食品科学导论试卷
食品科学导论整理试题
introduction to food science test一、Fill in blanks1、Thanks to food science and technology and modern food manufacturing methods,nutritional deficiencies and inconsistent food availability can be addressed,harvests can be protected, and various commodities can be transformed into new products having specific nutrients for better health and wellness2、The main components in muscle are .Moisture Protein .Fat3、. the major Factors for fruit and vegetable deterioration are :①Enzymatic Changes; ②Chemical Changes; ③Physical Changes;④Biological Changes4、Enzymatic browning is usually undesirable when it occurs in foods such as apples, pears,lettuce（莴苣, 生菜）, potatoes, etc.5、Sensory quality of fruit and vegetable will be changed chemically for lipid oxidation; non-enzymatic browning; colour changes; flavour changes.6、The four major factors which affect fruit and vegetable nutrient degradation are light, oxygen concentration, temperature and water activity.7、Leavening Agents used to produce gas in batters that make baked products rise are steam,yeast and baking soda and powder8、in bread process, the dough should be avoid of over fermentation, if not, it will make cause gluen stretch, become weak and collapse, while coarse grain & sour odor due to excess acid production and less color in baked crust面包皮; 糕饼等的酥皮9、Milk is the first food of young mammals. It provides a high-quality protein, a source of energy, and vitamins and minerals.10、Carbohydrates are chains of repeating molecules of glucose and other sugars.11、Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids. There are different amino acids in a protein.12、Fats are made up of lipids. A lipid has a structure of three fatty acids molecules and a glycerol (甘油,丙三醇)molecule.13、A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amine group of the other molecule, thereby releasing a molecule of water.14、Protein has a very big MW（molecular weight ）, thus it can form hydrophilic colloid while protein is dissolved in water;15、Carbohydrates include monosaccharides; disaccharides; oligosaccharides and polysaccardies16、Natural Starch conformation is the mixture of amylose and amylopectin17、Vitamins are classified by their biological and chemical activity, not their structure.18、Vitamin divided by the solubility. Water-soluble vitamins (dissolve easily in water) 9 water-soluble (B1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12 and C)19、Fat-soluble vitamins(absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids)4 fat-soluble (A, D, E, K)20、The main groups of additives are: flavourings; colourings; preservatives and antioxidants; emulsifiers and stabilisers.21、Taste quality different from receptors for sweet, bitter, salty, sour, the 4 primary tastes, Cannot be reproduced by mixing of chemicals or of any of the 4 primary tastes22、Apart from adding flavourings to food enhances the taste , some other additives are used in food such as Colourings; Colourings;; Colourings ; Stabilizers23、the nutrition value of fat is that it can provide high energy , fat- soluble vitamin and essential fatty acid.24、fat have important role for food which be as carriers of flavor, advance food smooth texture and mouth feel, can be heat transfer.25、The microbial world comprised of 2 cellular types: (except virus) Eukaryotic cells (真核细胞, the Eucarya); Prokaryotic cells (原核细胞):26、Those microorganisms important in the food industry include the bacteria, viruses, yeasts, molds, and protozoans.27、Microorganisms growth curve in liquid has four phase: lag phase;exponential phase:stationary phase, decline phase:28、Growth of microorganisms can be manipulated by controlling some factors:①Nutrients available; ②Oxygen; ③Water; ④Temperature; ⑤Acidity and pH; ⑥Light; ⑦Chemicals29、Nutrients such as carbohydrates, nitrogen source(proteins) , energy source (such as fats ), growth factor (vitamins etc.), minerals and water, required by, mainly are also needed by microorganisms to grow.30、Factors affecting microbial growth in food preserve are Temperature; Relative humidity; Atmosphere; Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP)31、Food-borne illness （食源性病）----The sickness resulting from eating food contaminated with either bacterial toxins or by certain bacteria in the food, often resulting in vomiting（呕吐）, diarrhea（腹泻）and prostration（衰竭、虚脱）32、Food-borne diseases （食源性病）are most often caused by several species of bacteria, although viruses, parasites（寄生生物）, amoebas（阿米巴）and other biological as well as chemical agents may be responsible.