Ramesh,s Study Guide(1)-思科认证试题

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思科认证CCNA认证试题和答案中文版

思科认证CCNA认证试题和答案中文版思科认证CCNA认证试题和答案中文版想要获得思科认证，首先要参加由思科推荐并授权的培训中心(Cisco Training Partner，简称CTP)所开设的培训课程。

完成学业后再到由全球考试机构Sylvan Prometric授权的.考试中心参加由思科指定的科目的认证考试。

通过指定的系列科目考试后，学员就可以获得相应分支系列等级的资格认证。

下面是店铺为大家搜集的相关试题，供大家参考练习。

16、路由器A串口0配置如下interface serial0link-protocol pppppp pap local-user huawei password simple quidwayip address 2.2.2.1 255.0.0.0路由器B串口及全局配置如下local-user huawei service-type ppp password simple quidway!interface serial0link-protocol pppppp authentication-mode papip address 2.2.2.2 255.0.0.0当两台路由器串口0相连时，两台路由器是否可以连接到对端()(A) 能(B) 不能答案：A17、关于千兆以太网，以下说法正确的是( )(A) IEEE802.3ab定义了千兆以太网(B) 在同一冲突域中，千兆以太网不允许中继器的互连(C) IEEE802.3z专门定义了千兆以太网在双绞线上的传输标准(D) 千兆以太网支持网络速率的自适应，可以与快速以太网自动协商传输速率答案：AB参考知识点：华为3com认证教材第一册3-8页18、高层的协议将数据传递到网络层后，形成( )，而后传送到数据链路层(A) 数据帧(B) 信元(C) 数据包(D) 数据段答案：C参考知识点：华为3com认证教材第一册1-20页19、在路由器上配置帧中继静态map必须指定( )参数(A) 本地的DLCI(B) 对端的DLCI(C) 本地的协议地址(D) 对端的协议地址答案：AD20、路由器的主要性能指标不包括( )(A) 延迟(B) 流通量(C) 帧丢失率(D) 语音数据压缩比答案：D【思科认证CCNA认证试题和答案中文版】。

思科认证CCNA认证试题与答案中文版

(A) 224. 0. 0.5 (B) 127. 32. 5. 62 (0202. 112.5.0 (D) 162. 111. 111. Ill
答案：D 注释:这个题目不是太严谨,应该加上子网掩码. A:224. 0. 0. 5 是多播地址 B: 127. 0.0. 0 保留作为测试使用 C:网络地址 26、设置主接口由 up 转 down 后延迟 30 秒切换到备份接口，主接口由 down 转 up 后 60 秒钟切换回主接口的配置为()
忍一句，息一怒，饶一着，退一步。——《增广贤文》
人之为学，不日进则日退，独学无友，则孤陋而难成；久处一方，则习染而不自觉。——《顾炎武》
答案：D 注释:255. 255. 255. 255 是全网广播,DHCP 客户端发送全网广播来查找 DHCP 服务器. 24、下而有关 NAT 叙述正确的是() (A) NAT 是英文“地址转换”的缩写，又称地址翻译 (B) XAT 用来实现私有地址与公用网络地址之间的转换 (C) 当内部网络的主机访问外部网络的时候，一定不需要 NAT (D) 地址转换的提出为解决 IP 地址紧张的问题提供了一个有效途径答案:ABD 25、以下属于正确的主机的 IP 地址的是()
(A) arp-a (B) traceroute (C) routeprint (D) displayiprouting-table
答案：D 23、 D0. 0. 0 (B) 10. 0. 0. 1 (0127. 0. 0. 1 (D)255. 255. 255. 255
192. 168. 1. 1
答案：D 注释:PC 的'默认网关要指向路由器的以太网口的 IP 地址. 28、 ISDNB 信道速率是()
(A) 16kbps (B) 64kbps

思科练习题答案

思科练习题答案在本文中，我将为您提供思科练习题的答案。

这些答案旨在帮助您更好地理解和应用思科网络技术。

请一起来看看吧！第一题问题：什么是子网掩码？它的作用是什么？答案：子网掩码是一个32位长的二进制数字，用于确定一个IP地址中哪些位用于网络地址，以及哪些位用于主机地址。

它的作用是帮助划分IP地址，将一个大网络划分为多个小网络，以提高网络的安全性和效率。

第二题问题：请解释什么是VLAN？答案：VLAN（Virtual Local Area Network）是一种将网络设备按逻辑上的需求进行逻辑划分的技术。

通过VLAN，可以将不同的设备划分到不同的虚拟网络中，实现逻辑上的隔离和管理。

这样可以提高网络的可管理性和安全性。

第三题问题：请列举一些常见的网络设备。

答案：常见的网络设备包括路由器、交换机、网关、防火墙等。

路由器用于在不同网络之间进行数据转发和路由选择；交换机用于在局域网中转发数据包；网关用于连接不同类型的网络；防火墙用于保护网络免受恶意攻击。

第四题问题：请解释什么是IP地址？IP地址的分类有哪些？答案：IP地址（Internet Protocol Address）是互联网中用于标识设备的地址。

它由32位的二进制数字组成，通常表示为四个十进制数，每个数的取值范围为0-255。

IP地址的分类主要有A类、B类、C类、D类和E类。

其中，A类地址用于大型网络，B类地址用于中型网络，C类地址用于小型网络，D类地址用于多播，E类地址为保留地址。

第五题问题：请解释什么是动态主机配置协议（DHCP）？答案：动态主机配置协议（DHCP）是一种网络协议，用于自动分配IP地址给网络上的设备。

通过DHCP，设备可以在加入网络时自动获取一个可用的IP地址、子网掩码、网关等网络配置信息，从而实现网络的自动化配置和管理。

总结：通过本文，我们回答了几个与思科网络技术相关的练习题。

我们了解了子网掩码的作用，学习了VLAN的概念，认识到了常见的网络设备，了解了IP地址的分类以及动态主机配置协议（DHCP）的工作原理。

思科认证考试试题

思科认证考试试题该公司针对其产品的网络规划和网络支持推出了工程师资格认证计划(Cisco Career Certification Program，简称CCCP)，并要求其在各国的代理拥有这样的工程师，以提高对用户的'服务质量，建立Cisco产品网络工程师的资格认证体系。

