmers to insects and other pathogens. Irrigation in some areas provided breeding places for mosquitoes, increasing the incidence of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. Sanitation problems caused by larger, more sedentary populations would have helped transmit diseases in human waste, as would the use of animal dung for fertilizer. In addition, agriculture also led to a narrowing of food sources, as compared to the varied diets of hunters and gatherers. This could have resulted in nutritional deficiencies; moreover, the storage of food surpluses attracted new disease carriers such as insects and rats. Trade between settled communities helped spread diseases over large geographic areas, as in the case of the Black Death in Europe. Epidemics, in the sense of diseases that affect a large number of populations at the same time, were essentially nonexistent until the development of agricultural economies.17.The word “deficiencies” in the passage is closet in meaning tocomplicationsillnessesshortagesirregularities18.According to paragraph 3, which of the following contributed to the use ofepidemics?The development of more deadly forms of human diseaseThe spread of ineffective treatments for infectious diseaseThe spread of mosquito-borne diseases to other disease carriersThe practice of exchanging goods between settled areas19.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 3 as a reason thatagriculture led to greater exposure to disease?Irrigation created areas where disease-carrying mosquitoes could reproduce.People increasingly came into contact with disease-carrying animals attracted to food storage areas.Agricultural products spoiled more readily, leading to more frequent episodes of disease.Farming exposed humans to disease-carrying insects in the soil.20.According to paragraph 3, how did sanitation problems in early farming societieslead to the spread of infectious diseases?Water used for irrigation crops was not always clean.Larger populations were increasingly exposed to human and animal waste.Farm products that spoiled in fields attracted insects and animals with diseases. Lack of varied food sources occasionally forced communities to eat food that carried diseases.21.According to paragraph 3, how did sanitation problems in early farming societieslead to the spread of infectious diseases? (重复了)Water used for irrigation crops was not always clean.Larger populations were increasingly exposed to human and animal waste.Farm products that spoiled in fields attracted insects and animals with diseases. Lack of varied food sources occasionally forced communities to eat food that carried diseases.Paragraph 4Beginning in the last years of the nineteenth century and continuing into the twentieth, we experienced the second epidemiological transition. With modern medical science providing immunizations and antibiotics and with better public health measures and improved nutrition, many infectious diseases were brought under control, or even eliminated. In terms of what ailed and killed us, there was a shift to chronic diseases such as heart and lung diseases. The increase in many of these came not only from the fact that fewer people were dying from infectious disease and were living longer but also from the results of modern lifestyles in developed countries and among the upper classes of developing countries—a more sedentary life leading to less physical activity, more stress, environmental pollution, and high-fat diets. But at least, we thought, many of these problems were things we could potentially control; all those infectious epidemics were of the past.22.According to paragraph 4, which of the following best describes the secondepidemiological transition?Modern medicine made it possible for people to live longer even if they had an infectious disease.Infectious diseases were harder to cure due to factors like stress and pollution. New infectious diseases appeared as quickly as modern medical science was able to control old ones.Chronic diseases replaced infectious diseases as the major cause of human sickness and death.23.According to paragraph 4, all of the following likely contributed to chronic diseaseEXXCEPTlonger life expectationsdecreased physical activityhigher rates of povertychanges in dietParagraph 5But on the heels of the second transition had come the third epidemiological transition, and we are in it now. New diseases are emerging, and old ones are returning. Both of these phenomena can be understood in terms of evolutionary theory.24.The word “emerging” in the passage is closet in me aning toappearingspreadingbecoming more seriousreplacing othersParagraph 6The return of old diseases is the result of the fact that microorganisms are evolving species themselves. For example, new and serious antibiotic-resistant strains of tuberculosis have recently appeared. This evolution may have been encouraged by what some authorities consider our overuse of antibiotics, giving microorganisms