二.please make the right choices .1、There are three kinds of muscles, which is mainly consumed and processed?(1)Skeletal muscles（骨骼肌,横纹肌）,(2)Smooth muscles（平滑肌）,(3)Heart muscles（心肌）.2、The main component part is protein except water to take up 18%～20%，80% solid in meat , Muscle Proteins can be classifild to three kinds, that is(1)Myofibrillar proteins（肌原纤维蛋白质）(2)Sarcoplasmic proteins（肌浆蛋白）(3)Stroma proteins（肉基质蛋白质）3、which is not Berries?(1)grape(2)strawberry(3)coconut( √)4、which is not Pip fruits(仁果类果实)(1) apple,(2) pear,(3)chestnut（板栗）( √)5.which is not Foliar vegetables（叶菜类）?(1)spinach（菠菜），(2)celery芹菜(3)potato6.which is Floscular vegetables (花菜类）?(1)broccoli n. 甘蓝；花椰菜( √)(2)tomato番茄(3)mushroom7.Physical methods of reducing fruit and vegetable deteriorate(1)Heating(2)Cooling(3)Lowering of water content (drying/dehydration).√8.Physical methods of reducing fruit and vegetable deteriorate(1)Controlled and modified atmosphere storage(2) Irradiation（辐射）(3)Waxing（蜡封）of the surfa（水面）9.Chemical Methods of reducing fruit and vegetable deteriorate(1)Salting(2)Sugar addition(3)Canning10.Chemical Methods of reducing fruit and vegetable deteriorate(1)Artificial acidification(2)Ethyl alcohol addition （乙醇添加）(3)Antiseptic substance action（防腐剂作用）11、which are kinds of common used Flour(1)All-purpose flour（普通面粉；家用面粉；中筋面粉）(2)Cake flour（低筋面粉；蛋糕粉；细面粉）(3)Instant/quick-mixing flour（快速混合面粉）12、which are kinds of common used Flour(1)Instant/quick-mixing flour（快速混合面粉）(2)Self-rising flour（自发面粉----已含酵母的）(3)Whole wheat flour（全麦面粉）13、Fluids which do not obey Newton viscosity law are non-newtonian fluids. For example: （1）tomato puree （2）sour milk, (3)grease.14.What molecules are foods made of?1.Carbohydrates 2、water 3、Vitamins.15、What molecules are foods made of?1.proteins2.fats3.minerals16、Agents causing denaturation1 .Temperature2. pH3.Ionic strength (salts)17. Agents causing denaturation1. Enzymes2. Heat3. Oxidation18.Which one is hydrophilic gelatum?1.Tofu2.Soy-bean milk3.albumen（白蛋白）19. Which one is not hydrophilic colloid?1.albumen（白蛋白）2.tendon ( )k,20.which is not essential amino acid for human?1.methionine,2.lysine3.glutamic acid ( )21.which is essential amino acid for human?1.lysine ( )2.glutamic acid3.proline22. which is disaccharides:1.Maltose麦芽糖2.Frucose ( )ctose乳糖23. Which is not monosaccharides :1.Glucose2.Sucrose蔗糖( )3. Galactose半乳糖24.Whichm mineral is not major salt component?1.potassium,钾2.sodium,钠3.Al ()25.Whichm mineral is major salt components1.Fe,2.Cu,3.calcium,钙( )26.The reasons for vitamin deficiency:(1) Shortage of resource ( )(2) Reduced absorption ( )(3) Increase requirements ( )27.Which are Water-soluble vitamins include1.Vitamin A2.vitamin B ( )3.vitamin C. ( )28.Which are fat-soluble vitamins include1.Vitamin D ( )2.vitamin E ( )3.vitamin B29. Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions:Hormones (③),Antioxidants (④),Mediators of cell signaling and regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation (①),Precursors for coenzymes (②)①Vitamin A;②Vitamin B;③vitamin D;④Vitamin E30.which Microorganisms are Eukaryotic cells真核细胞1.fungi2.yeast( )3.bacteria31.which Microorganisms are Prokaryotic cells (原核细胞):1.Bacteria ( )2.actinomyces放线菌3.yeast酵母菌32.Fermentation selects for the growth of one or more bacteria which then inhibit the growth of harmful microbes. Fermentation food is1.yogurt, ( )2.cheese, ( )3.buttermilk( )33.These fermentation foods include,1 soy sauce, ( )2 alcoholic beverages, and( )3.vinegar. ( )三、Please answer Yes or No after each items .1.Without