市场营销外文翻译外文文献英文文献分析中国房地产中介机构的业务模式

分析中国房地产中介机构的业务模式摘要：自1998年以来中国已经停止福利分房，房子已经成为一种商品。

房地产行业在中国取得了前所未有的发展。

随着第一手房地产市场的快速发展和成熟，二手房交易的比例，这将成为中国房地产市场的主角，是这个国家的主要城市快速上升。

然而，小规模等问题，低质量的员工，单一业务和短生命周期仍然存在在房地产中介机构正面临着一个严重的信贷危机和生存。

此外，一些经营者可以找到中国的房地产中介。

本文分析的特征和现状四个业务模型主要采用中国的房地产中介机构，与焦点在21世纪的发展和中国当地的房地产中介。

然后基于连锁经营和营销理论，它指出，商业模式结合正则连锁和特许连锁将中国房地产中介机构的最佳选择了可持续发展观。

关键词：商业模式，房地产公司，连锁经营1引言自1998年中国停止福利住房分布，房子已经成为一种商品，中国的房地产业经历了前所未有的随着。

快速增长和成熟的第一手住房市场，二手的房子trans-actions份额在不断增长的房地产交易在中国主要城市，逐渐将成为中国房地产粗浅的主要参与者。

然而，由于中国已经实施了住房福利分配制度在过去很长一段时间，其商业房地产市场没有开发在正确的道路，直到1990年代末，二手市场的发展滞后。

目前，中国国内房地产中介机构面临很多问题，如规模小，模棱两可的开发计划，缺乏理论支持和缺乏正确的经营策略等。

因此，这是一个中国规范房地产中介机构迫切任务并为他们提供指导的正确的开发方法和操作模型。

2分析目前四个业务模型主要采用国内房地产中介机构2.1香港模式“先锋”的房地产中介行业在中国大陆，香港房地产中介机构率先进入中国国内市场。

后脱落河三角洲建立了他们的存在，他们开始“去朝鲜”的国家，无论走到哪里，他们都致力于复制香港模式。

他们的代表是中原地产、美联物业等。

这种香港模式独特的特征：它通常采用常规模型而不是形式的连锁加盟店，并强调通过正则链增加商店的数量。

例如，中原地产在深圳和广州都有超过100家门店，我回家在广州拥有超过120家门店。

一般来说，这些中介机构需要低教育水平的销售代理，主要采用huge-crowd策略，大量的销售代理。

中原地产为例，通常情况下，经纪人的数量平均门店之一多达30多个。

因为这些中介机构过于注重交易量，员工接受的较低，频繁的人才流动。

2.2台湾模型来自台湾的房地产中介机构也很早就进入中国大陆，但他们关注他们的业务在上海市场，现在他们已经成为上海房地产业的主流，他们的代表是Sinyi物业和太平洋物业等。

台湾模式的特点是：平等重视特许经营店的扩张，建立常规的商店，商店扩张速度较低。

因为这些中介重要性附加到员工的教育水平，中日个人质量和建设企业文化，他们愿意把钱花在培训，导致人才流动频率较低。

他们还要求经纪人为他们的客户提供一对一的全方位服务，鼓励他们显得不动产顾问他们的客户。

他们建议不应该在他们的经纪人之间共享信息，这意味着经纪人应该保持自己分泌的信息来源的房屋和客户经纪人应该保持原始的方式他们的客户的信息，例如，写下他们的笔记本电脑中的信息。

这些台湾公司也注重外部合作，扩大业务。

此外，它们非常独特的多元化发展。

除了property 业务之外，他们还提供配套服务，如移动房屋和室内设计和装饰，等等。

2.3美国模型优先考虑连锁网络和不重视房地产业务，美国基于真实es-tate中介在中国发展迅速，尽管他们很晚进入中国市场。

等公司主要为代表的21世纪，remax，coldwell银行等等，在中国和他们ex-pand企业采用特许连锁的方法。

以21世纪为例：美国上市公司森达认为21世纪的股票该法案授权“北京Aifeit国际特许经营咨询服务”注册品牌“21世纪”，负责21世纪在中国大陆市场的扩张。

2.3.1美国模型的特点这些美国的特点基于中介机构是：他们更参与品牌连锁网络的操作和扩张比房地产业务。

例如，作为21世纪的母公司，胜腾不是一个公司专门从事房地产服务；相反，它是一个公司从事特许经营业务。

企业和品牌包括链房地产服务，如21世纪，COLD-WELL银行家和时代；汽车租赁连锁店如A VIS和小旅馆连锁酒店如天，超级8汽车旅馆，AMERIHOST客栈，骑士客栈，等等，其收入主要来自特许经营费用。

尽管胜腾从事这些行业与彼此无关，它们具有相同的盈利模式——-franchise操作。

房地产的贡献服务连锁，连锁汽车租赁和小商店连锁店公司总收入的40%，分别为30%和30%，几乎没有区别。

森达的商业模式和盈利模式的特许连锁经营网络确定操作加盟店模式，也决定了21世纪，作为许可方在中国，从事特许经营网络，而不是在房地产服务。

因此，初始费用的收集和专利费是21世纪的主要收入来源，其二级地区。

正因为这个，它需要不断增加门店的数量和吸收更多的下游经销商，大规模和网络已经成为他们的存在的基础。

2.3.2 21世纪在中国典型发展的方式进入中国市场在2000年3月，21世纪建立了它的存在作为一个全面的物业服务供应商主要从事房地产业务，住房金融、保险和其他相关衍生业务。

到2006年底，它已发展成为中国最大的房地产特许经营操作系统与25个地区部门，1000家商店和交易量300亿元，覆盖35个城市，在中国的授权链，它采用两层的授权模型，即中国总部——区域分歧——-特许经营商店，但所有的三个是相互独立的，它们之间没有从属关系，中国总部地区部门的顾问，而不是上级权威。

公司更重视吸引大规模的区域经销商，但一个商店的初始费用不高，通常约为30000至100000元。

在21世纪已经进入的区域市场，开始其官方行动，这是前三大公司在当地市场的90%，这些地区的企业规模和交易量，需要首先在这些地区的30%的绝对市场份额。

每个区域特许经营商的21世纪的唯一特许人公司在当地市场，通常是当地有影响力的房地产开发商或上市公司具有良好的企业背景和强大的财务实力。

例如，济南三联集团、上海锦江集团、广州钟声河房地产开发集团，山东录音投资集团和天津永泰集团等，是21世纪的地区经销商。

现在21世纪是加盟店的数量扩张，培训更多的经纪人，促进和支持的标准化发展特许经营业务，实现国际品牌的定位标准的品牌管理和运营支持，系统的培训和IT平台，强大的资源整合和开发的衍生品业务。

其未来的发展目标是：建立60地区部门在中国，吸收4000家门店[1]和培训30000名经纪人。

2.4本机模型因为不同的参与者，中国本土房地产中介分为两组：国有企业和民营企业。

以前主要是由易居中国国际房地产机构有限公司在上海和深圳招商房地产顾问有限公司，而后者主要是由Sunco属性在天津有限，5 i5j和金色的钥匙在北京、深圳Sunstars Hopefluent 集团控股有限公司在广州和财富的太阳在上海等。

2.4.1中国本土实际房地产中介的主要特征2.4.1.1他们提供中介服务，以改善他们的服务链条，一起开发的建筑公司的销售。

2.4.1.2他们的商业模式主要是模仿别人的。

两家公司在上海通常模仿台湾模式，在深圳和广州通常模仿香港模式，和那些中西部通常模仿美国模式，因为他们开始很晚。

2.4.1.3他们有强壮的区域特征。

他们通常不够强大的跨地区的扩张。

2.4.2典型的例子2.4.2.1北京金色钥匙房地产有限公司成立于1996年，开始与租赁业务。

以来黄金钥匙注重建立连锁网络，打开它的连锁店在北京的各种关键运输中心，已形成一个销售网络覆盖整个首都。

逐渐增加的连锁店，它喜欢一个伟大的优势房地产二、三级市场的北京和主要市场与销售代理进行交互。

2.4.2.25i5j成立于2000年4月。

它采取了定期的连锁发展模式，这也是中国国内房地产中介机构广泛采用。

建立了子公司和230连锁店在北京、南京、杭州、苏州、宁波、天津、上海、温州和太原。

作为本土企业，“我爱我家”享有丰富的人力资源和本土优势。

而扩大其定期连锁店，它也建立了自己的网站，提供房屋租赁、等专业在线服务事务和购买或交换的房屋和房地产金融的相关信息。

通过这种方式，它有效地结合了传统房地产经纪与网络的方式。

2000年8月，该公司的英文网站投入运营，为海外市场的扩张提供服务平台。

加上原来的电话网络，公司建立了一个如何将模型集成三个网络补充对方。

正则链导致扩张规模，互联网帮助它实现信息共享。

这也是未来的方向随着国内房地产中介。

[2]3开发方法对于中国的房地产中介从上面的分析可以看出，虽然我国房地产中介市场不是完全成熟的，连锁经营已经成为主流商业模式在中国房地产中介机构的扩张，和链操作的两种主要模式：特许经营和正则链，同样通过这些中介机构。

