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关于药物协同作用的几种计算方法
关于药物协同作用的几种计算方法标题：探讨药物协同作用的几种计算方法在药物研发和临床应用中，药物协同作用是一个重要而复杂的主题。
药物之间的相互作用可能会增强或减弱它们的药效，从而影响治疗效果。
为了更好地理解和评估药物协同作用，科研人员开发了多种计算方法。
本文将就几种常见的计算方法进行深入探讨，并分享个人观点和理解。
一、等效效应法在研究药物协同作用时，等效效应法是一种常用的计算方法。
该方法通过比较不同药物单独使用和联合使用时的效应，来评估药物的协同作用程度。
通过计算药物的协同指数或协同指数图形，可以直观地了解药物之间的相互作用。
二、亚非加法模型亚非加法模型是通过统计学方法对药物协同作用进行定量分析的重要工具。
这种方法可以区分出药物之间的相互作用是加强还是减弱，从而为临床应用提供参考。
通过构建模型对多种因素进行综合考量，亚非加法模型可以更全面地评估药物协同作用的复杂性。
三、修正Loewe加法模型在研究高复杂性的药物组合时，修正Loewe加法模型是一种常用的计算方法。
这种方法利用非线性方程模型来描述药物组合的效应，以更准确地评估药物的协同作用。
通过修正Loewe加法模型，可以充分考虑药物的剂量效应和时间效应，从而更好地指导临床实践。
个人观点和理解在我看来，药物协同作用是一个涉及多学科知识的复杂主题，需要从不同角度进行全面的评估和研究。
在实际临床应用中，药物协同作用的计算方法能够为医生提供更为准确的用药建议，从而提高治疗效果和减少不良反应。
而在药物研发领域，这些计算方法可以帮助科研人员更好地理解药物的相互作用机制，为新药的设计和开发提供有力支持。
总结回顾通过本文对药物协同作用的几种计算方法的探讨，我们可以看到在药物研发和临床应用中，科研人员借助等效效应法、亚非加法模型和修正Loewe加法模型等计算方法，对药物协同作用进行全面评估。
这些方法有助于提高药物治疗效果的预测和评估准确性，为临床医生和药物研发人员提供了重要的决策参考。
几种常用药动学计算软件介绍
由计算机自动计算，给出可能的房室数及权重系数的计算结果及图表，包括：加权剩余平方和、相关系数、确定系数、Aikake's信息数据(AIC)、拟合优度值、最大绝对误差、最大相对误差、游程检验（Run
test）、 F检验、C-T图、lgC-T图、相关图、误差散点图等，供用户选择最优的房室模型，权重和算法。
(SAS 编程基础)
发表人内容
2008-07-23 15:31:37 文章主题: 几种常用药动学计算软件介绍 No. 1
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3P87/3P97（Practical Pharmacokinetic
Program）实用药动学计算程序是中国药理学会数学专业委员会受国家卫生部药品审评办公室的委托组织了五个单位六位专家（张文贵、杨友春、汤仲明、刘昌孝、孙瑞元、余志凌）集体编制的，可处理药动学中各种用药途径的线性和非线性药动学模型，给出有关的药动学参数及各种图表的详细结果，适用于新药开发研制、药动学分析及临床药动学计算。（本章第二节将详细介绍其使用方法）。
WinNonlin是国外最常用的PK和BA/BE软件
缺点：有些数据需分几次选择多个模型进行比较才能得出最佳的结果。对于一些异常数据的计算结果有错，价格较高，每年收取使用费
3P87(3P97)实用药动学计算程序
Modeling），用来估算给定时间和血浆浓度的效应地点浓度。③交叉试验设计（Crossover
Design）等。④Winnonlin提供了广泛的在线帮助（On-Line Help）和指导课（Tutorial
Lesson），为用户节省大量的学习和使用软件的时间。
进行C-t及lnC-t的拟合和作图。
② 批处理模块
气泡混合轻质土使用规程
目次1总则 (3)2术语和符号 (4)2.1 术语 (4)2.2 符号 (5)3材料及性能 (6)3.1 原材料 (6)3.2 性能 (6)4设计 (8)4.1 一般规定 (8)4.2 性能设计 (8)4.3 结构设计 (9)4.4 附属工程设计 (10)4.5 设计计算 (10)5配合比 (13)5.1 一般规定 (13)5.2 配合比计算 (13)5.3 配合比试配 (14)5.4 配合比调整 (14)6工程施工 (15)6.1 浇筑准备 (15)6.2 浇筑 (15)6.3 附属工程施工 (15)6.4 养护 (16)7质量检验与验收 (17)7.1 一般规定 (17)7.2 质量检验 (17)7.3 质量验收 (18)附录A 发泡剂性能试验 (20)附录B 湿容重试验 (22)附录C 适应性试验 (22)附录D 流动度试验 (24)附录E 干容重、饱水容重试验 (25)附录F 抗压强度、饱水抗压强度试验 (27)附录G 工程质量检验验收用表 (28)本规程用词说明 (35)引用标准名录 (36)条文说明 (37)Contents1.General provisions (3)2.Terms and symbols (4)2.1 Terms (4)2.2 Symbols (5)3. Materials and properties (6)3.1 Materials (6)3.2 properties (6)4. Design (8)4.1 General provisions (8)4.2 Performance design (8)4.3 Structure design (9)4.4 Subsidiary engineering design (9)4.5 Design calculation (10)5. Mix proportion (13)5.1 General provisions (13)5.2 Mix proportion calculation (13)5.3 Mix proportion trial mix (14)5.4 Mix proportion adjustment (14)6. Engineering construction (15)6.1 Construction preparation (15)6.2 Pouring .............................................................. .. (15)6.3 Subsidiary engineering construction (16)6.4 Maintenance (17)7 Quality inspection and acceptance (18)7.1 General provisions (18)7.2 Quality evaluate (18)7.3 Quality acceptance (19)Appendix A Test of foaming agent performance (20)Appendix B Wet density test (22)Appendix C Adaptability test (23)Appendix D Flow value test.................................................................................. .. (24)Appendix E Air-dry density and saturated density test (25)Appendix F Compressive strength and saturated compressive strength test (27)Appendix G Table of evaluate and acceptance for quality (28)Explanation of Wording in this code (35)Normative standard (36)Descriptive provision (37)1总则1.0.1为规范气泡混合轻质土的设计、施工，统一质量检验标准，保证气泡混合轻质土填筑工程安全适用、技术先进、经济合理，制订本规程。
