语用学课程论文：Positive Politeness Strategies in Oral Communication
礼貌的语用分析
海南师范大学外国语学院2012级《英语语言学概论》课程论文题目：礼貌的语用分析(Analysis on the politeness in Pragmatics)姓名：蒋小慧学号： 201203010409专业：英语年级： 2012级系别：英语系完成日期： 2014年12月指导教师：范会兵Analysis on the politeness in PragmaticsAuthor: Jiang Xiaohui Supervisor: Fang Huibing (Foreign Language college, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158)AbstractNowadays，the world gradually become a whole and people communicate with each others more frequently. However, verbal communication is n‟t an action about one person, it happens at least between two people to make our communication more harmony and successful. Therefore, people who apply language to communicate must obey some basic pragmatic principles. Politeness Principle is important for us to apply and obey when we want to talk with others in our daily life. In this passage, I will clarify the development of politeness principle, its main contents and evaluation.Key words: pragmatics, Politeness Principle, Cooperative Principle, face礼貌的语用分析作者：蒋小慧指导老师：范会兵（海南师范大学外国语学院，海口，571158）摘要：在当今社会，世界逐渐融为一体，人们的言语交流也越来越频繁。
语用学Politeness and interaction
POSITIVE
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
FACE refers to our need to be accepted and liked by others and our need to feel our social group shares common goals. POSITIVE POLITENESS orients to preserving the positive face of other people. When we use positive politeness we use speech strategies that emphasize our solidity with the hearer, such as informal pronunciation, shared dialect or slang expression, nicknames more frequent reference to speaker and hearer as we, and requests which are less indirect.
Pre-sequences:
utterance before a speech act to check if a speech act can be make. pre-request pre-invitation pre-announcement
Take
a look at this. Clean up the kitchen floor. Pass the salt. Have some more cake. Peel these potatoes.
Clean
up the kitchen. Peel these potatoes. Pass the salt. Take a look at this. Have some more cake.
英语商务谈判中礼貌策略的运用
外语教学研究中国电力教育2008年12月下 总第127期随着全球经济一体化的加快和外商对中国投资的热情高涨，中国的对外经济交流活动也越来越频繁。
对外商务谈判也变得比以往任何时候都更加重要。
同时，对英语商务谈判技巧的把握也成为越来越受关注的话题。
众所周知，商务谈判是一种通过语言进行的经济活动。
它的成功与否依赖于语言的运用。
在商务谈判中，谈判双方既相互竞争又要相互合作。
在保持合作关系的前提下，每一方都会想方设法地去赢取自身的最大利益。
所以怎样平衡谈判中的竞争和合作，对谈判者来说是非常重要的。
这需要通过使用恰当的语言来实现，尤其是使用礼貌语言。
一、面子理论人们在言语交际方面拥有众多的策略手段，其中一个主要手段是礼貌。
应用语言学中，对礼貌策略的研究代表是Leech 的礼貌原则和Brown ＆Levinson 的面子理论。
由于Grice 提出的合作原则无法解释某些故意违反合作原则以达到某种特殊含义的言语行为，Leech 提出了礼貌原则和其六大准则，并认为发话人把话说的间接，违反合作原则是表达礼貌的需要。
Leech 的礼貌原则修补了合作原则的不足。
Brown ＆Levinson 在他们的著作《Universal in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena》（后来1987年更名为《Politeness: Some Universals of Language Usage》）提出了面子理论。
二者的不同在于，前者是从会话的角度，后者从个人的面子需求来研究礼貌策略的。
面子理论中涉及三个概念：面子（face），面子威胁行为（face-threatening acts/FTAs），和礼貌策略（politeness strategies）。
1.面子和面子威胁行为Brown ＆Levinson 认为面子是每个社会成员想为自己争取的公开的自我形象（self-image）。
面子包括负面面子（negative face）和正面面子（positive face）。
Pragmatic Politeness语用学论文
Pragmatic Politeness in Chinese and American CulturesChangcheng常程Class 4, Grade 2009No. 200905140401The School of Foreign LanguagesChina West Normal UniversityA Paper for PragmaticsJune 2012Pragmatic Politeness in Chinese and American Cultures Abstract:This paper studies pragmatic politeness in both Chinese and American cultures. It gives a general idea of some pragmatic knowledge of politeness and comparisons of Chinese and American ways of expressing politeness in different situations. In brief, the findings in this paper support the view that politeness varies quite different in different cultures. By understanding this, we can communicate better with foreigners and get a better understanding of our own culture.In this paper I would focus the study of politeness in Chinese and American cultures.Firstly，I will explain some famous pragmatic theories on politeness of China and foreign countries, like Confucius, Gu Yueguo, Levinson and Goffman. Secondly, I‟ll do some comparisons on different aspects of pragmatic politeness between China and the U.S. There‟re greetings,giving and receiving compliments, during a meal, usage of euphemisms, and misunderstanding responses. In