正则链而言，由于所有权和操作的统一，它是相对容易经营整个连锁系统，确保服务质量。

然而，因为连锁网络发展自己筹集资金，其随着速度是有限的；而且，它需要大量的管理人员。

但特许连锁、总公司和加盟店是相互独立的所有权和彼此分开操作，和他们是合作伙伴。

因为特许连锁系统实现其扩张主要通过招募独立法人，它可以充分利用经销商的资金和获得更快的扩张比普通链。

然而，由于特许经营是企业法人拥有更大的自主权，它更难以管理整个系统和标准化服务的质量，和矛盾双方更容易发生在为对象，在中国相关的法律法规仍不完善。

所有这些将会对整个系统产生负面影响。

从目前的情况，可以看出不正规连锁和特许连锁房地产中介机构是最好的解决方案在中国市场。

在我看来，中国的房地产中介机构的主流商业模式应该定期连锁和特许连锁的结合，充分利用他们的优点。

在整个连锁网络，因为正规连锁商店是容易管理，总部可以伪造的存储模型，进行品牌形象推广和吸引更多的经销商，与此同时，这也可以使总部进行分享一块蛋糕从中国国内房地产业的快速发展，成为一个总部的利润增长点。

此外，由于操作总部给的经验是必不可少的声音支持加盟店，实现连续业务创新，以及常规的操作。

基于Web的会议业务管理链商店可以帮助总部获得经验和减少错误决策。

由于国内房地产行业有很强的重新进行了特点和有不同地区间差异很大，当进入一个新的市场，总部应该，一方面，建立定期连锁店作为一个模型，另一方面，充分利用特许经营的优势实现快速扩张和赢得市场的利用丰富的人力资源和本土优势的经销商在当地的地方。

因为总部建立定期连锁和特许经营的同时，它将不可避免地决定两者之间的比率。

在我看来，在进入市场的初期，当缺乏人力资源和基金号应该遵循20/80帕累托原则与关注特许连锁，也就是说，正则链应该增加门店的总数的20%，而特许经营占总数的80%，拥有丰富的人力资源和基金号时，它可能提高的比例适当正则链通过建立新的正则链或只是买回一些加盟店，把这两个到相同的比例。

这种商业模式也是许多连锁系统广泛采用。

许多著名的特许经营系统，如麦当劳和肯德基一般采用这种商业模式的特许经营以及正则链。

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市场营销策略外文文献及翻译

市场营销策略外文文献及翻译Marketing StrategyMarket Segmentation and Target StrategyA market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets.Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-marketstrategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency.The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiplesegment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, acompany still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entailsselecting two or more segments and developing a separate marketing mix to reach segment.Positioning the ProductManagement's ability to bring attention to a product and to differentiate it in a favorable way from similar products goes a long way toward determining that product's revenues.Thus management needs to engage in positioning,which means developing the image that a product projects in relation to competitive products and to the firm's other products.Marketing executives can choose from a variety of positioning strategies.Sometimes they decide to use more than one for a particular product.Here are several major positioning strategies:1.Positioning in Relation to a competitorFor some products,the best position is directly against the competition.This strategy is especially suitable for a firm that already has a solid differential advantage or is trying to solidify such an advantage.To fend off rival markers of microprocessors,Intelunched a campaign to convince buyers that its product is superior to competitors.The company even paid computer makers to include the slogan,"Intel Inside" in their ads.As the market leader,Coca-Cola introduces new products and executes its marketing strategies.At the same time,it keeps an eye on Pepsi-Cola,being sure to match anyclever,effective marketing moves made by its primary competitor.2.Positioning in Relation to a Product Class or AttributeSometimes a company's positioning strategy entails associating its product with or distancing it from a product class or attributes.Some companies try to place their products in a desirable class,such as"Madein the USA."In the words of one consultant,"There is a strong emotional appeal when you say,'Made in the USA'".Thus a small sportswear manufacturer,Boston Preparatory Co.is using this positioning strategy to seek an edge over large competitors such as Calvin Klein and Tommy Hilfiger,which don't produce all of their products in the U.S..3.Positioning by Price and QualityCertain producer and retailers are known for their high-quality products and high prices.In the retailing field,Sake Fifth Avenue and Neiman Marcus are positioned at one end of the price-qualitycontinuum.Discount stores such as Target and Kmart are at theother.We're not saying,however,that discounters ignore quality;rather, they stress low prices.Penney's tired―and for the most part succeeded in―repositioning its stores on the price-quality continuum by upgrading apparel lines and stressing designer names.The word brands is comprehensive;it encompasses other narrowerterms.A brand is a name and/or mark intended to identify the product of one seller or group of sellers and differentiate the product from competing products.A brand name consists of words,letters,and/or numbers that can be vocalized.A brand mark is the part of the brand that appears in the form of a symbol, design,or distinctive color or lettering.A brand mark isrecognized buy sight bu cannot be expressed when a person pronounces the brand name.Crest,Coors,and rider for Ralph Lauren's Polo Brand.Green Giant canned and frozen vegetable products and Arm&Hammer baking soda are both brand names and brand marks.A trademark is a brand that has been adopted by a seller and given legal protection.A trademark includes not just the brand mark,as many people believe,but also the brand name.The Lanham Act of 1946 permits firms to register trademarks with the federal government to protect them from use or misuse by other companies.The Trademark Law RevisionAct,which took effect in 1989,is tended to strengthen the the registration system to the benefit of U.S. Firms.For sellers,brands can be promoted.They are easily recognized when displayed in a store or included in advertising.Branding reduces price comparisons.Because brands are another factor that needs to be considered in comparing different products,branding reduces the likelihood of purchase decision based solely on price.The reputation of a brand alsoinfluences customer loyalty among buyers of services as well as customer goods.Finally,branding can differentiate commodities Sunkist oranges,Morton salt,and Domino sugar,for example .PricingPricing is a dynamic process,Companies design a pricing structure that covers all their products.They change this structure over time and adjust it to account for different customers and situations.Pricing strategies usually change as a product passes through itslife cycle.Marketers face important choice when they select new product pricing strategies.The company can decide on one of several price-quality strategies for introducing an imitative product.In pricing innovative products,it can practice market-skimming pricing by initially setting high prices to"skim"the imum amount of revenue from various segments of the market.Or it can use market penetration pricing by setting a low initial price to win a large market share.Companies apply a variety of price-adjustment strategies to account for differences in consumer segments and situations.One is discount and allowance pricing,whereby the company decides on quantity,functional,or seasonal discounts,or varying types of allowances. A second strategy is segmented pricing, where the company sellers a product at two or more prices to allow for differences in customers, products, or locations. Sometimes companies consider more than economics in their pricing decisions,and use psychological pricing to communicate about the product's quality or value.In promotional pricing,companies temporarily sell their product bellow list price as a special-event to draw more customers,sometimes even selling below cost.With value pricing, the company offers just the night combination of quality and good service at a fair price. Another approach is geographical pricing, whereby the company decides how to price distant customers, choosing fromalternative as FOB pricing,uniform delivered pricing, zone pricing, basing-point pricing, and freight-absorption pricing. Finally,international pricing means that the company adjusts its price to meet different world markets.Distribution ChannelsMost producers use intermediaries to bring their products to market.They try to forge a distribution channel―a set of interdependent organizations involved in the process of marking a product or service available for use or consumption by the consumers or business user.Why do producers give some of the selling job tointermediaries?After all,doing so means giving up some control over how and to whom the products are sold.The use of intermediaries results from their greater efficiency in marking goods available to targetmarkets.Through their contacts, experience, specialization, and scales of operation,intermediaries usually offer the firm move value than it can achieve on its own efforts.A distribution channel moves goods from producers to customers.Itovercomes the major time, place, and possession gaps that separate goods and services from those who would use them. Members of the marketing channel perform many functions. Some help to complete transactions:rmation.2.Promotion.3.Contact:finding and communicating with prospective buyers.4.Matching:fitting the offer to the buyer's needs, including such activities as manufacturing and packaging.5.Negotiation:reaching an agreement on price and other terms of the offer so that ownership or possession can be transferred.Other help to fulfill the completed transferred.1.Transporting and storing goods.2.Financing.3.Risk taking:assuming the risk of carrying out the channel work.The question is not whether these functions need to be performed, but rather who is to perform them. All the functions have three things in common:They use up scarce resource, they often can be performed better through specialization, and they can be shifted among channel members.To the extent that the manufacturer performs these functions, its costs go up and its prices have to be higher. At the same time, when some of these functions are shifted to intermediaries, the producer's costs and prices may be lower, but the intermediaries must charge more to cover the costsof their work. In dividing the work of the channel, the various functions should be assigned to the channel members who can perform them most efficiently and effectively to provide satisfactory assortments of goods to target consumers.Distribution channels can be described by the number of channellevels involved. Each layer of marketing intermediaries that performs some work in brining the product and its ownership closer to the final buyer is a channel level. Because the producer and the final consumer both perform some work, they are part of every channel.When selecting intermediaries, the company should determine what characteristics distinguish the better ones. It will want to evaluate the the channel member's years in business, other lines carried, growth and profit record, co-operativeness, and reputation. If the intermediaries are sales agents, the company will want to evaluate the number and character of the other lines carried, and the size andquality of the sales force. If the intermediary is a retail store that wants exclusive or selective distribution, the company will want to evaluate the store's customers, location, and future growth potential.Understanding the nature of distribution channels is important, as choosing among distribution channels is one of the most challenging decisions facing the firm. Marketing intermediaries are used because they provide greater efficiency in marking goods available to target markets.The key distribution channel function is moving goods from producers to consumers by helping to complete transactions and fulfill the completed transaction. Distribution channels can be described by the number of channel levels, which can include no intermediaries in adirect channel, or one to several intermediaries in indirect channels.PromotionPromotion is one of the four major elements of the company's marketing mix. The main promotion tools――advertising, sales promotion, public relations, and personal selling――work together to achieve the company'scommunications objectives.People at all levels of the organization must be aware of the many legal and ethical issues surrounding marketing communications. Much work is required to produce socially responsible marketing communicating in advertising, personal selling, and direct selling. Companies must work hard and proactively at communicating openly, honestly, and agreeably with their customers and resellers.市场营销策略一、市场细分和目标市场策略具有需求，具有购买能力并愿意花销的个体或组织构成了市场。

