托福阅读常见的句型结构
托福语法第一讲 句子结构
托福语法第一讲句子结构特别提醒：在做结构题时，要特别注意读题方式。
一般来说，出现“，”的地方，要把重点放在句子主体结构一方，而尽量避免介词短语、插入语、分词状语的影响，很多时候，他们对句子主干是没有影响的。
考点1：单句句子主干成分缺失。
最基本和常见的格式有：VP （主语缺失）要求：在选项中找出名词（短语）完成句子意思。
S O (谓语缺失)S+VP (宾语缺失) 要求：在选项中找出可以做宾语的成分。
O （主谓缺失）要求：在选项中找到可充当主谓的结构。
S VP （修饰成分缺失）要求：找到主语的定语或是句子的插入语成分。
在做句子结构题型的时候，准确地判断所缺失的成分，名词、动词的词性是至关重要的。
例1：Unlike moderate antislavery advocates, abolitionists ____ an immediate end to slavery.分析：(忽略) ，主语谓语缺失名词结构A demandedB they demandC that they demandedD in that they demand例2：A few animals sometimes fool their enemies ____ to be dead.分析：主语谓语宾语表手段的状语A appearB to appearC by appearingD to be appearing例3：_____ have a very keen sense of hearing, although most do not hear sounds audible to the human ear.A While some insects doB Some insects whichC Some insectsD That some insects主语缺失。
考点2：复合句复合句的基本结构为：a.Conj.+S+VP., S+VP 主从复合句b.先行+conj.+S+VP 定语从句c.V+conj.+S+VP 宾语从句出题的形式为：___________ S+VP, S+VP 缺少连词, S+VP 缺失整个从句Conj.+S+VP, _______ +VP 缺失主句主语Conj.+S+VP, _______ 缺少整个主句Conj.+S+ _______, S+VP 缺少从句谓语Conj.______ , S+VP 缺少从句主谓Conj.+S+VP, S+ ______ 缺少主句谓语例1：____ have sense organs in a canal known as the lateral line, which allows them to respond to changes in water pressure caused by nearby motion.A That tile fishB FishC When fishD If tile fish例2：Comparatively few clues in the United States have competing newspapers today, a major change from 1900 ____ more than two newspapers.A because then most large cities havingB when did most large cities haveC then most large cities that hadD when most large cities had在做题的时候，如果能够准确地判断含有空格的部分的性质（主句还是从句），缺少了哪一个成分，可将看似很长很复杂的句子化繁为简。
托福阅读的常见文章结构类型
托福阅读的常见文章结构类型了解托福阅读的常见文章结构类型，对我们做托福阅读题会有帮助，为了帮助大家备考，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读的常见文章结构类型，望喜欢!托福阅读的常见文章结构类型托福考试作为一门专业衡量语言能力的测试，无论是阅读还是听力，所涉及的篇章都是属于学术性的，尤其是阅读这一部分，根据ETS在《新托福考试官方指南》中所说，阅读文章均摘录于大学教科书，一般是对某一学科或主题的介绍性内容，主要目的是评估考生对"学术性文章"的理解程度。
而从ETS十大题型的设置来看，阅读考试考察的是由最基本的词汇到句子，再到文章逻辑关系以及段落理解，最后还通过小结题和图表题考察对全文的掌握。
对于很多考生来说，最后一大题也就是文章小结和表格题最为头疼，因为所要看的内容实在太多，在有限的时间限制之下实在是毫无头绪，只能乱选一气。
但其实只要我们搞清楚托福阅读文章常见的结构，完全可以在很短时间内抓住文章脉络拿下最后一道大题。
所有的阅读文章，无论文章背景是什么，结构无非会分为以下几种，《新托福考试官方指南》上把托福文章结构类型大致分为四类：classification(分类)，comparison/contrast(比较)，cause/effect(因果)，problem/solution(问题与解决方法)。
Classification指的是文章对某一个大的话题进行分类讨论，这类文章结构非常清晰，能够让我们一目了然。
以TPO17的《Symbiotic Relationships》为例，文章讨论的大的话题是symbiotic relationship(共生关系)，然后再第一段就直接写明有3种symbiotic relationships，然后接下来分段论述3种共生关系分别有什么样的特点：paragrph2-3-- parasitism(寄生), paragraph4--commensalism(片利共生), paragraph5--mutualism(互利共生),最后再用很简短的一句话稍作总结。
托福阅读：5种不同倒装句的解析
托福阅读：5种不同倒装句的解析托福阅读之所以成为部分同学的绊脚石，除了词汇量较大以外，句子结构复杂也是新托福阅读的障碍之一。
面对难句，必须迅速把握其主干和重点，因为考试时涉及答案的主要是句子的主干和重点，对于句子简化题(sentence simplification)尤其如此。
要把握难句的主干和重点，首先要弄清它们的类型。
托福阅读中的难句主要有定语从句、同位语、并列结构、倒装句等等，对于不同类型的难句，把握主干的方法也不一样。
下面来看看倒装句的解析。
托福阅读：5种不同倒装句的解析托福阅读中的倒装句主要有下列情况：1.方位副词放在句首Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine。
2.介词放在句首Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate， lay eggs，and rear their young are common murres，Atlantic puffins，black-legged kittiwakes， and northern gannets。
3.形容词放在句首Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well：that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony。
托福阅读学术类题材文章结构段落实例分析
托福阅读学术类题材文章结构段落实例分析托福阅读文章题材众多，而其中说明文是比较高频的一种文章题材。
今日我给大家带来了托福阅读学术类题材文章结构段落实例分析。
盼望能够关心到大家，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读学术类题材文章结构段落实例分析托福阅读说明文结构讲解一般而言，托福阅读中的说明文会说明某个现象，文章的第一段是：介绍背景及引出下文;之后的主体段，结构也很清楚：主旨句Topic sentence + 解释句Explain + 举例子Examples + 总结句Summary。
其实跟我们高考语文有异曲同工之妙。