a greater chance to evolve resistance by exposing them to a constant barrage of selective challenges. Some bacteria reproduce hourly, and so the processes of genetic mutation and natural selection are speeded up in these species.25.What can be inferred from the discussion of antibiotic-resistant strains ofbacteria in paragraph 6?Most microorganisms cannot survive multiple exposures to antibiotics.Tuberculosis strains are much more likely to be antibiotic-resistant than are other microorganisms.Bacteria that reproduce quickly are more likely to become resistant to antibiotics.Exposing microorganisms to a constant barrage of antibiotics prevents them from evolving resistance.Paragraph 7Emerging diseases are also the result of human activity in the modern world, which brings more people into contact with more diseases, some of which were unheard of even a few decades ago. As people and their products became more mobile, and as our populations spread into previously little-inhabited areas, cutting down forests and otherwise altering ecological conditions, we contact other species that may carry diseases to which they are immune but that prove deadly to us.26.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Humans contact other species during population growth into previously little-inhabited areas.Species that carry diseases deadly to humans live in areas with small, mobile populations.Increased mobility and population expansion into new areas exposes humans to new, deadly diseases carried by other species.Some species that humans contact in little-inhabited areas are immune to diseases that are deadly to humans.Paragraph 3When some people began to settle down and produce their food through farming and animal domestication—starting about 10,000 years ago—the first epidemiological transition occurred. ■Infectious diseases increased in impact, as larger and denser concentrations of people provided greater opportunity for disease to be passed from host to host. ■Animal domestication may have brought people into contact with new diseases previously limited to other species. ■Working the soil would have exposed farmers to insects and other pathogens. ■Irrigation in some areas provided breeding places for mosquitoes, increasing the incidence of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. Sanitation problems caused by larger, more sedentary populations would have helped transmit diseases in human waste, as would the use of animal dung for fertilizer. In addition, agriculture also led to a narrowing of food sources, as compared to the varied diets of hunters and gatherers. This could have resulted in nutritional deficiencies; moreover, the storage of food surpluses attracted new disease carriers such as insects and rats. Trade between settled communities helped spread diseases over large geographic areas, as in the case of the Black Death in Europe. Epidemics, in the sense of diseases that affect a large number of populations at the same time, were essentially nonexistent until the development of agricultural economies.27.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage.But the denser populations of agricultural communities were only one of many factors contributing to the increased risk of disease.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.28.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in。
2015年1月10日托福口语真题
2015年1月10日托福口语真题Task1- Describe your least liked music. Please explain the reason.Sampleresponse:Well,I believe all types of music are enjoyable, however, I would mention Hip Pop tobe the lowest of my ranking. For me, a graceful piece of music should containeither the beautiful lyrics or the sounding rhythms. But the first time Ilistened to Hip Pop in a mini concert, I felt like being abandoned on a noisyisland. I barely heard anything clear but dozens of words floating in the air.I could not conce ntrate on the lyrics to understand the songwriter’s thoughts,not to mention having any responsive chord deep in my heart. Though Hip Pop haskind of magic power to make everyone move, it is still hard to touch me in mostof the cases.Task2- With the development of technology, some people believe students will studyon the Internet in the future, while others believe that students should stillstudy in buildings. Which do you agree with and why? Use details and examplesto explain your opinion.Responsetips:Onthe Internet:①The increasing access to the Internetenables students to study whenever and wherever they want. The benefits ofconvenience achieved can help encourage students to individually arrange theirown studying schedules.②As an advanced teachingmethod, the Internet can provide different studying reference, which helpsstudents to learn the more cutting-edge and more precise knowledge. Studentscan hear from different opinions rather than the only voice of teachers in theclassroom.Inbuildings:①The brick-and-mortar classroomgives a more involving atmosphere for students to study, especially for thosewho lack self-control. And there will be less distraction.②To have students sitting underthe same roof can provide them a chance to help each other when facing withproblems and questions.Task3学校新闻说一年级学生宿舍分配不再是random而是根据学生的相同兴趣爱好来分配roommates。