市场营销策略外文文献及翻译

市场营销毕业论文外文翻译中英文

附录附录A：Pricing StrategyRussell .S. WinnerPrice is the most flexible element in marketing mix. Unlike product and place, price may change extremely fast in current business environment. Pricing is a core part of corporate strategy, which determines the profitability, and market share the company takes. To optimize products price in this competitive environment, cost structure is not the only attribute need to be considered. We should also take product life circle, price sensitivity of target customers and competitive environment into account.Pricing for Stability ，Sometimes customers for industrial products are as concerned about price stability as they are about actual price levels. This is because it is difficult to develop profit forecasts and long-range plans when prices for products and services that constitute a substantial portion of the buyer’s costs fluctuate dramatically. Telephone rates for large users such as telemarketing firms and banks fall into this category. Such customers expect rates to rise over time. However, significant price hikes at random intervals play havoc with their planning processes. As a result, these firms would rather pay a somewhat higher average rate than be subjected to constant fluctuations. Forward contracts on raw materials play this role in many manufacturing industries.Competitive pricing describes a situation in which you try to price at the market average or match a particular brand’s price. This is appropriate when customers have not been persuaded that significant differences exist among the competitors and that they view the product in a commodity. It may also be necessary in a category with high fixed costs because any loss of sales volume drives down sales and generates less revenue to cover those costs.Competition and pricing， So far, the discussion about setting price has described two key elements of the marketing manager’ thinking: the marketing strategy and the value customers place on the product. The first is obviously an internal factor because the external elements affecting all decisions: customers.A third critical element in pricing decisions is the competition. Competitors’ prices act as a reference point, either explicitly (as shown in the value computations earlier in this chapter) or implicitly as a way to assess the price of the product in question. Competitors’ prices do not necessarily represent willingness to pay because the set of possible prices or marketing strategies may have been limited; that is, the competitors may not have an accurate idea of customers’ willingness to pay.Competitors’ CostsMarketing managers cannot make intelligent pricing decisions without having some estimate of the relative cost positions held by competitors. Even better are estimates of the actual costs. An understanding of the cost structure of the market provides at least two types of help. First, assuming that no brand would be priced below variable cost, cost estimates provide you with an idea of how low some competitors can price. This can be very useful in a price battle in which prices are going down. Second, cost estimates give you some idea of the margins in the category or industry. Using data on sales volume, which are usually easy to obtain, and information on marketing program costs, you can then estimate total profits. This can be important information in forecasting the likelihood that a product will stay in the market or estimating the amount of money a competitor has to put behind the brand strategy.Costs can be estimated in several ways. A common approach for manufactured products is to us reverse engineering to analyze the cost structure. You should purchase competitors’ products and take them apart, studying the costs of the components and packaging. For many products, managers can readily identify components and their costs in the market. If a component is proprietary, such as a custom microprocessor in a computer, the cost can be estimated by engineers or other personnel.Another way to estimate costs, or at least margins, is to use publicly available data on the competitors. Based on annual reports, 10Kstastments, and the like ,you can ascertain average margins. These can be assumed to apply directly to the cost estimation, especially if the product is a big component of total sales or if, as is often the case, the company tends to use accost plus percent markup pricing strategy.Particularly for manufactured products, it is possible to understand current costs andforecast future costs through the use of the experience curve. The conventional functional relationship assumed in experience curve economics is that costs are a decreasing function of accumulated experience, or production volume.The costs of delivering services are more difficult to estimate. Because the costs associated with service products such as labor and office space are largely fixed, you can estimate relative cost positions by examining the number of employees, looking at efficiency rations such as sales per employee, and assessing other similar measures, Again, it is particularly useful to understand the cost structure by becoming a customer of a competitor’s service.The role of costs ，We suggested earlier in this chapter that costs should have little to do with the pricing decision other than to act as a floor or lower limit for price. In a non-market-driven firm, full cost (variable costs plus some allocation for overhead) plus some target margin is used to set price. This approach totally ignores the customer: The resulting price may be either above or below what the customer is willing to pay for the product，Other problems exist with using costs to set price. First, there are at least four different kinds of costs to consider. Development costs are expenses involved in bringing new products to market. Often these costs are spread out over many years and sometimes different products. Should price be set to recover these costs and, if so, in what time period ? In some industries such as pharmaceuticals, patent protection allows companies to set the prices of prescription drugs high initially to recover development costs and then reduce them when the drugs come off patent and the generics enter the category. However, if there is no legal way to keep competitors out of the market, these costs must be viewed as sunk costs that do not affect decision making after the product is introduced into the market. Otherwise, the resulting price may be above customers’ perceived value. A second kind of cost is overhead costs such as the corporate jet and the president’s salary. These costs must ultimately be covered by revenues from individual products, but they are not associated with individual products but do not vary with sales volume. Finally, there are variable costs, the per-unit costs of making the product or delivering the service. Of course, these must be recovered by the price.Therefore, one problem with using costs to set price is that several kinds of costs arerelated in different ways to an individual product. When costs are used as the basis for setting price, you should ask “Which costs?” Are they costs related to marketing the product or product line or are they costs over which you have no control? Using price as a cost-recovery mechanism can lead to a mismatch between price and customers’ perceptions of value for your product or service.A second problem with using costs to set price, particularly variable or unit costs, is that they may be a function of volume and, as a result, may be difficult to know in advance when developing marketing plans. Even if this is not the case, unit costs may be related to the use of capacity, which is also uncertain.In most instances, customers do not really care what the firm’s costs are; as Drucker puts it, “Customers do not see it as their job to ensure manufacturers a profit.” Using cost increases to justify raising price generates little sympathy from customers, particularly industrial customers, because the price increase has just raised their costs, which they may not be able to pass along to their customers.Costs do play an important role in pricing: In the new product development process, the projected costs (however defined) and price determine whether a product is forecasted to be sufficiently profitable to be introduced.Pricing ObjectiveYour pricing policy can accomplish many different objectives for your product. Penetration PricingPenetration pricing or market share pricing entails giving most of the value to the customer and keeping a small margin. The objective is to gain as much market share as possible. It is often used as part of an entry strategy for a new product and is particularly useful for preventing competitive entry. First, there is less of the market for the competition to get if you have been successful in penetrating the market. Second, the economics of entry look less attractive if the price levels are low. Penetration pricing is also appropriate when experience or scale effects lead to a favorable volume-cost relationship and when a large segment of the potential customer base is price sensitive.There are some drawbacks to penetration pricing. It should not be used in a productcategory when there is a price-perceived quality relationship unless the marketing strategy is at the low end of perceived quality. In addition, if the product has a strong competitive advantage, this advantage is dissipated by pricing at an unusually low level. Another limitation of penetration pricing is that it is always more acceptable to customers to reduce price than to raise it. This limits the flexibility of this pricing approach in some situations.The opposite of penetration pricing is skimming or prestige pricing. Skimming gives more the cost-value gap to you than to the customer. This strategy is appropriate in a variety of situations. If there is a strong price-perceived quality relationship and the value proposition includes a positioning of the product at the high end of the market, this objective makes sense. It is also a reasonable objective when there is little chance of competition in the near future; however, the higher the price, the higher the margins(holding costs constant, of course)and thus the greater the chance that competition will enter because their economic calculations will look better. Skimming is also a good objective when costs are not related to volume and managers are therefore less concerned about building significant market share. Finally, skimming makes sense early in the product life cycle because the early adopters of a new technology are normally price insensitive.Return on Sales or Investment Pricing. Return on sales or investment pricing implies that you can set a price that delivers the rate of return demanded by senior management. As a result, investment pricing ignores both customer value and the competition. It is useful only when the product has a monopoly or near monopoly position so that the market will produce the needed sales volume at the price you set. This is typical of the pricing of regulated utilities such as gas and electricity.附录B：定价策略Russell .S. Winner价格是在营销组合是最灵活的要素，有别于产品等策略，价格可能发生变化非常快，在目前的经营环境。