下面来看实例解析：官方真题Official-19 The Roman Armys Impact on BritainIn the wake of the Roman Empires conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.留下these troops had a considerable impact on Britain;也就是第一句说的是罗马军队对英国有影响。
托福各种题型的综合写作模板
‘但是’but, however, in fact, actually, on the contrary, in/on contrast
‘虽然’although, though, while, even if, even enough, it is true that...
‘而不是’instead, instead of
4.当大量出现数字时，数字不会考，考的是通
2.用单词的前三四个字母记笔记
3.用发音的辅音记笔记
4.用汉语记笔记
5.用数字和符号记笔记
6.同义词记笔记
7.听完听力之后，不要停继续记笔记记下听到但未记住的单词将所记的单词扩充为句子
记笔记练习三部曲
第一步，看着阅读和听力材料寻找要点。3~5篇
For a start, the lecturer holds that food irradiation fails to improve food security, which evidently contradicts theperspective and perceptionin the reading passage. The writer in the reading passage emphasizes that 90-99% of the pathogens and viruses in food can be killed and that food-borne disease can be prevented. Conversely, the lecturer holds that the existence of the minority of viruses will make these viruses become more resistible and formidable, make irradiated food more dangerous and even give birth to some super viruses which may trigger an increasing number of new diseases.
托福阅读-从分析句子结构开始
托福阅读-从分析句子结构开始是否因为单词认识还是读不懂或听不懂而头痛，学习一下长难句吧。
小马托福备考包每包10个长难句的训练是最佳的句子训练的材料，自己学习并参考小马备考包解析锦囊，里面有每个句子的解析。
本文是对托福句子训练的一个理论补充，大家学习之前可以阅读本贴，同时，等学习了几个备考包后再重新参考本贴定会有质的飞跃... ...开始吧!!句子分类概述：托福的句子分为三种：简单句、并列句和复合句，其中并列句和复合句又是由若干个简单句组成。
简单句的基本结构有5种：1．主语+谓语2．主语+连系动词+表语3．主语+谓语+宾语4．主语+谓语+直接宾语/间接宾语5．主语+谓语+宾语+宾补虽然托福句子的分类很简单，但是由于表达意思的复杂化，句与句之间的衔接照应、修词的使用和语言省略原则使原本很简单的这五种句子的基本结构在实际运用中呈现了复杂化、多样化的趋势。
特别在长句中，这种趋势表现尤为突出。
因此常常造成了阅读的障碍，是整个句子或争端化的意思不能连贯地理解下来，或理解上出现错误。
并列平行结构I．概念综述并列平行结构使用并列连词或标点符号将两个或两个以上的同等成分连接起来组成一种并列或平行的结构，以表达一种复杂的多层次的含义。
连接的同等成分可以是多种成分，例如动词的宾语，名词的定语、同位语，介词短语等，使用并列连词连接两个或多个句子构成则并列句。
使用并列结构可是文字简洁，结构紧凑，避免重复。
由于这种结构组成方式不同，或其他句子成分的介入，或多重并列平行的存在，往往使读者在阅读时不易分辨清除，找不到句子的主干，形成在阅读中遇到的障碍。
常见的并列连词：and，but，so，yet，however，for，nor，or，still，not only…but also…，either…or，neither…nor等还需注意的是，并列连词在句中所起的不仅仅是简单的连接作用，还可以表示其他关系，例如结果、条件、连续、选择、原因、对比等等II．分类概述1．名词的平行结构：1．1．作主语的名词平行结构：Cool temperatures, shade, moist, and the presence of dead organic material provide the ideal living conditions for mushrooms. (moist应改为moisture)凉爽的温度、阴暗处和有死去的有机物的地方，为蘑菇提供了理想的生活条件。
解析托福阅读文章结构
解析托福阅读文章结构据了解，在托福考试中，托福阅读是相对来说难度比较大的，想要拿到托福阅读的高分，不但要掌握基础知识还要找到适合自己的托福阅读文章技巧。
下面，编辑给大家整理了托福阅读文章结构详解的相关内容，供大家参考。
一、句间关系为了清晰的把握学术性的结构框架，考生首先应该具备分清句子与句子之间关系的能力。
托福阅读文章中句子之间的关系从逻辑和段落结构角度总的来看，重点需要考生把握并列关系，概述与详述（或抽象与具体）关系，转折关系，以及因果关系。
其中在把握文章结构与理解文章主要观点当中，以前三者最重要。
可以从句子的两个方面来判断句子之间的关系：1. 主要意思方面；2. 关联词。
a. 并列关系并列关系的两句话主要意思方面不同，并且有时会有表示并列的关联词出现。
b. 概述与详述（抽象与具体）关系概述与详述（抽象与具体）关系的两句话意思方面相同，但前后两句是概述与详述的关系，或抽象与具体的关系。
一般概述性或抽象内容涵盖内容广，但已引起歧义，可以让人们不禁问出how, what, why等问题。
详述性或具体的句子相对于概述性或抽象句子具体且明确。
c. 转折关系转折关系的两句话总的来说一般用表示转折关系的关联词连接，意思方面来看有两种关系，（1）意思的方面相同但意思相反；（2）意思的方面不同。
d. 因果关系因果关系的典型特征：出现因果关联词或表达因果含义的动词。
二、段落结构在托福阅读文章的段落内部，句子和句子并非出于同一个层次，因此需要运用以上讲解的句间关系，辨析段落中句子的地位。
对于单独的一个段落，不考察在文章中的地位（或与其他段落的段落关系）时，段落内部主要有Main Idea及Detail.1. 显性Main Idea及Topic Sentence的位置。
1. Main Idea: 主要思想，分为段落层面Main Idea和篇章层面Main Idea.Main Idea分为显性和隐性。
显性的Main Idea: 作者在文章中明确给出表达主要思想的概括性句子。
托福阅读 八大题型
托福阅读八大题型
在托福阅读部分，常见的八大题型如下：
1. 主旨题：要求你确定文章的主要观点、中心思想或总结。
2. 细节题：要求你根据文章中的具体细节或事实找出正确的答案。
3. 推理题：要求你通过推理和推断，在文章中找到合乎逻辑的答案。
4. 词汇题：要求你根据上下文理解词语的意思或推断其含义。
5. 引用题：要求你根据文章中的引用或指代关系找到相关信息。
6. 排序题：要求你根据文章的逻辑顺序，将给定的句子插入或放置在合适的位置。
7. 正误题：要求你判断陈述是否与文章内容相符，可能涉及否定形式的问题。
8. 态度题：要求你理解作者的态度、观点或感情色彩，通常通过修辞手法等进行暗示。
在备考过程中，建议熟悉以上各种题型，并针对每种题型进行针对性的练习和策略归纳。
这样可以提高对文章的理解能力，帮助你更好地应对托福阅读部分的各类题目。
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托福阅读常见的句型结构为了帮助大家备考，小编为大家带来托福阅读常见的句型结构一文，希望对大家托福备考有所帮助。
更多精彩尽请关注!托福阅读常见的句型结构一、英语句子结构的原则1、谓动单一性原则在一个句子里，有且只有一个谓语动词。
2、主句单一性原则在一个句子中，有且只有一个主句。