2015英语试题及答案
2015英语试题及答案一、听力理解（共20分）1. What did the man do last weekend?A) He went fishing.B) He went hiking.C) He stayed at home.2. Where are the speakers going to meet?A) At the cinema.B) At the library.C) At the restaurant....20. Why did the woman refuse the job offer?A) The salary was too low.B) She didn't like the working hours.C) She had another job offer.二、阅读理解（共30分）Passage 1What is the main idea of the passage?A) The importance of a good night's sleep.B) The effects of sleep deprivation on health.C) How to improve sleep quality....5. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A) Lack of sleep can affect memory.B) Sleep deprivation can lead to weight gain.C) Everyone needs the same amount of sleep.Passage 2...10. What is the author's purpose in writing this article?A) To persuade readers to change their lifestyle.B) To inform readers about a new scientific discovery.C) To entertain readers with a humorous story.三、完形填空（共20分）11. A) although B) because C) but D) so12. A) less B) fewer C) more D) most...20. A) suggested B) advised C) recommended D) proposed四、语法填空（共15分）21. The book was so interesting that I read it _______ the whole night.A) through B) across C) over D) during22. She _______ the exam, so she didn't need to retake it.A) passed B) failed C) missed D) skipped...30. He is one of the most famous _______ in the world.A) scientists B) artist C) musician D) writer五、短文改错（共15分）31. Last night I went to see a play which was based on a true story.32. There was a lot of traffics on the way to the theatre, so we were late....35. At the end of the play, the audience stood up and gave abig applaud.六、书面表达（共20分）36. Write an essay of about 120 words on the topic "The Importance of Teamwork". You should write clearly and coherently, and support your view with appropriate details.参考答案：一、听力理解1. A2. B3. C4. A5. B6. C7. A8. B9. C 10. A 11. B 12.C 13. A 14. B 15. C 16. A 17. B 18. C 19. A 20. C二、阅读理解Passage 11. B2. C3. A4. B5. CPassage 26. A7. B8. C9. A 10. B三、完形填空11. A 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. C 16. B 17. A 18. C 19. B 20. C四、语法填空21. A 22. A 23. B 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. C 28. A 29. B 30. A五、短文改错31. Correct 32. "traffics" to "traffic" 33. Correct 34. Correct 35. "applaud" to "applause"六、书面表达[略]。
2015托福试题及答案
2015托福试题及答案1. 阅读部分1.1 阅读第一篇1.1.1 问题1：文章主要讨论了什么？答案：文章主要讨论了城市化对环境的影响。
1.1.2 问题2：作者在第二段提出了什么观点？答案：作者认为城市化进程中，城市规划应该更加注重可持续发展。
1.2 阅读第二篇1.2.1 问题1：文章中提到了哪些古代文明？答案：文章中提到了古埃及文明和美索不达米亚文明。
1.2.2 问题2：作者对古代文明的描述有何特点？答案：作者对古代文明的描述强调了它们在农业和建筑方面的成就。
2. 听力部分2.1 听力第一篇2.1.1 问题1：讲座中教授提到了哪种动物的迁徙行为？答案：教授提到了大雁的迁徙行为。
2.1.2 问题2：学生对教授的讲座有什么疑问？答案：学生对大雁迁徙路线的确定方式提出了疑问。
2.2 听力第二篇2.2.1 问题1：对话中两位学生讨论了什么话题？答案：两位学生讨论了即将到来的期末考试。
2.2.2 问题2：学生A对期末考试的态度如何？答案：学生A对期末考试感到紧张和担忧。
3. 口语部分3.1 口语第一题3.1.1 问题：描述你最喜欢的一本书，并解释为什么喜欢它。
答案：我最喜欢的一本书是《小王子》，因为它用简单的故事传达了深刻的人生哲理。
3.2 口语第二题3.2.1 问题：你更喜欢在图书馆学习还是在咖啡店学习？为什么？答案：我更喜欢在图书馆学习，因为那里环境安静，有助于集中注意力。
4. 写作部分4.1 综合写作4.1.1 问题：阅读材料和讲座中关于城市交通问题的观点有哪些不同？答案：阅读材料认为增加公共交通可以缓解交通拥堵，而讲座则认为应该鼓励人们使用自行车和步行。
4.2 独立写作4.2.1 问题：你认为政府应该投资教育还是环境保护？为什么？答案：我认为政府应该投资教育，因为教育是社会发展的基础，能够提高公民的整体素质，从而促进环境保护。
以上是2015年托福考试的部分试题及答案示例。
2015年-16年学位统考听力及答案
2015年1月Section A (1 point each)Directions:In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. Theconversations and the questions will be read only once. Choose the best answer fromthe four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar acrossthe square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.1. A. Try job agencies.B. Read newspaper ads.C. Receive extra training.D. Contact other people.2. A. About six and a half hours.B. About seven and a half hours.C. About seven hours.D. About eight hours.3. A. Live a simple life for 30 years.B. Rent a three-bedroom flat in 1984.C. Buy a three-bedroom flat in 1984.D. Save money for 30 years.4. A. Those with a degree in Education earn more.B. Not everyone with a degree earns more.C. Those with a degree in Media Studies earn more.D. It is hard to get a degree in Media Studies.5. A. The man’s wife.B. The man’s car.C. The man’s dog.D. The man’s boss.6. A. At a fast food restaurant. B. At home.C. At a delivery company.D. At a post office.7. A. She is too young to travel alone.B. Her husband has just left home.C. Her husband has passed away.D. She doesn’t lo ve her husband.8. A. She took a long walk.B. She stayed up late.C. She felt very sad.D. She had a cold.9. A. A doctor and a patient.B. A teacher and a student.C. A police officer and a driver.D. A customer and a waiter.Section B (1 point each)Directions:In this section you will hear two mini-talks. At the end of each talk, there will be some questions. Both the talks and the questions will be read to you only once. After