TOEFL-junior模拟试题解析
(A) vicinity(B) remote(C) distant(D) lonely
4. If you are always patient, we can say that you _______ lots of patience.
Language Form and Meaning
Directions
In this section of the test, you will answer37questions found in seven different texts. Within each text are boxes that contain four possible ways to complete a sentence. Choose the word or words in each box that correctly complete each sentence. Mark the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet.
(A) acquire(B) erasable(C) eliminable(D) deletable
5. Roses _______ greatly in color, size, and shape.
(A) fragrant(B) vary(C) aroma(D) thorn
6. A _______ is a process that often involves a series of steps.
(A) breather(B) half-whisper(C) susurrate(D) procedure
7. If you say you have _______ time for an assignment, that means you have enough time to do it.
(A) liaison(B) connect(C) beam(D) admonish
Questions 1-26
12. Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the lower ground levels, thereby _____ from freezing.
Go on to the next page, and the test will begin with question number one.
1. A country’s _______ include all of its minerals, such as coal, gold, and silver.
(A) to save the seeds(B) saving the seeds(C) which saves the seeds(D) the seeds saved
13. _____ mineral content in the bones of very young children is low compared to that of adults.
(A) insufficient(B) adequate(C) wanting(D. quiver
8. Anything that puts pressure on out emotions, bodies, or minds can be called _______.
(A) arrow(B) Stress(C) projectile(D) straight
9. Thelma had a _______ with her neighbors over their dogs’ getting into her garbage cans.
(A) indignant(B) approximately(C) everywhere(D) resent
10. When the Carveys didn’t pay their rent for the third month in a row, the landlord actually came to their door to _____ them.
Here are two sample questions:
1. The idea that rocks last forever and that rocks
(A) very
(B) ever
(C) quite
(D)ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้never
2.change is not completely true. If you have ever stood next to a rushing river, you
(A) saw
(B) seen
(C) are seeing
(D) may have seen
the water hammering away at the rocks.
The correct answer toSample 1 is (D),“never.”
The correct answer to Sample 2 is (D),“may have seen.”
(A) urge(B) console(C) keen(D) scold
11. In the 1800s, it must have been very difficult to _______ with people who lived far away. Today we are all lucky to have phones and good mail service.
(A) resource(B) financial(C) ability(D) list
2 .Whether two people or groups are fighting with words or weapons, we can say they are having a _______.
(A) dispute(B) war(C) combat(D) victim
小托福阅读模拟练习题及词汇类型
小托福课堂 |小托福阅读模拟练习题及词汇类型TOEFL Junior，中文名称"初中托福"或者也叫"小托福"。
小托福考试中大家最关心的就是阅读题了，考生想要在小托福中取得高分，需要多多练习，下文分享的就是小托福阅读模拟练习题：材料分享：气象卫星在预报天气中所发挥的重要作用。
如今，许多国家的气象站都是在接收到卫星云图后，由气象学家进行研究分析，然后预报天气的。
在卫星的帮助下，人们可以预测未来三五天或更长时间内的天气状况。
Now satellites are helping to forecast(预报) the weather. They are in space, and they can reach any part of the world. The satellites take pictures of the atmosphere (大气), because this is where the weather forms (形成). They send these pictures to the weather stations. So meteorologists(气象学家) can see the weather of any part of the world. From the pictures, the scientists can often say how the weather will change.Today, nearly five hundred weather stations in sixty countries receive satellite pictures. When they receive new pictures, the meteorologists compare them with earlier ones. Perhaps they may find that the clouds have changed during the last few hours. This may mean that the weather on the ground may soon change, too. In their next weather forecast, the meteorologists can say this.So the weather satellites are a great help to the meteorologists. Before satellites were invented, the scientists could forecast the weather for about 24or 48 hours. Now they can make good forecasts for three or five days. Soon, perhaps, they may be able to forecast the weather for a week or more ahead (提前).1. Satellites travel __________.A. in spaceB. above spaceC. above the groundD. in the atmosphere答案：A解析：本题属表层理解题。
小托福官方指定用书TOEFL Junior摸底测评题及参考答案
Name: ________ Date: ________ Score: ________（__ / 30*100）Directions: This test consists of two parts. The first part is language form and meaning with 10 questions. The second part is reading with three texts and 20 questions. You should spend about 30 minutes on the test.PART1.–How about going hiking this weekend?–Sorry. I prefer _______ rather than _______.A.to go out; stay at homeB.to stay at home; go outC.staying at home; to go outD.going out; stay at home2.I bought a shirt because it was good in quality and ________ in price.A.reasonableB.valuablefortableD.enjoyable3.Now the air in our city is ________ than it used to be. Something must be done to stop it.A.very goodB.much betterC.rather badD.even worse4.The committee is discussing the problem right now. It will ________ have been solved by theend of next week.A.eagerlyB.hopefullyC.immediatelyD.gradually5.Jim sold most of his things. He has hardly ________ left in the house.A.anythingB.everythingC.nothingD.something6.To be great, you must be smart, confident, and, _________, honest.A.thereforeB.above allC.howeverD.after all7.________ a boy, the man was taken away by the police.A.Supposing to murderB.Supposed to murderC.Supposing to have murderedD.Supposed to have murdered8.The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only _________, but students becamemore interested in the lessons.A.saved was teacher’s energyB.was teachers’ energy savedC.teachers’ energy was savedD.was saved teachers’ energy9.You speak good English. Could you tell me _________?A.how can I improve my EnglishB.how I can improve my EnglishC.how could I improve my EnglishD.how I could improve my English10.–What are you talking about?–We’re talking about the teacher and his school _______ we visited yesterday.A.whichB.whomC.whoD.thatPARTQuestions 11-16 are about the following passage.Playing organized sports is such a common experience in the United States that many children and teenagers take them for granted. This is especially true among children from families and communities that have the resources needed to organize and sponsor sports programs and make sure that there is easy access to participation opportunities. Children in low-income families and poor communities are less likely to take organized youth sports for granted because they often lack the resources needed to pay for participation fees, equipment, and transportation to practices and games and their communities do not have resources to build and maintain sports fields and facilities.Organized youth sports first appeared during the early 20th century in the United States and other wealthy nations. They were originally developed when some educators and developmental experts realized that the behavior and character of children were strongly influenced by their social surroundings and everyday experiences. This led many people to believe that if you could organize the experiences of children in particular ways, you could influence the kinds of adults that those children would become.This belief that the social environment influenced a person’s development was very encouraging to people interested in progress and reform in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century. It caused them to think about how they might control the experiences of children to manufacture responsible and productive adults. They believed strongly that democracy depended on responsibility and that a growing capitalist economy depended on the productivity of workers.11.What fact does the author say about children from poor communities?A.They often take organized sports for granted.B.They don’t like organized sports that much.C.Their communities don’t want to sponsor them.D.They don’t have enough money for the resources.12.According to the passage, what can strongly influence the behavior and character of children?A.The income of their families.B.Sports fields and facilities in their communities.C.Social surroundings and everyday experiences.D.Whether they join organized sports or not.13.Why did the educators and experts originally develop organized youth sports?A.They found that sports were popular in the United States.B.They realized that children’s physical health was really important.C.They wanted to organize children’s experiences by organized sports.D.They thought organized sports could influence the capitalist economy.14.In line 13, the word encouraging is closest in meaning to _______.A.upsettingB.surprisingC.disappointingD.inspiring15.In line 15, the word manufacture is closest in meaning to _______.A.raiseB.preventC.multiplyD.provide16.According to the passage, what did a growing capitalist depend on?A.Social environmentB.The experience of childrenC.Responsible adultsD.Productivity of workersQuestions 17-21 are about the following passage.Throughout the history of life, there have been many major upheavals in which whole groups of animals were replaced by others. Perhaps the most famous example was dinosaurs. The dinosaurs were replaced by the mammals 65 million years ago. Another major change occurred 150 million years earlier, when the dinosaurs took over the position of dominance that had been held for 80 million years by mammal-like reptiles.What triggered these great changes? Scientific theories suggest that the factors that might have been responsible for such replacement are various. But these factors have gone through some significant change of its own. At times, for example, scientists have suggested that mammals caused the extinction of the dinosaurs by eating their eggs or by competing for the same food resources. Now, however, most people are convinced that the mammals played