TOEFL-junior模拟试题解析
小托福阅读模拟练习题及词汇类型
小托福课堂 |小托福阅读模拟练习题及词汇类型TOEFL Junior，中文名称"初中托福"或者也叫"小托福"。
小托福考试中大家最关心的就是阅读题了，考生想要在小托福中取得高分，需要多多练习，下文分享的就是小托福阅读模拟练习题：材料分享：气象卫星在预报天气中所发挥的重要作用。
如今，许多国家的气象站都是在接收到卫星云图后，由气象学家进行研究分析，然后预报天气的。
在卫星的帮助下，人们可以预测未来三五天或更长时间内的天气状况。
Now satellites are helping to forecast(预报) the weather. They are in space, and they can reach any part of the world. The satellites take pictures of the atmosphere (大气), because this is where the weather forms (形成). They send these pictures to the weather stations. So meteorologists(气象学家) can see the weather of any part of the world. From the pictures, the scientists can often say how the weather will change.Today, nearly five hundred weather stations in sixty countries receive satellite pictures. When they receive new pictures, the meteorologists compare them with earlier ones. Perhaps they may find that the clouds have changed during the last few hours. This may mean that the weather on the ground may soon change, too. In their next weather forecast, the meteorologists can say this.So the weather satellites are a great help to the meteorologists. Before satellites were invented, the scientists could forecast the weather for about 24or 48 hours. Now they can make good forecasts for three or five days. Soon, perhaps, they may be able to forecast the weather for a week or more ahead (提前).1. Satellites travel __________.A. in spaceB. above spaceC. above the groundD. in the atmosphere答案：A解析：本题属表层理解题。
小托福官方指定用书TOEFL Junior摸底测评题及参考答案
Name: ________ Date: ________ Score: ________（__ / 30*100）Directions: This test consists of two parts. The first part is language form and meaning with 10 questions. The second part is reading with three texts and 20 questions. You should spend about 30 minutes on the test.PART1.–How about going hiking this weekend?–Sorry. I prefer _______ rather than _______.A.to go out; stay at homeB.to stay at home; go outC.staying at home; to go outD.going out; stay at home2.I bought a shirt because it was good in quality and ________ in price.A.reasonableB.valuablefortableD.enjoyable3.Now the air in our city is ________ than it used to be. Something must be done to stop it.A.very goodB.much betterC.rather badD.even worse4.The committee is discussing the problem right now. It will ________ have been solved by theend of next week.A.eagerlyB.hopefullyC.immediatelyD.gradually5.Jim sold most of his things. He has hardly ________ left in the house.A.anythingB.everythingC.nothingD.something6.To be great, you must be smart, confident, and, _________, honest.A.thereforeB.above allC.howeverD.after all7.________ a boy, the man was taken away by the police.A.Supposing to murderB.Supposed to murderC.Supposing to have murderedD.Supposed to have murdered8.The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only _________, but students becamemore interested in the lessons.A.saved was teacher’s energyB.was teachers’ energy savedC.teachers’ energy was savedD.was saved teachers’ energy9.You speak good English. Could you tell me _________?A.how can I improve my EnglishB.how I can improve my EnglishC.how could I improve my EnglishD.how I could improve my English10.–What are you talking about?–We’re talking about the teacher and his school _______ we visited yesterday.A.whichB.whomC.whoD.thatPARTQuestions 11-16 are about the following passage.Playing organized sports is such a common experience in the United States that many children and teenagers take them for granted. This is especially true among children from families and communities that have the resources needed to organize and sponsor sports programs and make sure that there is easy access to participation opportunities. Children in low-income families and poor communities are less likely to take organized youth sports for granted because they often lack the resources needed to pay for participation fees, equipment, and transportation to practices and games and their communities do not have resources to build and maintain sports fields and facilities.Organized youth sports first appeared during the early 20th century in the United States and other wealthy nations. They were originally developed when some educators and developmental experts realized that the behavior and character of children were strongly influenced by their social surroundings and everyday experiences. This led many people to believe that if you could organize the experiences of children in particular ways, you could influence the kinds of adults that those children would become.This belief that the social environment influenced a person’s development was very encouraging to people interested in progress and reform in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century. It caused them to think about how they might control the experiences of children to manufacture responsible and productive adults. They believed strongly that democracy depended on responsibility and that a growing capitalist economy depended on the productivity of workers.11.What fact does the author say about children from poor communities?A.They often take organized sports for granted.B.They don’t like organized sports that much.C.Their communities don’t want to sponsor them.D.They don’t have enough money for the resources.12.According to the passage, what can strongly influence the behavior and character of children?A.The income of their families.B.Sports fields and facilities in their communities.C.Social surroundings and everyday experiences.D.Whether they join organized sports or not.13.Why did the educators and experts originally develop organized youth sports?A.They found that sports were popular in the United States.B.They realized that children’s physical health was really important.C.They wanted to organize children’s experiences by organized sports.D.They thought organized sports could influence the capitalist economy.14.In line 13, the word encouraging is closest in meaning to _______.A.upsettingB.surprisingC.disappointingD.inspiring15.In line 15, the word manufacture is closest in meaning to _______.A.raiseB.preventC.multiplyD.provide16.According to the passage, what did