应用基于LC—TOF—MS分析的质量亏损过滤方法筛选黄芪注射液中的皂苷类成分
应用基于LC—TOF—MS分析的质量亏损过滤方法筛选黄芪注射液中的皂苷类成分采用液相色谱与四极杆飞行时间质谱（LC-TOF-MS）联用技术分析黄芪注射液（HI）样品，获取正负离子模式下HI中化学成分的LC-TOF-MS分析数据。
根据前期相关文献报道，建立黄芪皂苷类化合物的质量亏损过滤（MDF）方法，用于系统筛选HI中所含有的皂苷类成分。
每个筛选化合物的存在需由不少于2个准分子离子进行确认。
最后依据其母离子和子离子信息对所筛选的化合物进行初步鉴定。
最终共从HI中筛选并初步鉴定出62个皂苷类化合物，其中15个为新发现的皂苷类化合物。
鉴定结果提示，乙酰化、氢化、去氢化、甲氧基化和水化可能为HI中皂苷所涉及的主要转化反应。
该研究丰富了黄芪化学物质基础研究内容，同时也表明基于LC-TOF-MS分析的MDF方法，是一种可行且有效的中药成分系统筛选工具。
标签：黄芪注射液；黄芪皂苷；质量亏损过滤；LC-TOF-MS；转化反应[Abstract] The samples of Huangqi injection （HI）were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry （LC-TOF-MS），and both positive and negative ion modes were employed to obtain the LC-TOF-MS analysis information of chemical compounds in HI. Then the mass defect filtering （MDF）approach，which was developed based on the previously published articles，was utilized to rapidly screen the astragalosides from the obtained LC-TOF-MS data. Each screened astragaloside was confirmed by the presence of no less than 2 quasi-molecular ions. All the screened astragalosides were then tentatively assigned according to the parent ion and daughter ion information. Finally，a total of 62 astragalosides were screened and characterized from the HI samples，including 15 new detected ones. The identification results indicated that acetylation，hydrogenation，dehydrogenation，methoxylation and hydration might be the major conversion reactions involved in the formation of the astragalosides. The LC-TOF-MS-based MDF approach was proved to be a feasible and efficient tool to screen the chemical constituents in complex matrices such as herbal medicines.[Key words] Huangqi injections；astragalosides；mass defect filter；LC-TOF-MS；conversion reactions.明確中药中所含有的化学成分信息，是阐明中药的药效物质基础，评价中药质量和安全性的前提和基础。
肌酐清除率（CrCl）计算器
肌酐清除率（CrCl）计算器中国•English•Español•Português•Pусский•日本語•Türk肌酐是肌肉产生能量过程中释放出来的废品。
这些废品是经由肾脏并随着尿液排出体外，称其为肌酐清除(CrCl)。
它是对肾功能的尿检诊断。
身体中肌酐水平较高会导致肾脏的严重损害。
因此CrCl率应该处于肾脏正常运行的正常水平。
在这个计算器中，通过输入体重、年龄和血清肌酐值计算每分钟的CrCl。
性别:男女血肌酐毫克/升年龄:岁月重量:肌酐清除率毫升/分钟•计算器•公式•肌酐是肌肉产生能量过程中释放出来的废品。
这些废品是经由肾脏并随着尿液排出体外，称其为肌酐清除(CrCl)。
它是对肾功能的尿检诊断。
身体中肌酐水平较高会导致肾脏的严重损害。
因此CrCl率应该处于肾脏正常运行的正常水平。
在这个计算器中，通过输入体重、年龄和血清肌酐值计算每分钟的CrCl。
公式:评估肌酐清除率 = [ [ 140 - 年龄] * 重量 * GF ] / [ 72 * 血Cr]哪里,GF = 性别校正因子,如果男性, GF = 1,如果女性, GF = 0.85.例估计肌酐清除率假设你的年龄为30岁，血清肌酐水平为2.0，体重为60。
你的预计肌酐清除率以千克计为 45.83，以磅计为 20.79 属于正常范围。
成年女性血液中肌酐的正常水平约为 97 至 137 毫升/分钟，成年男性为 88 至128 毫升/分钟。
注意:本次统计计算器提出了自己的个人使用，是用作仅供参考。
医疗等决定不应在此基础上计算器的结果。
虽然这个计算器已经过测试，我们不能保证它的计算或结果的准确性。
抗原恢复缓冲液（100X Tris-EDTA缓冲液，pH 9.0）说明书
Product nameAntigen Retrieval Buffer (100X Tris-EDTA Buffer, pH 9.0)Tested applicationsSuitable for: IHC-P General notes Antigen Retrieval Buffer (100X Tris-EDTA Buffer, pH 9.0) enables target retrieval in formalin-fixed,paraffin-embedded tissue sections in one step. It is optimal for use with primary antibodies thatrequire Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0) pretreatment.This product contains detergent for emulsification of the paraffin.1X Dilution: The 100X stock solution should be diluted 100-fold with distilled water before use.Protocol:Place paraffin-embedded slides in 1x Antigen Retrieval Buffer; cover with a vented plasticwrap, place in microwave and set high power to boil and then set low power to keep