eachquestion, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answerfrom the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.Mini-talk One10. A. Help them with their homework.B. Emphasize the importance of education.C. Attend school events.D. All the above.11. A. By limiting the time a child spends watching TV.B. By talking about school with their children.C. By reminding a child of his psychological problems.D. By respecting a c hild’s need to watch screens.12. A. Because they enjoy flying in a helicopter.B. Because they promote parent-school programs.C. Because they push the child to improve academically.D. Because they make efforts to reduce class size.Mini-talk Two13. A. 25 percent cheaper.B. 2.5 percent cheaper.C. 2.3 percent cheaper.D. 1.7 percent cheaper.14. A. To make international calls.B. To assign calls local numbers.C. To ensure the quality of calls.D. All the above.15. A. America.B. China.C. Britain.D. Holland.Section C (1 point each)Directions: In this section you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about the lecture. You will hear the recording twice. After the recording you areasked to write down your answers on the Answer Sheet. You now have 25 seconds toread the notes below.(请在录音结束后把16-20题的答案抄写在答题纸上)16. But before we talk about it, let’s first take a look at the ________ (two words) of sleep.17. …it is particularly vital to those learning a physical skill, such as mastering a ________ (twowords) or a sporting skill….18. Deep sleep stages are vital to your mood because they are ________ (two words) theproduction of growth hormones that help repair damaged tissue.19. This stage plays a vital role in ________ (three words).20. …and this sequence repeats itself again and again ________ (three words).2015年1月听力答案:Section A1. D2. B3. C4. B5.C6. A7. C8. B9. ASection B10. D 11. A 12. C 13. A 14. D 15. BSection C16. five stages17. musical instrument18. associated with19. enhancing your memory20. throughout the night2015年6月PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (25 minutes, 20 points)Section A (1 point each)Directions:In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. Theconversations and the questions will be read only once. Choose the best answer fromthe four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar acrossthe square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.1. A. It was wet.B. It was blood-stained.C. It was dirty with dust.D. It was torn.2. A. Doctors can fix his problem.B. Health care is very expensive.C. It is too small a problem to get treated.D. Doctors can do nothing about his problem.3. A. Smoking is stupid.B. Smoking is cool.C. Smoking in public places is offensive.D. Smoking one cigarette is enough.4. A. Come back quickly.B. Move ahead with the line.C. Answer the call.D. Remember this place.5. A. He enjoys watching Peking Opera.B. He doesn’t drink tea very often.C. He knows nothing about Peking Opera.D. He is not interested in Peking Opera.6. A. 858-405-3410.B. 405-858-3410.C. 885-450-4310.D. 848-405-3140.7. A. She doesn’t want their relations mentioned.B. No one else will help the man except herself.C. The man has always been in trouble.D. She’ll help the man out of any trouble.8. A. John’s job differs from that of his family members.B. John is a family member with a bad reputation.C. John will not stay in jail for a long time.D. John has been driven out of the family.9. A. She smells something burn.B. She dislikes the smell in the house.C. She feels something is wrong.D. She is afraid that the house is on fire.Section B (1 point each)Directions:In this section you will hear two mini-talks. At the end of each talk, there will be some questions. Both the talks and the questions will be read to you only once. After eachquestion, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answerfrom the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Mini-talk one10. A. Because they can better imitate new sounds.B. Because they know more about language learning.C. Because they have many experienced teachers.D. Because they can already speak one language.11. A. To learn the two languages simultaneously.B. To focus on his first language development.C. To choose one of the two languages to learn.D. To learn the second language at school age.12. A. Between five and eight.B. The moment one is born.C. As early as possible.D. Between eleven and thirteen.Mini-talk Two13. A. Because of the high salary students demanded.B. Because of the postponed search for jobs.C. Because of the economic recession.D. For lack of competent candidates.14. A. 45,000 dollars. B. 62,000 dollars.C. 54,000 dollars.D. 26,000 dollars.15. A. To prepare admission applications.B. To conduct interviews among teachers.C. To improve their chances of employment.D. To offer lectures on fire fighting.Section C (1 point each)Directions: In this section you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about the lecture. You will hear the recording twice. After the recording you areasked to write down your answers on the Answer Sheet. You now have 25 seconds toread the notes below.