the end, I‟ll draw a conclusion and list the referent resources I‟ve used.Key words: linguistic,pragmatic,politeness,Chinese,American,cross-cultural communicationPoliteness can be understood as a social phenomenon. It is a tool to develop good interpersonal relationships. People live in society, they communicate in certain manner of politeness. But people in different culture have different understanding of being polite thus confusion and misunderstanding occurs on cross-cultural communications. Therefore, we have to study the differences in different cultures so that we can avoid misunderstanding and behave ourselves in appropriate ways in any condition.Pragmatic theories on politeness:In Chinese culture:Confucius (B.C. 551-479), who lived at a time when the slavery system had disintegrated and there were constant wars between feudal states; the former aristocratic social hierarchy was shattered and chaos reigned over the land. To reform the society, Confucius advocated the restoration of “li”(礼) or politeness. which referred to the social politeness and the order of the slave society of the Zhou Dynasty (周礼).To Confucius, it was the model of an ideal society. Restoring li, it was necessary to put each individual in his place according to his social position. Confucius set much store by zhengming (正名)because he thought, if names are not called, speech cannot be used appropriately, thus li cannot be restored, and principle cannot be maintained.Modern Chinese Politeness can be realized in a number of ways, among which the use of language is an important one. With the development of Confucius theory and pragmatic theories, more and more attention has been paid to the ways in which language is used to show politeness and also the difference between different languages and cultures.Prof. Gu Yueguo, a scholar of Beijing Foreign Studies University, has traced the origin of the concept of politeness in the Chinese culture, and has also formulated a different set of politeness maxims, which he thinks are more suitable to Chinese. Theories in foreign countries:“Face theory” was put forward by Brown and Levinson, which is based on the face concept raised by Goffman. According to Goffman, “face” is a thing of communicators who all have to pay attention to. It is just like “mianzi”(面子) in Chinese culture.I f one wants his face cared for, he should care for other people‟s face. They also hold the view that the problem for any one is the internal aggression while retaining the potential for aggression in internal social control, and especially in external competitive relations with others. Politeness presupposes that potential for aggressionas it seeks to disarm it, and makes possible communication between potentially aggressive parties.Another influential theory concerning politeness is Leech‟s Politeness Principle. Leech places PP as a member of a set of principles which he called Interpersonal Rhetoric; other important principles within Interpersonal Rhetoric include theCo-operative Principle and the Irony Principle.These principles do not provide the main motivation for talking, but serve as regulative factors to ensure that once conversation is under way, it will not follow a fruitless or disruptive path. Instead of basing his theory on the concept of face, Leech patterns on Grice‟s CP and divides the PP into a number of maxims.Comparison:Greeting:Greeting is an important part of speech communication. Along with the constant increasing knowledge of people, greeting is characterized by fashion and costume.In 1990, an American complained, “I‟m tired of nosy Chinese! Every time I come in or go out, they ask, …Going to work?‟ …Coming home?‟ …Going shopping?‟ …Eaten yet?‟”I looked around furtively then whispered, “Do you know why they ask me so many questions?”He looked surprised and whispered back, “No. Why?”“Because they report to the Communists on us.”“Really?” His eyes widened as paranoia took a toehold.“Not really,” I said, laughing. “That‟s just how Chinese greet one another!”