fat, all meats taste almost the same! (√)2. During Rigor Mortis process,the cells will continue to produce energy (ATP) by breaking down glycogen reserves, which produces lactic acid, dropping the pH to 5.2-5.6. (√)3. Waxing of the surface retards the rate of moisture loss, and maintains turgor （皮肤饱满）and plumpness（丰满度；肥胖度）and may modify the internal atmosphere(√)4.Modified atmosphere packaging of strawberries (carbon dioxide-enriched air delays fungal growth延迟真菌生长(√)5Flour composition critical （面粉成分标准）for the fermentation and physical structure of the dough and finished bread. (√)6Flour-Usually “all purpose flour” used for baking breads. Main function is to give structure to the bread. (√)7Almost all of the gluten forms during the kneading stage. It is important to not add too much extra flour while kneading. This will make the dough far too stiff （硬的）.8、The role of milk in nature is to nourish(滋养)and provide immunological protection for the mammalian young. (√)9.Changing the shapes of proteins also changes their properties. They become easier to digest and more useful to the cells of the human body. (√)10. To make proteins, a cell must have all needed amino acids available simultaneously (√)11.If the diet supplies too little of any essential amino acid , protein synthesis is limited. (√)12.Biological value can be improved by feeding two or more low quality protein feeds together if they are complimentary(√)13.Overfeeding on protein does not increase the amino acid level, starvation does not decrease it(√)14.Amino acids will be sacrificed to provide energy and glucose if needed when glucose and fatty acids are limited(√)k, fruit, vegetables, meat, soups and sauces can all be dehydrated to stop them from spoiling(√)16.Water Activity large effect on chemical reactions and microbial growth rate(√)17.Sodium ions are necessary for regulation of blood and body fluids, transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and certain metabolic functions. (√)18.Severe dehydration(脱水) will lead to very high blood sodium concentrations,but too rapid correction may result in brain damage from cellular swelling. (√)19.Microorganisms, like other living organisms, are dependent on their environment to provide for their basic needs. Adverse conditions can alter their growth rate or kill them. ( √)20.Microorganisms growth changing with temperature would gain high quality and quantity products during process ( √)21.A spoiled food is not necessarily unsafe to eat, but unpalatable(味道差的) to the consumer. Foods are attacked in a variety of ways that are harmful to the quality of the food ( √)四、Please give the answer for each Question.1.what does the course of Introduction to Food Science (UK) focus on ?Introduction to Food Science (UK) is the required course for food science and engineering major , mainly Introducting and reviewing to food ingredients, processing, package, market and storage and their complex relationship in bilingual language (English and Chinese ), while it is explored that how these factors affect the quality and safety of food.2.what is the request for students after course ?after the course, students should understand and master the basic components of food and the most commonly process , technology and equipment used in food processing , integrating the professional talent necessary to develop advanced products basing on the professional theory and professional English, which is the basis for students entering the higher grades to learn more advanced theory and more specialized knowledge.3.what the concepts of food science and technology ?Food Science is the discipline in which the engineering, biological, and physical sciences are used to study the nature of foods, the causes of deterioration, the principles underlying food processing, and the improvement of foods for the consuming public.Food Technology is the application of food science to the selection, preservation, processing, packaging, distribution, and use of safe, nutritious, and whole some food.In practice, the terms food science and food technology are often used interchangeably.4.How important is fat in food?fat has some nutrition value as essential fatty acids to provide high energy, which be adventage for fat-soluble vitamin. Fat is good for carriers of flavor, smooth texture and mouth feel, while it is heat transfer media.5、what are requirements on varieties used for processing?