itboiling for 10 min. Let the sections cool in the microwave for at least 20min.Wash sections with hot tap water for 1 minute.Wash sections in buffer for 2x3 minutes.Continue with IHC protocolOther kits and reagents for IHCOther antigen retrieval buffers include: Citrate buffer pH 6.0 ab93678, EDTA buffer pH 8.0ab93680, Tris buffer pH 10.0 ab93682, or see the full list of antigen retrieval buffers and enzymes .Find more kits and reagents for antigen retrieval, blocking, signal amplification, visualization,counterstaining, and mounting in the IHC kits and reagents guide .FormLiquid Storage instructionsStore at room temperature.Storage buffer pH: 8.7Constituents: 1.5% 2-butoxyethanol, 5% Sodium EDTA, 5% TrisBuffer 100x concentrated with detergent.Product datasheetAntigen Retrieval Buffer (100X Tris-EDTA Buffer, pH 9.0)ab936843 Abreviews 22 References 3 ImagesOverview PropertiesThe Abpromise guaranteeImmunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Antigen Retriev al Buffer (100X Tris-EDTA Buffer, pH 9.0) (ab93684)Image from M aniati et al., Cell Rep.;30(2):525-540.e7; doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.034. Reproduced under the Creative Commons licensehttps:///licenses/by/4.0/Immunohistochemical for RUNX2 on murine omental metastasis Antigen retrieval: Tris-EDTA, pH;9 (ab93684), Blocking: Normal Goat Serum, Primary: Rabbit monoclonal anti-Runx2 [EPR14334] (ab192256), dilution 1:1000, Secondary: HRP anti-rabbitImmunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Antigen Retriev al Buffer (100X Tris-EDTA Buffer, pH 9.0) (ab93684)ab93684 Antigen Retrieval Buffer 100X Tris-EDTA Buffer, pH 9ApplicationsOur Abpromise guarantee covers the use of ab93684 in the following tested applications. The application notes include recommended starting dilutions; optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user. Application Abreviews NotesIHC-P Use at an assay dependent dilution.ImagesImmunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) - Antigen Retriev al Buffer (100X Tris-EDTA Buffer, pH 9.0) (ab93684)Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse testis tissue labeling LINE-1 ORF1p with ab216324 at 1/500 dilution, followed by a ready to use Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP). Cytoplasmic staining on spermatogonia of mouse testis (PMID: 24607009) is observed. Counterstained with hematoxylin. Secondary antibody only control: Used PBS instead of primary antibody, secondary antibody is a ready to use Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP).Perform heat mediated antigen retrieval using ab93684 (Tris/EDTA buffer, pH 9.0).Please note: A ll products are "FOR RESEA RCH USE ONLY. NOT FOR USE IN DIA GNOSTIC PROCEDURES"Our Abpromise to you: Quality guaranteed and expert technical supportReplacement or refund for products not performing as stated on the datasheetValid for 12 months from date of deliveryResponse to your inquiry within 24 hoursWe provide support in Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese and SpanishExtensive multi-media technical resources to help youWe investigate all quality concerns to ensure our products perform to the highest standardsIf the product does not perform as described on this datasheet, we will offer a refund or replacement. For full details of the Abpromise, please visit https:///abpromise or contact our technical team.Terms and conditionsGuarantee only valid for products bought direct from Abcam or one of our authorized distributors。