a growing capitalist depend on?A.Social environmentB.The experience of childrenC.Responsible adultsD.Productivity of workersQuestions 17-21 are about the following passage.Throughout the history of life, there have been many major upheavals in which whole groups of animals were replaced by others. Perhaps the most famous example was dinosaurs. The dinosaurs were replaced by the mammals 65 million years ago. Another major change occurred 150 million years earlier, when the dinosaurs took over the position of dominance that had been held for 80 million years by mammal-like reptiles.What triggered these great changes? Scientific theories suggest that the factors that might have been responsible for such replacement are various. But these factors have gone through some significant change of its own. At times, for example, scientists have suggested that mammals caused the extinction of the dinosaurs by eating their eggs or by competing for the same food resources. Now, however, most people are convinced that the mammals played only a minor role, if any (largely because both groups had lived side by side for millions of years). Instead, environmental change was the primary responsible reason for the extinction of the dinosaurs. The mammals apparently sat around for 150 million years hiding under trees and other plants in woodland. With the extinction of the dinosaurs, they finally had their opportunity to step out and live in the available niches.17.What is the main idea of the passage?A.Mammals caused the extinction of dinosaurs by eating their eggs.B.Some species of animals have been replaced by others due to environmental changes.C.Scientific theories about the reasons for the extinction of certain reptiles have changed overthe years.D.Mammals and dinosaurs competed for the same food resources.18.In line 1, the word upheavals is closest in meaning to _______.A.heavensB.upliftsC.changesD.reasons19.Which of the followings is the correct order that the animal groups mentioned in the passageassumed dominance?A.Mammal-like reptiles, mammals, dinosaursB.Mammal, mammals-like reptiles, dinosaursC.Dinosaurs, mammal-like reptiles, mammalsD.Mammal-like reptiles, dinosaurs, mammals20.In line 6, the word triggered is closest in meaning to _______.A.causedB.assumedC.suggestedD.told21.According to the passage, what does the author imply about the scientific theories?A.They have changed considerably throughout their history.B.They concern only the division of reptile groups.C.They put little emphasis on the conditions of prehistoric climate.D.They explained the development of the Mesozoic undergrowth.Questions 22-30 are about the following passage.On a clear night you might see the Moon, some planets, and thousands of sparkling stars. You can see even more with a telescope. You might see that many stars look larger than others. You might see that some stars that look white are really red or blue. With bigger and bigger telescopes you can see more and more objects in the sky.But scientists believe there are some things in the sky that we will never see. We won’t see them with the biggest telescope in the world, on the clearest night of the year.That’s because they’re invisible. They’re the mysterious dead stars called black holes.You might find it hard to imagine that stars die. After all, our Sun is a star. Year after year we see it up in the sky, burning brightly, giving us heat and light. The Sun certainly doesn’t seem to be getting old or weak. But stars do burn out and die after billions of years.As a star cools, the outer layers of the star pull in toward the center. The star squashes into a smaller and smaller ball. If the star was very small, the star ends up as a cold, dark ball called a black dwarf. If the star was very big, it keeps squashing inward until it’s packed together tighter than anything in the universe.Imagine if the Earth were crushed until it was the size of a tiny marble. That’s how tightly this dead star, a black hole, is packed. What pulls the stat in toward its center with such power? It’s the same force that pulls you down when you jump—the force called gravity. A black hole is so tightly packed that its gravity sucks in everything—even light. The light from a black hole can never come back to your eyes. That’s why you see nothing but blackness.So the next time you stare up at the night sky, remember: there’s more in the sky than meets the eye! Scattered in the silent darkness are black holes—the great mystery of space.22.What would be the best title for this article?A.Amazing Black HolesB.The Use of a TelescopeC.Colorful StarsD.Mysterious Universe23.According to the article, what causes a star to die?A.As its gases run out, it cools down.B.It collides with other stars.C.It can only live for about a million years.D.As it gets hotter and hotter, it explodes.24.In line 7, the word mysterious is closest in meaning to ________.A.ordinaryB.brightC.strangemon25.Which of the following statement is NOT a fact?A.Black holes are dead stars.B.Black holes have gravity.C.Black holes are invisible.D.There is nothing as mysterious as a black hole.26.What happens after a star dies?A.It becomes invisible.B.It falls to Earth.C.It burns up all of its gases.D.It becomes brighter and easier to see.27.What might happen to our Sun billions of years from now?A.It will be brighter.B.It will not stop giving heat and light.C.It will burn out and die.D.It will become red or blue.28.What can be inferred about the Sun according to the article?A.We won’t see the Sun with the biggest telescope in the world.B.The Sun is a black hole.C.The Sun gives us heat and light.D.The Sun will not be getting old and weak.29.In line 15, the word it refers to _______.A.the SunB.the EarthC.the starD. a black dwarf30.Why can’t you see light when you look at a black hole?A.Because most black hole is so far away.B.Because the gravity of a black hole is so strong that it sucks the light inward.C.Because as the star’s gases burn, it stops giving off heat and light.D.Because as a star cools, its outer layers pull in toward its center.1.B 题目考查prefer to do …rather than do 表示“宁愿做…...而不愿意做”。