ip classlessip default-network 198.0.18.0ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 198.0.18.5ip http serverRTR_1#show ip route192.168.36.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnetsC 192.168.36.12 is directly connected, Serial 0/0192.168.60.0/24 is variably subnetted, 5 subnets, 2 masksC 192.168.60.24/30 is directly connected, Serial0/1D 192.168.60.128/28 [ 90/21026560 ] via 192.168.60.26, 00:00:57, Serial 0/1D 192.168.60.144/28 [ 90/21026560 ] via 192.168.60.26, 00:00:57, Serial 0/1D 192.168.60.96/28 [ 90/21026560 ] via 192.168.36.14, 00:00:57, Serial 0/0192.168.77.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnetsC 192.168.77.32 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0C 192.0.18.0/24 is directly connected, Serial 1/0*S 0.0.0.0 via 198.0.18.5Explanation:Step1:Identify the faults in configuration on RTR_1 and RTR_2. As the SIM specifies all other inter connectivity and internet access for the existing locations of the company are working properly.Routing Protocols used in the SIM is EIGRP with AS 212 as provided by exhibit.Faults Identified:Wrong AS (EIGRP 22) provided at RTR_2 (New router)RTR_1 does not advertise the new network between RTR_1 and RTR_2 into EIGRP.We need to correct the above two configuration mistakes to have full connectivityStep2: Correcting the EIGRP AS to 212Wrong AS (EIGRP 22) provided at RTR_2 (New router)All routers that want to exchange routes within EIGRP needs to be in same Autonomous System.Step 2.1:First we need to remove the current wrong EIGRP AS 22 from Router RTR_2Click on Host-F to get CLI of RTR_2RTR_2>enablePassword : cisco (Provided by SIM Q )RTR_2#conf tRTR_2(conf)#Step 2.2:Removing the wrong EIGRP routing process with AS 22RTR_2(conf)#no router eigrp 22The above statement removes all the EIGRP configuration configured for AS 22 .Step 2.3:Adding the correct EIGRP configurationStart the EIGRP routing process with AS 212RTR_2(conf)#router eigrp 212Step 2.4:Advertise the directly connected networks into EIGRP on RTR_2Fa 0/0 - 192.168.77.34Fa 1/0 - 192.168.60.81Fa 0/1 - 192.168.60.65RTR_2(config-router)#network 192.168.60.0RTR_2(config-router)#network 192.168.77.0RTR_2(config-router)#no auto-summaryRTR_2(config-router)#endStep 2.5:Important save the changes made to router RTR_2RTR_2#copy run startStep 3:RTR_1 does not advertise the new network between RTR_1 and RTR_2 into EIGRP.Click on Host-G to get CLI of RTR_1The network 192.168.77.0 is used between RTR_1 Fa0/0 - RTR_2 Fa 0/0This network needs to be advertise into EIGRP routing process at RTR_1RTR_1>enablePassword : cisco (Provided by SIM Q )RTR_1#conf tRTR_1(conf)#Step 3.1:Enter EIGRP routing process for AS 212RTR_1(conf)#router eigrp 212Step 3.2:The network 192.168.77.0 is used between RTR_1 Fa0/0 - RTR_2 Fa 0/0 . Advertise this network into EIGRPRTR_1(config-router)#network 192.168.77.0RTR_1(config-router)#endStep 3.3:Important save the changes made to router RTR_1RTR_1#copy run startVerification:From RTR_2 CLIping RTR_1 Serial 1/0 IP address 198.0.18.6RTR_2#ping 198.0.18.6!!!!!A successful ping shows the new RTR_2 will have fullconnectivity with other routers.Any Questions are welcomed!!!!!。

CCNA Study Notes1(1)-思科认证试题

CCNA Study Notes1(1)-思科认证试题1. Identify and describe the functions of each of the seven layers of the OSI reference model. Physical LayerThe physical layer defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specifications for activating, maintaining, and deactivating the physical link between communicating network systems. Physical layer specifications define such characteristics as voltage levels, timing of voltage changes, physical data rates, maximum transmission distances, and the physical connectors to be used.Data Link LayerThe data link layer provides reliable transit of data across a physical network link. Different data link layer specifications define different network and protocol characteristics, including the following:Physical addressing --Physical addressing (as opposed to network addressing) defines how devices are addressed at the data link layer.Network topology -- Data link layer specifications often define how devices are to be physically connected (such as in a bus or a ring topology).Error notification -- Error notification involves alerting upper layer protocols that a transmission error has occurred.Sequencing of frames --Sequencing of data frames involves the reordering of frames that are transmitted out of sequence.Flow control -- Flow control involves moderating the transmission of data so that the receiving device is not overwhelmed with more traffic than it can handle at one time.The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has subdivided the data link layer into two sublayers: Logical Link Control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC).Network LayerThe network layer provides routing and related functions that allow multiple data links to be combined into an internetwork. This is accomplished by the logical addressing (as opposed to the physical addressing) of devices. The network layer supports both connection-oriented and connectionless service from higher-layer protocols.Transport LayerThe transport layer implements reliable internetwork data transport services that are transparent to upper layers. Transport layer functions typically include the following:Flow control -- Flow control manages data transmission between devices so that the transmitting device does not send more data than the receiving device can process.Multiplexing -- Multi。

思科认证考试题库

思科认证考试题库2016年思科认证考试题库思科认证是由网络领域著名的厂商--Cisco公司推出的'。

是互联网领域的国际权威认证。

思科认证有CCNA、CCDA、CCNP、CCDP、CCSP、CCIP、CCVP、CCIE(又分为针对路由和交换;语音;存储网络;安全;电信运营商)等多种不同级别、不同内容、不同方向的各种认证。