（1）To consider of the yield, supply period, storage time, edible part ratio, physical quality, chemical compositions and sensory quality when choosing fruits and vegetables（2）The texture, chemical composition, yield, processing characteristics and harvesting time are closely related to the variety of fruits and vegetables（3）The fruits used for processing should follow the requirements below: high acid，adequate ratio ofsugar to acid, small core and stone, rich pulp（果肉）, tight and micromesh（细致的）texture, strong heat endurance, bigger percentage of edible part, and with good color, aroma and taste.（4）The vegetables used for processing should be rich in pulp（果肉）, have tender and micromesh texture, less crude fiber, much edible part and good color.6. The standards for a good variety of fruit and vegetable:①Stable and yield.②Long period’s supply.③Convenient to mechanized farming and harvesting④Strong resistance to plant diseases and insect pets，long storage time，good adaptability.⑤Sensory quality meets there quirements of processing.7.What are the Enzymic Changes for fruit and vegetable ?Oxidation of phenolic substances (苯酚) by phenolase (苯酚酶) (leading to enzymatic browning酶促褐变);• Sugar - starch conversion by amylases(淀粉酶);• Post-harvest demethylation（脱甲基化）of pectic substances （果胶物质）8.What are the principles thof Preservation that sugar used in jam and jelly can prevent the growth of microorganisms?(1)Add sugar to increase osmotic pressure（渗透压）to prevent microorganism development.(2)In food preservation with sugar, water activity can’t be reduced < 0.845 --- sufficient for bacteria andyeast inhibition, but does not prevent mold attack.9.what is gluten and How about is it in bread process?Gluten consists of two protein: -Glutenin （麦醇溶蛋白）and -Gliadin （麦谷蛋白）• They interact with each other by the kneading（和面；揉捏和）of a wet dough, to form a ‘protein complex• Gluten is a highly elastic material–Protein complex gives bread structure and elasticity and essential doe the leavening process–Poorly formed or absent in nonwheat flours–Most commercial breads contain some wheat10、How does baking powder make cakes rise?Baking powder contains:sodium hydrogencarbonate (碳酸氢钠). When this is heated during cooking it breaks down into sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide gas and water.---It is the carbon dioxide gas that makes the cakes rise.11、Yeast makes bread rise?!1.Yeast is a type of fungus. It is used to make bread rise. Bread is usually made from wheat flour. Asyeast digests the carbohydrates in flour it produces carbon dioxide.2.Making bread from yeast is an aerobic reaction. This means it needs oxygen.3.Once the yeast has been added, the uncooked dough is left to rise.12、What is the chemistry of milk?The principal constituents of milk are water, fat, proteins, lactose (milk sugar) and minerals (salts). Milk also contains trace amounts of other substances such as pigments, enzymes, vitamins, phospholipids (substances with fatlike properties), and gases.Cows’ milk consists of about 87% water and 13% dry substance. The dry substance is suspended or dissolved in the water.13.Why do eggs look different before or after cooked?Eggs are a protein food and so are made up of amino acids. When eggs are cooked they become firmer. This is because cooking eggs changes the shape of the amino acids chains. This is called denaturing.14.what is the protain isoelectric point ?At isoelectric point (specific for each protein),positive charges = negative charges →total charge = 0No charge –no repulsion –clotting of protein – e.g. production of dairy products (milk isoelectric point at pH 4.5)15.how about