托福模拟考试及答案解析(11)
托福模拟考试及答案解析（11）(1~12/共51题)阅读理解THE TRICKSTER FIGURE IN MYTHOLOGY 1 In the study of mythology, the character known as the trickster is a god, spirit, human, or animal who breaks the rules of the gods or nature, sometimes maliciously but usually with results that are positive. The rule breaking often takes the form of mischief or thievery. The trickster is usually male but occasionally disguises himself in female form. He can be cunning or foolish, or both, and often very humorous. His curiosity leads him into trouble, but he rescues himself with his sly wit. When he plays tricks, he performs important cultural tasks that benefit humans, and for this reason the trickster is a significant figure in world mythology.2 In different cultures, the trickster and the hero are combined in various ways. In Greek mythology, Prometheus steals fire from the gods and gives it to humans, a feat making him more of a hero than a trickster, and he is usually portrayed as an intellectual. In many Native American stories, Coyote also steals fire from the gods, but Coyote is usually more of a jokester or a prankster than an intellectual.3 The trickster is both creator and destroyer, giver and taker, one who tricks others and is tricked in return. The pranks of the trickster are compulsive and uncontrollable. He does not act consciously; he acts out of passion and impulse. He knows neither good nor evil, yet he is responsible for both. He possesses no morals, yet through his behavior morality comes into being. According to psychologist Carl Jung, the trickster is "a primitive cosmic being of divine-animal nature, on the one hand superior to man because of his superhuman qualities, and on the other hand inferior to him because of his unreason and unconsciousness."4 In Native American mythology, the majority of trickster myths concern the creation or transformation of the earth. Such stories have a trickster who is always wandering, who is always hungry, who is not guided by normal ideas of good and evil, and who possesses some magical powers. In some stories he is a deity, and in others he is an animal or human that is subject to death. Several of these myths feature Raven or Coyote as the trickster-hero.5 In many creation myths of the Pacific Northwest, Raven illustrates the transformational nature of tricksters. Raven is the greatest shapeshifter of all and can change into anything to get what he wants. In one story, there is darkness at the beginning of the world, so Raven decides he will find light. He flies far from the earth, searching in the darkness, until he spots a glimmer of light coming from a window in the house of the gods. Raven knows the gods are protective of their possessions, so he devises a trick. He perches on a pine branch next to the house and watches each day as the chief god's daughter draws water from a nearby lake. He magically transforms himself into a pinyon seed and falls into the girl's drinking cup. The girl swallows the seed, which grows within her body, and she eventually gives birth to a boy. The child delights his grandparents, and his laughter tricks the elder gods into revealing where they hide a shining ball of light. The gods give the child the ball to play with, and then Raven transforms back to a bird and flies off carrying the ball of light in his beak. He hangs the ball—the sun—in the sky, thereby bringing light to the world.6 Coyote's character is similar to that of Raven, and both appear in stories carrying out similar roles. In several stories from the American Southwest, Coyote steals fire from a group of "fire beings" and gives it to humans. In some tales Coyote wants to make human life more interesting, so he introduces sickness, sorrow, and death. He often teaches through negativeexample by employing the human vices of lying, cheating, and stealing. His tricks often bring about destructive natural phenomena, such as a great flood that destroys the earth. However, by causing the flood, Coyote leads the human race to a new and better world. Coyote shows us that at the heart of the trickster is a savior whose great gift to humans is showing them new ways of knowing and doing.Glossary:mischief: tendency to play tricks or cause minor troublethievery: the act of theft; stealingpinyon seed: the seed of a pine tree; pine nut第1题The word maliciously in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.destructivelyB.falselyC.bravelyD.mistakenly第2题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.In world mythology, every important aspect of human culture is the result of the trickster's behavior.B.The trickster develops human culture by tricking people into performing dangerous cultural tasks.C.When the trickster wants to be helpful, he devises a trick that will teach people what is important.D.The trickster is an important mythological character because his tricks contribute positively to human culture.第3题The author discusses Prometheus and Coyote in paragraph 2 in order toA.illustrate two different views of the trickster-heroB.explain how humans received the gift of fireC.argue that the trickster is an intellectual heroD.encourage readers to study world mythology第4题The word pranks in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA.funny storiesplex plansC.mischievous actsD.divine traits第5题All of the following are traits of the trickster EXCEPTA.a desire to break the rulesB.the ability to disguise himselfC.superhuman powersD.awareness of good and evil第6题Native American stories with a trickster-hero are usually aboutA.the victory of good over evilB.the creation or transformation of the worldC.the struggle to control one's natureD.the punishment of humans by the gods第7题The word spots in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.imaginesB.transformsC.locatesD.destroys第8题The author tells a story about Raven in which the tricksterA.gives humans the gift of fireB.changes into a young girlC.steals the sun from the godsD.causes a destructive flood第9题The word savior in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.one who wants total powerB.one who rescues others from harmC.one who causes terrible sufferingD.one who cares about only himself第10题It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which statement about the trickster?A.The trickster is responsible for many serious problems in the world today.B.The trickster shows us that there is no difference between good and evil.C.The trickster serves as an explanation for creation, change and renewal.D.The trickster teaches children that lying and stealing are acceptable behavior.