下面一起来看看思科认证的考试题库吧!Below are questions 1-19. To see an explanation for each question, please refer to the explanation link below the question or select explanations on the navigation bar to the left.Questions1. [OxNx] During a TFTP transfer using Cisco Routers what is the numeric value, in decimal, of the destination port field of the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) header?a) 96b) 47c) a random number above 1024d) 69e) none of the above2. [CxNx] What is the standard encapsulation method used by Cisco routers for the Inte rnet Protocol (IP) on it’s Ethernet interfaces?a) SNAPb) ARPAc) NOVELL-ETHERd) DARPAe) Ethernet_802.33. [CxNx] What will be the correct command on a Cisco router to set the IP address of an interface assuming you are at the"router(config-if)#" prompt?a) ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.0b) ip address 1.1.1.1c) ip 1.1.1.1d) ip 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.0e) none of the above4. [CxNx] Which commands will display the IP addresses of all interfaces on a Cisco Router? (Choose all that apply)a) show ip routeb) show ip addressc) show ip interfaced) show interfacee) display ip addresses5. [CxNx] Which of the following commands will display the contents of the ARP cache of your Cisco router?a) show ip arp cacheb) show ip routec) show ip arpd) show arpe) there is no way to display the ARP cache6. [CxNx] Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is the process UM0-411 1T6-530 920-115 2B0-024 2B0-022 :a) Where an IP host resolves it’s IP address by broadcasting it’s MAC address to the network and a BOOTP server assigns it an IP address.b) Where an IP host resolves it’s MAC address by broadcasting to the local network it’s IP address.c) Where an IP host tries to resolve the MAC address of a destination by sending a network broadcast. The destination responds to the broadcast with it’s MAC address.d) Where an IP host resolves a destination IP address by sending a broadcast on the local network and the destination host responds with it’s IP address.e)There is no such process.7. [OxNx] Which of the following applications requires the connection-oriented layer four protocol, TCP? (Choose all that apply)a) Telnetb) FTPc) TFTPd) SNMPe) none of the above8. [RxNx] Which of the following are link state Routing Protocols.(Choose all that apply.)a) IPb) OSPFc) RIPd) EIGRPe) IS-IS9. [CxNx] Of the following commands, identify the correct one for clearing the IP arp table in memory of the router s10-100 2B0-102 190-534 HP0-750.a) clear ip arp-cacheb) clear ip arp-tablec) clear arp-cached) clear arp-tablee) clear arp-ram10. [CxNx] Which of the following explains the correct definition of administrative distance as it pertains to Cisco’s IOSmd0-251 9A0-013 jn0-541 ?a) The process by which routers select an administrator for an autonomous system.b) The process where a router will select the best path to a destination network.c) The process where a router will distance itself from other routers due to it’s lack of administrative experience.d) The process where a router will prioritize routing protocols so that in the event two routing protocols have conflicting next hop addresses, the routing protocol with the lowest administrative distance will take priority.e) The process where a router will prioritize routing protocols so that in the event two routing protocols have conflicting next hop addresses, the routing protocol with the highest administrative distance will take priority.11. [ExNx] Collisions occur whena) multiple packets are placed on a serial linkb) multiple stations listen for traffic and transmit at the same timec) when multiple tokens are on a ring simultaneouslyd) beaconing process takes place12. [RINx] How many subnets are possible with a Class C address and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.252?a) 32b) 30c) 60d) 62e) 413. [RxNx] What commands will list all protocols that are currently being routed? (Choose all that apply.)a) show ip protocolb) show protocolc) show rund) show starte) All of the above14. [xxNx] Which of the following are true of access lists?a) Access list should have at least one permit statement.b) The last configured line should always be a permit statement.c) Every access-list will implicitly deny all traffic.d) Access-lists are processed top down.e) All of the above.15. [xxNx] If the access-group command is configured on an interface and there is no access-list created which of the following is most correct?a) An error message will appear.b) The command will be executed and deny all traffic out.c) The command will be executed and permit all traffic out.d) The command will be executed and permit all traffic in and out.e) The command will be executed and deny all traffic in and out.16. [xxNx] What is the result of the command?" access-list 101 permit tcp any 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 established"a) telnet sessions will be permitted regardless of the source addressb) telnet sessions will be denied regardless of the source addressc) telnet sessions will be denied if initiated from any addressother than 172.16.0.0 networkd) telnet sessions will be permitted to the 172.16.0.0 network onlye) telnet sessions will be denied to the 172.16.0.0 network only17. [xxNx] Which is generally true of the location of access-lists? (Choose all that apply.)a) Standard lists will most likely be placed close to the destination.b) Standard lists will most likely be placed close to the source.c) Extended lists will most likely be placed close to the destination.d) Extended lists will most likely be placed close to the source.e) It does not matter.18. [RxNx] Which of the following is most correct?a) IP is to TCP. as IPX is to SPX.b) RTMP is to Appletalk as IP RIP is to IP.c) NLSP is to IPX as OSPF is to IP.d) a is true.e) b is true.f) a & b are true.g) c is true.h) b & c are true.i) a, b and c are true.。