only a minor role, if any (largely because both groups had lived side by side for millions of years). Instead, environmental change was the primary responsible reason for the extinction of the dinosaurs. The mammals apparently sat around for 150 million years hiding under trees and other plants in woodland. With the extinction of the dinosaurs, they finally had their opportunity to step out and live in the available niches.17.What is the main idea of the passage?A.Mammals caused the extinction of dinosaurs by eating their eggs.B.Some species of animals have been replaced by others due to environmental changes.C.Scientific theories about the reasons for the extinction of certain reptiles have changed overthe years.D.Mammals and dinosaurs competed for the same food resources.18.In line 1, the word upheavals is closest in meaning to _______.A.heavensB.upliftsC.changesD.reasons19.Which of the followings is the correct order that the animal groups mentioned in the passageassumed dominance?A.Mammal-like reptiles, mammals, dinosaursB.Mammal, mammals-like reptiles, dinosaursC.Dinosaurs, mammal-like reptiles, mammalsD.Mammal-like reptiles, dinosaurs, mammals20.In line 6, the word triggered is closest in meaning to _______.A.causedB.assumedC.suggestedD.told21.According to the passage, what does the author imply about the scientific theories?A.They have changed considerably throughout their history.B.They concern only the division of reptile groups.C.They put little emphasis on the conditions of prehistoric climate.D.They explained the development of the Mesozoic undergrowth.Questions 22-30 are about the following passage.On a clear night you might see the Moon, some planets, and thousands of sparkling stars. You can see even more with a telescope. You might see that many stars look larger than others. You might see that some stars that look white are really red or blue. With bigger and bigger telescopes you can see more and more objects in the sky.But scientists believe there are some things in the sky that we will never see. We won’t see them with the biggest telescope in the world, on the clearest night of the year.That’s because they’re invisible. They’re the mysterious dead stars called black holes.You might find it hard to imagine that stars die. After all, our Sun is a star. Year after year we see it up in the sky, burning brightly, giving us heat and light. The Sun certainly doesn’t seem to be getting old or weak. But stars do burn out and die after billions of years.As a star cools, the outer layers of the star pull in toward the center. The star squashes into a smaller and smaller ball. If the star was very small, the star ends up as a cold, dark ball called a black dwarf. If the star was very big, it keeps squashing inward until it’s packed together tighter than anything in the universe.Imagine if the Earth were crushed until it was the size of a tiny marble. That’s how tightly this dead star, a black hole, is packed. What pulls the stat in toward its center with such power? It’s the same force that pulls you down when you jump—the force called gravity. A black hole is so tightly packed that its gravity sucks in everything—even light. The light from a black hole can never come back to your eyes. That’s why you see nothing but blackness.So the next time you stare up at the night sky, remember: there’s more in the sky than meets the eye! Scattered in the silent darkness are black holes—the great mystery of space.22.What would be the best title for this article?A.Amazing Black HolesB.The Use of a TelescopeC.Colorful StarsD.Mysterious Universe23.According to the article, what causes a star to die?A.As its gases run out, it cools down.B.It collides with other stars.C.It can only live for about a million years.D.As it gets hotter and hotter, it explodes.24.In line 7, the word mysterious is closest in meaning to ________.A.ordinaryB.brightC.strangemon25.Which of the following statement is NOT a fact?A.Black holes are dead stars.B.Black holes have gravity.C.Black holes are invisible.D.There is nothing as mysterious as a black hole.26.What happens after a star dies?A.It becomes invisible.B.It falls to Earth.C.It burns up all of its gases.D.It becomes brighter and easier to see.27.What might happen to our Sun billions of years from now?A.It will be brighter.B.It will not stop giving heat and light.C.It will burn out and die.D.It will become red or blue.28.What can be inferred about the Sun according to the article?A.We won’t see the Sun with the biggest telescope in the world.B.The Sun is a black hole.C.The Sun gives us heat and light.D.The Sun will not be getting old and weak.29.In line 15, the word it refers to _______.A.the SunB.the EarthC.the starD. a black dwarf30.Why can’t you see light when you look at a black hole?A.Because most black hole is so far away.B.Because the gravity of a black hole is so strong that it sucks the light inward.C.Because as the star’s gases burn, it stops giving off heat and light.D.Because as a star cools, its outer layers pull in toward its center.1.B 题目考查prefer to do …rather than do 表示“宁愿做…...而不愿意做”。
托福模拟考试及答案解析(11)
托福模拟考试及答案解析（11）(1~12/共51题)阅读理解THE TRICKSTER FIGURE IN MYTHOLOGY 1 In the study of mythology, the character known as the trickster is a god, spirit, human, or animal who breaks the rules of the gods or nature, sometimes maliciously but usually with results that are positive. The rule breaking often takes the form of mischief or thievery. The trickster is usually male but occasionally disguises himself in female form. He can be cunning or foolish, or both, and often very humorous. His curiosity leads him into trouble, but he rescues himself with his sly wit. When he plays tricks, he performs important cultural tasks that benefit humans, and for this reason the trickster is a significant figure in world mythology.2 In different cultures, the trickster and the hero are combined in various ways. In Greek mythology, Prometheus steals fire from the gods and gives it to humans, a feat making him more of a hero than a trickster, and he is usually portrayed as an intellectual. In many Native American stories, Coyote also steals fire from the gods, but Coyote is usually more of a jokester or a prankster than an intellectual.3 The trickster is both creator and destroyer, giver and taker, one who tricks others and is tricked in return. The pranks of the trickster are compulsive and uncontrollable. He does not act consciously; he acts out of passion and impulse. He knows neither good nor evil, yet he is responsible for both. He possesses no morals, yet through his behavior morality comes into being. According to psychologist Carl Jung, the trickster is "a primitive cosmic being of divine-animal nature, on the one hand superior to man because of his superhuman qualities, and on the other hand inferior to him because of his unreason and unconsciousness."4 In Native American mythology, the majority of trickster myths concern the creation or transformation of the earth. Such stories have a trickster who is always wandering, who is always hungry, who is not guided by normal ideas of good and evil, and who possesses some magical powers. In some stories he is a deity, and in others he is an animal or human that is subject to death. Several of these myths feature Raven or Coyote as the trickster-hero.5 In many creation myths of the Pacific Northwest, Raven illustrates the transformational nature of tricksters. Raven is the greatest shapeshifter of all and can change into anything to get what he wants. In one story, there is darkness at the beginning of the world, so Raven decides he will find light. He flies far from the earth, searching in the darkness, until he spots a glimmer of light coming from a window in the house of the gods. Raven knows the gods are protective of their possessions, so he devises a trick. He perches on a pine branch next to the house and watches each day as the chief god's daughter draws water from a nearby lake. He magically transforms himself into a pinyon seed and falls into the girl's drinking cup. The girl swallows the seed, which grows within her body, and she eventually gives birth to a boy. The child delights his grandparents, and his laughter tricks the elder gods into revealing where they hide a shining ball of light. The gods give the child the ball to play with, and then Raven transforms back to a bird and flies off carrying the ball of light in his beak. He hangs the ball—the sun—in the sky, thereby bringing light to the world.6 Coyote's character is similar to that of Raven, and both appear in stories carrying out similar roles. In several stories from the American Southwest, Coyote steals fire from a group of "fire beings" and gives it to humans. In some tales Coyote wants to make human life more interesting, so he introduces sickness, sorrow, and death. He often teaches through negativeexample by employing the human vices of lying, cheating, and stealing. His tricks often bring about destructive natural phenomena, such as a great flood that destroys the earth. However, by causing the flood, Coyote leads the human race to a new and better world. Coyote shows us that at the heart of the trickster is a savior whose great gift to humans is showing them new ways of knowing and doing.Glossary:mischief: tendency to play tricks or cause minor troublethievery: the act of theft; stealingpinyon seed: the seed of a pine tree; pine nut第1题The word maliciously in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.destructivelyB.falselyC.bravelyD.mistakenly第2题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.In world mythology, every important aspect of human culture is the result of the trickster's behavior.B.The trickster develops human culture by tricking people into performing dangerous cultural tasks.C.When the trickster wants to be helpful, he devises a trick that will teach people what is important.D.The trickster is an important mythological character because his tricks contribute positively to human culture.