第11题Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Like Raven, Coyote is a master transformer whose mischievous power is responsible for events that benefit humanity.Coyote's character is similar to that of Raven, and both appear in stories carrying out similar roles.A In several stories from the American Southwest, Coyote steals fire from a group of "fire beings" and gives it to humans. In some tales Coyote wants to make human life more interesting, so he introduces sickness, sorrow, and death.B He often teaches through negative example by employing the human vices of lying, cheating, and stealing.C His tricks often bring about destructive natural phenomena, such as a great flood that destroys the earth. However, by causing the flood, Coyote leads the human race to a new and better world.D Coyote shows usthat at the heart of the trickster is a savior whose great gift to humans is showing them new ways of knowing and doing.第12题Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the trickster that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points. Answer ChoicesA. Introduces sickness, sorrow, and death to make life more interestingB. Transforms into various shapes to achieve his purposesC. Appears as an intellectual hero in stories of good and evilD. Creates a ball of silver light that becomes the moonE. Changes into a seed to gain entrance to the house of the godsF. Causes a great flood and then leads humans to a better worldG. Brings light to the world by playing a trick on the godsRaven●●●Coyote●●下一题(13~25/共51题)阅读理解DADA AND POP ART 1 Dada was a subversive movement in the arts that flourished mainly in France, Switzerland, and Germany from 1916 to 1923. Dada was based on the principles of deliberate irrationality, disorder, and anarchy. Dada protested all forms of authority and convention. It rejected laws of beauty and social organization and attempted to discover authentic reality through the destruction of traditional culture and aesthetic forms. In Dada there was only one rule: Never follow any established rules. There was no predominant medium; however, assemblage, collage, and photomontage were techniques frequently employed. Dadaist art was nonsensical, impulsive, and often playful. The movement's founders included the French artist Jean Arp and the writers Tristan Tzara and Hugo Ball. At a meeting of young artists in 1916 in Zurich, one of them inserted a paper knife into a French-German dictionary. The knife pointed to the word dada, a French baby-talk word for a hobby-horse, which the group saw as an appropriate term for their anti-art.2 Dada emerged from despair over the First World War and disgust for the conservative values of society. Dada was the first expression of protest against the war. Dadaists used absurdity to create artworks that mocked society yet defied intellectual analysis, such as the use of "found" objects in sculptures and installations. The forerunner of the Dadaists, and ultimately their leading member, was Marcel Duchamp, who in 1913 created his first "ready-made," the Bicycle Wheel, consisting of a wheel mounted on the seat of a stool. In his effort to discourage aesthetics, Duchamp shocked the art establishment with these ready—mades—manufactured objects that he selected and exhibited—including a bottle rack and a comb. The Dada movement extended to literature and music and became international after the war. In the United States themovement was centered in New York City. Dadaists on both sides of the Atlantic had one goal in common: to demolish current aesthetic standards.3 Fifty years after the Dadaists, another generation of artists reacted to the standards and values of society. However, instead &rejecting ordinary things, the young artists of the Pop movement of the 1960s embraced them. Pop artists were curious about the commercial media of ads, billboards, newsprint, television, and all aspects of popular culture. Thus, the barrier between "high" and "low" art collapsed, which the Dadaists had aimed for and the Pop artists attained with an energy not seen before.4 Pop art received its name from critic Lawrence Alloway, who considered Pop to be the culture of the mass media, photographs, and posters—a style that must be popular, transitory, and witty. The subject matter of Pop art was derivative, depicting something that had already been published or produced, such as comic strips, soft-drink bottles, and photographs of movie stars. Pop art caught on quickly; it was art about mass consumption that was eagerly consumed by the masses.5 The most popular of the Pop artists was the painter Roy Lichtenstein. Lichtenstein painted enlarged copies of the least "arty" things he could find: romance and adventure comic strips. He was the first American artist to react to comic strips, finding beauty in these crude designs, along with a distinct sense of style. Lichtenstein also painted other pictorial styles, including blowups of other artists' brushstrokes and parodies of Cubism and Art Deco.6 Andy Warhol, more than any other Pop artist, took on the mind-numbing overload of American mass culture. Warhol began his career as a commercial illustrator, and in 1962 he had his first exhibition in an art gallery, where he showed his 32 Campbell's Soup Cans. The thirty-two soup cans are about sameness: same brand, same size, same paint surface, and same fame. They mimic the condition of mass advertising. All of Warhol's work flowed from one central insight: mass culture is filled with images that become meaningless by being repeated again and again, and in this glut of information is a role for art. Warhol