(从句可以有若干个)二、三大从句1、名词性从句主语从句宾语从句同位语从句引导词(what/how/that/why/whether)结构主语从句what+VO=n. for eg.what+SV=n. What you said is right.形式宾语Make it possible for sb.to dothat/how/why/whether+SVO=n.That the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs is known.It is known that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs.(形式主语居多)_形式主语和强调句的区别形式主语It + v + (that +SVO)=n.n.=it强调句It is/was + A + that + BSVO=A+B而且通常情况下It is/was……是强调句同位语从句同位语的实质n1,n2—n1=n2S,n,VO.=S,引+svo,VO前面的成分不应当在后面充当成分。
The fact, that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs, is known. 可接同位语的名词多为抽象名词，例如：view/idea/suggestion/fact/reason/conclusion……_同位语和定语从句的区别同位语的句子中，前面的成分不应当在后面充当成分。
The fact, that the sun is round.定语从句中，引导词充当成分。
The book, that you bought for me. “that”充当宾语。
ExampleIt is generally accepted that the single super continent known as Pangaea indeed existed, that Pangaea subsequently broke apart into two giant pieces, Gondwanaland in the south and Laurasia in the north, and that the continents attached to the various crustal plates separated and drifted in various directions.人们普遍接受，Pangaea 以一个特别大的陆地形式存在，后来他被分为两个大块，在南边的Gondwanaland 和在北边的Laurasia，他和那些在不同地壳上的大陆分开了并且向不同方向上漂移。
_如何找出复杂句中的谓语?先找引导词，然后去掉随后的动词，还有动词的话，这个动词就是谓语。
2、形容词性从句=定语从句引导词(1)that/which/who(whom)(代词性)(2)whose/when/where(非代词性)结构(1)that/which/who(whom)=S+VO=a.This is pig that/which is very fat.(1)that/which/who(whom)=O+SV=a.因为代词性的引导词可以充当主语或宾语This is the pig that/which I ate.(作宾语可省略引)This is the pig from which I make fun.引导词前的介词取决于后面的动词This is the pig,which is very fastThis is the pig, (which)I ate.This is the pig, from which I make fun.(2)whose/when/where(非代词性)+SVO=a.The book, whose cover is red, is quite interesting.This is the place where(=in which 定语从句) I grew up. When用在后面也可能是状从,也有可能是定从。
_具体分析举例In his hypothesis that he developed based on it……看上去该句的based 是一个n-ed的形式，但是她又是修饰谁呢?In his hypothesis() he developed that based on it….因此可以看出，based 修饰that，而在此句中，that指代hypothesis. _形容词性从句的省略当that/which在定语从句中充当宾语时，可将其省略。
This is the pig that/which I ate.This is the pig I ate.当that/which在定语从句中充当主语时，且从句的谓语动词为be 动词时，可将其同时省略。
The house, which was built in 1919,was destroyed.The house, built in 1919,was destroyed._个别情况下，which/as在引导定语从句时，也指代前面整个一句话。
As the plates drifted, they may have diverged, which(指代前面一句话) was associated with the spread of the seafloor, or they may have converged, which(指代前面一句话) resulted in collision, subduction, and mountain building._系表倒装主系表结构变成表系主结构成为系表倒装只限于介词词组在句首时1、My hometown lies in Jilin province.In Jilin province lies my hometown.2、A,B,C….are among the species of seabirds.Among the species of seabird are A,B,C….3、副词性从句=状语从句引导词when/though/while/although……结构when+s’+v’+adj/v-ing/v-ed,SVO.When he was young, Jack was always beaten by his father.省略的条件s’=S v’=be省略When young, Jack was always beaten by his father.省略Other(联系同一类的名词，也就是说前面提到了chemical defenses) possible chemical defenses, while (they are 省略) not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycolproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes the degrade cell walls.托福阅读真题练习：碳酸钾托福阅读文本：Potash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the other being soda,sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making of glass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former beingthe product of heating a mixture of alkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities of colonial NorthAmerica need hardly be stressed.Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass- or soap-making either would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain Mediterranean sea plants, potash from those of inland vegetation. Hence potash was more familiar to the early European settlers of the North American continent.The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a microcosm of the economy of colonial North America, and potash was one of its first concerns. It was required for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced in sufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of Jamestown. The second ship to arrive in the settlement from England included among its passengers experts in potash making.The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs was piled up and burned in the open, and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in the bottom, and water was poured over them. The solution draining from thebarrel was boiled down in iron kettles. The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass into what was called potash. In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing of land for agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land could be recovered by the sale of potash. Some potash was exported from Maine and New Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic, consisting mostly of shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For despite the beginning of the trade at Jamestown and such encouragements as a series of acts to encourage the making of potash, beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoods in the South proved to be poor sources of the substance.托福阅读题目：1. What aspect of potash does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How it was made(B) Its value as a product for export(C) How it differs from other alkalis(D) Its importance in colonial NorthAmerica2.All of the following statements are true of both potash and soda EXPECT:(A) They are alkalis.(B) They are made from sea plants.(C) They are used in making soap.(D) They are used in making glass.3. They phrase the latter in line 4 refers to(A) alkali(B) glass(C) sand(D) soap4. The word stressed in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) defined(B) emphasized(C) adjusted(D) mentioned5. The word interchangeable in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) convenient(B) identifiable(C) equivalent(D) advantageous6. It can be inferred from the passage that potash was more common than soda in colonial NorthAmerica because(A) the materials needed for making soda were not readilyavailable(B) making potash required less time than making soda(C) potash was better than soda for making glass and soap(D) the colonial glassworks found soda more difficult to use7.According to paragraph 4, all of the following were needed for making potash EXCEPT(A) wood(B) fire(C) sand(D) water8. The word adjunct in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) addition(B) answer(C) problem(D) possibility9.According to the passage , a major benefit of making potash was that(A) it could be exported to Europe in exchange for other goods(B) it helped finance the creation of farms(C) it could be made with a variety of materials(D) stimulated the development of new ways of glassmaking10. According to paragraph 5, the softwoods in the South posed which of the following problemsfor southern settles?(A) The softwoods were not very plentiful.(B) The softwoods could not be used to build houses.(C) The softwoods were not very marketable.(D) The softwoods were not very useful for making potash.