第3题The author discusses Prometheus and Coyote in paragraph 2 in order toA.illustrate two different views of the trickster-heroB.explain how humans received the gift of fireC.argue that the trickster is an intellectual heroD.encourage readers to study world mythology第4题The word pranks in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA.funny storiesplex plansC.mischievous actsD.divine traits第5题All of the following are traits of the trickster EXCEPTA.a desire to break the rulesB.the ability to disguise himselfC.superhuman powersD.awareness of good and evil第6题Native American stories with a trickster-hero are usually aboutA.the victory of good over evilB.the creation or transformation of the worldC.the struggle to control one's natureD.the punishment of humans by the gods第7题The word spots in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.imaginesB.transformsC.locatesD.destroys第8题The author tells a story about Raven in which the tricksterA.gives humans the gift of fireB.changes into a young girlC.steals the sun from the godsD.causes a destructive flood第9题The word savior in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.one who wants total powerB.one who rescues others from harmC.one who causes terrible sufferingD.one who cares about only himself第10题It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which statement about the trickster?A.The trickster is responsible for many serious problems in the world today.B.The trickster shows us that there is no difference between good and evil.C.The trickster serves as an explanation for creation, change and renewal.D.The trickster teaches children that lying and stealing are acceptable behavior.第11题Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Like Raven, Coyote is a master transformer whose mischievous power is responsible for events that benefit humanity.Coyote's character is similar to that of Raven, and both appear in stories carrying out similar roles.A In several stories from the American Southwest, Coyote steals fire from a group of "fire beings" and gives it to humans. In some tales Coyote wants to make human life more interesting, so he introduces sickness, sorrow, and death.B He often teaches through negative example by employing the human vices of lying, cheating, and stealing.C His tricks often bring about destructive natural phenomena, such as a great flood that destroys the earth. However, by causing the flood, Coyote leads the human race to a new and better world.D Coyote shows usthat at the heart of the trickster is a savior whose great gift to humans is showing them new ways of knowing and doing.第12题Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the trickster that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points. Answer ChoicesA. Introduces sickness, sorrow, and death to make life more interestingB. Transforms into various shapes to achieve his purposesC. Appears as an intellectual hero in stories of good and evilD. Creates a ball of silver light that becomes the moonE. Changes into a seed to gain entrance to the house of the godsF. Causes a great flood and then leads humans to a better worldG. Brings light to the world by playing a trick on the godsRaven●●●Coyote●●下一题(13~25/共51题)阅读理解DADA AND POP ART 1 Dada was a subversive movement in the arts that flourished mainly in France, Switzerland, and Germany from 1916 to 1923. Dada was based on the principles of deliberate irrationality, disorder, and anarchy. Dada protested all forms of authority and convention. It rejected laws of beauty and social organization and attempted to discover authentic reality through the destruction of traditional culture and aesthetic forms. In Dada there was only one rule: Never follow any established rules. There was no predominant medium; however, assemblage, collage, and photomontage were techniques frequently employed. Dadaist art was nonsensical, impulsive, and often playful. The movement's founders included the French artist Jean Arp and the writers Tristan Tzara and Hugo Ball. At a meeting of young artists in 1916 in Zurich, one of them inserted a paper knife into a French-German dictionary. The knife pointed to the word dada, a French baby-talk word for a hobby-horse, which the group saw as an appropriate term for their anti-art.2 Dada emerged from despair over the First World War and disgust for the conservative values of society. Dada was the first expression of protest against the war. Dadaists used absurdity to create artworks that mocked society yet defied intellectual analysis, such as the use of "found" objects in sculptures and installations. The forerunner of the Dadaists, and ultimately their leading member, was Marcel Duchamp, who in 1913 created his first "ready-made," the Bicycle Wheel, consisting of a wheel mounted on the seat of a stool. In his effort to discourage aesthetics, Duchamp shocked the art establishment with these ready—mades—manufactured objects that he selected and exhibited—including a bottle rack and a comb. The Dada movement extended to literature and music and became international after the war. In the United States themovement was centered in New York City. Dadaists on both sides of the Atlantic had one goal in common: to demolish current aesthetic standards.3 Fifty years after the Dadaists, another generation of artists reacted to the standards and values of society. However, instead &rejecting ordinary things, the young artists of the Pop movement of the 1960s embraced them. Pop artists were curious about the commercial media of ads, billboards, newsprint, television, and all aspects of popular culture. Thus, the barrier between "high" and "low" art collapsed, which the Dadaists had aimed for and the Pop artists attained with an energy not seen before.4 Pop art received its name from critic Lawrence Alloway, who considered Pop to be the culture of the mass media, photographs, and posters—a style that must be popular, transitory, and witty. The subject matter of Pop art was derivative, depicting something that had already been published or produced, such as comic strips, soft-drink bottles, and photographs of movie stars. Pop art caught on quickly; it was art about mass consumption that was eagerly consumed by the masses.5 The most popular of the Pop artists was the painter Roy Lichtenstein. Lichtenstein painted enlarged copies of the least "arty" things he could find: romance and adventure comic strips. He was the first American artist to react to comic strips, finding beauty in these crude designs, along with a distinct sense of style. Lichtenstein also painted other pictorial styles, including blowups of other artists' brushstrokes and parodies of Cubism and Art Deco.6 Andy Warhol, more than any other Pop artist, took on the mind-numbing overload of American mass culture. Warhol began his career as a commercial illustrator, and in 1962 he had his first exhibition in an art gallery, where he showed his 32 Campbell's Soup Cans. The thirty-two soup cans are about sameness: same brand, same size, same paint surface, and same fame. They mimic the condition of mass advertising. All of Warhol's work flowed from one central insight: mass culture is filled with images that become meaningless by being repeated again and again, and in this glut of information is a role for art. Warhol felt this and embodied it. He conveyed a collective state of mind in which celebrity—a famous brand name or the image of a famous person—had completely replaced sacredness in art.Glossary:aesthetic: relating to beauty; artistic第13题According to the passage, the main goal of the Dada movement was toA.stimulate public interest in artB.change the goals of art educationC.destroy traditional standards of artD.make mass media the subject of art第14题The author mentions a hobby-horse in paragraph 1 in order toA.explain the origin of the name "Dada"B.illustrate how Dadaists created artpare art to a children's gameD.give an example of a "ready-made"第15题According to the passage, one way in which the Dadaists mocked society was byA.refusing to fight in the First World WarB.writing plays about social classing "found" objects in works of artD.criticizing the commercial media第16题The word forerunner in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning toA.leading writerB.earliest artistC.main criticD.fastest runner第17题The passage gives all of the following as examples of "ready-mades" EXCEPTA.a bicycle wheelB.a bottle rackC.a soup canD.a comb第18题The word embraced in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA.mockedB.ignoredC.welcomedD.defended第19题It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that the Pop artistsA.reacted against the Dada movementB.were more popular than the DadaistsC.criticized art for being too commercialD.succeeded in changing ideas about art第20题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Pop art could be produced and consumed more quickly than any other mass media.B.The public enthusiastically accepted Pop art, which portrayed commercial culture.C.The mass media quickly reached large audiences, thus influencing attitudes about art.rge numbers of people bought Pop art, even though they could not understand it.第21题Which artist created works based on other styles and the work of other artists?A.Marcel Duchampwrence AllowayC.Roy LichtensteinD.Andy Warhol第22题The phrase took on in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.hatedB.was afraid ofC.inventedD.responded to第23题The word glut in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.excessB.definitionC.fearD.absence第24题. Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Whereas the visual arts had previously ignored current events, Dadaists reacted to the crisis and accused society of allowing it to happen.Dada emerged from despair over the First World War and disgust for the conservative values of society. Dada was the first expression of protest against the war. A Dadaists used absurdity to create artworks that mocked society yet defied intellectual analysis, such as the use of "found" objects in sculptures and installations. B The forerunner of the Dadaists, and ultimately their leading member, was Marcel Duchamp, who in 1 9 1 3 created his first "readymade," the Bicycle Wheel, consisting of a wheel mounted on the seat of a stool. In his effort to discourage aesthetics, Duchamp shocked the art establishment with these ready—made—manufactured objects that he selected and exhibited—including a bottle rack and a comb. C The Dada movement extended to literature and music and became international after the war. D In the United States the movement was centered in New York City. Dadaists on both sides of the Atlantic had one goal in common: to demolish current aesthetic standards.A.AB.BC.CD.D第25题Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the art movement that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points. Answer ChoicesA. Reflected the mass media of advertising, newsprint, and televisionB. Was an anti-art movement in the visual arts, literature and musicC. Focused on transitory impressions and the changing effects of lightD. Depicted things that had already been produced in other mediaE. Originated as a protest against the First World WarF. Found beauty in comic strips and other images from popular cultureG. Emphasized the act of creating art over the finished work of artH. Used "found" objects and "ready-mades" in works of artI. Created art out of famous brand names and images of famous peopleDada●●●Pop Art●●●●上一题下一题(26~38/共51题)阅读理解DEFORESTATION IN NORTH AMERICA 1 The land area of the United States and Canada is just over 4.8 billion acres. When large numbers of Europeans began to arrive in the eighteenth century, almost one-third of that area was covered with old-growth forests. In the eastern half of the continent, nearly 90 percent of the land was thick with forests of elm, ash, beech, maple, oak, and hickory. By the end of the nineteenth century, after several decades of intensive deforestation, only half of the original forests remained.2 During the first two centuries of European colonization, settlement was concentrated along the East Coast, having almost no effect on the vast forests covering the continent. Then, in the first half of the nineteenth century, agriculture expanded and settlers began to move westward in search of land for new farms. Land for agriculture came almost exclusively from clearing forests. The demand for farmland and timber continued to soar, and by 1850, more than 100 million acres of old-growth forest had been cut or burned off in the Northeast, the Southeast, the Great Lakes region, and along the St. Lawrence River.3 Along with agriculture, industrialization was a major cause of deforestation. The Industrial Revolution was fueled by North America's abundance of wood, as iron makers relied on charcoal, or charred wood, to fire their furnaces. Hardwoods such as oak produced the best charcoal, which charcoal burners made by slowly burning logs in kilns until they were reduced to concentrated carbon. It took eight tons of wood to make two tons of charcoal to smelt one ton of iron. Thus, the toll on the forests was high, as countless acres were cut to feed the furnaces of the iron industry.4 The transportation technology of the Industrial Revolution contributed greatly to deforestation. The river steamboats that came into operation after 1830 had a voracious appetite for wood. To keep their wheels turning, steamboats typically took on fuel twice a day. The wood was supplied by thousands of "wood hawks" along the banks of the Ohio and Mississippi with stacks of cut firewood. Annual consumption of wood on riverboats continued to increase until 1865. Consequently, river valleys that had the heaviest traffic were stripped of their forests.5 After 1860, immigration and westward expansion surged, and railroads swept over the continent. Clean-burning hardwood was the preferred fuel of the "iron horses," which required the cutting of 215,000 acres of woodland to stay in operation for one year. Not only did wood fuel the steam engines, but enormous amounts of oak and locust also went into the manufacture of railcars, ties, fencing, bridges, and telegraph poles. Railroads in the United States and Canada stretched from coast to coast by 1885, and each additional mile of railroad meant at least two more miles of fencing and 2,500 ties.6 Other major consumers of forest products included ordinary homeowners. More than four out of five of the houses constructed in the early nineteenth century—from log cabins to clapboard cottages—were built mainly of wood and roofed with wooden shingles. All were filled with wooden furniture. Two-thirds of all households in North America were heated by open, wood-burning fireplaces, and it took between 10 and 20 acres of forest to keep a single fireplace burning for one year.7 Throughout the century, the timber industry continued to supply the single most valuable raw material for a rapidly expanding population. Between 1840 and 1860, the annual production of lumber rose from 1.6 million to 8 billion board feet. This increase was made possible by the widespread application of steam power. Wood-fueled steam engines powered the sawmills, moved and barked the logs, and finished the boards. Railroad lines were now built right into the forests so that felled logs could be shipped directly to market. These innovations had their greatest impact on the Great Lakes region. By 1890 the technology of the timber industry had triumphed over the natural abundance of the forests, and woodlands that had once seemed endless were now depleted.第26题The word thick in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.flatB.denseC.humidD.open第27题What point does the author make about deforestation in North America?A.It occurred mostly within a single century.B.It changed how people thought about trees.C.It provided jobs in several related industries.D.It caused an economic crisis in two countries.第28题According to the passage, all of the following contributed to deforestation EXCEPTA.the expansion of agricultureB.an increase in forest firesC.the use of charcoal as a fuelD.steamboat transportation第29题Why does the author use the word toll in discussing the iron industry in paragraph 3?A.To show that the process of smelting iron was expensiveB.To illustrate the impact of forest fires on the iron industryC.To point out that the iron industry had to pay high taxesD.To emphasize that large areas of woodland were eliminated第30题The word voracious in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning toA.varyingB.greedyC.strangeD.moderate第31题The phrase "wood hawks" in paragraph 4 describesA.a type of riverboatB.a species of treeC.people who sold woodrge woodland birds第32题The word surged in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.stoppedpetedC.fluctuatedD.increased第33题It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that "iron horses" wereA.machines that made ties and fencingB.railroad company executivesC.steam engines that moved trainsD.animals that helped build railroads第34题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 6? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Most of the houses in the nineteenth century were log cabins or clapboard cottages with simple roofs.B.There were four or five main house styles in the early nineteenth century, and all were built of wood.C.In the nineteenth century, wood construction was popular because wood could be used in a number of ways.D.Wood was the primary construction material of the vast majority of houses built in the early nineteenth century.第35题It can be inferred from paragraph 6 that in the early nineteenth centuryA.wooden houses were more popular than they are todayB.the construction industry dominated the economyC.more people owned homes than they do todayD.home heating was a major reason for cutting trees第36题According to paragraph 7, the tremendous increase in the production of lumber was primarily due toA.the availability of landB.an increase in the labor supplyC.innovations in technologyD.timber industry leadership第37题Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?No other industry or consumer of wood could match the timber industry itself for the exploitation of North America's forests.A Throughout the century, the timber industry continued to supply the single most valuable raw material for a rapidly expanding population. Between 1840 and 1860, the annual production of lumber rose from 1.6 million to 8 billion board feet.B This increase was made possible by the widespread application of steam power. Wood-fueled steam engines powered the sawmills, moved and barked the logs, and finished the boards. Railroad lines were now built right into the forests so that felled logs could be shipped directly to market.C These innovations had their greatest impact in the Great Lakes region.D By 1890 the technology of the timber industry had triumphed over the natural abundance of the forests, and woodlands that had once seemed endless were now depleted.第38题An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Many factors contributed to the deforestation of North America in the nineteenth century.