felt this and embodied it. He conveyed a collective state of mind in which celebrity—a famous brand name or the image of a famous person—had completely replaced sacredness in art.Glossary:aesthetic: relating to beauty; artistic第13题According to the passage, the main goal of the Dada movement was toA.stimulate public interest in artB.change the goals of art educationC.destroy traditional standards of artD.make mass media the subject of art第14题The author mentions a hobby-horse in paragraph 1 in order toA.explain the origin of the name "Dada"B.illustrate how Dadaists created artpare art to a children's gameD.give an example of a "ready-made"第15题According to the passage, one way in which the Dadaists mocked society was byA.refusing to fight in the First World WarB.writing plays about social classing "found" objects in works of artD.criticizing the commercial media第16题The word forerunner in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning toA.leading writerB.earliest artistC.main criticD.fastest runner第17题The passage gives all of the following as examples of "ready-mades" EXCEPTA.a bicycle wheelB.a bottle rackC.a soup canD.a comb第18题The word embraced in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA.mockedB.ignoredC.welcomedD.defended第19题It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that the Pop artistsA.reacted against the Dada movementB.were more popular than the DadaistsC.criticized art for being too commercialD.succeeded in changing ideas about art第20题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Pop art could be produced and consumed more quickly than any other mass media.B.The public enthusiastically accepted Pop art, which portrayed commercial culture.C.The mass media quickly reached large audiences, thus influencing attitudes about art.rge numbers of people bought Pop art, even though they could not understand it.第21题Which artist created works based on other styles and the work of other artists?A.Marcel Duchampwrence AllowayC.Roy LichtensteinD.Andy Warhol第22题The phrase took on in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.hatedB.was afraid ofC.inventedD.responded to第23题The word glut in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.excessB.definitionC.fearD.absence第24题. Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Whereas the visual arts had previously ignored current events, Dadaists reacted to the crisis and accused society of allowing it to happen.Dada emerged from despair over the First World War and disgust for the conservative values of society. Dada was the first expression of protest against the war. A Dadaists used absurdity to create artworks that mocked society yet defied intellectual analysis, such as the use of "found" objects in sculptures and installations. B The forerunner of the Dadaists, and ultimately their leading member, was Marcel Duchamp, who in 1 9 1 3 created his first "readymade," the Bicycle Wheel, consisting of a wheel mounted on the seat of a stool. In his effort to discourage aesthetics, Duchamp shocked the art establishment with these ready—made—manufactured objects that he selected and exhibited—including a bottle rack and a comb. C The Dada movement extended to literature and music and became international after the war. D In the United States the movement was centered in New York City. Dadaists on both sides of the Atlantic had one goal in common: to demolish current aesthetic standards.A.AB.BC.CD.D第25题Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the art movement that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points. Answer ChoicesA. Reflected the mass media of advertising, newsprint, and televisionB. Was an anti-art movement in the visual arts, literature and musicC. Focused on transitory impressions and the changing effects of lightD. Depicted things that had already been produced in other mediaE. Originated as a protest against the First World WarF. Found beauty in comic strips and other images from popular cultureG. Emphasized the act of creating art over the finished work of artH. Used "found" objects and "ready-mades" in works of artI. Created art out of famous brand names and images of famous peopleDada●●●Pop Art●●●●上一题下一题(26~38/共51题)阅读理解DEFORESTATION IN NORTH AMERICA 1 The land area of the United States and Canada is just over 4.8 billion acres. When large numbers of Europeans began to arrive in the eighteenth century, almost one-third of that area was covered with old-growth forests. In the eastern half of the continent, nearly 90 percent of the land was thick with forests of elm, ash, beech, maple, oak, and hickory. By the end of the nineteenth century, after several decades of intensive deforestation, only half of the original forests remained.2 During the first two centuries of European colonization, settlement was concentrated along the East Coast, having almost no effect on the vast forests covering the continent. Then, in the first half of the nineteenth century, agriculture expanded and settlers began to move westward in search of land for new farms. Land for agriculture came almost exclusively from clearing forests. The demand for farmland and timber continued to soar, and by 1850, more than 100 million acres of old-growth forest had been cut or burned off in the Northeast, the Southeast, the Great Lakes region, and along the St. Lawrence River.3 Along with agriculture, industrialization was a major cause of deforestation. The Industrial Revolution was fueled by North America's abundance of wood, as iron makers relied on charcoal, or charred wood, to fire their furnaces. Hardwoods such as oak produced the best charcoal, which charcoal burners made by slowly burning logs in kilns until they were reduced to concentrated carbon. It took eight tons of wood to make two tons of charcoal to smelt one ton of iron. Thus, the toll on the forests was high, as countless acres were cut to feed the furnaces of the iron industry.4 The transportation technology of the Industrial Revolution contributed greatly to deforestation. The river steamboats that came into operation after 1830 had a voracious appetite for wood. To