TRACE32系统：OSEK实时任务调试器及功能介绍说明书
R TO S -O S E KT e c h n i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n13.03.19RTOS-OSEKRTOS Debugger for Freescale OSEK■Real time, non-intrusive display of OSEK system resources■OSEK specific display of analyzer listing■Statistic evaluation and graphic display of task run times■Statistic evaluation and graphic display of service run times■Task related evaluation of function run times ■Task stack coverage■PRACTICE functions for OS data ■OSEK related pull-down menuThe TRACE32 System includes a multitask debugger to provide symbolic debugging in real time operating sys-tems. Our software pack-age contains a ready-to-run con-figuration for the OSEK/VDX conform Real Time Kernel OSEK from Freescale.Based on the ORTI (OSEK Runtime Interface) all informa-tions of the OSEK RTOS and its configuration can be explored. This leaflet will guide you through the additional implemented features in TRACE32, to do an effective debugging on OSEK systems.PowerPC 55568HC12Multitask Debugging on TRACE32 with Motorola OSEKReal time, non-intrusive display of Motorola OSEK sys-tem resourcesThe TRACE32 multitask debugger for OSEK provides special display func-tions. The system resources such as task list, messages, counters, alarms, stacks and resources can be displayed. In addition, by using the emulatorsdual-port memory, the display of all these regions can be viewed non-intru-sively in real time. The tables are updated permanently (“On The Fly”),without affecting the application at all.Task list window, message window and alarm windowConfiguration of OSEK operating system windowMotorola OSEK specific display of analyzer listingStatistic evaluation and graphic display of task run timesThe analyzer can calculate statistic tables of task run times and task switches. A graphical diagram shows which task was active at a specific time, giving a clearview of the behaviour of the system.Analyzer listing, task selective recording, display of taskswitches and assembler mne-monicsThe data recorded in the ana-lyzer can be displayed and interpreted specific to the oper-ating system. T ask switchesare displayed symbolicallyStatistics and flow of tasksStatistic evaluation and graphic display of service run timesThe statistic and graphic evaluation of service calls and service run times can be done . This is necessary, if one ser-vice need much time and is called very often the performance of the operatingsystem goes down..Statistics and flow of servicesTask related evaluation of function run timesThe statistic and graphic evaluation of function calls and function run times can be done dependant to the actual running task. This is necessary, if dif-ferent tasks call one single function at the same time, or if a task switchoccurs in between the function.Analyzer listing, function call hierarchy and process switchesStatistics on function hierarchy, process relatedTask Stack CoverageIn real time systems it is quite impor-tant to know, how much stack space each task consumes. For this purpose a special window shows the current and the maximum usage of each seperate task.PRACTICE functions for OS data The support includes extended PRAC-TICE functions for process specificdata. E.g. the