●●●Answer ChoicesA. Dense forests of elm, ash, beech, maple, oak, and hickory covered most of the eastern half of the continent.B. Several million acres of forest were cut to meet the growing population's demand for farmland and wood.C. The iron, steamboat, railroad, and construction industries required huge amounts of wood.D. Each mile of railroad required two miles of fencing and 2,500 ties, which were made of oak and locust.E. After 1890, the timber industry moved into the West and South, cutting another 125 million acres of forest.F. Innovations in the timber industry greatly increased wood production but led to the depletion of forests.上一题下一题(39~51/共51题)阅读理解THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION 1 Sleep restores the body and the mind and helps prevent disease by strengthening the immune system. However, many adults do not get the recommended eight hours of sleep each night. The average adult today gets only 6.4 hours of sleep, nearly an hour and a half less than what the average person received a century ago. Only in recent years have health professionals begun to realize the prevalence and severity of sleep deprivation in the working population. A significant number of people work at night, work long shifts, or suffer from insomnia or jet lag. Others are deprived of sleep because they work toohard, stay out too late, or try to do too many things in a day. Adults who regularly sleep six hours or less might think they accomplish more by staying up late, but they pay for it the next day when they feel sleepy or irritable or are unable to concentrate, remember things, or be very effective at their work.2 Studies show that the brain is adversely affected by sleep deprivation because certain patterns of electrical and chemical activity that occur during sleep are interrupted and the brain cannot function normally. In one study, thirteen healthy adult subjects who usually had normal sleep patterns were kept awake and carefully monitored in a hospital sleep laboratory during a period of 35 hours. During the experiment, the subjects were asked to perform several cognitive tasks, such as arithmetic and word problems, while undergoing magnetic resonance scans of their brain activity. The scans recorded each subject's brain activity from a rested state through various stages of sleep deprivation over the 35-hour period. The scans produced images showing increased activity in some regions of the brain and decreased activity in others. The researchers found that the temporal lobe of the brain, the region involved in language processing, was activated during verbal tasks in rested subjects but not in sleep-deprived subjects. When subjects were fully rested, their magnetic resonance scans showed that the temporal lobe was very active. However, after several hours without sleep, there was no activity within this region. The effects of the inactivity included slurred speech in the subjects who had gone for prolonged periods with no sleep.3 Several studies show that getting fewer than six hours of sleep a night can impair short-term memory, coordination, reaction time, and judgment—thus posing a serious risk of accident or injury. In one study of drivers, researchers reported that sleep deprivation had some of the same hazardous effects as being drunk. They found that people who drove after being awake for 17 to 19 hours performed worse than those with a blood alcohol level of 0.05 percent, the legal limit for drunk driving in most western European countries. The study also found that 16 to 60 percent of road accidents involved sleep deprivation. The researchers concluded that countries with drunk driving laws should consider similar restrictions against sleep-deprived driving.4 There are other problems associated with sleep deprivation beyond impaired motor skills and judgment. Drivers who get too little sleep may have higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression, may take unnecessary risks, or may express rage toward other drivers. These dangers affect not only drivers but also people who work long shifts or night shifts, such as medical personnel and other emergency workers. The dangers of sleep deprivation go far beyond the obvious risks and can, in fact, undermine all areas of an individual's physical and mental health.5 Sleep deprivation weakens the immune system, making an individual more prone to diseases such as the common cold and diabetes. Without sleep, the number of disease-fighting white blood cells within the body decreases, as does the activity of the remaining white blood cells. Sleep deprivation has been linked to a decrease in the body's production of hormones such as insulin. Results of a recent study suggested that healthy young adults who regularly got under 6.5 hours of sleep a night had greater insulin resistance than people who got 7.5 to 8.5 hours of sleep. Insulin resistance is a silent condition in which the pancreas does not make enough insulin or the body is unable to use the insulin that is present. Thus, the muscle and liver cells cannot metabolize the sugar called glucose. As a result, glucose builds up in the bloodstream, setting the stage for diabetes and heart disease.。
小托福 JUNIOR整体考情分析及分数解读
小托福JUNIOR整体考情分析及分数解读自从TOEFL JUNIOR考试从2011年正式进入中国至今，几年来的考试难度上总体稳定，难度没有明显的起伏。
尽管去年ETS新加入了5套题到题库中，但对整体的难度没有太大的影响。
因而，对于每部分考察点的准确把握对于备考小托福JUNIOR来说就尤为重要了。
这里为大家盘点了小托福JUNIOR每部分的考察点，以及对分数的详细解读。
二．每部分考点详解a. 语言形式与含义小托福Junior 考试中的语言形式与含义部分共由6-8篇小短文组成，每一篇小短文对应4-8道题目。
该部分共42道题，均为单项选择题，考试时间共25分钟。
语法考点：考点主要分为两大类：分别是语言形式(Language Form) 和语言含义(Language Meaning)。
基础的语法考点有：小托福Junior虽然是针对11-15岁中小学生开发的英语能力测试，但是Language Form部分的所考查的知识点基本涵盖了所有初高中阶段的语法知识点。
动词时态及其被动语态形容词/副词的比较级和最高级限定词如some/any等用法区分句法结构之谓语动词和非谓语动词的判断句法结构之副词/介词/连词结构上和语义上的用法区分各类从句考点，主要考查从句引导词的使用高阶的语法考点有：倒装结构虚拟语气强调句型独立主格大部分题目主要集中在基础语法点上，高阶的语法点也略有涉及。
又由于是在语篇里进行考查，很多题目的判断需要结合句子的理解才能更准确地判断语法形式，这无疑增加了考查的难度。
Language Meaning 部分则主要考查语境用词，即结合具体所在的上下文语境，选出最符合作者表达意图的词汇和短语，这对学生的词汇量提出了很高的要求。
所以在备考的过程中，单纯的语法知识点并不能帮助学生解决所有问题，词汇量也是非常核心的因素。
语法话题：语言形式与含义部分会以便条、邮件、公告等形式，或以学生习作、课文、杂志中节选出的较为学术的文章的形式出现。
小托福阅读模拟测试练习题(附词汇难度解析)
小托福阅读模拟测试练习题（附词汇难度解析）小托福是中小学生留学美国必须参加的一项语言测试考试。
TOEFL Junior考试中，阅读题占的分值最大，下文分享的就是小托福阅读模拟测试练习题，一起阅读下文吧!——小托福阅读模拟测试练习题材料分享：CARDIFF, Wales Poets, singers and musicians from across the globe gathered in Wales to celebrate the tradition of storytelling.“It might seem strange that people still want to listen in age of watching television, but this is an unusual art form. whose time has come again,” said David Ambrose, director of Beyond the Border, an international storytelling festival in Wales.“Some of the tales, like those the Inuit from Canada, are thousands years old. So our storytellers have come from distant lands to connect us with the distance of time,” he said early this month.Two Inuit women, both in their mid 60s, are among the few remaining who can do Kntadjait, or throat singing, which has few words and much sound. Their art is governed by the cold of their surroundings, forcing them to say little but listen attentively.Ambrose started the festival in 1993, after several years of working with those reviving (coming back into use or existence) storytelling in Wales.“It came out of a group of people who wanted to reconnect with traditions. and as all the Welsh are storytellers, it was in good hands here.” Ambrose said.1. Ambrose believes that the art of storytelling _______.A. will be more popular than TVB. will be popular againC. started in WalesD. are in the hands of some old people答案：B解析：推断题。
小托福JUNIOR考情分析及分数解读
小托福JUNIOR整体考情分析及分数解读自从TOEFL JUNIOR考试从2011年正式进入中国至今，几年来的考试难度上总体稳定，难度没有明显的起伏。
尽管去年ETS新加入了5套题到题库中，但对整体的难度没有太大的影响。
因而，对于每部分考察点的准确把握对于备考小托福JUNIOR来说就尤为重要了。
这里为大家盘点了小托福JUNIOR每部分的考察点，以及对分数的详细解读。
二．每部分考点详解a. 语言形式与含义小托福Junior 考试中的语言形式与含义部分共由6-8篇小短文组成，每一篇小短文对应4-8道题目。
该部分共42道题，均为单项选择题，考试时间共25分钟。
语法考点：考点主要分为两大类：分别是语言形式(Language Form) 和语言含义(Language Meaning)。
基础的语法考点有：小托福Junior虽然是针对11-15岁中小学生开发的英语能力测试，但是Language Form部分的所考查的知识点基本涵盖了所有初高中阶段的语法知识点。
动词时态及其被动语态形容词/副词的比较级和最高级限定词如some/any等用法区分句法结构之谓语动词和非谓语动词的判断句法结构之副词/介词/连词结构上和语义上的用法区分各类从句考点，主要考查从句引导词的使用高阶的语法考点有：倒装结构虚拟语气强调句型独立主格大部分题目主要集中在基础语法点上，高阶的语法点也略有涉及。
又由于是在语篇里进行考查，很多题目的判断需要结合句子的理解才能更准确地判断语法形式，这无疑增加了考查的难度。
Language Meaning 部分则主要考查语境用词，即结合具体所在的上下文语境，选出最符合作者表达意图的词汇和短语，这对学生的词汇量提出了很高的要求。
所以在备考的过程中，单纯的语法知识点并不能帮助学生解决所有问题，词汇量也是非常核心的因素。
语法话题：语言形式与含义部分会以便条、邮件、公告等形式，或以学生习作、课文、杂志中节选出的较为学术的文章的形式出现。
托福模拟题测试题及答案
托福模拟题测试题及答案一、听力理解（Listening Comprehension）1. 根据录音内容，以下哪项是教授在讲座中提到的？A. 地球的气候变化对生态系统有积极影响。
B. 人类活动是导致全球变暖的主要原因。
C. 地球的自然周期导致了气候变化。
D. 气候变化对人类社会没有影响。
答案：B2. 在对话中，学生为什么感到困惑？A. 学生不理解课程作业的要求。
B. 学生不知道如何安排时间。
C. 学生对考试内容感到困惑。
D. 学生对老师的教学方法感到困惑。
答案：A二、阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）1. 根据文章内容，作者主要讨论了什么主题？A. 科技发展对教育的影响。
B. 教育系统如何适应社会变化。
C. 教育的重要性在现代社会中减少。
D. 社会对教育的需求日益增长。
答案：B2. 文章中提到的“终身学习”是指什么？A. 只在学生时代接受教育。
B. 教育应该贯穿一个人的整个生活。
C. 教育只对年轻人重要。
D. 教育只包括学术知识。
答案：B三、口语表达（Speaking Expression）1. 请描述你最近参加的一个活动，并解释为什么这个活动对你很重要。
（答案略）2. 你如何看待在线教育与传统教育的结合？请给出你的观点。
（答案略）四、写作能力（Writing Ability）1. 写一篇短文，讨论科技在日常生活中的作用，并给出你的观点。
（答案略）2. 选择一个你感兴趣的社会问题，写一篇文章，说明这个问题的重要性以及可能的解决方案。
（答案略）请注意：以上模拟题及答案仅供参考，实际托福考试的题型和内容可能会有所不同。
小托福模拟口语考试题及答案
小托福模拟口语考试题及答案考试题目一：描述你最喜欢的季节，并解释为什么。
答案示例：我最喜欢的季节是秋天。
秋天的天气凉爽宜人，不像夏天那样炎热，也不像冬天那样寒冷。
在这个季节里，树叶变成了金黄色，整个城市看起来非常美丽。
此外，秋天也是收获的季节，许多水果和蔬菜都成熟了，我可以享受到各种美味的农产品。
最重要的是，秋天的气候适合户外活动，我可以在周末和家人一起去郊游，享受大自然的美好。
考试题目二：如果你有机会去任何地方旅行，你会选择去哪里？为什么？答案示例：如果我有机会去任何地方旅行，我会选择去埃及。
埃及是一个历史悠久的国家，拥有许多古代文明的遗迹，比如金字塔和博物馆。
我一直对历史和考古学感兴趣，所以能够亲眼看到这些古老的建筑和文物会非常激动人心。
此外，埃及的沙漠和尼罗河也是我非常向往的地方，我相信这将是一次难忘的旅行经历。
考试题目三：描述一次你帮助别人的经历。
答案示例：有一次，我在公园里散步时，看到一个小男孩在哭泣，因为他找不到他的妈妈了。
我立刻走过去询问他的情况，并试图安慰他。
我告诉他我会帮助他找到妈妈。
然后，我带着他去了公园的管理处，告诉工作人员这个情况。
我们一起广播了寻人启事，并最终成功地帮他找到了妈妈。
看到他们团聚，我感到非常高兴和满足。
考试题目四：如果你可以拥有一种超能力，你希望是什么？为什么？答案示例：如果我可以拥有一种超能力，我希望能有治愈的能力。
这样，我就能够帮助生病的人恢复健康，减轻他们的痛苦。
我认为健康是生活中最重要的事情之一，能够帮助别人恢复健康，对我来说是非常有意义和有价值的。
此外，这种能力也可以用来帮助动物和植物，促进生态平衡和环境保护。
结束语：以上就是小托福模拟口语考试的一些题目及答案示例。