(请在录音结束后把16-20题的答案抄写在答题纸上)16. It uses a heating element that vaporizes a __________ (two words).17. E-cigarettes are designed to look like real cigarettes as a method of helping people_________ (three words).18. A recent study…has shown e-cigarette use among school students in the U.S. ______________ (three words) between 2011 and 2012.19. The ______________ (two words) of e-cigarettes among young people has raised concerns from a number of organizations.20. …in order to ensure the safety and quality of e-cigarettes, and that their marketing and sales are ________________ (three words).2015年6月听力答案Section A1. B2. D3. C4. A5.D6. A7. D8. B9. CSection B10. B 11. A 12. D 13. C 14. B 15. CSection C16. liquid solution17. quit the habit18. more than doubled19. increasing popularity20. restricted to adults2016年1月Section A (1 point each)Directions:In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. Theconversations and the questions will be read only once. Choose the best answer fromthe four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar acrossthe square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.1. A.Because it is raining heavily.B. Because they want to have a picnic.C. Because there is too much traffic.D. Because the location is not easy to find.2. A. Eat in the new cafeteria.B.Save some extra money.C.Look for an evening job.D. Pay the bill and leave.3. A. He will buy a ring for her.B. He will organize the session.C. He will meet Sally right away.D.He will give Sally a call.4. A. A receptionist.B. A shop assistant.C. A fee collector.D. A bus conductor.5. A. The man ought to stop practicing.B. The man is a perfect pianist.C. The man should keep practicing.D. The man can have a good rest.6. A. Because he was too busy to buy her a present.B. Because he forgot about her birthday.C. Because he couldn’t buy her the album.D. Because he spent a fortune on the new CD.7. A. Put more money in the parking meter.B. Place an order at the restaurant.C. Get some change from the restaurant.D. Park his car in another parking lot.8. A. Comparing men with women makes no sense.B. Men are mostly smarter than women.C. Women have better physical strength.D. Men normally prefer apples to bananas.9. A. She will start a huge new project.B. She will have supper with him.C. She will go to a party this evening.D. She can’t afford any time to dine out.Section B (1 point each)Directions:In this section you will hear two mini-talks. At the end of each talk, there will be some questions. Both the talks and the questions will be read to you only once. After eachquestion, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answerfrom the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.Mini-talk One10. A.As much as possible. B. An average-sized handful.C. More than 20 grams.D. Higher than suggested before.11. A. Because they contain added oils and sugars.B. Because the healthy nutrients are killed.C. Because they are high in fat and calories.D. Because they have less protein and minerals.12. A. Chronic diseases.B. Death from cancer.C. Acute diseases.D. Heart disease.Mini-talk Two13. A. Near the Potomac River.B. At the National Harbor.C. Just outside Maryland.D. Inside Washington DC.14. A. $15. B. $14. C. $50. D. $55.15. A. The Singapore Flyer.B.The Star of Nanchang.C. The London Eye.D.The High Roller.Section C (1 point each)Directions: In this section you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about the lecture. You will hear the recording twice. After the recording you areasked to write down your answers on the Answer Sheet. You now have 25 seconds toread the notes below.(请在录音结束后把16-20题的答案抄写在答题纸上)16. Exercise has been proven to_________ (3 words) and relieve stress.17. You need to know where notes are at all times to study –especially those_________ (2words)right before a quiz.18. Attendance is part of your grade and just_________ (2 words)will ensure you 10% of yourgrade.19. Make sure you study notes, because simply writing the notes will not guaranteeyou_________(3 words).20. Do not let yourself _________(2 words)if everyone finishes before you; a good grade will beworth it.2016年1月听力答案Section A1. A2.C3. D4. B5.C6.B7.C8. A9. D Section B10. B 11. A12.C 13. B 14. A15. DSection C16. stimulate the brain17.precious seconds18.showing up19.know the material20.be scared。
2015年托福考试写作真题整理-推荐下载