function “TASK.CON-FIG(magic)” returns the address of theso called magic value.Process stack coverage windowMotorola OSEK related pull-down menuBecause the menu bar of theTRACE32 user interface can be fully customized, you can create a new pull down menu, including operating sys-tem specific commands. We deliver OSEK support with an example for such specific menues, which providesfast access to the OSEK features.TRACE32 with OSEK menuContactInternational RepresentativeArgentinaAnacom Eletronica Ltda.Mr. Rafael SoriceRua Nazareth, 807, BarcelonaBR-09551-200 São Caetano do Sul, SP Phone: +55 11 3422 4200FAX: +55 11 3422 4242EMAIL:******************.br AustraliaEmbedded Logic Solutions P/LMr. Ramzi KattanSuite 2, Level 3144 Marsden StreetParramatta NSW 2150Phone: +61 2 9687 1880FAX: +61 2 9687 1881EMAIL:*****************.au AustriaLauterbach GmbHAltlaufstr. 40D-85635 Höhenkirchen-Siegertsbrunn Phone: +49 8102 9876 190FAX: +49 8102 9876 187EMAIL:******************** BelgiumTritec Benelux B.V.Mr. Robbert de VoogtStationspark 550NL-3364 DA SliedrechtPhone: +31 184 41 41 31FAX: +31 184 42 36 11EMAIL:******************BrazilAnacom Eletronica Ltda.Mr. Rafael SoriceRua Nazareth, 807, BarcelonaBR-09551-200 São Caetano do Sul, SP Phone: +55 11 3422 4200FAX: +55 11 3422 4242EMAIL:******************.br CanadaLauterbach Inc.Mr. Udo Zoettler4 Mount Royal Ave.USA-Marlborough, MA 01752 Phone: +1 508 303 6812FAX: +1 508 303 6813EMAIL:********************** China BeijingLauterbach Technologies Co., LtdMr. Linglin HeBeijing OfficeA3,South Lishi Road, XiCheng District Beijing 100037, P.R. ChinaPhone: +86 10 68023502FAX: +86 10 68023523EMAIL:************************* China ShenzhenLauterbach Technologies Co., Ltd1406/E Xihaimingzhu BuildingNo.1 Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District Shenzhen 518052, P.R. China Phone: +86 755 8621 0671FAX: +86 755 8621 0675EMAIL:**************************China SuzhouLauterbach Technologies Co., Ltd Mr. Linglin HeHengyu Square, Rm 709No. 188, Xing Hai StreetSuzhou, 215021 P.R. of China Phone: +86 512 6265 8030FAX: +86 512 6265 8032EMAIL:********************** Czech. RepublicLauterbach GmbHAltlaufstr. 40D-85635 Höhenkirchen-Siegertsbrunn Phone: +49 8102 9876 130FAX: +49 8102 9876 187EMAIL:******************** DenmarkNohau Danmark A/SMr. Flemming JensenHørkær 26, Plan 4DK-2730 HerlevPhone: +45 44 52 16 50FAX: +45 44 52 26 55EMAIL:*************EgyptLauterbach GmbHAltlaufstr. 40D-85635 Höhenkirchen-Siegertsbrunn Phone: +49 8102 9876 130FAX: +49 8102 9876 187EMAIL:******************** FinlandNohau Solutions FinlandMr. Martti ViljainenTekniikantie 14FI-02150 EspooPhone: +358 40 546 0142FAX: +358 9 2517 8101EMAIL:**************FranceLauterbach S.A.R.L.Mr. Jean-Pierre ParadisoEuroparc - Le Hameau B135 Chemin Des BassinsF-94035 Créteil CedexPhone: +33 1 49 56 20 30FAX: +33 1 49 56 20 39EMAIL:********************** GermanyLauterbach GmbHSales Team GermanyAltlaufstr. 40D-85635 Höhenkirchen-Siegertsbrunn Phone: +49 8102 9876 190FAX: +49 8102 9876 187EMAIL:******************** GreeceLauterbach GmbHAltlaufstr. 40D-85635 Höhenkirchen-Siegertsbrunn Phone: +49 8102 9876 190FAX: +49 8102 9876 187EMAIL:******************** HungaryLauterbach GmbHAltlaufstr. 