希望这些示例能够帮助考生们更好地准备考试，提高口语表达能力。
记住，练习是提高口语的关键，希望每位考生都能在考试中取得优异的成绩。
托福模拟考试及答案解析(14)
托福模拟考试及答案解析（14）(1/53)阅读理解第1题The Formation of CivilizationThe criteria for a body of people to be considered a civilization includes the construction of permanent settlements, the use of agriculture for food, the emergence of a leadership class, the worship of one or more deities, and the development of art and writing. For most of human history, these features were beyond the reach of the roving bands of hunter-gatherers whose primary concern was obtaining food. Some tribes may have settled in areas to hunt, fish, or gather fruits or nuts for short periods, but their shelters were not permanent, and they inevitably moved on when their food supplies became exhausted.This changed once humans discovered how to farm. Agriculture developed at different times around the world, but sometime around 8000 B.C., people in the Middle East learned how to sow wild grains to produce crops. Since raising crops takes time, these individuals built permanent shelters and stood guard over their plants to protect them from other people and wild animals. This required a degree of organization and specialization, so people began doing various tasks. Some worked the land, others protected the settlements, and others raised animals or made crafts such as pottery and woven baskets. Hunter-gatherer groups had always had leaders; therefore, it was natural for them to emerge in these permanent settlements. Because agriculture depended upon good weather and timely rain or floodwaters, people started worshipping deities and praying for sunshine and rain.Over time, the practice of agriculture led to population explosions and the founding of civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, and the Indus Valley. The leaders became kings, the protectors became soldiers, the shamans who prayed to deities became priests in organized religions, and the majority of people became peasants who farmed the land and worked on massive construction projects in honor of their kings and gods. Craftsmen also began creating beautiful works of art, and, in some places, writing was developed to record history and to communicate with others. In these places, civilization was born.*hunter-gatherer: a human that has no permanent home but wanders the land while hunting, fishing, and gathering wild fruits, grains, and vegetables*shaman: a person that acts as an intermediary between the real world and the spirit worldAn introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas of the passage. Some sentences do not belong because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.Thousands of years ago, hunter-gatherers learned to farm the land and then developed civilizations based around the permanent settlements they established.ANSWER CHOICES①There are still some groups of people in the world who can be said not to have established civilizations yet.②Once people started settling down in one place, individuals began taking on roles such as those of king, soldier, shaman, and peasant.③Some of the first civilizations were established in China, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley.④Having organized religions, creating art, and developing writing systems are three of the characteristics of human civilizations.⑤It was necessary for people to learn how to raise crops by farming the land for them to start establishing civilizations.⑥Most of the people in the earliest civilizations were peasants who had to farm the land and serve their masters.下一题(2/53)阅读理解第2题The Expanding Universe TheoryThe Big Bang Theory, which posits that the universe began from a single point of incredibly dense matter, is the most widely accepted theory regarding the creation of the universe. According to it, roughly fourteen billion years ago, this matter exploded and expanded to form the present-day universe. This theory is based upon observations of the universe suggesting that it is not static but is instead continually expanding outward.For centuries, astronomers believed that the universe was fixed and that Earth was located at its center. By the early twentieth century, the notion that Earth was at the center of the universe had been dispelled, but the static universe theory was still the prevailing model. Even Albert Einstein was a great believer in it. Then, in 1917, he had a revelation. His general theory of relativity did not precisely agree with the static universe model, yet he could not reconcile his strong belief in a static universe with his theories, so he concluded that some unknown force was preventing the universe from expanding. Simultaneously, other astronomers were discovering that Earth and the sun belonged to a large collection of stars they called a galaxy. In 1925, American astronomer Edwin Hubble proved other galaxies existed in addition to Earth's galaxy, which had been dubbed the Milky Way.Hubble made further observations that had a profound effect on the static universe theory. In 1929, he realized that the light coming from the galaxies he was observing had a distinctive red shift on the light spectrum. This was due to the Doppler Effect, which makes an object moving away from an observer appear red in color. This meant that the galaxies were moving away from one another and that the universe was expanding outward. There was resistance to Hubble's theory, but Einstein accepted it, and others soon agreed with the expanding universe theory as well. From it, astronomers concluded that if the universe was expanding, then it must have been much smaller at some point. That led to the Big Bang Theory becoming the accepted model for the creation of the universe.*static: stationary; unmoving*Doppler Effect: a shift in the frequency of the radiation emitted by a source that is moving relative to an observerAn introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas of the passage. Some sentences do not belong because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.Thanks to discoveries made by astronomers in the twentieth century, the expanding universe model replaced the static universe model as accepted science,ANSWER CHOICES①Edwin Hubble made a discovery that showed that the galaxies in the universe were spreading apart from one another.②The theory of relativity showed Albert Einstein that his notion that the universe was static was incorrect.③Most people throughout history have believed that the universe is static and that Earth can be found at its center.④The belief in the expanding universe model indicated to astronomers that the universe was probably started due to the Big Bang.⑤Albert Einstein and Edwin Hubble worked together to come up with the expanding universe model.⑥The Doppler Effect is what makes an object appear red when it is moving away from another object.上一题下一题(3~11/共53题)阅读理解Prions and IllnessPrions are proteins responsible for several infectious diseases that can affect both humans and animals. In humans, prions cause a number of neurological diseases which result in a decrease in cognitive functions and that almost always end in death. Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease—often called mad cow disease because of its debilitating effect on bovines—is one such prion disease that strikes the human brain. Some others are fatal familial insomnia, kuru, and Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Disease (GSS).These diseases, while different, share some similarities, particularly their cause. Prion proteins are attached to cell surfaces and are usually not harmful; however, in each of the aforementioned diseases, a prion protein in the brain assumes a wrong shape, disrupting the cell it is attached to. This signals nearby prion proteins to form improper shapes, too. The process slowly spreads across the brain as it destroys neurons, builds up plaque-like matter, and makes holes in brain tissue. It is slow moving, so it may take several years before the first symptoms are recognized.There are three main forms of prion diseases: acquired, genetic, and sporadic. People get acquired prion diseases through infections by bad prions, typically through food. Kuru, a prion disease that was once common in New Guinea, was caused by cannibals eating the brains of people with bad prions, and Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease, which humans get from ingesting infected beef, is another example. Genetic prion diseases are passed from parents to children through genes as an error causes the genes that code prion proteins to make mutant prion proteins that, as the children age, attach to cells in the wrong shapes. Fatal familial insomnia, which is found in a few families worldwide, causes people to be unable to sleep, and eventually leads to death, is one such example. As for sporadic prion diseases, they have no definitive causes. Experts believe they manifest because of mutant genes but are not certain why people acquire the diseases. Roughly 85% of prion diseases are sporadic as their victims are not exposed to infected food and have no family history of prion diseases.*bovine: an animal such as a cow or buffalo*neuron: a specialized cell that is a part of the nervous system第3题An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas of thepassage. Some sentences do not belong because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.Prions are proteins that can cause various types of diseases to infect the brains of their victims. ANSWER CHOICES①Sporadic prion diseases are not caused by infected food or genetics, so their causes are a complete mystery.②Medical researchers believe that they can cure some of the best-known prion diseases, including Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease.③Sporadic prion diseases are the most common, but there are also acquired and genetic prion diseases.④When prions take the wrong shape, they cause other prions to do the same thing, and this can spread through the brain.⑤When a person is infected by a prion disease, that individual's thinking processes are weakened, and the disease is nearly always fatal.⑥Only a few families around the world are affected by the genetic prion disease that is called fatal familial insomnia.第4题MappingThe following chart shows the structure of the passage. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words.图片第5题SummaryThe following is a summary of the passage. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words.Prions are 5 that can cause various diseases in both humans and animals. The diseases they cause in humans, such as Creutzfeldt-Jacobs Disease, fatal familial insomnia, kuru, and Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Disease, almost always 6 the infected people. What happens is that a prion protein in the brain assumes the wrong 7 , and then it causes nearby prion proteins to do the same thing. This spreads across the brain, destroys neurons, builds up plaque-like matter, and creates 8 in brain tissue. Prion diseases can be acquired, genetic, or sporadic. 9 prion diseases are typically gotten from food. 10 prion diseases are passed from parents to children, and 11 prion diseases have no known causes.第6题第7题第8题第9题第10题第11题上一题下一题(12~19/共53题)阅读理解Humanism and Renaissance ArtHumanism is the idea that human life and its natural surroundings are more important than a religious-centered view of the world. Its origins lie in ancient Greece and can be seen in Greek art,which depicts humans with anatomically correct proportions. The notion of humanism spread to other parts of the ancient world but then declined when the Roman Empire fell. Gradually, humanism was replaced by religion as the primary focus of life as well as art. Artwork produced in the Middle Ages, which began roughly after the fall of Rome, is almost entirely focused on religion while human aspects are secondary concerns. For instance, saints and other religious figures are depicted in medieval paintings as having halos, and the holy people themselves are much larger than normal humans. In addition, the mathematical precision with which the ancients showed both scale and depth in their works became a lost art.It was not until the late fourteenth century in Florence, Italy, that a revival of humanistic thinking began. At first, it was mostly scholarly and literary in form, but over time, this rediscovered philosophy spread and had a profound influence on establishing the era known today as the Renaissance. Humanism had a particularly powerful effect on artists then. Slowly, artists moved away from religion being the focal point of their work as they began showing humans in a more realistic manner. In artwork in which religious figures were depicted, they were no longer wearing halos or looming over other humans. They were instead drawn or painted on the same scale. In Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper, for instance, Jesus and his disciples are represented naturally as real people rather than as iconic figures of Christianity.Nature became prominent in Renaissance art, too, as humans were placed in natural scenes, and nature was represented more realistically. The rediscovering of the ancient mathematical method of drawing humans and the using of depth in artwork led the way to paintings showing people more realistically. Painters learned the art of foreshortening, which gave paintings an illusion of depth not found in prior periods. The depth and lifelike aspect of Renaissance art was further enhanced by the invention of oil paints, which enabled artists to work in more detail and to include more naturalism in their works. ? Furthermore, artists of that time embraced the human body as a work of art. ?They accomplished this by showing the body nude more often than clothed and by putting the beauty of the human body on full display. ?Michelangelo's sculpture David is the prime example of this as it shows a nude human body in perfectly chiseled proportions.?Art patrons, such as the Medici family of Florence, also encouraged the influence of humanism on art. Not satisfied only with artwork with religious themes, individuals of wealth and social standing sought artists who could provide more secular views in their art and commissioned works with humanist aspects. A final way in which humanism affected Renaissance art concerned how people perceived artists. At one time, artists were regarded as craftsmen rather than specialists, which is why hardly any artists from the Middle Ages are known today. However, people recognized the true genius of men such as Michelangelo, Leonardo, and Raphael, so they—and many others—are remembered today for the brilliance of their work.*anatomically correct: properly representing the human body*halo: a disc or circle of light around the head of a divine or holy individual第12题Vocabulary______=exactness第13题______=carved第14题______=to improve; to make better第15题______=to think of; to consider第16题Vocabulary QuestionThe word art in the passage is closest in meaning to ______A.skillB.replicaC.paintingD.work第17题Negative Factual Information QuestionIn paragraph 2, all of the following questions are answered EXCEPT: ______A.What changes in the representation of religious figures in art did humanism cause?B.How influential was on other art produced in the Renaissance?C.How important was the idea of humanism to the Renaissance?D.When and where did humanism start to become prominent again?第18题Insert Text QuestionLook at the four squares [●] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The paints that had been used previously had dried more quickly and been less vivid, which made them produce works of inferior quality.Where would the sentence best fit?第19题Prose Summary QuestionAn introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas of the passage. Some sentences do not belong because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.The notion of humanism had a great impact on the artwork that was produced during the Renaissance.ANSWER CHOICES①Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper is considered one of the greatest works of humanism in the Renaissance.②Michelangelo, Leonardo, and Raphael could not have created the artwork they made without the influence of humanistic ideas.③The relearning of artistic techniques from ancient times enabled Renaissance artists to portray their figures more realistically.④Renaissance artists influenced by humanism began portraying religious figures as normal-sized humans lacking halos.⑤The desire of rich individuals to possess artwork of a secular nature induced many artists to abandon painting pictures with religious themes.⑥The ancient Greeks were among the first people to develop various notions of humanism andto implement those ideas in their artwork.上一题下一题(20~27/共53题)阅读理解The Wilderness RoadFor the first century and a half following their founding, the American colonies—as well as the American people—were mainly confined to the Eastern Seaboard along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. West of the Appalachian Mountains, the land was too rugged for easy travel, and it was also the territory of numerous Native American tribes that contested attempts at westward settlement with violence. It was not until 1775 that a route to the west was established when frontiersman Daniel Boone cut a trail from Tennessee northwest through the tail end of Virginia and then through the Cumberland Gap into Kentucky. Called the Wilderness Road, this trail, which eventually stretched more than 300 kilometers, became the principal route westward for the next fifty years.The Wilderness Road was not entirely hacked out of the forests as it followed long-used animal and native trails. Previous expeditions into Kentucky had followed these paths, but the explorers had been harassed by bands of Cherokee and Shawnee Indians. Daniel Boone tried to lead a group of settlers into the region in 1773 but was turned back by an attack during which his oldest son was captured and later killed. Two years later, a group of wealthy investors from North Carolina who were led by Richard Henderson, a prominent judge, formed the Transylvania Company for the purpose of making a trail into Kentucky to settle in the region and to create a new colony, which they intended to name Transylvania. To lead the expedition, the investors hired Daniel Boone, who was reputed to be the man who knew the most about Kentucky and the way west. Before Boone set out, he and Henderson negotiated peace with the local tribes, but not all of their members were willing to abide by the terms of the settlement.On March 10, 1775, Boone led a large party of men wielding axes to begin cutting a trail from Tennessee. Their starting point was the Holston River near Kingsport. The men made good progress by following existing trails when they could and by crossing rivers at shallow fords. They passed through a notch in the Appalachians that was known as the Cumberland Gap and went down into Kentucky. Boone and his men suffered some losses when they were attacked by hostile natives in violation of the peace settlement, but the attacks failed to deter them, and they reached the Kentucky River in April. There, Boone founded a settlement that was named Boonesborough after him. Arriving later were Henderson and a larger body of men and wagons as they had followed Boone, widened the trail, and brought along plenty of provisions for the new settlement.The way west was now open, but the Wilderness Road was not much more than a muddy path barely wide enough for wagons to traverse in its first few years. It was also dangerous since warfare with the natives that would last for twenty years erupted. Travelers went well armed, and attacks were frequent. Nevertheless, the lure of land attracted many westward, and it is estimated that 300,000 settlers had moved into Kentucky by 1810. Henderson's attempts to form the colony of Transylvania were opposed by Virginia, which laid claim to the region. When the American Revolution broke out in 1775, Henderson appealed to the Continental Congress for statehood, but the representatives refused to recognize Transylvania as a state. Eventually, in 1792, the American government admitted Kentucky as the fifteenth state in the United States.