市场营销专业分析中国房地产中介机构的业务模式大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：分析中国房地产中介机构的业务模式文献、资料英文题目：文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：市场营销班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14毕业论文（设计）外文翻译分析中国房地产中介机构的业务模式摘要：自1998年以来中国已经停止福利分房，房子已经成为一种商品。

房地产行业在中国取得了前所未有的发展。

随着第一手房地产市场的快速发展和成熟，二手房交易的比例，这将成为中国房地产市场的主角，是这个国家的主要城市快速上升。

然而，小规模等问题，低质量的员工，单一业务和短生命周期仍然存在在房地产中介机构正面临着一个严重的信贷危机和生存。

此外，一些经营者可以找到中国的房地产中介。

本文分析的特征和现状四个业务模型主要采用中国的房地产中介机构，与焦点在21世纪的发展和中国当地的房地产中介。

然后基于连锁经营和营销理论，它指出，商业模式结合正则连锁和特许连锁将中国房地产中介机构的最佳选择了可持续发展观。

关键词：商业模式，房地产公司，连锁经营1引言自1998年中国停止福利住房分布，房子已经成为一种商品，中国的房地产业经历了前所未有的随着。

快速增长和成熟的第一手住房市场，二手的房子trans-actions份额在不断增长的房地产交易在中国主要城市，逐渐将成为中国房地产粗浅的主要参与者。

然而，由于中国已经实施了住房福利分配制度在过去很长一段时间，其商业房地产市场没有开发在正确的道路，直到1990年代末，二手市场的发展滞后。

目前，中国国内房地产中介机构面临很多问题，如规模小，模棱两可的开发计划，缺乏理论支持和缺乏正确的经营策略等。

因此，这是一个中国规范房地产中介机构迫切任务并为他们提供指导的正确的开发方法和操作模型。

2分析目前四个业务模型主要采用国内房地产中介机构2.1香港模式“先锋”的房地产中介行业在中国大陆，香港房地产中介机构率先进入中国国内市场。

房地产营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献

房地产营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献原文：Innovation Model of the Real Estate Marketing StrategyAbstract:With the rapid development of the real estate industry, real estate market is constant maturity, real estate marketing continues to move to a higher level, and real estate marketing innovation has become a key factor of the survival and sustainable development of enterprises. Through analyzing the development and the limitations of the traditional marketing theory, this paper proposes marketing strategy innovation from the customer satisfaction, differentiation, experience marketing, integrated marketing, relationship marketing, network marketing, and several other aspects. At last the paper builds innovation model of the real estate marketing strategy.Key words: the real estate, marketing strategy, traditional marketing, innovation model.1. INTRODUCTIONAt present the salient features of the real estate market can be summarized as two words: high and fast. On the one hand, the real estate market vacancy rate is high. As of the end of March 2006, area of vacant commodity housing reached 1.23 billion square meter, up 23.8%,if the average 4,000 yuan per square meter to calculate, its total assets is approximately 5000 billion yuan. The current vacancy rate of China's real estate market is far more than the international police line10%,reaches 20% even 30%.On the other hand, we have seen rapid increases in house prices. By the end of March 2006, the survey jointly issued by National Development and Reform Commission and the National Bureau of Statistics showed that, in February 2006,70 medium-sized cities nationwide housing sales price of a new year-on-year rise 6.2%, national housing prices maintained a steady growth, 70 medium-sized cities housing sales price rose over the same period last year 5.5%. The major reasons are: helped purchase investment, structural imbalance, and a serious lack of marketing concepts.2.TRADITIONAL REAL ESTATE MARKETING STRATEGY AND ITSDRAWBACKSThe peak of traditional marketing theory is founded in the United States in 1960 of the Michigan State University 4P theory, marketing is the effective combinations of four basic elements, that is, Product, Price, Place, Promotion. The theory assumes that as long as an enterprise have high-quality products, the development of a reasonable price, using the appropriate distribution channels and suitable promotional measures, corporate expected marketing objectives can be successfully achieved. The theory of "enterprise-centric" implemented the marketing from the inside out.Product as the core marketing strategy is the product as a source of competitive advantage, product development, product market share as the driving force of corporate profits, products asset-oriented, configure a variety of marketing resources, to achieve the most excellent product portfolio in limited resources, to enable enterprises to achieve maximum profit in order to obtain the sustainable development of enterprises. Its main drawbacks are: it is no guarantee that the product itself will certainly be able to meet the market demand, concerned about the process of product marketing, the indicators products of less than expected for the future, and Product portfolio management to make business performance evaluation results of one-sidedness (Bai 2006).In the face of harsh market conditions, real estate companies began to rethink their marketing, and gradually accepted theory 4C. 4C is the desire and needs of consumers (Consumer), the cost of consumer access satisfaction (Cost), the convenience of consumers to buy (Convenience), business and consumers effective communication (Communication). The real importance of 4C theory lies in the behavioral responses of consumers, through the two-way communication of businesses and consumers, the establishment of stable long-term relationship, to establish the competitive advantage of enterprises and brand in the market. 4C theory suggests that, in the marketing mix, product, pricing, marketing channels and other variables are likely to be imitated by competitors to or surpass, but only the value of corporate brand is hard to replace, and that is closely related to the degree of consumer recognition , so enterprises must fully arrange marketing mix strategy for the consumer's point. This theory emphased on consumer demand-oriented, full account of the cost of consumers willing to pay, care for the convenience of consumers, and communicate to consumers, so as to promote the combination between long-term interests of the community and the economic interests ofbusinesses.In 20th century 90’s, the United States, Schulz put forward 4R theory, that is Related, Reflect, Relation, Reward, set forth the new marketing elements, including the establishment of linkages with customers, improving market reaction speed, attention to relationship marketing and marketing returns. This theory is oriented to competition, to focus on relationship marketing, to maintain the long-term cooperative relations between business and clients.Under the new situation, real estate sales face new challenges, and marketing strategy innovation is imperative. When consumers’ choose to living no longer stays in the emotional consumer, when the market demand shifts from emphasis on experience living life to the pursuit of high-quality conversion, real estate is on the access to “quality of the winning” time. This requires the implementation of total quality marketing in the whole process of real estate development and operation. From planning to design, from material selection to construction, from recruitment to the service system building, brick by brick, plant by plant, real estate businesses will invest time and energy to build to enable target customers find valuable “quality.”Commodities as a result of real estate properties and real estate companies in China based on different levels, the situation is different, marketing and business marketing are still in development, so at least one time, 4Ps, 4Cs, 4Rs will be used in different companies. 4Ps of marketing theory is a basic framework for marketing though thinking in standing enterprises terms. 4Cs marketing theory thinks standing in terms of customers, but they do not focus on the overall operation from the business perspective, but there is no focus from the core purpose of marketing to analyze the problem, 4Ps and 4Cs marketing are static description to key elements of the marketing process, not a dynamic process from the marketing core purpose. 4Rs is the result of two integrated refining, to meet the core of marketing, and is a dynamic process. But 4Rs is not as a substitute for 4Ps, 4Cs, but is innovation and development based on the 4Ps, 4Cs, so we can not be separated into three or even against. Only in this way enterprises can be in fierce competition in the real estate market.3. INNOV ATIVE MARKETING STRATEGY3.1 Differences in the Quality of PositioningThrough the survey analysis of the state of objective customers demand and expectations of the quality, the quality positioning of product is determined. On thequality of positioning, enterprises should not only focus on of the functional quality of products, but also the applicability of the quality of the product. In the increasingly prominent consumer personality today, enterprises must start from these two aspects of products innovation and personalized products in order to gain advantages in products. On the one hand, with the economic and technological developments, customer demand changes, customer puts forward new requirements for products, and enterprises must provide continuously innovative products for the customers to adapt to such changes. On the other hand, higher-level customers are no longer satisfied with mass produced products, they can reflect the personality of the more popular products. As a result of technology development, product personalization and production economies of scale are no longer mutually antagonistic contradictions. Enterprises can maintain a certain economy of scale, at the same time, to provide customers with individual products to meet their different needs, so that every customer can be satisfied with the feelings.3.2 Customer SatisfactionAs an enhancing tool to enterprise competitiveness, customer relationship management (CRM) has given rise to great concern to the real estate industry, and in some well-known real estate company has been applied.“Satisfactory” is a psychological term and refers to a person's positive state of mind. This state is due to that some outside stimulus make some sort of demand or expectations be met and the “desired” (that is, in line with the intention), in order to feel some kind of “Fiat” (that is, psychological pleasure). The premise of satisfied is this kind of outside stimulus, including the stimulation of physical, mental and a combination of both. Therefore, the master of marketing Philip Kotler defined customer satisfaction as: customer satisfaction refers to a person forms the formation of feeling state after comparing a product of the effect of perceived (or results) to his expectations, is the differences function between effect perceived and expectations. The features as followed: subjectivity, instability, the multilevel nature.Customer satisfaction can benefit to the enterprise through ongoing repeat purchase, recommendation of new clients. This is one of the reasons for many businesses to pursuit customer satisfaction. For real estate development enterprises, the significance of customer satisfaction is also reflected in these two areas. As shown in Figure 1, customer satisfaction from the purchase to satisfaction, from satisfaction to loyalty, and finally spread to their own friends and family, this process will resultin high profit to real estate development companies. In order to increase customer satisfaction, enterprises should first collect information on customer needs, expectations and habits. These sources of information include: market analysis; through surveys to customers, meetings with customers as well as the concerns of specific customer groups and understand the customer's needs and the customer satisfaction information; not satisfied information from customers services failure report or customers complaining. Secondly, this information should be based on the development of real estate products; it can make use of QFD (Quality Function Deployment) to achieve. Third, we should come up with a solution according to complain and customers services failed report to improve the products and services (Yang 2006).3.3 Network MarketingThe 21st century is the century of network marketing. Real estate network marketing refers to a kind of marketing that enterprises make use of computer systems, networks online and interaction digital media to market research, product marketing and other business activities, so as to more effectively individuals and organizations contributed to the realization of transactions in order to achieve the objectives of corporate marketing (Xu 2007). With the advent of the age of electronic commerce, network marketing as a brand-new modern marketing idea will become real estate an irresistible trend.Network marketing has changed the traditional marketing of information “push” mode, and provides a “Pull” approach, consumers on the network can have a lot of initiative, you can decide when browsing, to which pages to visit, browse the contents of the information. In addition, if consumers are interested in real estate ads on the internet, you can click the relevant content, detail more information, real estate enterprises take advantage of this new type of marketing can get the following benefits: (1) Save the cost of marketing activities, (2) Consumers can participate in interactive marketing activities, (3)Use of multimedia functions to introduce a comprehensive real estate projects, (4) Network Marketing breakthroughs of the geographical boundaries of real estate marketing, (5) Provide 24-hour non-stop marketing services (Liu 2008).3.4 Integrated Marketing20th century 90’s, the United States, Professor D•E Schulz,who put forward Integrated Marketing, the basic idea can be summed up in two aspects: on the onehand, advertising, promotion, design, packaging and all communication activities are attributable to advertising campaigns within the framework; On the other hand so that the spread of a unified corporate advisory conveyed to consumers (Liu 2007). Its purpose is to use various means of communication to maximum effectiveness on different stages of marketing, and to establish long-term and maintain the relationship between businesses and consumers ultimately. For the implementation of the integrated marketing project, what consumers see and hear and what feel are exactly the same, the benefits of the project will be numerous different ways to communicate to consumers, consumer can be given a strong shock, so much repeated the same stimulation that the project has strengthened the impression the consumer, that will help increase consumer awareness of the project.Integrated marketing of real estate is formed based on the highly specialized division in the marketing aspect. It is under the guidance of the reunification marketing goal, a broad range of integrated marketing dynamic combination of systematic factors, the coordination of the various factors to adapt to the external marketing environment, for the different marketing tools at every stage of project development to play the best , unified, focused on the role, and ultimately establish a corporate image or brand groups, the overall strength and consistency, and to establisha long-term, two-way, to maintain the relationship.4. INNOV ATIVE MODEL OF REAL ESTATE MARKETING STRATEGY4.1 The Connotation of Innovative Model of Real Estate Marketing StrategyWith the development of the real estate industry, the customer has become a leader in the real estate market, real estate companies should shift customer perspective, customer satisfaction is the goal of marketing strategy. As a result of diversification of customer demand, the implementation of the difference between products and service is embodied the essence to achieve this goal. And integrated marketing and network marketing are means to achieve specific goals.Real estate marketing is full of innovation (Sui 2006). The so-called the whole real estate marketing refers to developers in the basis of full understanding and analysis of market demand, make the use of its available range of external and internal resources to optimize the combination, the conceptual design of the project and product positioning, planning and design, marketing plan promoting, property management and many other parts to this plan and co-ordinate the implementation and cost-effective process to make good.4.2 The Application of Innovative Model of Real Estate Marketing StrategyThe new situation setting new challenges to real estate sales, marketing strategy innovation is imperative. When consumers choose to live no longer staying in the emotional consumer, when the market demand shift from emphasis on living life experience to the pursuit of high-quality conversion, real estate access to "quality of the winning" Time. This requires the implementation of total quality marketing in the whole process of development and operation of real estate. From planning to design, from material selection to construction, from recruitment to the service system building, brick by brick, plant by plant, and real estate businesses are willing to invest time and energy to build to enable target customers find valuable “quality”.Total quality marketing is based on customer needs as the guide, focus on improving the quality of products and services, through the whole process of marketing efforts to improve product quality, by driving quality performance to achieve the objectives of customer satisfaction, which is a new marketing idea.The implementation of the comprehensive quality marketing require marketers to pay attention to not only the quality of the whole process of marketing, to implement the quality management of the whole process of marketing (that is, marketing a comprehensive quality management); but also pay attention to the quality of their products, to participate in developing and controlling product quality standards, so that the quality of products can meet consumer demands. On the one hand, through the external marketing of quality control, we can improve customer perceptions of product quality, thereby enhancing customer satisfaction with the product; On the other hand, through internal marketing, we can promote the improvement of product quality.5. CONCLUSIONSAll in all, the starting point of the real estate marketing should be people-oriented and the integrity of the operation, which is an objective requirement of demand-oriented economy. Fundamentally speaking, no one marketing strategy is superior to another channel, therefore real estate developers in the marketing process should not rigidly adhere to a sales channel, but should be in accordance with their respective actual conditions, according to different market situation, consumers and policy, using a variety of marketing mix, giving full play to all kinds of marketing tactics advantages.Real estate marketing is a system, the key lies in its marketing resources in everylink of the restructuring process, which requires marketing innovation in the project to do every step of the operation of quantitative, technical and standardization. Real estate marketing includes not only location, environment, room, price, brand, which also covers the design, packaging, and promoting the entire process. Only the professional marketing system by combining the local market characteristics and characteristics of the project itself and is the most effective marketing innovation. Therefore, we should do: (1) Profound insight into the market, (2) Market research innovation, (3) Qualitative and quantitative decision-making combination, (4) Specialized and systematic planning and the promotion of sales planning, (5) Effective implementation and control of sales.译文:房地产营销策略的创新模式摘要：随着房地产行业的快速发展，房地产市场的不断成熟，房地产市场继续移动到一个更高的水平，房地产营销创新已成为企业生存和可持续发展的关键因素。