40D-85635 Höhenkirchen-Siegertsbrunn Phone: +49 8102 9876 190FAX: +49 8102 9876 187EMAIL:********************India-BangaloreElectro Systems Associates Pvt. Ltd. Mr. G. V. GurunathamS-606, World Trade CenterMalleswaram West, No.26/1, Dr. Rajkumar RoadIndia - Bangalore 560055Phone: +91 80 67648888FAX: +91 80 23475615EMAIL:************************* India-ChennaiElectro Systems Associates Pvt. Ltd. Mr. D. KannanNo.109 /59A , Ground FloorIV Avenue, Ashok NagarIndia - Chennai - 600 083 Tamilnadu Phone: +91 044-24715750FAX: ++91 44 24715750EMAIL:********************India-DelhiElectro Systems Associates Pvt. Ltd. Mr. R.K. BhandariNo. 705, 7th Floor, Laxmi Deep ShivajinagarIndia - Delhi - 110 092Phone: +91 11-22549351FAX:EMAIL:******************India-HyderabadElectro Systems Associates Pvt. Ltd. Mr. C.V.M. Sri Ram MurthyShop No. 14, "Global Enclave" Bhagyanagar Colony, Kukat pallyIndia - Hyderabad 500 072Phone: +91 40-23063346FAX: +91 40-23063346EMAIL:**********************India-KolkataElectro Systems Associates Pvt. Ltd. Mr. Arun RoyIndia - KolkataPhone: +91 98305 78843FAX:EMAIL:********************India-PuneElectro Systems Associates Pvt. Ltd. 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个体噪声计中文说明书
目录：
目录
第1章:介绍.................................................................................................................. 1
剂量测定............................................................................................................................. 1 噪声剂量计......................................................................................................................... 2 声音范围............................................................................................................................. 3 关于噪声标准的内容? ....................................................................................................... 3 Edge的应用........................................................................................................................ 4 噪声评定步骤..................................................................................................................... 5 Edge型号........................................................................................................................... 6 虚拟剂量计………………………………………………….…………………………………….………… 6
临床药师参与1例肥厚型心肌病合并房颤患者的抗凝治疗实践
2020/1/21 2020/1/23 2020/1/25 2020/1/27 2020/1/29 2020/1/31
第 18 日，经评估后予继续抗凝治疗，予达比加群 酯 110 mg bid po。
第 28 日，临床医生邀请临床药师协助抗凝治疗， 临 床 药 师 发 现 患 者 肌 酐 较 前 升 高， 肌 酐 清 除 率 为 26 mL/(min·1.73 m2)，建议医生将达比加群酯更改为华法 林， 医 生 采 纳 改 用 华 法 林 3 mg qd 抗 凝 治 疗。 华 法 林 抗 凝 治 疗 第 4 日， 复 查 国 际 标 准 化 比 值（international normalized ratio, INR）0.99， 调 整 华 法 林 为 4.5 mg qd。 临床药师建议行华法林个体化基因检测。
为临床提供合理用药建议。结果：根据患者肾功能变化情况，调整抗凝药物，根据基因型检测。结论 ：临床药师参与患者治疗，发挥专业特长，提供合理用药建议，保证抗凝治疗的有效性和安全性。
关键词 直接口服抗凝药 华法林 基因型 个体化给药 房颤
中图分类号 ：R969.3; R973.2
作者简介 ：傅芳，主管药师。研究方向 ：抗凝药物 的临床应用。E-mail ：fufufangfang@
通信作者 ：刘弋戈，副主任药师。研究方向 ：医院 药学及合理用药。E-mail ：johnliu1977@
病合并房颤患者的抗凝治疗过程，分析抗凝药物的选择 和基因型对华法林抗凝效果的影响，为临床合理抗凝治 疗提供参考。
基于网络药理学分析冬虫夏草防治急性肾损伤的分子机制
基于网络药理学分析冬虫夏草防治急性肾损伤的分子机制①洪涛李晓宇②李尚妹②刘华锋②③（广东医科大学附属医院肾内科，湛江 524000）中图分类号R285.5 文献标志码 A 文章编号1000-484X（2023）11-2299-06［摘要］目的：基于网络药理学分析冬虫夏草（CS）防治急性肾损伤（AKI）的分子作用机制。
方法：应用中药系统药理学数据库（TCMSP）筛选CS的有效成分和作用靶点，从DisGeNET、GeneCards、OMIM、TTD数据库筛选AKI的疾病靶点，运用Cytoscape 3.8.0软件构建“药物-成分-疾病-靶点”可视化调控网络，采用String在线数据库构建CS与AKI共同靶点的蛋白互作网络，DAVID数据库和KEGG数据库对共同靶点进行GO功能富集分析和KEGG通路富集分析，探讨其潜在分子机制。
结果：CS中筛选得到有效成分9种，防治AKI的作用靶点63个。
GO功能富集分析主要包括对药物的反应、信号转导、衰老、细胞增殖调控、细胞凋亡调控等。
CS防治AKI的主要富集通路有PI3K-Akt信号通路、MAPK信号通路、细胞凋亡通路、TNF信号通路、P53信号通路等。