思科认证试题

思科认证试题思科认证是全球范围内最受欢迎和最具权威性的IT网络技术认证之一。

通过参加思科认证试题的考试，可以获得思科认证的相关认可和证书，这对于从事网络领域的专业人士来说具有重要的意义。

本文将介绍思科认证试题的相关内容，包括试题类型、备考方法和考试注意事项等。

一、试题类型思科认证试题主要包括多项选择题、填空题、简答题和实操题。

多项选择题是最常见的试题形式，主要考察考生对网络技术知识的掌握和理解。

填空题要求考生根据给定的语境或问题，在合适的位置填入正确的答案。

简答题通常要求考生用适当的篇幅回答某个问题，展示对网络技术的深入理解。

而实操题则要求考生在实际操作中解决技术问题，检验其实际操作能力。

思科认证试题的难度和复杂度因不同认证级别而异。

从入门级认证（如CCENT）到专业级认证（如CCNP）再到专家级认证（如CCIE），试题的难度逐渐增加。

对于准备参加思科认证考试的考生来说，了解不同级别试题的特点，对备考和提高通过率有着重要的帮助。

二、备考方法备考思科认证试题时，首先需要了解考试的内容大纲和要求。

认真阅读官方提供的考试大纲，熟悉考察的知识点和技能要求，有针对性地进行学习和准备。

学习资料的选择也是备考的重要环节。

推荐选择官方指定的教材和参考书籍，这些资料经过严格筛选，内容全面、系统、准确。

此外，还可以参考一些优质的网络课程和培训班，通过学习视频、案例分析等方式，获得更多实践经验和技巧。

在备考过程中，刷题是必不可少的环节。

选择合适的试题集，进行有针对性的练习，强化自己的知识和技能。

同时，要养成做笔记的习惯，将重点知识点和易错点记录下来，方便日后查阅和复习。

另外，网络论坛和社群是备考过程中宝贵的资源。

在相关的论坛和社群中，可以与其他准备考试的考生交流心得和经验，获取备考的技巧和建议。

这些互动交流对于提高备考效果和自信心有着积极的作用。

三、考试注意事项在参加思科认证考试之前，应该掌握以下考试注意事项：1.了解考试规则和流程。

思科认证考试(CCNA)考试模拟题集锦(1-71题)及答案

思科认证考试（ＣＣＮＡ）考试模拟题集锦(1-71题)及答案19及答案1. [OxNx] During a TFTP transfer using Cisco Routers what is the numeric value, in decimal, of the destination port field of the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) header? a) 96b) 47c) a random number above 1024d) 69e) none of the above2. [CxNx] What is the standard encapsulation method used by Cisco routers for the Internet Protocol (IP) on it’s Ethernet interfaces?a) SNAPb) ARPAc) NOVELL-ETHERd) DARPAe) Ethernet_802.33. [CxNx] What will be the correct command on a Cisco router to set the IP address of an interface assuming you are at the "router(config-if)#" prompt?a) ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.0b) ip address 1.1.1.1c) ip 1.1.1.1d) ip 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.0e) none of the above4. [CxNx] Which commands will display the IP addresses of all interfaces on a Cisco Router? (Choose all that apply)a) show ip routeb) show ip addressc) show ip interfaced) show interfacee) display ip addresses5. [CxNx] Which of the following commands will display the contents of the ARP cache of your Cisco router?a) show ip arp cacheb) show ip routec) show ip arpd) show arpe) there is no way to display the ARP cache6. [CxNx] Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is the process:a) Where an I P host resolves it’s IP address by broadcasting it’s MAC address to the network and a BOOTP server assigns it an IP address.b) Where an IP host resolves it’s MAC address by broadcasting to the local network it’s IP address.c) Where an IP host tries to resolve the MAC address of a destination by sending a network broadcast. The destination responds to the broadcast with it’s MAC address.d) Where an IP host resolves a destination IP address by sending a broadcast on the local network and the destination host responds with it’s IP address.e)There is no such process.7. [OxNx] Which of the following applications requires the connection-oriented layer four protocol, TCP? (Choose all that apply)a) Telnetb) FTPc) TFTPd) SNMPe) none of the above8. [RxNx] Which of the following are link state Routing Protocols.(Choose all that apply.)a) IPb) OSPFc) RIPd) EIGRPe) IS-IS9. [CxNx] Of the following commands, identify the correct one for clearing the IP arp table in memory of the router.a) clear ip arp-cacheb) clear ip arp-tablec) clear arp-cached) clear arp-tablee) clear arp-ram10. [CxNx] Which of the following explains the correct definition of administrative distance as it pertains to Cisco’s IOS?a) The process by which routers select an administrator for an autonomous system.b) The process where a router will select the best path to a destination network.c) The process where a router will distance itself from other routers due to it’s lack of administrative experience.d) The process where a router will prioritize routing protocols so that in the event two routing protocols have conflicting next hop addresses, the routing protocol with the lowest administrative distance will take priority.e) The process where a router will prioritize routing protocols so that in the event two routing protocols have conflicting next hop addresses, the routing protocol with the highest administrative distance will take priority.11. [ExNx] Collisions occur whena) multiple packets are placed on a serial linkb) multiple stations listen for traffic and transmit at the same timec) when multiple tokens are on a ring simultaneouslyd) beaconing process takes place12. [RINx] How many subnets are possible with a Class C address and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.252?a) 32b) 30c) 60d) 62e) 413. [RxNx] What commands will list all protocols that are currently being routed? (Choose all that apply.)a) show ip protocolb) show protocolc) show rund) show starte) All of the above14. [xxNx] Which of the following are true of access lists?a) Access list should have at least one permit statement.b) The last configured line should always be a permit statement.c) Every access-list will implicitly deny all traffic.d) Access-lists are processed top down.e) All of the above.15. [xxNx] If the access-group command is configured on an interface and there is no access-list created which of the following is most correct?a) An error message will appear.b) The command will be executed and deny all traffic out.c) The command will be executed and permit all traffic out.d) The command will be executed and permit all traffic in and out.e) The command will be executed and deny all traffic in and out.16. [xxNx] What is the result of the command?" access-list 101 permit tcp any 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 established"a) telnet sessions will be permitted regardless of the source addressb) telnet sessions will be denied regardless of the source addressc) telnet sessions will be denied if initiated from any address other than 172.16.0.0 networkd) telnet sessions will be permitted to the 172.16.0.0 network onlye) telnet sessions will be denied to the 172.16.0.0 network only17. [xxNx] Which is generally true of the location of access-lists? (Choose all that apply.)a) Standard lists will most likely be placed close to the destination.b) Standard lists will most likely be placed close to the source.c) Extended lists will most likely be placed close to the destination.d) Extended lists will most likely be placed close to the source.e) It does not matter.18. [RxNx] Which of the following is most correct?a) IP is to TCP. as IPX is to SPX.b) RTMP is to Appletalk as IP RIP is to IP.c) NLSP is to IPX as OSPF is to IP.d) a is true.e) b is true.f) a & b are true.g) c is true.h) b & c are true.i) a, b and c are true.19. [ExNx] If Host A sends a packet to Host B over ethernet and Host B is not active:a) The packet will time out.b) The packet will be removed by Host A.c) The NVRAM of Host B will remove the packet.d) The packet will "die" when it reaches the terminator.e) The packet will be removed by the token monitor.Coding