(From Dr. Bill Brown)In this story, we can know that Americans usually greet people with a simple “H i” or “Good Morning” or “Nice weather today!” But Chinese, we say with “Ni Hao”(How are you?) and we ask what you are doing. And unlike Americans, who don‟t want an honest answer to “How are you?” Chinese do expect an answer.To show care and concern for others is considered as a polite act. The Chinese think that they are being polite by showing concern for the other person, and asking all these questions will help build intimacy between themselves. But American s would feel that person is invading their privacy.Giving and Receiving Compliments:When we listen to people speak a foreign language that we understand, we notice that the native speakers of that language use words and phrases in a manner different from what we are used to. In American English, for example, people say “Thank you” frequently. A word for “thank you” exists in almost every language, but how and when it is used is not always the same. In Chinese language, we do not thank people for trivial as well as important or unusual favors. For Americans, this expression is used as a polite response to different kinds of favors and compliments, and is often automatic.When being complimented, an English-speaking person would readily accept the compliment by saying something like “Thank you” to show his appreciation of the praise, but a Chinese speaker would try to deny the truth of the compliment. They both are being modest and they both think they are behaving properly. The English speaker is being polite to the extent that by accepting and showing appreciation of the compliment, he avoids hurting the positive face of the person who makes it; the Chinese speaker is showing modesty by denigration himself, ignoring the factuality of the compliment paid to him. As has been mentioned, self-denigration has been at the core of the Chinese concept of politeness for over two thousand years, the Chinese, in order to show modesty, will go to such lengths as to underrate what he himself has achieved and deny the truth of a complimentary remark.Sometimes, American repeat the sentence hundreds of times a day.“Have a good flight?” “Not at all bad, thank you.”“You are a beautiful woman.” “Thank you”“And your name, sir?” “Hare.”“Thank you. We‟ll see you tomorrow at 8then.”We can easily notice how often Americans use the expression “thank you”. A customer, after paying $100 for a meal in a restaurant, says, “thank you” to the person who hands him he bill. In response to “ I like the color of your car.”, an American might answer “thank you” In both of these cases, no great favor or compliment was extended, yet “thank you” was the most frequent response. While Americans say “thank you” readily whene ver possible, either for a trivial compliment or for a big favor they received, their Chinese counterpart tend to keep the heavy word of thanks in their hearts and leave it unsaid. They would try to look for a chance to do something for the helper in return. They think the heartfelt gratitude is not worth mentioning. On the other hand, if you repeat your gratitude orally, the people would think that you treat him as an outsider. They think it as their obligation to give you a hand whenever you have trouble and turn to him for help. He regards it as his honor and pleasure to be helpful. It‟s universal both in America and in China on this point. During a meal:In American family, people usually say fewer words when they‟re eating than Chinese do. They may pray before the meal and say “help yourself” if there‟s a guest. During the meal they may discuss something interesting and less serious.A:“How was your school day?”B:“Not bad, just a little bit boring.”A:“How‟s your work?”C:“Good. My boss forgot to take toilet paper so he couldn‟t come out until I came. God, he was so embarrassed and he said thanks. That was the first time he‟d said …thanks‟ to someone, can you believe it?”After the conversation, people continue to eat in pleasant mood. They like easy and quiet atmosphere while eating.In China, people prefer annoying and fun atmosphere during dinner, especially with