2015年真题2015年1月10日考题All university students should be required to take basic science courses even if they are not the field of their study.2015年1月11日考题The most important characteristic of a successful politician or leader is good communication skills.2015年1月25日考题It is better for colleagues or classmates to communicate in person than through emails in order to do a project.2015年1月31日考题The rules that the whole society today expects young people to follow and obey are too strict.2015年2月1日考题Movies and television have more negative effects than positive effects on the behaviors of young people.2015年3月7日考题（第一次两套试题）Taking children to field trips (for example, to a museum) is a better way of education than learning at school in a classroom.2015年3月7日考题People will spend less time on cooking food in twenty years.2015年3月14日考题People spend too much money on their pets even though there can other good ways to spend money.2015年3月28日考题It is better to finish a project completely and then do another project than do two or more projects at the same time.2015年4月12日考题The Internet is as important as other service, such as building roads, so government should make the Internet access to all the citizens at no cost.2015年4月18日考题Some people always follow their dreams even if the dreams are ambitious. Some think we should focus on achieving realisticgoals. Which do you agree with?2015年5月9日考题All university students should be required to take history courses no matter what field they study.2015年5月16日考题When people spend a lot of time watching sports on television or following their favorite team, it has negative effects on their lives.2015年5月24日考题Which do you think is the best way for a student to make friends?a. joining a sports teamb. participating in community activitiesc. traveling2015年5月30日考题When you have a friend for a long time, whether you will continue the friendship even he or she does something you do not like.2015年6月13日考题It is better to spend money on traveling and vacation than savemoney for the future.2015年6月14日考题Playing sports teaches people lessons about life.2015年6月27日考题It is better to make friends who are intelligent than those with a good sense of humor.2015年7月4日考题Children can benefit in important ways from taking care of animal pets.2015年7月11日考题Teachers should be paid at least as much as doctors, lawyers or business leaders are paid.2015年7月12日考题These days, children spend more time on doing homework or participating in organized activities related to school or sports. However, they would be given more time to do whatever they want.2015年8月22日考题The most effective way for government to encourage energy conservation is to increase the price of gasoline and electricity.2015年8月30日考题It is important to have rules about the types of clothing that people are allowed to wear at work and school.2015年9月5日考题In order to attract more tourists, which should government do: to improve the safety by hiring more police or to repair old buildings and streets?2015年9月12日考题In order to succeed, it is better to be like to others rather than different from everybody else.2015年9月13日考题Older people need to learn the new things as well as the young people.2015年9月17日考题Grandparents cannot give useful advice to their grandchildren because the world of today and the world of fifty years ago are too different.2015年9月19日考题Nowadays, students do many things like surfing the Internet, listening to music when they are learning. Do you agree or disagree that doing other things impose bad effect on learning?2015年10月10日考题Which is better for children's education: 9-month study and 3-month break or 3-month study and 1-month break?2015年10月11日考题It is a waste of money for government to fund space travel or space exploration.2015年10月24日考题School should be more focused on improving facilities (libraries, computers, or labs) for students than on hiring famous professors.2015年10月25日考题People in the past were friendlier than people today.2015年10月31日考题Which one is the most important for teacher of high school? a. the ability to help students plan for their future b. the ability to find the students who need help most and help them c. teach students how to learn outside the classroom.2015年11月8日考题The school has been funding for students to participate in different types of activities, but this year, since the lack of money, the school will fund one activity, which one do you think is the one the school should fund: sports, arts and volunteering (help the development of the community)?.2015年11月14日考题When parents cannot afford time to accompany with their children, they could choose to send their children to a child-care center where many children are cared together, or they could send their children to an individual caregiver. Which one is better?2015年11月15日考题The more money people have, the more money they should give away to charity.2015年11月21日考题The most important things people learn are from their families.2015年11月28日考题It is more important for the government to spend more money on art and music museums than on facilities, like playgrounds and public swimming pools.2015年11月29日考题One quality that a successful leader must have is to make decision quickly; when a leader takes too much time to make decisions, he will be seen as ineffective to the people he leads.2015年12月5日考题Government should provide free access to the Internet; the individual should access to the Internet without paying anything.2015年12月12日考题Some companies provide important products or service, but also damage environment. Some people believe that government should require more penalty, higher tax and larger fine of these companies, while others believe there are better ways. Which do you prefer?2015年12月13日考题Some people think that older children should be required to take care of the younger children. Others think that this should be done by parents or other adults. Which do you prefer?2015年12月19日考题Do you think that the best leader should spend more time listening to other people's ideas than talking his own ideas?2015年12月20日考题To improve health, change an aspect in life: a. kinds of food to eat b. the amount of exercise c. the amount of stress.。