keep their wheels turning, steamboats typically took on fuel twice a day. The wood was supplied by thousands of "wood hawks" along the banks of the Ohio and Mississippi with stacks of cut firewood. Annual consumption of wood on riverboats continued to increase until 1865. Consequently, river valleys that had the heaviest traffic were stripped of their forests.5 After 1860, immigration and westward expansion surged, and railroads swept over the continent. Clean-burning hardwood was the preferred fuel of the "iron horses," which required the cutting of 215,000 acres of woodland to stay in operation for one year. Not only did wood fuel the steam engines, but enormous amounts of oak and locust also went into the manufacture of railcars, ties, fencing, bridges, and telegraph poles. Railroads in the United States and Canada stretched from coast to coast by 1885, and each additional mile of railroad meant at least two more miles of fencing and 2,500 ties.6 Other major consumers of forest products included ordinary homeowners. More than four out of five of the houses constructed in the early nineteenth century—from log cabins to clapboard cottages—were built mainly of wood and roofed with wooden shingles. All were filled with wooden furniture. Two-thirds of all households in North America were heated by open, wood-burning fireplaces, and it took between 10 and 20 acres of forest to keep a single fireplace burning for one year.7 Throughout the century, the timber industry continued to supply the single most valuable raw material for a rapidly expanding population. Between 1840 and 1860, the annual production of lumber rose from 1.6 million to 8 billion board feet. This increase was made possible by the widespread application of steam power. Wood-fueled steam engines powered the sawmills, moved and barked the logs, and finished the boards. Railroad lines were now built right into the forests so that felled logs could be shipped directly to market. These innovations had their greatest impact on the Great Lakes region. By 1890 the technology of the timber industry had triumphed over the natural abundance of the forests, and woodlands that had once seemed endless were now depleted.第26题The word thick in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.flatB.denseC.humidD.open第27题What point does the author make about deforestation in North America?A.It occurred mostly within a single century.B.It changed how people thought about trees.C.It provided jobs in several related industries.D.It caused an economic crisis in two countries.第28题According to the passage, all of the following contributed to deforestation EXCEPTA.the expansion of agricultureB.an increase in forest firesC.the use of charcoal as a fuelD.steamboat transportation第29题Why does the author use the word toll in discussing the iron industry in paragraph 3?A.To show that the process of smelting iron was expensiveB.To illustrate the impact of forest fires on the iron industryC.To point out that the iron industry had to pay high taxesD.To emphasize that large areas of woodland were eliminated第30题The word voracious in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning toA.varyingB.greedyC.strangeD.moderate第31题The phrase "wood hawks" in paragraph 4 describesA.a type of riverboatB.a species of treeC.people who sold woodrge woodland birds第32题The word surged in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.stoppedpetedC.fluctuatedD.increased第33题It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that "iron horses" wereA.machines that made ties and fencingB.railroad company executivesC.steam engines that moved trainsD.animals that helped build railroads第34题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 6? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Most of the houses in the nineteenth century were log cabins or clapboard cottages with simple roofs.B.There were four or five main house styles in the early nineteenth century, and all were built of wood.C.In the nineteenth century, wood construction was popular because wood could be used in a number of ways.D.Wood was the primary construction material of the vast majority of houses built in the early nineteenth century.第35题It can be inferred from paragraph 6 that in the early nineteenth centuryA.wooden houses were more popular than they are todayB.the construction industry dominated the economyC.more people owned homes than they do todayD.home heating was a major reason for cutting trees第36题According to paragraph 7, the tremendous increase in the production of lumber was primarily due toA.the availability of landB.an increase in the labor supplyC.innovations in technologyD.timber industry leadership第37题Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?No other industry or consumer of wood could match the timber industry itself for the exploitation of North America's forests.A Throughout the century, the timber industry continued to supply the single most valuable raw material for a rapidly expanding population. Between 1840 and 1860, the annual production of lumber rose from 1.6 million to 8 billion board feet.B This increase was made possible by the widespread application of steam power. Wood-fueled steam engines powered the sawmills, moved and barked the logs, and finished the boards. Railroad lines were now built right into the forests so that felled logs could be shipped directly to market.C These innovations had their greatest impact in the Great Lakes region.D By 1890 the technology of the timber industry had triumphed over the natural abundance of the forests, and woodlands that had once seemed endless were now depleted.第38题An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Many factors contributed to the deforestation of North America in the nineteenth century.●●●Answer ChoicesA. Dense forests of elm, ash, beech, maple, oak, and hickory covered most of the eastern half of the continent.B. Several million acres of forest were cut to meet the growing population's demand for farmland and wood.C. The iron, steamboat, railroad, and construction industries required huge amounts of wood.D. Each mile of railroad required two miles of fencing and 2,500 ties, which were made of oak and locust.E. After 1890, the timber industry moved into the West and South, cutting another 125 million acres of forest.F. Innovations in the timber industry greatly increased wood production but led to the depletion of forests.