Key and InformationThe first character represents the category of question.A - ATMB - BridgingC - Cisco specificE - EthernetF - Frame relayH - HDLCI - FDDIN - ISDNO - OSI modelP - PPPR - RoutingS - SwitchingT - Token ringX - X.25x - Not applicableThe second character represents protocol.A - AppletalkB - Banyan VinesD - DecnetI - IPL - Dial on DemandN - NLSPO - OSPFX - IPXx - Not ApplicableThe third character represents the certification that the question will help you prepare for.N - CCNA Exam #640-407P - CCNPAdvanced Cisco Router Configuration (ACRC) Exam 640-403Cisco LAN Switch Configuration (CLSC) Exam #640-404Cisco Monitoring and Troubleshooting Dial-up Services Exam #640-405Cisco Internetworking Troubleshooting ( CIT) Exam #640-406D - CCDA & CCDPCisco Design Specialist Exam #9E0-004Cisco Internetwork Design#640-025We will reserve the fourth character for future use.As an example, when you come across a question coded "BXDx", it signifies a question that will help you gain the CCDA or CCDP certification.CCNA试题1-19答案1. [OxNx] During a TFTP transfer using Cisco Routers what is the numeric value, in decimal, of the destination port field of the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) header?a) 96b) 47c) a random number above 1024d) 69e) none of the aboveAnswerd) 69Here is a sampling of other port numbers and the application they are associated with. The first 8 of these protocols are automatically forwarded through the router by using the helper-address commandTrivial File Transfer (TFTP) (port 69)Domain Name System (port 53)IEN-116 Name Server (port 42)Time service (port 37)NetBIOS Name Server (port 137)NetBIOS Datagram Server (port 138)Boot Protocol (BootP) client and server datagrams (port 67)TACACS service (port 49)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (25)File Transfer Protocol (21)Simple Network Management Protocol (161)2. [CxNx] What is the standard encapsulation method used by Cisco routers for the Internet Protocol (IP) on it’s Ethernet interfaces?a) SNAPb) ARPAc) NOVELL-ETHERd) DARPAe) Ethernet_802.3Answerb) ARPASNAP is the default encapsulation for a token ring interface NOVELL-ETHER is the default encapsulation for a ipx interface.3. [CxNx] What will be the correct command on a Cisco router to set the IP address of an interface assuming you are at the "router(config-if)#" prompt?a) ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.0b) ip address 1.1.1.1c) ip 1.1.1.1d) ip 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.0e) none of the aboveAnswera) ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.0If you are not in the configuration mode, the ip address can be set by using the setup mode.Configuring interface Ethernet0/0:Is this interface in use? [yes]:Configure IP on this interface? [yes]:IP address for this interface [10.10.10.1]: 10.10.10.1Number of bits in subnet field [16]: 16Class A network is 10.0.0.0, 16 subnet bits; mask is /24Take note when using the setup mode the mask is configured using the number of subnet bits.4. [CxNx] Which commands will display the IP addresses of all interfaces on a Cisco Router? (Choose all that apply)a) show ip routeb) show ip addressc) show ip interfaced) show interfacee) display ip addressesAnswerc) show ip interfaced) show interfaceExamples of each of these commands are shown below: Router_A#sh int e0/0Ethernet0/0 is up, line protocol is upHardware is AmdP2, address is0010.7b15.bd41(bia 0010.7b15.bd41)Internet address is 10.10.10.1/24MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbit,DLY 1000 usec,rely 255/255, load 1/255Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set,keepalive set (10 sec)ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00Last input never, output 00:00:06,output hang neverLast clearing of "show interface"counters neverQueueing strategy: fifoOutput queue 0/40, 0 drops;input queue 0/75,0 drops5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec,0 packets/sec5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec,0 packets/sec0 packets input, 0 bytes,0 no bufferReceived 0 broadcasts, 0 runts,0 giants,0 throttles, 0 input errors, 0 CRC,0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored,0 abort0 input packets with dribblecondition detected127 packets output, 11802 bytes,0 underruns0 output errors, 0 collisions,2 interface resets0 babbles, 0 late collision,0 deferred0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier0 output buffer failures, 0 outputbuffers swapped outRouter_A#sh ip int e0/0Ethernet0/0 is up, line protocol is upInternet address is 10.10.10.1/24Broadcast address is 255.255.255.255Address determined bynon-volatile memoryMTU is 1500 bytesHelper address is not setDirected broadcast forwarding is enabledOutgoing access list is not setInbound access list is not setProxy ARP is enabledSecurity level is defaultSplit horizon is enabledICMP redirects are always sentICMP unreachables are always sentICMP mask replies are never sentIP fast switching is enabledIP fast switching on the sameinterface is disabledIP multicast fast switching is enabledRouter Discovery is disabledIP output packet accounting is disabledIP access violation accounting isdisabledTCP/IP header compression is disabledProbe proxy name replies are disabledGateway Discovery is disabledPolicy routing is disabledNetwork address translation is disabled5. [CxNx] Which of the following commands will display the contents of the ARP cache of your Cisco router?a) show ip arp cacheb) show ip routec) show ip arpd) show arpe) there is no way to display the ARP cacheAnswerc) show ip arpExample:Router_A#sh ip arpProtocol Address Age(min) Hardware Address Type InterfaceInternet 1.1.1.2 - 0010.7b15.bd50 ARPA FastEthernet1/0Internet 10.10.10.1 - 0010.7b15.bd41 ARPA Ethernet0/06. [CxNx] Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is the process:a) Where an IP host resolves it’s IP address by broadcasting it’s MAC address to the network a nd a BOOTP server assigns it an IP address.b) Where an IP host resolves it’s MAC address by broadcasting to the local network it’s IP address.c) Where an IP host tries to resolve the MAC address of a destination by sending a network broadcast. The dest ination responds to the broadcast with it’s MAC address.d) Where an IP host resolves a destination IP address by sending a broadcast on the local network and the destination host responds with it’s IP address.e)There is no such process.Answera) Whe re an IP host resolves it’s IP address by broadcasting it’s MAC address to the network and a BOOTP server assigns it an IP address.Choice C describes Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). A host never has to resolve it’s own MAC address. The MAC address is burned into the Network Interface card. When the host is booted the MAC address will be loaded into memory.7. [OxNx] Which of the following applications requires the connection-oriented layer four protocol, TCP? (Choose all that apply)a) Telnetb) FTPc) TFTPd) SNMPe) none of the aboveAnswera) Telnetb) FTPTFTP and SNMP use layer 4 UDP.8. [RxNx] Which of the following are link state Routing Protocols.