is the results after that enzymes act on protein ?1.Proteolytic enzymes (pepsin（胃蛋白酶）, rennin（凝乳酶）, trypsin（胰蛋白酶）) hydrolyze peptide bonds of protein →can lead to large changes in structure & function2.Desirable & undesirable changes during processing & storage of proteins3.Lead to changes in peptide side chains, make some amino acids unavailable, indigestible16、what is the most common food proteins in our daily food?Egg white, blood usually contain albumin白蛋白, but myofibrillar protein（肌纤维蛋白）is from Actin, myosin（肌球蛋白）in muscles.Gluten（谷蛋白、麸质或面精）in wheat can make dough good structure for bread making. most Connective tissue inLigaments（韧带）, fibrous contains much more collagen（胶原蛋白）, while milk protein mainly is casein(酪蛋白).17、What is the physiological functions of proteins & amino acids?Composition of body, improve growth• Composition of enzy mes and hormone, regulate biological function• Form antibody, improve the immune-activity of body• Regulate osmotic pressure, otherwise protein-energy malnutrition.• Supplement of energy• Keep the flexible of skin• Transport fat, iron, oxygen and CO218、What is Physiologic roles of Lipids and Fats?(1).Source of energy (during sustained activity)1 g food lipid can produce 37.7kJ (9kcal) energy in body.(2). Structure of cell membrane.(3). maintain body temperature normally.(4). Protect viscera (脏器) from harmful.(5).Play some role in endocrine(内分泌作用).(6).Offer essential fatty acid. Such as linolie acid亚油酸, linolenic acid -亚麻酸。
食品科学导论整理试题
introduction to food science test一、Please explain some special words?1、Homogenization（均化）：to obtain particles with certain dimensions2、Jam and jelly （果冻和果酱）：are gelled （凝胶, 冻胶）or thickened fruit products with a low pH. Preserved with sugars Include fruit butters, jellies,jams and similar products3、Gluten（麦麸）consists of two protein -Glutenin （麦醇溶蛋白）and -Gliadin （麦谷蛋白）They interact with each other by the kneading（和面；揉捏和）of a wet dough, to form a ‘protein complex’. Gluten isa highly elastic material4、Maillard （梅拉德反应）( nonenzymatic browning)：When reducing sugar presence from heat damage, certain amino acids decomposed from protain by heat, which on the high temperature condition, there forms brown pigments, flavors .5、Human essential amino acids：Human essential amino acids are which some of the amino acids human can not biosynthesize must be obtained from the diet by people.6、fermentation.:Adding yeast to sugars under anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions produces alcohol and carbon dioxide. This is called fermentation.7、Cholesterol:Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that occurs naturally in all parts of the body. Your body needs some cholesterol to work properly. But if you have too much in your blood, it can stick to the walls of your arteries. This is called plaque. Plaque can narrow your arteries or even block them.8、Water balance :That is total intake and losses from urine, faces, milk, saliva, sweating, and vaporization from respiratory tissues9、Water activity (a W): defined as RH(Relative Humidity ), which must prevail in the surrounding atmosphere to avoid water exchange between material and air; the ratio of the vapor pressures of pure water and a solution10. vitamin:A vitamin is an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism. A compound is called a vitamin when it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet.11.Microorganisms:Microorganisms are tiny, mostly one-celled organisms capable of rapid reproduction under proper growth conditions.12.Food spoilage:Food spoilage is defined as any change in the organoleptic qualities (flavor, appearance odor or texture) of the food that makes the food unacceptable to the consumer.13.Shelf life: The time it takes a food product to deteriorate to an unacceptable degree under specific storage, processing, and packaging conditions.