上一题下一题(39~51/共51题)阅读理解THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION 1 Sleep restores the body and the mind and helps prevent disease by strengthening the immune system. However, many adults do not get the recommended eight hours of sleep each night. The average adult today gets only 6.4 hours of sleep, nearly an hour and a half less than what the average person received a century ago. Only in recent years have health professionals begun to realize the prevalence and severity of sleep deprivation in the working population. A significant number of people work at night, work long shifts, or suffer from insomnia or jet lag. Others are deprived of sleep because they work toohard, stay out too late, or try to do too many things in a day. Adults who regularly sleep six hours or less might think they accomplish more by staying up late, but they pay for it the next day when they feel sleepy or irritable or are unable to concentrate, remember things, or be very effective at their work.2 Studies show that the brain is adversely affected by sleep deprivation because certain patterns of electrical and chemical activity that occur during sleep are interrupted and the brain cannot function normally. In one study, thirteen healthy adult subjects who usually had normal sleep patterns were kept awake and carefully monitored in a hospital sleep laboratory during a period of 35 hours. During the experiment, the subjects were asked to perform several cognitive tasks, such as arithmetic and word problems, while undergoing magnetic resonance scans of their brain activity. The scans recorded each subject's brain activity from a rested state through various stages of sleep deprivation over the 35-hour period. The scans produced images showing increased activity in some regions of the brain and decreased activity in others. The researchers found that the temporal lobe of the brain, the region involved in language processing, was activated during verbal tasks in rested subjects but not in sleep-deprived subjects. When subjects were fully rested, their magnetic resonance scans showed that the temporal lobe was very active. However, after several hours without sleep, there was no activity within this region. The effects of the inactivity included slurred speech in the subjects who had gone for prolonged periods with no sleep.3 Several studies show that getting fewer than six hours of sleep a night can impair short-term memory, coordination, reaction time, and judgment—thus posing a serious risk of accident or injury. In one study of drivers, researchers reported that sleep deprivation had some of the same hazardous effects as being drunk. They found that people who drove after being awake for 17 to 19 hours performed worse than those with a blood alcohol level of 0.05 percent, the legal limit for drunk driving in most western European countries. The study also found that 16 to 60 percent of road accidents involved sleep deprivation. The researchers concluded that countries with drunk driving laws should consider similar restrictions against sleep-deprived driving.4 There are other problems associated with sleep deprivation beyond impaired motor skills and judgment. Drivers who get too little sleep may have higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression, may take unnecessary risks, or may express rage toward other drivers. These dangers affect not only drivers but also people who work long shifts or night shifts, such as medical personnel and other emergency workers. The dangers of sleep deprivation go far beyond the obvious risks and can, in fact, undermine all areas of an individual's physical and mental health.5 Sleep deprivation weakens the immune system, making an individual more prone to diseases such as the common cold and diabetes. Without sleep, the number of disease-fighting white blood cells within the body decreases, as does the activity of the remaining white blood cells. Sleep deprivation has been linked to a decrease in the body's production of hormones such as insulin. Results of a recent study suggested that healthy young adults who regularly got under 6.5 hours of sleep a night had greater insulin resistance than people who got 7.5 to 8.5 hours of sleep. Insulin resistance is a silent condition in which the pancreas does not make enough insulin or the body is unable to use the insulin that is present. Thus, the muscle and liver cells cannot metabolize the sugar called glucose. As a result, glucose builds up in the bloodstream, setting the stage for diabetes and heart disease.。
小托福 JUNIOR整体考情分析及分数解读
小托福JUNIOR整体考情分析及分数解读自从TOEFL JUNIOR考试从2011年正式进入中国至今，几年来的考试难度上总体稳定，难度没有明显的起伏。
尽管去年ETS新加入了5套题到题库中，但对整体的难度没有太大的影响。
因而，对于每部分考察点的准确把握对于备考小托福JUNIOR来说就尤为重要了。
这里为大家盘点了小托福JUNIOR每部分的考察点，以及对分数的详细解读。
二．每部分考点详解a. 语言形式与含义小托福Junior 考试中的语言形式与含义部分共由6-8篇小短文组成，每一篇小短文对应4-8道题目。
该部分共42道题，均为单项选择题，考试时间共25分钟。
语法考点：考点主要分为两大类：分别是语言形式(Language Form) 和语言含义(Language Meaning)。
基础的语法考点有：小托福Junior虽然是针对11-15岁中小学生开发的英语能力测试，但是Language Form部分的所考查的知识点基本涵盖了所有初高中阶段的语法知识点。
动词时态及其被动语态形容词/副词的比较级和最高级限定词如some/any等用法区分句法结构之谓语动词和非谓语动词的判断句法结构之副词/介词/连词结构上和语义上的用法区分各类从句考点，主要考查从句引导词的使用高阶的语法考点有：倒装结构虚拟语气强调句型独立主格大部分题目主要集中在基础语法点上，高阶的语法点也略有涉及。
又由于是在语篇里进行考查，很多题目的判断需要结合句子的理解才能更准确地判断语法形式，这无疑增加了考查的难度。
Language Meaning 部分则主要考查语境用词，即结合具体所在的上下文语境，选出最符合作者表达意图的词汇和短语，这对学生的词汇量提出了很高的要求。
所以在备考的过程中，单纯的语法知识点并不能帮助学生解决所有问题，词汇量也是非常核心的因素。
语法话题：语言形式与含义部分会以便条、邮件、公告等形式，或以学生习作、课文、杂志中节选出的较为学术的文章的形式出现。
小托福阅读模拟测试练习题(附词汇难度解析)
小托福阅读模拟测试练习题（附词汇难度解析）小托福是中小学生留学美国必须参加的一项语言测试考试。