(Choose all that apply.)a) IPb) OSPFc) RIPd) EIGRPe) IS-ISAnswerb) OSPFe) IS-ISA link state routing protocol advertises, to it’s neighbors, the state of the link when the state of the link changes.A distance vector routing protocol advertises its routing table periodically.9. [CxNx] Of the following commands, identify the correct one for clearing the IP arp table in memory of the router.a) clear ip arp-cacheb) clear ip arp-tablec) clear arp-cached) clear arp-tablee) clear arp-ramAnswerc) clear arp-cacheIf you have changed an ip address or a NIC card on a host you might use this command to reset the cache.10. [CxNx] Which of the following explains the correct definition of administrative distance as it pertains to Cisco’s IOS?a) The process by which routers select an administrator for an autonomous system.b) The process where a router will select the best path to a destination network.c) The process where a router will distance itself from other routers due to it’s lack of administrative experience.d) The process where a router will prioritize routing protocols so that in the event two routing protocols have conflicting next hop addresses, the routing protocol with the lowest administrative distance will take priority.e) The process where a router will prioritize routing protocols so that in the event two routing protocols have conflicting next hop addresses, the routing protocol with the highest administrative distance will take priority.Answerd) The process where a router will prioritize routing protocols so that in the event two routing protocols have conflicting next hop addresses, the routing protocol with the lowest administrative distance will take priority.Cisco uses administrative distances (AD) to measure the reliability of the routing protocol. The lower the (AD) the more reliable the protocol.Router_C#sh ip routeCodes: C - connected, S - static,I - IGRP, R - RIP,M - mobile, B - BGPD - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF,IA - OSPF inter areaN1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPFNSSA external type 2E1 - OSPF external type 1,E2 - OSPF external type 2,E - EGPi - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1,L2 - IS-IS level-2, * -candidate defaultU - per-user static route, o - ODRGateway of last resort is not set172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnetsC 172.16.1.0 is directly connected,Serial1C 172.16.2.0 is directly connected,Serial0I 10.0.0.0/8 [100/8576] via 172.16.1.1,00:00:09, Serial1[100/8576] via 172.16.2.1, 00:00:19,Serial0The 100 in bold is the administrativedistance for IGRP.A partial list of administrative distances is included below:Protocol ADEIGRP 90IGRP 100OSPF 110RIP 120BGP 180If a router hears a IP RIP and a IGRP update for the same network the router will discard the rip information. IP RIP uses hop count as it’s metric, while IGRP uses a composite metric including bandwidth and load, speed is the primary consideration.11. [ExNx] Collisions occur whena) multiple packets are placed on a serial linkb) multiple stations listen for traffic and transmit at the same timec) when multiple tokens are on a ring simultaneouslyd) beaconing process takes placeAnswerb) multiple stations listen for traffic and transmit at the same timeCollisions is a term that is used in an ethernet environment. Ethernet can be described as a listen then transmit scenario. First a station will listen for traffic if no traffic is sensed then a transmission will take place. If two stations transmit at the same time collisions will occur. The first station to detect the collision sends out a jamming signal to alert all stations a collision has occurred. At this point these stations set up a random interval timer when the timer expires re-transmission will occur.Token ring is a token passing process a station can transmit only when he has the token. There never can be multiple tokens on the ring. Early token release allows up to two data frames to be transmitted on a token ring LAN at the same time. Collisions do not occur on a token ring.Because of the point to point nature of serial links collisions do not occur.Beaconing is a term used in a token passing environment.12. [RINx] How many subnets are possible with a Class C address and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.252?a) 32b) 30c) 60d) 62e) 4Answerd) 62The above mask is using 6 bits to describe subnets. The formula used to determine the number of subnets (not including the all 0’s or all 1’s subnet) is 2n - 2 were n is the number of subnet bits. This is the number to use when configuring a ip address with the setup dialog.13. [RxNx] What commands will list all protocols that are currently being routed? (Choose all that apply.)a) show ip protocolb) show protocolc) show rund) show starte) All of the aboveAnswerb) show protocolc) show runShow ip protocol will show just the ip routing protocols that are currently configured. Show start may or may not show the current routed protocols.Below is the output of show protocolRouter_B#show protocolGlobal values:Internet Protocol routing is enabledAppletalk routing is enabledBRI0 is administratively down, line protocol is downBRI0:1 is administratively down, line protocol is downBRI0:2 is administratively down, line protocol is downSerial0 is administratively down, line protocol is downSerial1 is administratively down, line protocol is downSerial2 is administratively down, line protocol is downSerial3 is administratively down, line protocol is downTokenRing0 is administratively down, line protocol is down14. [xxNx] Which of the following are true of access lists?a) Access list should have at least one permit statement.b) The last configured line should always be a permit statement.c) Every access-list will implicitly deny all traffic.d) Access-lists are processed top down.e) All of the above.Answere) All of the above.Every access list has an implicit deny all at the end. What would the need be to create a access list with just deny statements. Access-list are processed from the top down therefore the order of each statement could be critical, for instance suppose you created an access list and the first line was a permit any and the next line was a deny. Since it’s top down processing a packet would be permitted to pass on the first line and the second line would never be executed. An extended list will give you a "match count" that will help in determining what the most efficient order should be.15. [xxNx] If the access-group command is configured on an interface and there is no access-list created which of the following is most