二、Fill in blanks1、Thanks to food science and technology and modern food manufacturing methods,nutritional deficiencies and inconsistent food availability can be addressed,harvests can be protected, and various commodities can be transformed into new products having specific nutrients for better health and wellness2、The main components in muscle are .Moisture Protein .Fat3、. the major Factors for fruit and vegetable deterioration are :①Enzymatic Changes; ②Chemical Changes; ③Physical Changes;④Biological Changes4、Enzymatic browning is usually undesirable when it occurs in foods such as apples, pears,lettuce（莴苣, 生菜）, potatoes, etc.5、Sensory quality of fruit and vegetable will be changed chemically for lipid oxidation; non-enzymatic browning; colour changes; flavour changes.6、The four major factors which affect fruit and vegetable nutrient degradation are light, oxygen concentration, temperature and water activity.7、Leavening Agents used to produce gas in batters that make baked products rise are steam,yeast and baking soda and powder8、in bread process, the dough should be avoid of over fermentation, if not, it will make cause gluen stretch, become weak and collapse, while coarse grain & sour odor due to excess acid production and less color in baked crust面包皮; 糕饼等的酥皮9、Milk is the first food of young mammals. It provides a high-quality protein, a source of energy, and vitamins and minerals.10、Carbohydrates are chains of repeating molecules of glucose and other sugars.11、Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids. There are different amino acids in a protein.12、Fats are made up of lipids. A lipid has a structure of three fatty acids molecules and a glycerol (甘油,丙三醇)molecule.13、A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amine group of the other molecule, thereby releasing a molecule of water.14、Protein has a very big MW（molecular weight ）, thus it can form hydrophilic colloid while protein is dissolved in water;15、Carbohydrates include monosaccharides; disaccharides; oligosaccharides and polysaccardies16、Natural Starch conformation is the mixture of amylose and amylopectin17、Vitamins are classified by their biological and chemical activity, not their structure.18、Vitamin divided by the solubility. Water-soluble vitamins (dissolve easily in water) 9 water-soluble (B1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12 and C)19、Fat-soluble vitamins(absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids) 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E, K)20、The main groups of additives are: flavourings; colourings; preservatives and antioxidants; emulsifiers and stabilisers.21、Taste quality different from receptors for sweet, bitter, salty, sour, the 4 primary tastes, Cannot be reproduced by mixing of chemicals or of any of the 4 primary tastes22、Apart from adding flavourings to food enhances the taste , some other additives are used in food such as Colourings; Colourings;; Colourings ; Stabilizers23、the nutrition value of fat is that it can provide high energy , fat- soluble vitamin and essential fatty acid.24、fat have important role for food which be as carriers of flavor, advance food smooth texture and mouth feel, can be heat transfer.25、The microbial world comprised of 2 cellular types: (except virus) Eukaryotic cells (真核细胞, the Eucarya); Prokaryotic cells (原核细胞):26、Those microorganisms important in the food industry include the bacteria, viruses, yeasts, molds, and protozoans.27、Microorganisms growth curve in liquid has four phase: lag phase;exponential phase:stationary phase, decline phase:28、Growth of microorganisms can be manipulated by controlling some factors:①Nutrients available; ②Oxygen; ③Water; ④Temperature; ⑤Acidity and pH; ⑥Light; ⑦Chemicals29、Nutrients such as carbohydrates, nitrogen source(proteins) , energy source (such as fats ), growth factor (vitamins etc.), minerals and water, required by, mainly are also needed by microorganisms to grow.30、Factors affecting microbial growth in food preserve are Temperature; Relative humidity; Atmosphere; Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP)31、Food-borne illness （食源性病）----The sickness resulting from eating food contaminated with either bacterial toxins or by certain bacteria in the food, often resulting in vomiting（呕吐）, diarrhea（腹泻）and prostration（衰竭、虚脱）32、Food-borne diseases （食源性病）are most often caused by several species of bacteria, although viruses, parasites（寄生生物）, amoebas（阿米巴）and other biological as well as chemical agents may be responsible.