friends. If the table is too quiet and gentle, they may feel uncomfortable. They tell jokes, gossip others, argue the latest news, etc.Euphemisms in Different Cultures:Euphemism is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as” pass away”.It‟s rude of one to violate a taboo either in language or in culture both Chinese and American cultures.Take the word “old” as an example.In America, people like to be energetic and young. Almost everyone wishes to stay young forever. And being old lay the concept of sick, incompetent and lazy to Americans. So there is no American who prefers to be considered as old, which means useless and a burden to his or her family as well as to the society.In China, we love and respect the old much more than the Americans do. We often leave the seats to the old people in a bus, and it is considered as polite and a good virtue and the elderly people will accept, take it for granted and say “thank you”. But in the U.S., a person will get angry if he was offered a seat on a bus because of he is regarded as old. He thinks he is far from being incapable of taking care of himself, and thus other people‟s offer of seat is an insult to him.Chinese culture respects the old and treats “being old” as a symbol of wisdom, forgiveness, experienced, and kindness. Therefore, old people are respected in the family and in the society. Then the word lao (old) in Chinese are used to modify these people. It is not a taboo, but a respectful addressing word to show esteem to the addressee, such as laoshi (teacher), laoban (boss), laozong (general manager). The addressee is not necessarily old in age and Chinese people merely attempt to show their respect and politeness in this way. Some people refer to their friends in the way of adding “lao” in front of their last names, like “lao Zhang”, “lao Wang”. They express intimacy to the addressee. Sometimes Chinese call foreigners “laowai” just to show our friendliness, not because of their age or appearance. . Misunderstanding responses:Let‟s see the dialogue that follows.A: You‟ve got a nice coat.B: Thank you. My sister bought it for me in Beijing. Do you like it?A: Oh, yes. It looks fine and I appreciate the pretty color.B: Well, if you really like it, I‟ll ask my sister to buy one for you too.The A in the dialogue compliments B‟s coat just to show his or her friendliness and begin a conversation, but B misinterprets A‟s intention as desiring to buy a same coat. As a result, A is embarrassed and the conversation can hardly continue. Chinese rarely use such sente nce pattern as “I like your….” for fear of being misunderstood as admiring the things other possesses. Moreover, it is very common for a man to commend a pretty woman in American culture, but he may offend a Chinese girl by saying, “You are a se xy girl.” She would feel kind of insulted by such a compliment that is barely accepted for her owing to Chinese culture.The function of an apology is to make up for rude words or acts, and it serves as a remedy to recover the harmonious relationship. How to make and accept an apology is a very important part in the pragmatic politeness. When someone says sorry, we should not say “It doesn‟t matter.” in English in response as we do in Chinese. We should say, “That‟s all right”, “That‟s OK.”, or “No problem.” When our work gets compliment from others, we tend to say, “It‟s nothing.” and “You flatter ed me.” or “Never mind.” to show our modesty. But in English, “Never mind.” is used to comfort the interlocutor as a means of showing politeness.Therefore, we should know more about the differences between Chinese and American culture, so that we can try to avoid misunderstandings, which are usually caused by pragmatic mistakes in mutual communication.ConclusionTo conclude, I‟d like to say that pragmatic politeness exists with different manners in different cultures. We need to distinguish the contrary aspects of Chinese and American cultures in order to deal with the awkward situations that related to pragmatic politeness. Only in this way can we avoid misunderstandings in thecross-cultural communication and become a master of words.References:George Yule：Pragmatics 上海外语教育出版社，2000；Gu, Yuehuo：Politeness Phenomenon in Modern Chinese 1990；Leech, G. Principles of Pragmatics 1983；维基百科语料收集：(1) The performative hypothesis:1) Clean up this mess!2)Thereby order you that you clean up this mess.