2015年1月10日新托福阅读考题回顾
新托福阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心王婧考试日期2015.01.10Passage 1Title:16世纪手工艺人如何出现衰退的问题大致内容16世纪后期由于r现象，削弱了artisan的繁荣发展（有题），一些技术的发展使得成本上升，手工艺人无法承担（有题），原料的买卖大权掌握在big merchants手中（有题），穷苦的手工艺人只能依靠便宜的local materials（有推论题），很多独立的producers沦为大商人的employees, 同时，他们又担心rural areas的发展，因为那里成本更低，更好招人（有题）。
分析：本文属于历史类文章，关注的是手工艺人和新兴科技的关系，在TPO中有很多类似的文章，例如TPO 16 Trade and the Ancient Middle East, 考生可以参考并了解背景知识。
Passage 2Title:History and Disease大致内容讲了disease的三个历史阶段。
第一个阶段是infection, 在这之前很少有传染病，因为人们居住分散，接触不够（有题），然后农业发展，接触动物和其他人多了，疾病开始大规模传染，包括土壤里的生物、食物等因素（有否定题，答案是rotted那个）。
第二个阶段是慢性病，医疗发展了，基本杜绝了传染病，但现代人的生活让慢性病比如心脏病、肺结核等更普遍（有题）。
第三个阶段是现代社会，传染病重新出现，慢性病也没克服，多种以前没有的疾病出现。
有一题是跟抗药性的细菌有关。
分析：本文属于生物类与历史类文章的综合题材，并涉及少量医学相关内容。
因此生词较多，较难理解，会造成阅读上的障碍。
建议考生课后可了解相关背景知识和词汇。
Passage 3Title:空气中氧气的形成大致内容最初大气中没有氧气。
通过和太阳的比较，现在空气中比以前少了一些元素（有题），有人说是火山爆发导致的（有题），其实氧气产生包括小部分的p物质，即水分解放出氧，和大部分的par sis, 即植物转化，这两个来源（有题）。
2015年1月托福真题回忆及解析
2015年1月托福真题回忆及解析【导语】人生就像一杯没有加糖的咖啡，喝起来是苦涩的，回味起来却有久久不会退去的余香。
没有人陪你走一辈子，所以你要适应孤独，没有人会帮你一辈子，所以你要奋斗一生。
与其用泪水悔恨昨天，不如用汗水拼搏今天。
当眼泪流尽的时候，留下的应该是坚强。
不求与人相比，但求超越自己!以下是无忧考网为大家搜集整理的2015年1月托福部分真题，希望可以帮到你！2015年1月托福共举行了四场考试分别是1月10日、1月11日、1月25日、1月31日。
1月10日托福独立口语真题回忆：Task 1: Talk about a kind of music you enjoy the least,explain why you don, t like it. SampleThe kind of music I don^ t listen to that much is Classical music. Ithink they are super boring. They^ re usually very slow and long. Some pieces last for more than half an hour. I don, t even know what they’re about! And when they do get faster and louder, they sound evenangrier than Death Metal. Second, there’ s no lyrics. When I listen toa song, not only I enjoy the melody, but I also want to listen to thewords. Song writers 1 ike Bob Dylan wrote beautiful lyrics, that you can say they ’ re like poems on their own.Task 2: Do you think universities in the future will on day stopgiving lessons in classrooms, they might give online courses instead.SampleI think universities will continue giving lessons in class rather thanonline in the future. Online courses have their limitations. I had one Biography professor who once brought a life frog in class. He even let the frog jump around the classroom, and showed us how long its legs were, and how they were used for jumping. We had such a good time learningbecause the class was exciting and engaging. How do you do such things online? I tried taking online courses before. They? re ok, but I found it extremely difficult to keep myself focused for too long.写作范文赏析【独立写作】Do you agree or disagree with the statement: University students should be required to take basic science classes even if they are not part of thefield of the study.University courses lay a very solid academic foundation for the future development of college students. Facing the great selections of these courses, some people say that, basic science should be made compulsory forcollege students, for the reason that they could be more familiar with the advancement and evolution of human society. I disagree. I believe, despite minor merits, asking student of all majors to attend basic science classes would cause problems.To begin with, science courses would put more academic pressure on students. College students have already had to study many theory and professional subjects related to their majors and their schedule is very tight. For example, a medical student is not only obliged to finish his professional papers for credit, but he also needs to find the opportunity to get clinical experience. His load is so heavy that he could not afford to take any irrelevant courses, such as basic science. In this case, schools should not add this course, because students would worry whether they could finish their homework on time and how they would pass final examinations.Furthermore, a required science course would lead to unnecessary cost for parents and students. To guarantee the quality of lecturing, colleges have to hire talented and senior science professors and experts, such as those from the best-known universities or scientific research institutes. This would increase the cost of schooling. Normally, a lecture given by a famous science professor costs over 1,000 dollars. These costs would be reflected in the tuition fee, and would deprive many underprivileged students of an opportunity for education.Admittedly, taking basic science courses does have its