三.please make the right choices .1、There are three kinds of muscles, which is mainly consumed and processed?(1)Skeletal muscles（骨骼肌,横纹肌）, （）(2)Smooth muscles（平滑肌）,(3)Heart muscles（心肌）.2、The main component part is protein except water to take up 18%～20%，80% solid in meat , Muscle Proteins can be classifild to three kinds, that is(1)Myofibrillar proteins（肌原纤维蛋白质）(2)Sarcoplasmic proteins（肌浆蛋白）(3)Stroma proteins（肉基质蛋白质）3、which is not Berries?(1)Grape （2）strawberry （3）coconut( √)4、which is not Pip fruits(仁果类果实)(1) apple, (2) pear, (3)chestnut（板栗）( √)5.which is not Foliar vegetables（叶菜类）?(1)spinach（菠菜），（2）celery芹菜（3）potato6.which is Floscular vegetables (花菜类）?(1)broccoli n. 甘蓝；花椰菜( √)(2)tomato番茄(3)mushroom7.Physical methods of reducing fruit and vegetable deteriorate(1)Heating (2)Cooling(3)Lowering of water content (drying/dehydration).√8.Physical methods of reducing fruit and vegetable deteriorate(1)Controlled and modified atmosphere storage(2) Irradiation（辐射）(3)Waxing（蜡封）of the surfa（水面）9.Chemical Methods of reducing fruit and vegetable deteriorate(1)Salting (2)Sugar addition (3)Canning10.Chemical Methods of reducing fruit and vegetable deteriorate(1)Artificial acidification (2)Ethyl alcohol addition （乙醇添加）(3)Antiseptic substance action（防腐剂作用）11、which are kinds of common used Flour(1)All-purpose flour（普通面粉；家用面粉；中筋面粉）(2)Cake flour（低筋面粉；蛋糕粉；细面粉）(3)Instant/quick-mixing flour（快速混合面粉）12、which are kinds of common used Flour(1)Instant/quick-mixing flour（快速混合面粉）(2)Self-rising flour（自发面粉----已含酵母的）(3)Whole wheat flour（全麦面粉）13、Fluids which do not obey Newton viscosity law are non-newtonian fluids. For example: （1）tomato puree （2）sour milk, (3)grease.14.What molecules are foods made of?1.Carbohydrates 2、water 3、Vitamins.15、What molecules are foods made of?1.proteins 2、fats 3、minerals16、Agents causing denaturation1 .Temperature 2. pH 3.Ionic strength (salts)17. Agents causing denaturation1. Enzymes2. Heat3. Oxidation18.Which one is hydrophilic gelatum?1.Tofu （）2.Soy-bean milk3.albumen（白蛋白）19. Which one is not hydrophilic colloid?1.albumen（白蛋白）2.tendon ( )k,20.which is not essential amino acid for human?1.methionine,2.lysine3.glutamic acid ( )21.which is essential amino acid for human?1.lysine ( )2.glutamic acid3.proline22. which is disaccharides:1.Maltose麦芽糖2.Frucose ( )ctose乳糖23. Which is not monosaccharides :1.Glucose2.Sucrose蔗糖( )3. Galactose半乳糖24.Whichm mineral is not major salt component?1.potassium,钾2.sodium,钠3.Al ( )25.Whichm mineral is major salt components1.Fe,2.Cu,3.calcium,钙( )26.The reasons for vitamin deficiency:(1) Shortage of resource ( ) (2) Reduced absorption ( )(3) Increase requirements ( )27.Which are Water-soluble vitamins include1.Vitamin A2.vitamin B ( )3.vitamin C. ( )28.Which are fat-soluble vitamins include1.Vitamin D ( )2.vitamin E ( )3.vitamin B29. Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions:Hormones (③),Antioxidants (④),Mediators of cell signaling and regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation (①),Precursors for coenzymes (②)①Vitamin A;②Vitamin B;③vitamin D;④Vitamin E30.which Microorganisms are Eukaryotic cells真核细胞1.fungi2.yeast ( )3.bacteria31.which Microorganisms are Prokaryotic cells (原核细胞):1.Bacteria ( )2.actinomyces放线菌3.yeast酵母菌32.Fermentation selects for the growth of one or more bacteria which then inhibit the growth of harmful microbes. Fermentation food is1.yogurt, ( )2.cheese, ( )3.buttermilk ( )33.These fermentation foods include,1 soy sauce, ( )2 alcoholic beverages, and ( ) 3.vinegar. ( )四、Please answer Yes or No after each items .1.Without fat, all meats taste almost the same! (√)2. During Rigor Mortis process,the cells will continue to produce energy (ATP) by breaking down glycogen reserves, which