(2) Performative and constative:1)I name this ship the Queen Elizabeth.2)I promise to finish it in time.(3) Strategies: Come on go to the party. Everyone will be there. We will have fun.(4) Spatial deixis: I am not here now.Temporal deixis: 1) I live here now. 2)I lived there then.(5) Names and referents 1) Can I borrow your Shakespeare？2) Yeah, it‟s over there on the table.(6)The role of co-text1)The cheese sandwich is made with white bread.2)The cheese sandwich left without paying.(7) The role of co-text:Man: Does your dog bite?Woman: No.(The man reaches down to pet the dog. The dog bites the man‟s hand.) Man: Ouch! Hey! You said your dog doesn‟t bite.Woman: He doesn‟t. But that‟s not my dog.(8) A positive politeness strategy:1) A. How about letting me use your pen?B. Hey, buddy, I‟d appreciate it if you‟d let me use your pen.2)Hi. How‟s it going? Okay if I sit here? We must be interested in the same crazy st aff. You take a lot of notes too, huh? Say,do me a big favor and let me use one of yo ur pen.(9)Regularity :Ifoundan old bicycle lying on the ground. The chain was rusted and the tires were flat.(10) Presupposition:1)A. Mary‟s dog is cure.B. Mary has a dog.B is the presupposition of A2) He stopped smoking.B. He smoked once.B is the presupposition of A。
positive politeness strategy例子
positive politeness strategy例子
积极礼貌策略是指在交际中为了增进人际关系和缓和紧张气氛而使用的一种礼貌方式。
以下是一些积极礼貌策略的例子：
1. 礼貌用语：例如“请”、“谢谢”、“不好意思”等，用于表示尊重和礼貌。
2. 称赞和赞美：对他人的成就、外表或行为表示肯定和赞美，比如“你的演讲做得很好”、“你的服装很漂亮”等。
3. 符合性：表示对对方意见的认同和支持，比如“我同意你的观点”、“你说得对”等。
4. 问候和关心：向对方表示问候和关心，比如“你好吗？”、“最近过得怎么样？”等。
5. 尊重对方的立场：在表达自己观点的同时，尊重对方的立场，比如“我明白你的担忧”、“我理解你的立场”等。
这些积极礼貌策略可以帮助促进积极的人际关系，增进彼此之间的理解和尊重。
浅析英语课堂语用学的重要性
浅析英语课堂语用学的重要性英语教学以语言学习为基本目的，教师课堂用语显得更为重要.？英语课堂用语不仅扮演着一般课堂用语的基本角色，而且还是英语学习者（学生）模仿和学习的基本素材，所以英语课堂用语的恰当和得体就显得尤为重要。
1英语课堂语用失误英语教师在使用课堂用语的时候就要注意尽量不要使用导致学生负面面子和正面面子受损的FTA。
例如：某教师在课堂的复习环节中想让学生朗读一下上次课讲过的课文，于是他对这个同学如是说：“xxx，Please read the text”. 仔细体会这句话，不难发现这个请求的祈使句其实是老师对学生发出的一道命令。
我国素来有讲求师道尊严的传统，笔者发现很多老师习惯于对学生发出指令性的课堂用语，特别是在基础教育阶段更是如此。
然而事实上，从语用实践来看指令性的课堂用语或多或少会对学生形成一种压力，令他倍感紧张，该学生也许会想假如读不好肯定免不了老师的斥责或是来自同学的嘲笑。
于是，有些学生为了避免斥责或嘲笑，宁可说：“Sorry”.如果长期这样，这位学生可能为了保全自己的“面子”逐渐就对英语课采取消极逃避的态度，甚至缺课。
曾经在一次教学检查座谈会上，有一位学生和笔者谈起英语课上大家不敢发言时说，他们绝大多数同学都想学好英语，也想积极回答问题，可是当看到前面同学好不容易鼓起勇气回答了，老师却只说了个“good”，甚至“Not completely right”，自己就顿时失去了那种回答问题的渴望而退缩了。
其实他们每一位同学都非常希望多得到老师的鼓励和褒奖，这样其他同学也很羡慕，自己就很有“面子”。
这个教学经历，让笔者深感课堂用语的巨大作用。
2英语课堂语用策略根据会话含义理论：为保证听话者的正面面子不受威胁，说话者就要懂得正面的礼貌策略（positive-politeness strategies），也就是说千方百计让听话者的面子得到尊重。
说话者可以通过对听话者的行为和言语表示出认可和赞许，或者尽可能地迎合听话人心意和取悦听话人的言语。
英语语用学学科论文
连云港师范高等专科学校英语语用学学科论文班级：12英教专科一班姓名：余王丹学号：1221013125摘要：本文主要从语用学的角度对语言交际中的礼貌现象进行了研讨，以旨更全面地展示语用礼貌观。
本文共分四部分：一、礼原则的由来；二、礼貌原则的解析；三、礼貌策略；四、礼貌原则的应用。
加深对礼貌原则的理解可以有助于提升自身的语用能力。
关键词：语用学礼貌原则教学应用一、礼貌原则的由来(一)礼貌的界定在众多关于礼貌的各种文献中，围绕“礼貌”一词进行的研究主要有五个方面，具体如下：(1)礼貌是人们在交际中的一种现实目的(Politeness as areal-world goa1)。
人们在说话过程中运用礼貌原则的目的就是取悦他人。
(2)礼貌是一种敬重(Politeness as the deference)。
(3)礼貌是一种语体(Politeness as the register)。
语体是指“与社交语境有关的系统化变体”(Lyons，1977)。
或者指在一定场合下人们说话或写作时的语言变化(Holliday，1978)。
(4)礼貌是一种话语表层现象(Politeness as an utterancelevel phenomenon)。
该观点认为，礼貌是一种表层语法编码，该观点主要是离开语言运用的实际环境去研究礼貌问题。
(5)礼貌是一种语用现象(Politeness as a pragmatic phi—nominee)。
该观点在语用学界已经成为人们的一种共识。
总之．在语用学领域，人们关心的不是说话人是否真正对他人友善，而是他说了什么，以及他的话语对听话人产生了什么影响。
把礼貌看成敬重、语体，是一种社会语言学现象，不属于语用学的范围，而把礼貌看成一种话语表层现象，就是脱离了语境去谈礼貌，这是一种超理想化的理论，因为语言形式是和语境、说话人和听话人之间的关系紧密联系的。
（二）礼貌原则提出的必要性在英语语用学习领域中，提及言语行为理论(Speech Act Theory)．人们会很自然地联想到美国语言哲学家格赖斯(H．P．Grieve)的会话含义学说(Convocational Implicate)，即为了保证会话的顺利进行，谈话双方必须共同遵守一些基本原则，尤其是用来解释会话结构的“合作原则”(Cooperative Principle)。
浅析语用学中的礼貌原则优秀7篇
浅析语用学中的礼貌原则优秀7篇中西方礼貌原则对比分析语言学篇一中西方礼貌原则对比分析不同文化类型中的“礼貌原则”存在着差异，这些差异在礼貌用语中有充分的体现。
礼貌是对比语言学中语用对比研究一个不可忽略的问题，在迥异的中西方文化中更是如此。
中西方两种文化的礼貌原则有着较大的差异，了解这种差异对我们的现实生活具有指导意义。
一、中西方“礼貌原则”的理论研究1．西方文化中的礼貌概念西方“礼貌”理论中较有影响的理论框架当属Brown & Levinson的“面子论”及Leech的“礼貌原则”。