correct?a) An error message will appear.b) The command will be executed and deny all traffic out.c) The command will be executed and permit all traffic out.d) The command will be executed and permit all traffic in and out.e) The command will be executed and deny all traffic in and out.d) The command will be executed and permit all traffic in and out.There are two steps to use an access list .1. Create the list2. Place the access list on a interfaceThe analogy I use in class is:Suppose you reside in a gated community. The community is not protected until you hire the guard and then place him at the gate. If you hire the guard and never place him at the gate all traffic will be permitted. When there is no access list on an interface it is implicit permit anyWhen an access list is placed on a interface it is implicit deny any16. [xxNx] What is the result of the command?" access-list 101 permit tcp any 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 established"a) telnet sessions will be permitted regardless of the source addressb) telnet sessions will be denied regardless of the source addressc) telnet sessions will be denied if initiated from any address other than 172.16.0.0 networkd) telnet sessions will be permitted to the 172.16.0.0 network onlye) telnet sessions will be denied to the 172.16.0.0 network onlyAnswerc) telnet sessions will be denied if initiated from any address other than 172.16.0.0 networkThe secret to this question is the key word "established." Established means that the packet will be permitted unless it is the first part of the three way handshake. Recall that when we initiate a TCP connection we have no ACK. How can we acknowledge a sequence number from the other side when we have not established a session with him?17. [xxNx] Which is generally true of the location of access-lists? (Choose all that apply.)a) Standard lists will most likely be placed close to the destination.b) Standard lists will most likely be placed close to the source.c) Extended lists will most likely be placed close to the destination.d) Extended lists will most likely be placed close to the source.e) It does not matter.Answera) Standard lists will most likely be placed close to the destination.d) Extended lists will most likely be placed close to the source.A standard list will only check the source address. It makes no difference where the packet is going. If you place a standard list close to the source you could very well be denying that traffic to go to other destinations. An extended list can be placed close to the source because we can permit or deny traffic based upon the source and destination address. This insures that only traffic we wish to have denied is denied.18. [RxNx] Which of the following is most correct?a) IP is to TCP. as IPX is to SPX.b) RTMP is to Appletalk as IP RIP is to IP.c) NLSP is to IPX as OSPF is to IP.d) a is true.e) b is true.f) a & b are true.g) c is true.h) b & c are true.i) a, b and c are true.i) a, b and c are true.19. [ExNx] If Host A sends a packet to Host B over ethernet and Host B is not active:a) The packet will time out.b) The packet will be removed by Host A.c) The NVRAM of Host B will remove the packet.d) The packet will "die" when it reaches the terminator.e) The packet will be removed by the token monitor.Answerd) The packet will "die" when it reaches the terminator.２０—３９及答案20. [TxNx] If Host A sends a packet to Host B over token ring, and Host B is not active: a) The packet will time out.b) The packet will be removed by Host A.c) The NVRAM of Host B will remove the packet.d) The packet will "die" when it reaches the terminator.e) The packet will be removed by the token monitor.21. [TxNx] If Host A sends a packet to Host B over token ring: Host A dies after transmitting, and Host B is not active:a) The packet will time out.b) The packet will be removed by Host A.c) The NVRAM of Host B will remove the packet.d) The packet will "die" when it reaches the terminator.e) The packet will be removed by the Active monitor.22. [FxNx] BECN and FECN are:a) Used to provide keepalives in a Frame Relay environmentb) Used to provide error checking in a Frame Relay environmentc) Used to provide congestion information in a Frame Relay environmentd) Used to provide flow control parameters in a Frame Relay environmente) BECN and FECN are not used in a Frame Relay environment.23. [RxNx] Which of the following are benefits of a Link-State routing protocol? (Choose all that apply.)a) Allows the use of a more robust addressing scheme.b) Allows for a larger scalable networkc) Reduces convergence timed) Allows "supernetting"e) All of the above.24. [OxNx] Which of the following are reasons for the OSI model?a) Standardizes interfacesb) Allows modular engineeringc) Facilitates learning and teachingd) All of the above.25. [RxNx] Which of the following is NOT a ROUTING protocol:a) OSPFb) RIPc) IPXd) EIGRP26. [RxNx] Which statement is NOT true about link state protocols:a) Link state advertisements are sent to all routers in an area.b) Each router executes the SPF algorithm.c) Link state routers keep a topological database of the network.d) Link state routers include the originating router s routing table.e) Link state routers know of possible alternate paths to a particular network.27. [RxNx] Which of the following would NOT appear in a routing table?a) Next hop addressb) Interface Port referencesc) MAC addressd) Network addresse) Metrics28. [OxNx] Which statement is true of the Datalink OSI layer ?a) 802.3 is the MAC sub layer.b) No such thingc) MAC sublayer provides the connection to the network layer.d) MAC sublayer uses SAPS to access the network layer.e) SAP sublayer uses the MAC layer to access the LAN medium.29. [RINx] Given the IP address of 193.243.12.43 and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.128, what is the subnet address?a) 194.243.12.32b) 193.243.0.0c) 194.243.12.43d) 193.243.12.128e) None of the above.30. [CxNx] Cisco uses a naming convention to identify frame types. Which four of the following mappings are correct?Cisco_name = Common_namea) cisco_II = Ethernet_IIb) arpa = Ethernet_IIc) sap = Ethernet_802.3d) sap = Ethernet_802.2 LLCe) Novell Ether = Ethernet_802.2 LLCf) cisco_802 = Ethernet_802.2 LLCg) snap = Token Ring Snaph) snap = Ethernet_SNAP31. [RxNx] In order to communicate throughout an internetwork, which of the following are required. Choose Two.a) The use of a routable protocol such as NetBEUI or LATb) A hierarchical naming scheme server such as DNSc) A host file at each communicating deviced) A two part network addressing scheme such as Network/Hoste) The use of a routable protocol such as IP or IPXf) The use of a routable protocol such as TCP or IPX32. [CxNx] What is the default route on an IP network? Choose one.a) This is the route that will be chosen first by IP for delivery of a datagram.。