房地产市场营销英文参考文献

房地产市场营销英文参考文献With the ever-increasing competition in the real estate market, effective marketing strategies have become crucial for developers and agents. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of relevant literature on real estate marketing.1. Chen, Y., & Lin, T. (2017). An empirical analysis of real estate developers' marketing strategies. Journal of Real Estate Research, 39(2), 229-256.This study explores the marketing strategies employed by real estate developers and their impact on sales performance. The authors use a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze survey data from developers across different regions. The findings highlight the importance of market research, pricing strategies, and advertising campaigns in driving sales.2. Krizek, K. J., & El-Geneidy, A. (2019). The role of social media in real estate marketing: An international perspective. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 34(1), 135-152.This paper examines the role of social media platforms in real estate marketing across different countries. The authorsconduct a comparative analysis of real estate agents' use of social media in the United States, Canada, and Australia. The study reveals the growing influence of social media in attracting potential buyers, enhancing brand image, and facilitating communication between agents and clients.3. Ong, S. E., & Ang, B. W. (2018). The impact of green marketing on real estate sales: A systematic review. Building and Environment, 141, 181-189.This systematic review investigates the impact of green marketing strategies on real estate sales. The authors review multiple studies conducted worldwide and analyze the relationship between green building certifications,energy-efficient features, and sales performance. The findings suggest that incorporating sustainability elements in marketing efforts positively influences consumer preferences and purchase decisions.4. Huang, Y., Li, Q., & Liu, C. (2019). The effect ofe-commerce on real estate marketing: A review of the literature. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 76, 101471.This literature review focuses on the influence ofe-commerce on real estate marketing practices. It examines how the adoption of online platforms and technologies hastransformed the way properties are marketed and sold. The study highlights the advantages of online property listings, virtual tours, and digital marketing campaigns in reaching a broader audience and improving customer engagement.5. Wong, S. L., & Yau, S. S. (2016). Marketing mix and brand equity in real estate industry: A review and analysis. International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis, 9(3), 314-334.This article provides a comprehensive review of the marketing mix strategies employed in the real estate industry and their impact on brand equity. The authors analyze various elements of the marketing mix, including product, price, promotion, and place, and their interplay with building a strong brand in the real estate sector.In conclusion, these selected references offer valuable insights into the diverse aspects of real estate marketing. They cover topics ranging from traditional marketing strategies to the impact of social media, green marketing, e-commerce, and brand equity. Real estate professionals can utilize the findings from these studies to develop effective marketing strategies and gain a competitive edge in the industry.。