*Eastern Seaboard: the land in the American colonies, and later the United States, alongsidethe Atlantic Ocean*hack: to cut with an axe*ford: a place where a river, stream, or other body of water is shallow enough to be crossed by walking第20题Vocabulary______=rough; rocky第21题______=to follow; to obey第22题______=to challenge; to attempt to stop第23题______=to hold and use a tool or weapon第24题Rhetorical Purpose QuestionIn paragraph 1, why does the author mention Daniel Boone?A.To point out that he discovered the existence of the Cumberland GapB.To blame him for the hostilities settlers faced from Native AmericansC.To argue that he was responsible for the colonizing of the land west of the AppalachiansD.To give him credit as the person who created the Wilderness Road第25题Factual Information QuestionIn paragraph 2, the author's description of Transylvania mentions which of the following? ______A.Why the founders of it decided to give the colony that particular nameB.The general area that the colony was intended to be established inC.The individuals who were supposed to have executive positions in itD.The number of people who were hoping that they could settle in it第26题Reference QuestionThe word them in the passage refers to ______A.Boone and his menB.some lossesC.hostile nativesD.the attacks第27题Prose Summary QuestionAn introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas of the passage. Some sentences do not belong because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.Daniel Boone was the person mostly responsible for the making of the Wilderness Road, which opened the interior of America to colonists.ANSWER CHOICES①The application of the colony of Transylvania for American statehood was rejected by theContinental Congress.②In 1775, a group of men under the leadership of Daniel Boone cut a path through the Appalachian Mountains from Tennessee to Kentucky.③The creating of the Wilderness Road was difficult because Native Americans often attacked and even destroyed some parts of the trail.④The Wilderness Road was utilized by hundreds of thousands of settlers heading west in the half century after it was created.⑤Richard Henderson was the man who hired Daniel Boone to make the Wilderness Road since he wanted to found a new American state.⑥Once Daniel Boone's men made it to Kentucky, they founded Boonesborough for the larger group that was following them.上一题下一题(28~41/共53题)阅读理解Pacific Island Plant and Animal MigrationThe Pacific Ocean is covered by a vast archipelago of islands that are spread out in long chains covering thousands of kilometers with some close to large landmasses and others much farther away. When European explorers chanced upon these islands, almost all of them were inhabited, and most had significant amounts of vegetation as well as large populations of various species of animals. Because nearly all of these islands were created by volcanic activity, such life—both plant and animal—would have been absent from them when they rose above the ocean's surface. The plants and animals living on them migrated from elsewhere by both air and sea. In many cases, they accomplished this on their own, but some of them got helping hands from humans.Plant life on the desolate volcanic Pacific islands most likely initially arrived due to the wind. Small seeds such as thistle seeds and the spores of ferns are lightweight enough to have been carried aloft great distances whereas heavy seeds would have had more difficulty being transported that way, especially to remote, isolated islands such as Easter Island and the Galapagos Islands. The latter group has many lichens, ferns, and mosses, which all grow from light spores, yet it has few vascular plants, which have heavier seeds. As for vascular plant life, it could have arrived on other islands through two ways: by water or birds. The coconut tree is widespread throughout the Pacific islands in spite of its enormous seeds being too heavy to be carried by the wind, yet it is light enough to float, so it has moved all across the ocean in that way. Birds may have also consumed various heavy seeds, flown to islands, and then defecated the seeds onto these new lands, whereupon they then began to grow. There may not have been suitable soil for seeds to grow in on these volcanic islands at first, but, over time, as new plant life arrived, the soil was sufficiently broken up and filled with nutrients, thereby allowing many plant species to take root.Similarly, animals arrived by air and sea. The birds that first arrived on the Pacific islands indisputably flew from nearby larger landmasses. Over many generations, they could have island-hopped from one place to another. Small insects—and possibly tiny invertebrates—may have been light enough to be windblown to various islands. Certainly, sea creatures such as turtles and penguins arrived on the islands by swimming to them. Small mammals and reptiles may have arrived on them by water, most likely after floating on rafts of dense vegetation that were blown out to sea during strong storms. Some species of mice have been known to do this, and lizards have also been found on rafts far from their native homelands.Today, many Pacific islands are home to a wide variety of plants and animals that reside throughout the rest of the world. The reason is that they were brought to the islands as a result of human migration. Over thousands of years, people spread from mainland Asia into the Pacific islands as they reached as far south as New Zealand, as far east as Easter Island, and as far north as Hawaii. During these great migrations, people took their plants and animals with them. One example is the chicken, which is found virtually everywhere in the Pacific today because it was transported in large canoes from island to island. The pig was also widespread throughout the Pacific and became an important source of protein for Pacific islanders. Some animals, such as mice, were most likely stowaways on islanders' canoes. Furthermore, people took their staple plants, such as taro and yams, which they planted on the islands as they slowly made their way across the Pacific Ocean.The Pacific natives were not the only ones who contributed to animal and plant migration as Europeans also played a role of their own. Unfortunately, European explorers brought many animals that caused disruptions on the islands. ?Dogs, rats, snakes, and cats, for instance, hunted many species of small mammals and birds to extinction. ?Plant eaters such as goats and sheep had negative effects on small islands' vegetation as well. ?Nevertheless, these new animals provided some benefits. ?Goats and sheep, for instance, became important to the settlements of Europeans on New Zealand.第28题in paragraph 1, the author implies that many of the Pacific islands ______A.contained plants and animals despite having active volcanoesB.had civilized tribes of humans living on themC.were discovered accidentally by European explorersD.were larger than the islands in other oceans on the planet第29题According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the islands in the Pacific Ocean? ______A.Most of them have volcanoes that went extinct many years ago.B.Virtually all of them are found close to large masses of land.C.The majority of them have never had humans living permanently on them.D.They lacked both plant and animal life when they were first created.第30题The word desolate in the passage is closest in meaning to ______A.promisingB.destroyedC.barrenD.fertile第31题Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.The coconut tree is widespread throughout the Pacific islands in spite of its enormous seeds being too heavy to be carried by the wind, yet it is light enough to float, so it has moved all across the ocean in that way. ______。
TOEFLJunior阅读模拟练习题及提分技巧
TOEFLJunior阅读模拟练习题及提分技巧本文主要为考生提供了TOEFLJunior阅读模拟练习题和TOEFLJunior阅读题提分技巧。
小托福考试中难度最大的就是阅读了，阅读的分值也占到了整体的三分之一。
因此，阅读部分是不容忽视的。
考生们赶紧往下做题练习吧~——TOEFLJunior阅读模拟练习题——习题一Memory is important for learning language skills. Education specialists in England want to help people improve their reading abilities. They want students to remember the books and articles they read. The specialists found something to help: facial expressions.They gave ten students a happy article to read. Five of the students read the happy article while smiling. Five students read the happy article while frowning.Then they answered comprehension questions. The smiling students remembered more of the happy article than the frowning students.1)hy does the speaker mention the two experiments made by the specialists(A) To prove that memory is important for learning for learning language skills.(B) To suggest that memory is closely related to facial expressions.(C) To illustrate that smiling students have better memory than frowning students.(D) To show that the specialists have already found the reason why facial expressions help memory.解析：在这个段落中我们发现作者用了科学家所做的一个实验作为例子，例子中提到五个学生在阅读令人开心的文章时笑着读，还有五个皱着眉读，结果那五个笑着读的学生理解的更好。