托福阅读答案：DBDBCACABD托福阅读真题练习：社会艺术托福阅读文本：Perhaps the most obvious way artistic creation reflects how people live is by mirroring the environment —the materials and technologies available to a culture. Stone, wood, tree bark, clay, and sand are generally available materials. In addition, depending on the locality, other resources may be accessible: shells, horns, gold, copper, and silver. The different uses to which societies put these materials are of interest to anthropologists who may ask, for example, why people choose to use clay and not copper when both items are available. Although there are no conclusive answers yet, the way in which a society views its environment is sometimesapparent in its choice and use of artistic materials. The use of certain metals, for example, may be reserved for ceremonial objects of special importance. Or the belief in the supernatural powers of a stone or tree may cause a sculptor to be sensitive to that material.What is particularly meaningful to anthropologist is the realization that although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically, the materials by no means determine what is done. Why do the artists in Japanese society rake sand into patterns; and the artists in Roman society melt sand to form glass? Moreover, even when the same material is used in the same way by members of different societies, the form or style of the work varies enormously from culture to culture. A society may simply choose to represent objects or phenomena that are important to its population. An examination of the art of the Middle Ages tells us something about the medieval preoccupation with theological doctrine. In addition to revealing the primary concerns of a society, the content of that societys art may also reflect the cultures social stratification. 托福阅读题目：1.According to the passage , gold, copper, and silver are(A) more difficult to handle than wood and(B) of their stable social conditions(C) of the unique stylistic features of their art(D) available only in specific locations2. The word conclusive in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) definitive(B) controversial(C) concurrent(D) realistic3. The word apparent in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) attractive(B) logical(C) evident(D) distinct4. Why does the author mention the supernatural powers of a stone or tree in line 10?(A) to show that some sculptors avoid working with specific materials(B) to emphasize the unusual properties of certain materials(C) as an example of how art can be influenced by cultural beliefs(D) as an illustration of the impact of the environment onreligious beliefs5. The word it in line 13 refers to(A) realization(B) society(C) extent(D) influence6. It can be inferred that the author mentions the Japanese and Roman societies because(A) they influenced each other stone(B) commonly used by artists in all societies(C) essential to create ceremonial objects(D) they used the same artistic material in very different ways7.According to the passage , all of the following statements about sand are true EXCEPT(A) It is used to create glass.(B) Roman artists mix it into their paints.(C) Its use varies from culture to culture.(D) Japanese artists use it to create artistic patterns.8. The word Moreover in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) similarly(B) in addition(C) in contrast(D) frequently9. The word preoccupation in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) involvement(B) separation(C) relationship(D) argument10. The word primary in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) discrete(B) preliminary(C) ideal(D) fundamental托福阅读答案：DACCB DBBAD托福阅读常见的句型结构。