房地产营销中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Experiential MarketingAn Insight into the Mind of the ConsumerAbstractExperiential Marketing is the process of engaging customers with in-depth experiences of the product or a brand. It can also be termed as a live marketing engagement where there is a face to face interaction between the consumer and a product or a brand. Its purpose is to appeal to the emotional senses of the customers and to influence their choice decision. This paper aims at investigating consumer'sresponse to retail experiential marketing. As a descriptive and explanatory study, it establishes a connection between consumer lifestyle and behavior in modern retailing and how it affects customer satisfaction. The paper suggests various characteristics and specifications that a retail outlet should have in order to appear most appealing to the consumer and create an experimental touch in the entire retailing process.Keywords:Shopping experience, customer, experiential marketing, customer satisfaction, emotional attachment.1. INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, there has been increased interest in building and enhancing customer experience among researchers and practitioners. Companies are shifting their attention and efforts from premium prices or superior quality to memorable experiences. Also, the value created by memorable or unique customer experiences and emotions exert significant impact on organizational performance in terms of customer satisfaction, retention and loyalty. Experiential marketing is the new approach which views marketing as an experience and treats consumption like a total experiment, by taking cognizance of the rational and emotional aspects of consumption using eclectic methods.We are in the era of …experience economy‟ and the main concern and preoccupation of proactive organization is how to create total experience and unique value system for customers, which necessitate the need to understand the life of customer from perspective of their shopping experience. Experiences is inherent in the mind of everyone, and may result into physical, emotional, and cognitive activities which invariably may generate strong feelings that the customer might take away. Experience tends to come from the interaction of personal minds and events, and thus no two experiences may be the same in any occasion (Schmitt1999).Schmitt (2003) distinguishes between five types of experience that marketers can create for customers to include; sensory experience (sense)affective experience (feel), creative cognitive experience (think), physical experience, behaviors and lifestyles (act), and social-identity experience, all relating to a reference group or culture (relate). The author posits that the ultimate goal of experiential marketing is to create holistic experience that seek to integrate all these individual types of experiences into total customer experience.According to Pine and Gilmore (1999), economic development is generating a new and dynamic era of experiences, which challenge the traditional sales approach focusing on product sales and service offering. And in order to enhance consumers' emotional connections to the brand and provide a point of differentiation in a competitive oligopoly, retailers have turned their attention to creating memorable retail experiences, which try to appeal to consumers at both physical as well as psychological levels.The emergence and spread of shopping malls, supermarkets and hypermarkets in both developed and developing countries, heightened competition for consumers‟ spendable or discretionary incomes. There are therefore more choices available for consumers than ever before. In such a situation retailers seeks to develop business strategies that focus on creating and maintaining customers, by offering customers a differentiated shopping experience.The term "Experiential Marketing" refers to actual customer experience with the product/service that drive sales and increase brand image and awareness. When done right, it's the most powerful technique to win brand loyalty. Olorunniwoetal (2006) concluded that customer experience is related to behavioral intentions and connecting the audience with the authentic nature of the brand is one of the prime goal of experiential marketing. This is achieved through participation in personally relevant, credible and memorable encounters.Shopping has been considered a search process where shoppers would like to ensure that they make the right decisions. In addition, they also intend to derive emotional satisfaction (Tauber1972). It has been found that a high level of brand awareness may not translate into sales. Proactive organization should consider every visit of the shopper as a distinct encounter and a moment of truth. Unless the interaction is satisfactory, the next visit may not guaranteed. Therefore, if the storedoes not provide a compelling reason for a repeat patronage, the amount of purchase per visit may likely decline (Zeithaml1998).The growing significance of experiential marketing has resulted into diverse and fascinating study on the concept (e.g. Csikzentmihalyi1997Schmitt 1999; Pine and Gilmore 1999; Holbrook2000; Arnouldetal2002Caru and Cova 2003 to mention a few). However, the dynamics of consumer behavior have necessitated the need for more papers. With few exceptions, the existing experiential retail literature has focused mainly on the isolated testing of static design elements (i.e. atmospherics, ambient conditions, and services cape architecture) of retail stores (Turley and Milliman2000).McCole (2004) in particular recognizes this dearth of academic research in the areas of experiential and event marketing as an indication of the division between academia and business and calls for marketing theory in these areas to be more closely aligned with practice.Similarly, Gupta, (2003) identified a lack of systemic body of knowledge and conceptual framework on which to base scientific inquiry as a key tenet of experiential marketing. The current study seeks to address some of these gaps in the literature. In consequence this paper aims to gauge consumers' responses to experiential marketing in modern retail outlets and analyze the effect of experiential marketing on consumer behavior.2. CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUNDExperience as defined within the realm of management is a personal occurrence with emotional significance created by an interaction with product or brand related stimuli (Holbrook and Hirschman1982). For this to become experiential marketing the result must be “something extremely significant and unforgettable for the con sumer immersed in the experience” (Caru and Cova2003, p. 273). According to Schmitt (1999) experiential marketing is how to get customers to sense, feel, think, act, and relate with the company and brands. Customer satisfaction is a key outcome of experien tial marketing and is defined as the “customer fulfillment response” which is an evaluation as well as an emotion-based response to a service. It is an indication of the customer‟s belief on the probability or possibility of a service leading to a positive feeling. And positive affect is positively and negatively related to satisfaction.Experiential marketing involves the marketing of a product or service through experience and in the process the customer becomes emotionally involved and connected with the object of the experience (Marthurs1971). A well designedexperience engages the attention and emotion of the consumer, and becomes memorable and allows for a free interpretation, as it is non-partisan (Hoch2002). In contrast to traditional marketing which focuses on gaining customer satisfaction, experiential marketing creates emotional attachment for the consumers (McCole2004). The sensory or emotional element of a total experience has a greater impact on shaping consumer preferences than the product or service attributes Zaltman (2003). The benefits of a positive experience include the value it provides the consumer (Babinet al1994; Holbrook1999) and the potential for building customer loyalty.Experiential retail strategies facilitate the creation of emotional attachments, which help customers obtain a higher degree of possessive control over in-store activities (Schmitt2003). These strategies allow consumers to become immersed within the holistic experience design, which often creates a flow of experiences. Affective reaction based on an interaction with an object can be described as a person‟s subjective perception or judgment about whether such interaction willchange his or her core affect or his or her emotion toward the object. Cognitive reaction toward interacting with the object involves cognitive reasoning or appraisal, and is a consumer assessment of the purchase implications for his/her well being. Cognitive and affective reactions towards an object can be quite different, for example: one might a ppraise taking garlic as good and useful for one‟s health, nevertheless, one can at the same time consider it unpleasant due to its smell and taste.Experiential events can turn out to create both consumer and consumption experiences and can by far more effective in attaining communication goals. Caru and Cova (2003) conceptualization of experience, and Csikzentmihalyi(1997) experience typology and 7 …I‟s of Wood and Masterman (2007) may serve as a useful framework for evaluating the effectiveness of an event by developing measures that relates to the level of challenges, newness, surprise, and matching it with the audience‟s prior experience and skill level. However, the usefulness of measuring these attributes of the event depends upon the assumption and belief that an event that is strong in those attributes will effectively create a memorable and potentially behavior changing experience.The strategic experiential marketing framework consists of five strategic experiential models which create different forms of experience for customers. The five bases of the strategic experiential modules are: (1) Sensory experience: the sensory experience of customers towards experiential media includes visual, auditory,olfactory and tactile response results. (2) Emotional experience: the inner emotion and sense of customers raised by experience media. (3) Thinking experience: customers' thoughts on the surprise and enlightenment provoked by experience media. (4) Action experience: is the avenue through which experience media, linked customers so that they can acquire social identity and sense of belonging. (5) Related experience for customers: is actualizes through the experience of media production links, and to social recognition.3. METHODOLOGY AND METHODSThis study, being descriptive and explanatory, utilized secondary sources of information. Secondary information is a good source of data collection and documentation that cannot be under-estimated as it provides necessary background and much needed context which makes re-use a more worthwhile and systemic endeavour (Bishop, 2007).4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONSThe retailing business is constantly changing and experiencing huge trends due to changing consumer tastes, consumption patterns and buying behaviors. As a result of the changing consumer shopping ecosystem, retailers‟ ability to sell its merchandise, depends largely on the strength of its marketing mix elements and ability to create a rewarding and fulfilling experiences for customers.Traditional marketing strategies focusing on price or quality are no longer a source of differentiation and competitive advantage. Researchers advocate that one of the main routes to successful differentiation and competitive advantage is a much stronger focus on the customer (Peppers and Rogers, 2004). Shopping involves a sequence of '‟see–touch–feel–select'‟ and the degree to which a shopper follows the whole or part of this process varies with brand, product category, and other elements of the marketing mix.Experiential marketing evolved as the dominant marketing tool of the future (McNickel2004). Companies have moved away from traditional “features and benefits” marketing, towards creating experiences for their customers (Williams, 2006). Experiential marketing has evolved as a response to a perceived transition from a service economy to one personified by the experiences, for instance, Williams (2006, p.484) argues that “modern economies are seen as making a transition from the marketing of services to the marketing of experiences, all tourism and hospitality offers acts of theater‟that stage these experiences”.From now on leading edge companies, whether they sell to consumers or businesses, will achieve sustainable competitive advantage by staging experiences which include personal relevance, novelty, surprise, learning and engagement (Schmitt1999Poulsson and Kale (2000). Undoubtedly, consumers now desire experiences and, in order to fully capitalize on this, business must deliberately orchestrate and engage in offering memorable experiences that create value and ultimately achieve customer loyalty.5.References[1]Alvin Toffler. Future shock [M].New York: Bantam Books, Inc., 1970.[2]Elizabeth C. Hirschman, Morris B. Holbrook. Hedonic Consumption: Emerging Concepts, Methods and Propositions [J].Journal of Marketing, 1982, 46(3):92- 101. [3]B. Joseph Pine II. Welcome to the experience economy [J] Harvard Business Review, 1998- 7- 8: 97- 105.体验营销: 洞察消费者的消费心理摘要体验营销是通过提供深入的对产品或品牌体验过程来吸引客户。