结论：通过网络药理学研究方法预测了CS防治AKI的有效活性成分及作用靶点，并通过PPI网络和KEGG富集分析推测了CS通过多条信号通路调节防治AKI，涉及细胞自噬、凋亡及炎症反应等多环节生物学过程。
［关键词］冬虫夏草；急性肾损伤；网络药理学；分子机制Network pharmacology-based identification of key mechanism of Cordyceps sinensis' protection from acute kidney injuryHONG Tao， LI Xiaoyu， LI Shangmei， LIU Huafeng. Department of Nephrology， Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University， Zhanjiang 524000， China［Abstract］Objective：To explore potential key mechanism of Cordyceps sinensis´ （CS） protection from acute kidney injury （AKI） through network pharmacological analysis. Methods：All bioactive ingredients and target of CS were obtained from TCMSP data‐base. Targets related to AKI were obtained from DisGeNET， GeneCards， OMIM， TTD databases. Cytoscape 3.8.0 software was used to visualize "Medicine-Component-Disease-Target" networks. String online database was used to construct PPI network of common target between CS and AKI. GO functional enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed for common target in DAVID database and KEGG database to explore its potential molecular mechanism. Results：A total of 9 active ingredients and 63 potential targets in treatment of AKI have been identified. GO functional enrichment were mainly related to drug response， signal transduction， senescence， cell proliferation regulation， apoptosis regulation， etc. Pathways of CS to control AKI mainly enriched in PI3K-AKT signaling pathway， MAPK signaling pathway， apoptosis signaling pathway， TNF signaling pathway， P53 signaling path‐way，etc. Conclusion：Effective active ingredients and targets of CS for preventing AKI are predicted by network pharmacology. PPI network and KEGG enrichment analysis also speculates that CS regulates prevention and treatment of AKI through multiple signaling pathways， involving multiple biological processes such as autophagy， apoptosis and inflammatory response.［Key words］Cordyceps sinensis；Acute kidney injury；Network pharmacology；Molecular mechanism急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury，AKI）是多种原因造成的肾功能急性下降，是临床常见危重症。
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Variable
Units or Allowed Values Enter Value
Age Years Height Centimeters (cm)
Weight Kilograms (kg)
VKORC1 genotype A/A
A/G
G/G
U ((for Unknown)
CYP2C9 genotype *1/*1
*1/*2
*1/*3
*2/*2
*2/*3
*3/*3
U (for Unknown)
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U (for Unknown or Mixed Race)
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#DIV/0!#DIV/0!
Enter a genotype for VKORC1 -1639 A>G SNP, using
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Enter a genotype for CYP2C9, using one of the allowed values shown in column B, or enter the single letter 'U'
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Enter patient's race, using singe letter values A, B, C, or U, as shown in column B
Error Enter either Y (patient taking CYP2C9 inducer) or N
(patient not taking CYP2C9 inducer). The inducers
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Error Enter either Y (patient taking amiodarone) or N (patient
not taking amiodorone).Error There are 8 errors in the data you have entered. A dose cannot be calculated until the errors are fixed.8
Error count 0Warning count
CYP2C9 lookup table
*1/*1
0*1/*2
-0.5211*1/*3
-0.9357*2/*2
-1.0616*2/*3-1.9206
Dose Calculator
an be found at the Instructions tab
*3/*3-2.3312 U-0.2188。