思科认证CCNP经典试题

思科认证CCNP经典试题CCNP经典题目第一部分填空题1、在Cico体系的IGP协议中，RIP的A-D管理距离是，EIGRP的域内A-D管理距离是，EIGRP的域外A-D管理距离是OSPF的A-D管理距离是。

BGP从EBGP学习到的路由学到路由的A-D管理距离是;BGP从IBGP学习到的路由学到路由的A-D管理距离是。

2、BGP的默认MED值为；其中MED越越优选被用于选路；BGP从邻居哪里学到的权重为；BGP自己本路由产生的路由（始发路由）产生权重是；BGP的默认本地优先级为：。

3、BGP的邻居分为和。

4、OSPF在那个区域（有区域0，区域1，区域2）广播多路访问（比如以太网，没有出现外部网络），在区域0可以看到类LSA。

如果想看到2类LSA，必须在网络类型；在NSSA区域可以看到类LSA，在纯粹的NASS区域内是否有5类LSA？（回答是或者否）。

5、HSRP包括哪六种状态？6、OSPF在MA网络链路类型的HELLO报文作用？（3种）7、IPV6的本地链路地址是；本地站点地址是。

（没有/10的写法）8、在选择STP的角色（身份）有哪些？，默认STP的收敛时间为。

配置了portfat后，收敛时间会小于。

9、OSPF发送hello包的组播地址是，EIGRP组播地址是；HSRP发送hello包组播地址是；VRRP发送hello包的组播地址是。

10、目前以太通道最多可以使用条物理线缆逻辑捆绑成一个以太通道接口？形成以太通道方式有。

11、BGP在EBGP中使用属性避免AS间的环路（确保无环），该属性属于BGP的必遵属性，其中还有哪两个是BGP公认必遵属性为和。

第二部分选择1、在对基于CEF的多层交换（MLS）进行排错的时候，例如解决无法到达特定的IP目标等问题，首先需要先查看哪两张表去验证错误？（）A、IP路由表和路由表B、IP路由和CEF邻接关系表C、TCAM中的IPCEFFIB和邻接关系表D、IP路由表和ARP表2、EIGRP位一个混合距离矢量协议，在METRIC值中使用K1-K5五个K值，默认情况下，使用K值分别是（）A、K1，K2BK3,K4C、K1，K5D、K1，K33、OSPF中router-id能标识一台设备的身份，下面说法正确的是（）A、先选举手工配置，然后选择设备loopback地址大的，在选运行了宣告进OSPF最大的物理接口最大的地址。

思科CCIE认证考试模拟试题及答案「最新」

思科CCIE认证考试模拟试题及答案「最新」思科CCIE认证考试模拟试题及答案「最新」思科CCIE认证主要考试内容是什么?今天yjbys店铺为大家分享的是CCIE认证考试模拟试题及答案，仅供同学们复习!1. Two BGP peers connected through a routed firewall are unable to establish a peering relationship. What could be the most likely cause?两个直连BGP邻居，无法通过防火墙建立邻居关系，最有可能是什么原因?A. BGP peers must be Layer 2-adjacent.B. EBGP multihop is not configured. EBGP邻居的多跳没有设置C. The firewall is not configured to allow IP protocol 89.D. The firewall is not configured to allow UDP 179.Answer: B2. Which two of these steps are minimum requirements to configure OSPFv3 under IPv6? (Choose two.) 需要哪两个步骤开始用最基本在IPv6上使用OSPFv3协议 A. Configure a routing process using the command ipv6 router ospf [process-id]. B. Add the network statement for the interfaces on which OSPF will run. C. Configure OSPF on the interface that it will run on. D. Use the passive-interface command on the interfaces on which OSPF should not run. E. Enable routing.Answer: CE3. You add the following commands into a routed topology: router eigrp 1 variance 3 traffic-share min across-interfaces. Users now complain about voice quality in your VoIP system. What should be done?你在路由器上加入了下面的命令“router eigrp 1 variance 3 traffic-share min across-interfaces”用户现在抱怨在Voip服务中语音通信质量很差，你该怎么做?A. Add the command: router eigrp 1 traffic-share voice interface fast 0/0.B. Reconfigure EIGRP to recognize voice packets.C. Remove the variance from the configuration. 删除这条配置命令D. Reconfigure the VoIP system to use RTP sequence number headers.E. Use an H.323 gatekeeper for your VoIP system to negotiate an H.245 uneven packet buffer.F. Reconfigure EIGRP to version 2.Answer: C4. Refer to the exhibit. How would you get the 1.1.1.1 network into the OSPF database?如图所示，怎么做可以让1.1.1.1网络进入OSPF数据库中?A. Configure RTA as an ASBR.B. Redistribute connected routes on RTA into OSPF.C. Set up a virtual link between area 1 and area 0.建立一条虚链路在区域1和区域0之间D. Set up a virtual link between area 1 and area 2.E. Add a static route into RTB and enter it into OSPF. F. Place a network 1.1.1.0 0.0.0.0 command into RTB.G. Set up a unique router ID on RTA using an RFC 1918 address.H. Change area 0 on RTB to area 1Answer: C5. Refer to the exhibit. Router E learned about the PIM RP (designated as 7.7.7.7) from four different sources. Routers A and D advertised the 7.0.0.0 network via EIGRP. Routers B and C advertised the 7.0.0.0 network via OSPF. Considering that all four Ethernet interfaces on router E could potentially lead back to the PIM-RP, when router E receives the first multicast packet down the shared tree, which incoming interface will be used to successfully pass the RPF check?如图所示，路由器E从不同渠道学习7.7.7.7的的路由。

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Ramesh，s Study Guide(1)-思科认证试题
Here is my latest Dump of CCNA exam which i took today with a score of 810.
It was quite difficult unlike my expectation. The questions were from from the normal topics except few. However most of these questions were very badly worded Both gramatically and technically to confuse the guys. I think it is deliberately done by Cisco to fail the poor guys and make more money.
So Here is Comprehensive Exam Cram for many of you preparing for CCNA. This cram was prepared by myself, quite a lot of hardwork behind this, i am sure you will appreciate it. This is more than enough to pass this exam with a similar score of mine.
There are quite lot of short wordings used here only to reduce the time you might take to read this. You will have no problems in understanding this if you have a reasonably good networking knowledge.
Ramesh's Study Guide
OSI Layers: It allows changes in one layer to occur without changing other layers, It clarifies what general function is to be done rather than how to do it.
Application –file, print, message, database, application svcs. identifying communication partners, determining resource availability, and synchng sending & receiving applictns, Eg: SMB, NCP, Telnet, FTP, WWW and SMTP, File Transfer Access and Mangt (FTAM), Virtual Term Proto (VTP), and Common Mangt Info Proto (CMIP).
Presentation-Negotiating data xfer Syntax, Data encryption, compression, translation, coding and conversion functions. Eg. ASCII, EBCDIC, JPEG, GIF, TIFF, MPEG, PICT, MIDI, QuickTime, Session?u>Dialog Control-establishes, manages, maintains, and terminates sessions between applications, communication sessions consist of service requests and service responses that occur between applications located in different network devices. Eg. NFS (sun), SQL, RPC, X window, ASP, Zone Info Proto (ZIP), and Session Control Proto (SCP).
Transport-End-End conn, hides info from upper layer, gives transparent data transfer, segments and reassembles data into data streams. responsible for both reliable and unreliable end-to-end logical conn. does flow control, windowing, acknowledgement, multiplexing, virtual circuit management, session establishment and error checking and recovery.
Eg. TCP, UDP, SPX, Name Binding Protocol (NBP), Nwlink, NetBeui, ATP, NBP.
Network-Routing-uses logical addressing to provide routing and related functions that allow multiple data links to be combined into an internetwork. supports both con。