两种理论对礼貌的内涵及外延作了较为系统深刻的研究，对不同文化领域的礼貌研究都有一定影响和借鉴意义。
Brown＆Levinson的“面子”概念建立在Gofman的定义基础上。
根据Gofman的理论，面子对每一个人来说是最神圣的、不可侵犯的，对每一个交际者来说是最基本的、不容忽视的。
但Brown＆Levinson的面子概念更为具体，他们认为所有理性的社会成员都具有面子。
他们根据个人需要把面子分为两类：消极面子(negative face)，即个人拥有行动自由、不受干涉的权利；积极面子(Positive face)，即个人的正面形象或“个性”包括希望这种自我形象受到赞许的愿望。
面子有双层性，而且构成面子的双方面是相互矛盾的。
在交往时，一方面我们需要与对方有所关联，或者关注对方，并且要向对方表示出我们的关注。
面子的“关联”方面就是积极面子，Levinson把它称之为积极礼貌(Positive politeness)。
“积极面子”所常用的语篇方略是：恭听对方谈话，对其表示兴趣，表示与对方有共同之处，相互以名字称呼等。
如：“Agree，I have always believed that，too．”另一方面，我们要维护一定的独立性，并且向对方表示我们也尊重他们的独立需求。
面子的“独立”方面就是消极面子，Levinson把它称之为消极礼貌(negative politeness)。
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Positive Politeness Strategies in the Communication
Theory Introduction
In this paper, I would like to focus on the usage of the positive politeness strategies in oral communication. Then what is positive politeness strategies? To clear up the theory, we should take the terms, such as face, politeness theory into consideration.
Politeness theory, which is developed by Levinson and Brown, is based on the concept that people have a social self-image and meanwhile, people consciously project and try to protect it. This sense of self-image is referred to as “face.” And the theory holds that people use various politeness strategies to protect the face of others. Under politeness theory, there is a positive and a negative face. Positive face is the need to be concerned, reflecting the desire to have one’s self-image accepted by others. While negative face is the need to be independent, reflecting the desire not to be imposed on by others.
According to a person is dealing with another’s positive or negative face, the politeness strategies will differ, that is positive politeness strategies and negative politeness strategies. As to positive politeness strategies, it leads the requester to appeal to a common goal, and even friendship, by orienting to preserving the positive face of other people, briefly, it emphasizes the closeness between speaker and hearer in the communication.
Using Positive Politeness Strategies in Oral Communication
In order to make sense of what is said in communication, take my word for it, the positive politeness strategies should be given priority for its potential benefits.
On one hand, the usage of positive politeness strategies is a good way to avoid being refused. To a great extent, the positive politeness strategies orients to preserving the positive face of the listener in the communication. Since the self-image of listener is concerned, he is likely willing to cooperate with the speaker, thus making the communication continuous. For example:
A: You must be hungry, it is a long time since breakfast. How about some lunch ? B: Good idea.
In the conversion , it seems that A really cares about B, actually, A is using positive politeness strategies to make his invitation being accepted.
On the other hand, the usage of positive politeness strategies is a good way to reach a consensus in the communication. The positive politeness strategies emphasizes the closeness between speaker and listener. Linguistically, the strategies will include the usage of nicknames and shared dialect or slang, even the expressions of admiration. Since people get closer, a common goal can be easily achieved. For example:
A: What lovely roses! I wish ours looked like that. How do you do it?
B: Oh, you like it ? it is kind easy …
In the conversation, A is using the kind word to narrow the distance, at the same time, they reach a consensus that is they are both flower lovers.
From above, using the positive politeness strategies can easily make the request being accepted and reach a common goal, thus making the communication quite smooth going.
Now and then, the misunderstanding across cultures is so dramatic and at such an impolite level, that it is necessarily to choose the appropriate and suitable politeness strategies according to the different cultural contexts. Only in this way can we can avoid misunderstandings and make the communication more smoothly, thus promoting greater friendship in the days to come.。