市场营销论文中英文外文翻译文献

市场营销论文中英文外文翻译文献中英文外文翻译文献The technical basis of network marketingNetwork marketing is based on the technology infrastructure of computer network technology, as represented by information technology. Computer networks of modern communications technology and computer technology to the product of combining it in different geographic regions and specialized computer equipment for external interconnection lines of communication into a large, powerful networks, thus enabling a large number of computers can easily transmit information to each other, share hardware, software, data and other resources. And network marketing is closely related to the computer network there are three types: the Internet, Extranet and Intranet.[Edit] the theoretical basis for the network marketingTheoretical foundation of network marketing is direct marketing network theory, network theory of relationship marketing, marketing theory and network software to integrate marketing theory.(A) Direct Response Network Marketing TheoryInternet marketing as an effective direct marketing strategy, network marketing that can be tested and measurable and can be evaluated and controlled. Therefore, the characteristics of the use of network marketing, you can greatly improve the efficiency of marketing and marketing decision-making effectiveness of the implementation.Direct marketing theory is the 20th century, one of the 80's the concept of eye-catching. Direct Marketing Association of the United States for its definition is: "a place to produce anymeasurable response and (or) use the Stock Exchange reached one or more advertising media marketing system interaction." Directly Marketing the key to the theory that network marketing is that it can be tested, measurable, can be evaluated, which a fundamental solution to evaluate the effect of the traditional difficulties in marketing and marketing for more scientific decision-making possible.(B) the network theory of relationship marketingRelationship Marketing is a great importance since 1990 by the marketing theory, which mainly includes two basic points: First of all, in the macro level will berecognized that the scope of marketing a wide range of areas, including customer market, the labor market, the supply market , the internal market, the market stakeholders, as well as the affected market (government, financial markets); at the micro level, recognizing that the relationship between business and customers are constantly changing, the core of marketing should be a simple one-time past transactions to a focus on maintaining relations up long-term relationships. Socio-economic system, enterprises are a major subsystem, corporate marketing objectives by many external factors to the impact of marketing activities of enterprises is a consumers, competitors, suppliers, distributors, government agencies and social organizations the process of interaction, the correct understanding of the relationship between the individual and the organization is the core of marketing is also key to business success or failure.The core of relationship marketing is to keep customers, to provide customers with a high degree of satisfaction with the value of products and services, by strengthening the links with customers to provide effective customer service, to maintainlong-term relationship with customers. And long-term customer relations based on the marketing activities to achieve the marketing objectives of companies. The implementation of relationship marketing is not to damage the cost of business interests, according to research, for marketing a new customer costs five times the cost of the old customers, so to strengthen relations with customers and build customer loyalty can bring long-term enterprise interests, it is to promote a win-win strategy for businesses and customers. The Internet as an effective two-way channels of communication between businesses and customers can achieve low-cost communication and exchange costs, which companies build long-term relationships with customers to provide effective protection. This is because, first of all, enterprises can use the Internet to receive customer orders directly, customers can make their own personalized needs. Enterprises in accordance with customer demand for personalized use of flexible production technology to meet the customer needs to maximize customers in the consumer products and services to create more value. Enterprise customers can also understand the market demand, market segments and targetmarkets, minimize marketing costs and increase the reaction rate on the market. Secondly, the use of the Internet companies to provide customers with better services and keep in touch with customers. Internet time and space constraints are not the characteristics of the convenience of our customers to maximize communication with the enterprise, customers can make use of the Internet in the shortest possible time in an easy way to access business services. At the same time, trading via the Internet to the entire enterprise can be achieved from the product quality,quality of service, such as transaction services to the entire process of quality control.On the other hand, enterprises can also be via the Internet with business-related companies and organizations build relationships and achieve win-win development. Internet as a channel of communication between the cheapest, it can help lower costs in the supply of business-to-business yet, distributors such as the establishment of collaborative partnerships. Cases such as in front of the computer company Lenovo, through the establishment of e-business systems and management information systems with the distributors of information sharing, reduce inventory costs and transaction costs, and close cooperation between the two sides. Relating to the application of network theory will be the strategy behind the marketing services network in detail.(C) The network of soft marketing theoryMarketing theory is soft against the industrial economy to the era of mass production for the main features of the "strong sales" of the new theory, the theory suggests that when customers buy products not only meet the basic physiological needs, but also to meet the mental and psychological level demand. Therefore, the soft marketing is one of the main characteristics of the follow netiquette, etiquette on the network through the use of clever marketing to obtain desired results. It emphasizes the marketing activities of enterprises at the same time the need to respect the feelings of consumers and the body read, so that consumers will be able to comfortably take the initiative to receive the marketing activities of enterprises. Traditional marketing activities can best embody the characteristics of a strong marketing promotions are two: thetraditional advertising and marketing staff. In traditional advertising,consumers are often forced to passive reception of advertising messages, "bombing", and its goal is to impart information through continuous means the hearts of consumers impressed, as to whether the consumer was not willing to accept the need for need not be taken into account; marketing personnel, the marketing staff does not consider the object is willing to sell and needs, but according to the marketing staff to determine their own marketing activities carried out forcibly.On the Internet, because information exchange is a free, equal, open and interactive, to stress that mutual respect and communication, on-line users pay more attention to the protection and privacy of personal experience. Therefore, using the traditional means of marketing a strong start in the Internet marketing activities are bound to backfire, such as the American company AOL has forced their users to send E-mail advertising, the results lead to the unanimous opposition of users, many users agreed to AOL at the same time the company server E-mail to retaliate, with the result that AOL's E-mail mail server in a paralyzed state, and finally had to apologize to quell public indignation. Network marketing is just soft from the consumer's experience and needs and take pull-type strategy to attract consumers concerned about the marketing effectiveness of enterprises to achieve. Network on the Internet to carry out marketing activities, in particular promotional activities must follow certain rules of network formation of virtual communities, some also known as "netiquette (Netiquette)". Network marketing is soft netiquette rules to follow based on the clever use of marketing to achieve a subtle effect. Marketing theory onnetwork application software in the network marketing sales strategy specific details.(D) Network Integrated MarketingIn the current post-industrial society, the tertiary industry in the development of the service sector is the major economic growth point, the traditional manufacturing-based to being service-oriented development, new service industries such as finance, communications, transportation and other industries the sun at high noon. Post-industrial society requires the development of enterprises must be based on service-oriented, it is necessary to customers as the center, to provide customers with timely and appropriate manner, as appropriate services, the maximum extent possibleto meet customer demand. Internet time and space as a cross-transmission of "superconductive" media, can provide timely customer service is located at the same time interactivity of the Internet can understand customer needs and provide targeted response, so the Internet era can be said to be the most consumers an attractive marketing tool.Network of integrated marketing theory include the following key points:Network marketing requires, first of all the consumers into the entire marketing process to the needs of their entire marketing process from the beginning.Network marketing distribution system for the enterprise as well as stakeholders to be more closely together.Corporate interests and the interests of customers to integrate together.Internet on the role of marketing, you can through the 4Ps (product / service, pricing, distribution, promotion) play animportant role in binding. The use of the Internet traditional 4Ps marketing mix can be better with the customer as the center of the 4Cs (customer, cost, convenience, communication) to combine.1. Products and services to customers as the centerAs the Internet has a very good interaction and guiding the user through the Internet under the guidance of the enterprise to choose the product or service or specific requirements of enterprise customers to choose based on the timely production and requirements and provide timely service, making Customer inter-temporal and spatial requirements are met by the products and services; On the other hand, enterprises can also keep abreast of customer needs and customer requirements in accordance with the timely production and marketing organizations to provide the production efficiency and marketing effectiveness. Such as the United States PC sales company Dell Inc., or a loss in 1995, but in 1996, their sales via the Internet to computers, the performance of 100 percent growth, due to customers via the Internet, you can design in the company's home page to choose and combination of computers, the company's production department immediately upon request, production, and sent through the postal service company, so companies can achieve zero inventory production, especially in the sharp decline in prices of computercomponents of the era, inventory will not only reduce the inventory costs can be avoided also because of losses brought about by high-priced stock.2. Customer acceptable cost pricingThe cost of traditional production-based pricing in the market-oriented marketing is to be discarded. The price of newcustomers should be based on acceptable cost pricing, and based on the cost to organize the production and marketing. Customer-centric enterprise pricing, customers must be the determination of market demand and the price accepted standards, otherwise the cost to the customer to accept the pricing is a castle in the air. Business on the Internet can be very easy to implement, the customer can be made via the Internet acceptable cost, the cost of business in accordance with customers to provide flexible product design and production program for the user to choose until after the customer agrees to confirm the production and marketing organizations, all All these are clients of the server program in the company under the guidance and does not require specialized services and, therefore, extremely low cost. At present, the United States, General Motors Corp. to allow customers on the Internet through the company's own guidance system of the design and assembly of motor vehicles to meet their needs, users first determine the criteria for acceptable price, and then according to the price limit system to meet the requirements of style show vehicle, the user can also be used for appropriate changes, the company producing the final product just to meet the customer requirements of price and performance.3. Products to facilitate the distribution of customer-orientedNetwork marketing is one-to-one distribution channels, cross-selling of space-time, customers can order anytime, anywhere using the Internet and purchase products. Iron and steel manufacturers in France still a Luolin Zinox for example, the company was founded in 8 years ago, because of the introduction of e-mail and the world order system, so that processing time from 15 days to 24 hours. At present, thecompany is using the Internet to provide better than the opponent and more efficient services. The company's internal network and vehicle manufacturers to establish contact so that they could demand the other party promptly after the production ofsteel to each other online.4. Repressively turn promotions to strengthen communication and contacts with customersIs the promotion of traditional enterprises, through certain media or tools of oppression customers to strengthen the company's customers and product acceptance and loyalty, customers are passive and accept the lack of communication with customers and contacts at the same time The high cost of the company's sales. Internet marketing is a one-on-one and interactive, and customers can participate in the company's marketing activities in the past, so the Internet can strengthen communication with customers and contacts and a better understanding of customer needs, attracted more customers agree . The U.S. company Yahoo's new star (Yahoo!) Company to develop a network in Internet information retrieval tools for classification, as the products are highly interactive, the user can think it is important for their classification information to Yahoo Yahoo The company immediately joined the classification of information products for the use of other users, so no need for advertising their products on well known, and in a short span of two years the company's stock market value of billions of dollars, an increase of as much as several hundred times.The main method of Internet MarketingCommonly used methods of network marketing system(1)Search Engine Marketing(2)Email marketing permission(3)Online Advertising(4)Web resource cooperation(5)Viral marketing(6)A membership-based network marketingCommon method for classification of network marketing:Web-based network marketing businessTo carry out Internet marketing does not necessarily have to have their own web site, in the absence of site conditions, enterprises in the network to carry out effectivemarketing. Free web site marketing mainly depends on the network marketing and e-mail marketing virtual community.Web-based network marketing is the subject of network marketing, it's main problem is the web site planning, construction, maintenance people, as well as with other marketing to promote the integration of methods. If the type of e-commerce website, web-based network marketing will be involved in product, price, and other traditional marketing channels and marketing a range of issues to consider.译文：网络营销的技术依据网络营销是基于技术基础设施的计算机网络营销。

