应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版(课后答案和课文翻译)

应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版(课后答案和课文翻译)Unit 1 The Roots of ChemistryI. Comprehension.1.C2. B3. D4. C5. BII. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.1. The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable difficulty, and it is necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.2. Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and is also an activity by which knowledge is generated.3. Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry observed on a single mundane planet.4. People are made of molecules; some of the molecules in people are rather simple whereas others are highly complex.5. Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without chemistry there is neither life nor death.6. Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all aspects of human life, although many of us are not fully aware of this.III. Translation.1. (a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation2. It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like/and so on/andso forth/and otherwise.3. Chemistry has a very long history, in fact, human activity in chemistry goesback to prerecorded times/predating recorded times.4. According to/From the evaporation of water, people know/realized thatliquids can turn/be/change into gases under certain conditions/circumstance/environment.5. You must know the properties of the material before you use it.IV . Translation化学是三种基础自然科学之一，另外两种是物理和生物。

自从宇宙大爆炸以来，化学过程持续进行，甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。

人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快,其余两步相当慢。

这三步是：（I ）物理进化（化学元素的产生），（II ）化学进化（分子和生物分子的形成）；和（III ）生物进化（有机物的形成和发展）。

V . Solution:（1）The relative mass of 1H and 12C atoms can be calculated from their absolute masses in grams.1241223H 1.6735100.083986C 1.992610--⨯==⨯If the mass of a 12C atom is exactly 12 amu,then the mass of a 1H atom to five significant figures must be 1.0078 amu. 12 amu x 0.083986 = 1.0078 amu（2）First we calculate k and then use the first-order rate equation.[][]()()404340.6931.2110/5730log2.3031.000 1.2110/log0.477 2.3032.303log 2.09 6.11061001.2110/k yryrA ktA yrt t yr yr---==⨯=⨯===⨯=⨯The bone was tossed away (more precisely, the animal whose bone was died) about 6100 years ago, or about 4100 B.C. We can thus be sure that a village was in existence at that place at that time.Unit 7 The Nomenclature of Inorganic SubstancesI. Comprehension1.A2.B3.C4.C5.BII. Give the systematic name for the followingammonium ion ; copper(II) ion ; strontium ion; Ccopper(I) ion; iron(II) ion; zinc ion; hydrogen ion; lead((II) ion; aluminum;silver ion; magnesium ion; chromium(III) ion; Barium ; Manganese(II) ion; iron(III) ion; calcium ion; mercury(II) ion; chromium(II) ion; tin(II) ion.carbon monoxide; ditrogen trioxide; carbon dioxide; diphosphorus pentoxide; sulfur trioxide; dichlorine heptoxidearsenate ion; sulfite ion; hydride ion; arsenite ion; bromide ion; hydroxide ion; phosphate ion; chlorate ion; hypochlorite ion; phosphate ion; chloride ion; iodate ion; carbonate ion; chlorite ion; nitrate ion;chromate ion; cyanide ion; iodide ion;dichromate ion; fluoride ion; nitrate ion;oxide ion; hydrogen carbonate ion; nitrite ion;sulfide ion; hydrogen sulfate ion; perchlorate ion;sulfate ion; hydrogen sulfite ion; permanganate ion.III. Complete the table.Formula Old name SystematicnameFeO iron (II) oxide Fe2O3iron (III) oxide Sn(OH)2tin(II)hydroxideSn(OH)4tin(IV)hydroxideHg2SO4mercury (I)sulfateHgSO4mercury (II)sulfate NaCLO sodiumhypochloriteK2Cr2O7potassiumdichromateCu3(AsO4)2copper(II)arsenateCr(C 2H 3O 2)3 chromium(IV) acetateIV . Acid names may be obtained directly from its acid ion by changing the name of the acid ion (negative ion). Use the rule to give the name of the following acid. Formula of acid Old name Name of acid H 2CO 3 carbonic acid HClO 2 chlorous acid HClO 4 perchloric acid HCN hydrocyanic acid HBr hydrobromic acid H 4SiO 4 silicic acid H 3AsO 4 arsenic acid V . Complete the sentences with the proper form of the word given at the end of the sentence.1.is altered;2.To illustrate3.indicates4.should expect5.would cancel6. are pulled7.depend on8.are; referred9.formed 10.have discussed VI. Translation1. Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed/eliminated.2. It is necessary that a scientist must know how to use fingures to get an accutate answer to question.3. Any substance is made of atoms whether it is solid, liquid or gas.4. The experiment was successful. It ’s results was the same as what we had expected.5. It will not be long before we finish the experiment.VII. Write equations for the following acid-base reactions. Use the information in inorganic textbook to predict whether the equilibrium will favor the reactants or the products. (Partially Solved)Solutin to (a): Cyanide is the conjugate base of HCN. It can accept a proton from formic acid:COHHO +CN C OH OC NH +formic acid stronger acid cyanidestronger base formate weaker baseweaker acidReading from inorganic textbook, formic acid (p K a =3.76) is a stronger acid than HCN (p K a =9.22), and cyanide is a stronger base than formate. The products (weaker acid and base) are favored. …………..VIII. Write equations for the net reactions which occur when the following materials are added to a sodium-ammonia solution.Answer: (1) 2CH3GeH3 + 2e am-→ H2 + 2CH3GeH2-(2) I2 + 2e am-→ 2I-(3) (C2H5)2S + 2e am- + NH3 → C2H5S- + C2H6 + NH2-Unit 10 Nomenclature of HydrocarbonsI. Comprehension1.C2.D3.B4.A5.B6.BII. Name the following compounds by the IUPAC system1 CH3(CH2)nCH3 (n=2, 3, 4, 6, respectively) butane, pentane, hexane,octane2 (CH3)2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH32-methylpentane3 (CH3)3C-CH2-CH(C2H5)-CH2-CH34-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane5-isopropyl-2-methyloctane4 (CH3)2CH-CH2CH2-CH(CH2CH2CH3)-CH(CH3)24-isopropyl-4-propylheptane 5 CH3-CH2-CH2-C(CH2CH2CH3)2-CH(CH3)26 ◇-CH2-CH(CH3)2isobutylcyclobutane7 CH2=C(C2H5)(CH(CH3)2) 2-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene8 CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CHCl-CH32-chloro-3-hexene9 CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(C2H5)-C≡C-CH34-ethyl-5-methyl-2-hexyneCH2=CH-C≡CH 1-buten-3-yne11(CH3)2CH-CH2CH(OH)CH34-methyl-2-pentanol12CH3CH2CH=CHCH(OH)CH33-hexen-2-ol13(CH3)3C-OH 2-methyl-2-propanol14(CH3)3C-OCH2H52-ethoxy-2-methylpropane15(CH3)2CH-CH2-O-C2H51-ethoxy-2-methylpropane16(CH2OH)21,2-ethanediol17CH3-CH(OH)-CH2(OH) 1,2-proanediol18CH2(OH)-CH(OH)-CH2(OH) 1,2,3-propanetriol19CH3CH2NH2aminoethane2 0 CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH-NH-CH3N-methyl-1-amino-2-methylpentaneIII. Draw structures for the following compounds.1 3-octene C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C2 3-methy-2-heptene3 cyclohexene4 2-pentyne C-C≡C-C-C5 3,3-dimethylhexyne6 3-bromotolueneCH3Br7 vinyl chloride C=C-Cl8 acetylene C≡C9 para-dichlorobenzeneCl Cl10 m-chlorobromobenzeneBrCl11 toluene CH312 chlorobenzene Cl13 1,2-dibromobenzeneBrBr14 naphthalene15 anthracene16 phenanthrene17 2-methyl-1-propanol C CC OHC18 Cyclohexanol OH19 Methoxyethene C C O C20 trans-2-ethoxycyclohexanol OHOC2H5IV. Decide which item best completes each unfinished sentence.1.A2.A3.B4.CV. Each of the following names is incorrect. Draw the structure represented by the incorrect name (or a consistent structure if the name is ambiguous), and give your drawing the correct name.(…………)Unit 11 Carboxylic Acids and Their DerivativesI. Comprehension1.B2.B3.C4.D5.A6.CII. Fill in the blanks with the phrases given below.1.brought out2.dozen or so; put together3.are made of ;divided by4.are different from5.on the contrary; consist of6.summed up7.stand for8.such as9.are; dependent on 10.break down intoIII. Put in proper prepositions or adverbs into the blanks.1.with; as2.to3.about4.from5.intoIV. Translation1. Similarly, solvent also may not be liquid matter but the others2. A graph plotting solubility against temperature is called a solubility curve. ( The curve plot drawn (made / produced) by solubility as one coordinate and temperature as another coordinate is called solubility curve.)3. Air is mixture of gases , the most abundant of which is nitrogen in the form of N2 (molecules).4. The direction of the reaction and the position of the equilibrium may also be affected by the temperature, pressure, and other conditions.5. Hydrogen has a great affinity for oxygen and easily combines with it to form water.V. Translation玻意尔（Bohr）模型提出不久后，人们就发现原子中的电子比Bohr提出的模型要复杂得多。