TOEFL Junior考试中，阅读题占的分值最大，下文分享的就是小托福阅读模拟测试练习题，一起阅读下文吧!——小托福阅读模拟测试练习题材料分享：CARDIFF, Wales Poets, singers and musicians from across the globe gathered in Wales to celebrate the tradition of storytelling.“It might seem strange that people still want to listen in age of watching television, but this is an unusual art form. whose time has come again,” said David Ambrose, director of Beyond the Border, an international storytelling festival in Wales.“Some of the tales, like those the Inuit from Canada, are thousands years old. So our storytellers have come from distant lands to connect us with the distance of time,” he said early this month.Two Inuit women, both in their mid 60s, are among the few remaining who can do Kntadjait, or throat singing, which has few words and much sound. Their art is governed by the cold of their surroundings, forcing them to say little but listen attentively.Ambrose started the festival in 1993, after several years of working with those reviving (coming back into use or existence) storytelling in Wales.“It came out of a group of people who wanted to reconnect with traditions. and as all the Welsh are storytellers, it was in good hands here.” Ambrose said.1. Ambrose believes that the art of storytelling _______.A. will be more popular than TVB. will be popular againC. started in WalesD. are in the hands of some old people答案：B解析：推断题。
小托福JUNIOR考情分析及分数解读
小托福JUNIOR整体考情分析及分数解读自从TOEFL JUNIOR考试从2011年正式进入中国至今，几年来的考试难度上总体稳定，难度没有明显的起伏。
尽管去年ETS新加入了5套题到题库中，但对整体的难度没有太大的影响。
因而，对于每部分考察点的准确把握对于备考小托福JUNIOR来说就尤为重要了。
这里为大家盘点了小托福JUNIOR每部分的考察点，以及对分数的详细解读。
二．每部分考点详解a. 语言形式与含义小托福Junior 考试中的语言形式与含义部分共由6-8篇小短文组成，每一篇小短文对应4-8道题目。
该部分共42道题，均为单项选择题，考试时间共25分钟。
语法考点：考点主要分为两大类：分别是语言形式(Language Form) 和语言含义(Language Meaning)。
基础的语法考点有：小托福Junior虽然是针对11-15岁中小学生开发的英语能力测试，但是Language Form部分的所考查的知识点基本涵盖了所有初高中阶段的语法知识点。
动词时态及其被动语态形容词/副词的比较级和最高级限定词如some/any等用法区分句法结构之谓语动词和非谓语动词的判断句法结构之副词/介词/连词结构上和语义上的用法区分各类从句考点，主要考查从句引导词的使用高阶的语法考点有：倒装结构虚拟语气强调句型独立主格大部分题目主要集中在基础语法点上，高阶的语法点也略有涉及。
又由于是在语篇里进行考查，很多题目的判断需要结合句子的理解才能更准确地判断语法形式，这无疑增加了考查的难度。
Language Meaning 部分则主要考查语境用词，即结合具体所在的上下文语境，选出最符合作者表达意图的词汇和短语，这对学生的词汇量提出了很高的要求。
所以在备考的过程中，单纯的语法知识点并不能帮助学生解决所有问题，词汇量也是非常核心的因素。
语法话题：语言形式与含义部分会以便条、邮件、公告等形式，或以学生习作、课文、杂志中节选出的较为学术的文章的形式出现。
托福模拟题测试题及答案
托福模拟题测试题及答案一、听力理解（Listening Comprehension）1. 根据录音内容，以下哪项是教授在讲座中提到的？A. 地球的气候变化对生态系统有积极影响。
B. 人类活动是导致全球变暖的主要原因。
C. 地球的自然周期导致了气候变化。
D. 气候变化对人类社会没有影响。
答案：B2. 在对话中，学生为什么感到困惑？A. 学生不理解课程作业的要求。
B. 学生不知道如何安排时间。
C. 学生对考试内容感到困惑。
D. 学生对老师的教学方法感到困惑。
答案：A二、阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）1. 根据文章内容，作者主要讨论了什么主题？A. 科技发展对教育的影响。
B. 教育系统如何适应社会变化。
C. 教育的重要性在现代社会中减少。
D. 社会对教育的需求日益增长。
答案：B2. 文章中提到的“终身学习”是指什么？A. 只在学生时代接受教育。
B. 教育应该贯穿一个人的整个生活。
C. 教育只对年轻人重要。
D. 教育只包括学术知识。
答案：B三、口语表达（Speaking Expression）1. 请描述你最近参加的一个活动，并解释为什么这个活动对你很重要。
（答案略）2. 你如何看待在线教育与传统教育的结合？请给出你的观点。
（答案略）四、写作能力（Writing Ability）1. 写一篇短文，讨论科技在日常生活中的作用，并给出你的观点。
（答案略）2. 选择一个你感兴趣的社会问题，写一篇文章，说明这个问题的重要性以及可能的解决方案。
（答案略）请注意：以上模拟题及答案仅供参考，实际托福考试的题型和内容可能会有所不同。
小托福模拟口语考试题及答案
小托福模拟口语考试题及答案考试题目一：描述你最喜欢的季节，并解释为什么。
答案示例：我最喜欢的季节是秋天。
秋天的天气凉爽宜人，不像夏天那样炎热，也不像冬天那样寒冷。
在这个季节里，树叶变成了金黄色，整个城市看起来非常美丽。
此外，秋天也是收获的季节，许多水果和蔬菜都成熟了，我可以享受到各种美味的农产品。
最重要的是，秋天的气候适合户外活动，我可以在周末和家人一起去郊游，享受大自然的美好。
考试题目二：如果你有机会去任何地方旅行，你会选择去哪里？为什么？答案示例：如果我有机会去任何地方旅行，我会选择去埃及。
埃及是一个历史悠久的国家，拥有许多古代文明的遗迹，比如金字塔和博物馆。
我一直对历史和考古学感兴趣，所以能够亲眼看到这些古老的建筑和文物会非常激动人心。
此外，埃及的沙漠和尼罗河也是我非常向往的地方，我相信这将是一次难忘的旅行经历。
考试题目三：描述一次你帮助别人的经历。
答案示例：有一次，我在公园里散步时，看到一个小男孩在哭泣，因为他找不到他的妈妈了。
我立刻走过去询问他的情况，并试图安慰他。
我告诉他我会帮助他找到妈妈。
然后，我带着他去了公园的管理处，告诉工作人员这个情况。
我们一起广播了寻人启事，并最终成功地帮他找到了妈妈。
看到他们团聚，我感到非常高兴和满足。
考试题目四：如果你可以拥有一种超能力，你希望是什么？为什么？答案示例：如果我可以拥有一种超能力，我希望能有治愈的能力。
这样，我就能够帮助生病的人恢复健康，减轻他们的痛苦。
我认为健康是生活中最重要的事情之一，能够帮助别人恢复健康，对我来说是非常有意义和有价值的。
此外，这种能力也可以用来帮助动物和植物，促进生态平衡和环境保护。
结束语：以上就是小托福模拟口语考试的一些题目及答案示例。
希望这些示例能够帮助考生们更好地准备考试，提高口语表达能力。
记住，练习是提高口语的关键，希望每位考生都能在考试中取得优异的成绩。
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(A) vicinity(B) remote(C) distant(D) lonely
4. If you are always patient, we can say that you _______ lots of patience.
Language Form and Meaning
Directions
In this section of the test, you will answer37questions found in seven different texts. Within each text are boxes that contain four possible ways to complete a sentence. Choose the word or words in each box that correctly complete each sentence. Mark the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet.
(A) acquire(B) erasable(C) eliminable(D) deletable
5. Roses _______ greatly in color, size, and shape.
(A) fragrant(B) vary(C) aroma(D) thorn
6. A _______ is a process that often involves a series of steps.
(A) breather(B) half-whisper(C) susurrate(D) procedure
7. If you say you have _______ time for an assignment, that means you have enough time to do it.
(A) liaison(B) connect(C) beam(D) admonish
Questions 1-26
12. Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the lower ground levels, thereby _____ from freezing.
Go on to the next page, and the test will begin with question number one.
1. A country’s _______ include all of its minerals, such as coal, gold, and silver.
(A) to save the seeds(B) saving the seeds(C) which saves the seeds(D) the seeds saved
13. _____ mineral content in the bones of very young children is low compared to that of adults.
(A) insufficient(B) adequate(C) wanting(D. quiver
8. Anything that puts pressure on out emotions, bodies, or minds can be called _______.
(A) arrow(B) Stress(C) projectile(D) straight
9. Thelma had a _______ with her neighbors over their dogs’ getting into her garbage cans.
(A) indignant(B) approximately(C) everywhere(D) resent
10. When the Carveys didn’t pay their rent for the third month in a row, the landlord actually came to their door to _____ them.
Here are two sample questions:
1. The idea that rocks last forever and that rocks
(A) very
(B) ever
(C) quite
(D)ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้never
2.change is not completely true. If you have ever stood next to a rushing river, you
(A) saw
(B) seen
(C) are seeing
(D) may have seen
the water hammering away at the rocks.
The correct answer toSample 1 is (D),“never.”
The correct answer to Sample 2 is (D),“may have seen.”
(A) urge(B) console(C) keen(D) scold
11. In the 1800s, it must have been very difficult to _______ with people who lived far away. Today we are all lucky to have phones and good mail service.
(A) resource(B) financial(C) ability(D) list
2 .Whether two people or groups are fighting with words or weapons, we can say they are having a _______.
(A) dispute(B) war(C) combat(D) victim