房地产营销管理英文文献及翻译

房地产营销管理英文文献及翻译房地产开发是支持人们日常生活的基矗社会主义市场经济体制的制定，使得房地产业成为市场经济活动的主体成员，面对市场的风云变幻，房地产企业要想抓住机遇，迎接挑战，必须树立现代的营销观念，掌握现代的营销技术。

我国的房地产营销环境与营销管理虽然经过二十年的市场观念熏陶，但是我国的房地产在诚信问题、营销创新、产品创新、以及管理体制等方面与国际接轨上有距离。

1 房地产营销的基础知识1.1营销的概念毕业论文市场营销译自英文marketing一词。

最早产生于美国，1960年美国市场营销协会（AMA）定义委员会的定义：市场营销是把产品或服务从生产者引导到消费者或用户所进行的一切企业活动。

房地产市场营销是通过房地产市场交换满足现实的或潜在的房地产需求的综合性的经营销售活动过程。

它有以下几层涵义：1、房地产市场营销的目的是满足消费者对房地产商品和劳务的需求。

2、既包括现实需求也包括潜在需求。

3、房地产市场营销的中心是实现商品的交换，完成销售活动。

4、房地产营销的手段是开展综合的营销活动。

房地产营销是市场营销的一个重要分支，是建立在市场营销理论体系上的。

在房地产营销的运用上主要由政府管理部门和房地产开发商。

政府部门主要作为市场管理者对市场行为的监督以及对房地产开发商进行指导，披露市场供给需求信息，制定相关策略以利于社会稳定和经济发展。

房地产开发商主要是发现市场机会，进行营销管理活动。

1990年，美国企业营销专家劳特朋提出了4C理论，4C即消费者的欲望和需求、消费者获取满足的成本、消费者购买的方便性、企业与消费者的有效沟通。

4C理论的营销主张重视消费者导向，其精髓是由消费者定位产品。

1.2 房地产的发展长久以来国内对住房的要求就是能够遮风避雨就行了，但是，随着社会的发展以及我国城市化进程的加快，房地产市场不仅仅局限于提供给人们遮风避雨的场所，而在引领住宅文化潮流上更是不遗余力。

房地产有其区别于其它产品的特点。

市场营销专业中英文资料外文翻译文献大学论文

毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献文献翻译原文Marketing theoryMcCarthy (E.J.Mccarthy) ,in 1960, also under the micro-marketing definition: Marketing is the responsibility of business activities, products and services will be directly from the producer towards the consumer or user in order to meet customer needs and the achievement of the company profits, but also a process of socio-economic activities with the aim to meet the social or human needs, to achieve social goals. this definition than in the United States, although the definition of marketing association a step forward that meet customer needs and realize the company's operating profit as a goal, but two definitions that marketing activities are production activities in the beginning of the end of the middle after a series of business sales activities, when the commodity to the user the hands of the end, the enterprise marketing activities and therefore is limited to the narrow scope of circulation, rather than operating as a business for sale throughout the entire process, including marketing research, product development, pricing, distribution, advertising, publicity reports, sales promotion, marketing staff, after-sales service and so on.Christian Grnroosto the definition and emphasized the purpose of marketing: Marketing is in the interests of a whole, through mutual exchange and commitment to establish, maintain, consolidate and consumers and other participants in the relationship between the parties to achieve the purpose. This definition has been in use ever since, until the summer of 2004 was revised. The new definition is nearly 20 years on the marketing of the first amendment to the definition, no wonder the majority of marketers attracteduniversal attention. The development of marketing theory has the following four stages:The first stage: start-up phase. Marketing in the late 19th century to 20 in the United States the world's creation of 20, due to industrial development and marketing at this time by a very narrow scope of the study, but research and commercial advertising network settings. Island in Illinois and other related courses at the universities. By the "Association of American Advertising" to "National Advertising and Marketing Association of Science Teachers", to marketing research to ensure the organization. At this time of marketing research is characterized by: a. focus on marketing and advertising techniques, modern marketing theory, concepts, principles had yet to emerge; b. University research activities are basically confined to the classroom and a professor of the study, and also society and the business community did not receive attention.Phase II: Application stage. During the 20th century to the end of World War II 20 for the application stage, begun to take shape at this time, the United States began large-scale domestic enterprises to use marketing to operate businesses, open overseas markets, European countries have to follow. Established in 1931, "American Marketing Association" Marketing preach, and in 1937 merged the two organizations, academia and the business community to absorb a wide range to join the Marketing from the University of the rostrum to the community. This stage of the development of marketing in the applications. The capitalist world in 1929 due to the outbreak of an unprecedented economic crisis, the economy of the Great Depression, large shrinkage in the purchasing power of a sharp decline in the community, the unprecedented sharp market. The whole capitalist economic crisis dealt a serious blow. This stage, marketing research is characterized by: a. there is no product to sell out of this narrow concept of; b. at a deeper study on the basis of a broader marketing and advertising technique; c. study in favor of selling the business organization set; d. beginning of the study of marketing theory to society, paying attention to the general business community.The third phase: the formation period of development. The 20th century, the 50's to 80's for the marketing stage of development, the U.S. military-industrial economy has begun to shift the public economic, social goods, the sharp increase in social productivity improved significantly, while the corresponding consumption level of residents has not been much improvement, market began to emerge in a state of oversupply. At this point the U.S. marketing expert R. Cox and W. Aderson the "broad sense of Marketing is to promote the potential producers and consumers of goods or services of any transaction activity." This point of view to make the start into the new marketing stage. Previously that the market is the end of the production process, is now considered to be the starting point of the production process; the original that is marketing to sell products, now that marketing through the investigation to understand the needs and desires of consumers, and production in line with consumer needs and desires goods or services, which meet the needs and desires of consumers; so that from the marketing companies to enter the framework of social vision and a clear management guidance.Phase IV: the mature stage. Since the 80's for the marketing of the mature stage, in: a. associated with other disciplines such as economics, mathematics, statistics, psychology, etc.; b. theory began to form their own system; 80 is the age of marketing revolutionary period, begun to enter the field of modern marketing, so marketing the new look.译文市场营销理论麦卡锡(E.J.Mccarthy)于1960年对微观市场营销下了定义：市场营销是企业经营活动的职责，它将产品及劳务从生产者直接引向消费者或使用者以便满足顾客需求及实现公司利润，同时也是一种社会经济活动过程，其目的在于满足社会或人类需要，实现社会目标。

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