merits. As a subject aiming to explain how the universe exits, basic science broaden student' s range of knowledge and enhance their analytical skills. Students could gain a deep understanding about the world they live in. Lots of methods to solve problems will be gained through basic science. However, this knowledge could be acquired by other method other than required courses. TV documentaries and books are all available options for student to learn basic science.In conclusion, although there are some small benefits to requiring basic science courses, making every college student attend such classes would overburden the students both academically and financially.2015年1月10日托福真题回忆：第一篇：Desease 的三个历史阶段，第一个 infectious 阶段，在这之前很少传染病，因为人民居住分散接触不够（有题），但农业的发展大大增加了 epidemics,包括土壤里的生物、储存的食物等因素（有否定题，应该是选 rotted 那个)，第二阶段是慢性病，医疗发展基本杜绝传染病，但现代人的生活让慢性病比如心脏病肺结核等更普遍（有题)，第三阶段是现在，抗药性的细菌（有题）和慢性病一起来解析:本文属于生物类与历史类文章的跨学科题材，涉及到少有的医学相关内容。
2015年1月10日新托福写作考题回顾
新托福写作考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心丁仡然考试日期：2015.01.10Task 1INTEGRATED 综合写作讨论鸟类的一种行为：anting（鸟类为了驱除身上的寄生虫，通过滚擦把蚂蚁蓄于羽间的习性）阅读文章要点：anting行为有好处1. 鸟一般在夏天换羽毛，anting这种行为也大多发生在夏天，蚂蚁释放的酸性物质能够缓解鸟类换羽毛的不愉悦感；2. Anting可以减少害虫，蚂蚁释放的酸可以杀死寄生虫（parasite)；3. Anting行为是food preparation, 让蚂蚁把酸释放掉，让ant更好吃。
听力逐一反驳：anting行为没有这些好处1. 换羽毛和anting都在夏天可能只是巧合，夏天蚂蚁多，所以anting behavior出现可能是因为鸟可以找到更多蚂蚁吃；2. 如果可以除寄生虫的话，有anting行为的鸟类身上的寄生虫数量应该比没有anting行为的鸟类要少，但事实上并不是这样，所以寄生虫数量和anting 行为没有直接的关系；3. 鸟类的anting行为不一定是要吃掉ant, 举了一种其他动物的例子，鸟类并没有吃掉它，所以anting和eating没有直接关系。
Task 2 INDEPENDENT 独立写作话题类别教育类考题文字：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?All university students should be required totake basic science courses even if they arenot part of the field of the study.本次写作考试点评：1月10日托福考试是2015年的第一场托福考试，综合写作依然是美国人比较喜欢的动物类的话题，而独立写作则考了相对容易写的教育类的话题。
综合任务是动物类，相对而言难度还是有一点的，学生要注意把握文章里关于各种鸟类动物的单词，比如：羽毛（feather），寄生虫（parasite），酸性（sourness）等核心词汇，因为考生不熟悉动物类题材，或者对anting这种动物行为不熟悉的话，会造成信息的不准确记录或者遗漏。
2015听力真题
第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话，每段对话后有一个小题。
从题中所给的A,B,C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirt?A. £ 19.15B. £ 9.18C. £ 9.15 答案是C。
1. What time is it now?A. 9:10B. 9:50C. 10:002. What does the woman think of the weather?A. It’s nice.B. It’s warmC. It’s cold.3. What will the man do?A. Attend a meeting.B. Give a lectureC. Leave his office.4. What is the woman’s opinion about the course?A. Too hardB. Worth taking.C. Very easy.5. What does the woman want the man to do?A. Speak louderB. Apologize to her.C. Turn off the radio. 第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白，每段话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听每段对话或独白，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间，每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。
6. How long did Michael stay in China?A. Five days.B. One week.C. Two weeks.7. Where did Michael go last year?A. RussiaB. NorwayC. India听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。
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1月10号的听力整体来说考试难度中等，听力全部为美音。
对话部分一个办公时间场景，一个服务咨询场景。
在lecture部分，四篇分别为自然科学——天文学，生命科学——动物，艺术——美术绘画和社会科学——考古学的经典分类。
总体上来说，四篇文章都没有特别生僻的词汇或者背景知识。
加试部分是经典加试(学生丢ID卡+神经元细胞+浪漫主义诗人华兹华斯)
Conversation 1：女学生想加入爵士乐队。
尽管专业是其它，但是音乐是爱好，想继续保持，但是教授的team已经不缺人，教授建议她自己多关注website，student band会更新信息。
解析：有关社团生活的篇章。
开篇在寒暄之后直接进入主题：学生想加入爵士乐队;但是教授的team 目前不缺人，这里直接对应PCS结构的P，对应的Solution是：教授建议她自己多关注website，student band会更新信息。
想冲高分的同学不仅要听懂每句话的意思，还要思考信息之间的逻辑关系，在笔记中理清篇章的结构和思路，因为题目不仅是会考察主旨和细节题，还有推断题和总结归纳题呦~TPO中有关社团生活的篇章有：TPO11 L1，TPO15 L1, TPO26L1。
对应词汇： Jazz band爵士乐队;Student Union学生会;Club 俱乐部;Membership成员资格。
Lecture 1：天文学：矮行星是如何形成的，与行星的区别。
一个是ejection theory，跟gravity的原因有关。
第二个就是吸收的material无法发光，屏幕给了这两个theory的名词提醒。
解析：天文学作为讲座考察的重点学科之一，果不其然亮相2015年第一场考试中。
天文学的相关词汇和背景知识对于刚开始接触考试的学生来说是必不可少的备考材料。
上过精品班的同学们肯定是成竹在胸吧!还没有积累过的同学们也可以通过CCTV的纪录片“恒星的一生”来了解~TPO中天文学篇章有：
TPO13L6，TPO18 L2，TPO24 L6。
Lecture 2：社会科学类。
人类从什么时候开始cultivate，然后举了个小麦的例子，后面又说data
用电脑分析。
解析：关于人类发展的历史这个话题也是ETS常考话题之一，TPO 中相关篇章有：TPO14 L6，TPO23 L2，TPO24 L5。
平时同学们可以通过阅读、纪录片等等途径拓展自己的知识面~
Conversation 2：学生做了个tripplan给学生参观华盛顿，然后会有晚餐还有表演。
部门的director 就说要多填个form反映问题，好像是学校的policy变了。
然后说performance,由history club表演，drama club写剧本，director说很棒。
不过她担心场地问题还有资金问题，学生说提前买票会便宜。
解析：相比第一篇对话来说学术性稍微加强了一些，但是终究只是浅显的一笔带过，还是以解决问题为主要目的，所以同学们听的时候还是要关注对话的结构和各个重要信息，理清信息点之间的逻辑关系，就不用担心啦~
Lecture 3：艺术类。
讲一幅画究竟画的莎士比亚。
在一个private collection上第一次出现，有人说画像中的人是莎士比亚。
但一直有debate,因为觉得当时的playwright没有地位，不能穿这样的衣服。
解析：有没有小伙伴觉得这个篇章内容很熟悉啊~ETS已经懒到频繁使用相同的篇章~不过对于勤于关注听老师说和真考信息的同学们来说肯定是有帮助的~艺术类话题往往考察出名的一个艺术家，所以大家知识背景可以快快积累起来~~TPO中相关的篇章有： TPO3 L5，TPO15 L5，TPO21 L6。
Lecture 4：生命科学类。
动物储存食物。
教授说有两种研究。
一种是一天给早餐，一天不给。
一段时间后，即使天天给，鸟类也会在一三五早上为了future来store食物。
另一种是鸟类分两组，一组store
食物时，有其他鸟observe,另一组store食物时没有其他鸟observe。
然后发现第一组会在其他鸟走后重新store食物。
结论是鸟类有future plan,还用mental思考。
解析：动物学的内容大致可以分为动物的进化和动物行为两个话题，而动物行为考察的相对会更频繁一些，所以相关的动物名称以及动物行为的单词还是很有必要积累积累的，特别是动物的哺育(parenting)行为，进食(feed)，休眠(dormancy)行为，自我保护(self-protection)行为，以及繁殖(reproduce)行为和动物栖息(habitat)现象~动物TPO对应篇章是：TPO8 L2，TPO16 L5，TPO23 L5。
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