produces lactic acid, dropping the pH to 5.2-5.6. (√)3. Waxing of the surface retards the rate of moisture loss, and maintains turgor （皮肤饱满）and plumpness（丰满度；肥胖度）and may modify the internal atmosphere(√)4.Modified atmosphere packaging of strawberries (carbon dioxide-enriched air delays fungal growth延迟真菌生长(√)5Flour composition critical （面粉成分标准）for the fermentation and physical structure of the dough and finished bread. (√)6Flour-Usually “all purpose flour” used for baking breads. Main function is to give structure to the bread. (√)7Almost all of the gluten forms during the kneading stage. It is important to not add too much extra flour while kneading. This will make the dough far too stiff （硬的）.8、The role of milk in nature is to nourish(滋养)and provide immunological protection for the mammalian young. (√)9.Changing the shapes of proteins also changes their properties. They become easier to digest and moreuseful to the cells of the human body. (√)10. To make proteins, a cell must have all needed amino acids available simultaneously (√)11.If the diet supplies too little of any essential amino acid , protein synthesis is limited. (√)12.Biological value can be improved by feeding two or more low quality protein feeds together if they are complimentary(√)13.Overfeeding on protein does not increase the amino acid level, starvation does not decrease it(√)14.Amino acids will be sacrificed to provide energy and glucose if needed when glucose and fatty acids are limited(√)k, fruit, vegetables, meat, soups and sauces can all be dehydrated to stop them from spoiling(√)16.Water Activity large effect on chemical reactions and microbial growth rate(√)17.Sodium ions are necessary for regulation of blood and body fluids, transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and certain metabolic functions. (√)18.Severe dehydration(脱水) will lead to very high blood sodium concentrations,but too rapid correction may result in brain damage from cellular swelling. (√)19.Microorganisms, like other living organisms, are dependent on their environment to provide for their basic needs. Adverse conditions can alter their growth rate or kill them. ( √)20.Microorganisms growth changing with temperature would gain high quality and quantity products during process ( √)21.A spoiled food is not necessarily unsafe to eat, but unpalatable(味道差的) to the consumer. Foods are attacked in a variety of ways that are harmful to the quality of the food ( √)五、Please give the answer for each Question.1.what does the course of Introduction to Food Science (UK) focus on ?Introduction to Food Science (UK) is the required course for food science and engineering major , mainly Introducting and reviewing to food ingredients, processing, package, market and storage and their complex relationship in bilingual language (English and Chinese ), while it is explored that how these factors affect the quality and safety of food.2.what is the request for students after course ?after the course, students should understand and master the basic components of food and the most commonly process , technology and equipment used in food processing , integrating the professional talent necessary to develop advanced products basing on the professional theory and professional English, which is the basis for students entering the higher grades to learn more advanced theory and more specialized knowledge.3.what the concepts of food science and technology ?Food Science is the discipline in which the engineering, biological, and physical sciences are used to study the nature of foods, the causes of deterioration, the principles underlying food processing, and the improvement of foods for the consuming public.Food Technology is the application of food science to the selection, preservation, processing, packaging, distribution, and use of safe, nutritious, and whole some food.In practice, the terms food science and food technology are often used interchangeably.4.How important is fat in food?fat has some nutrition value as essential fatty acids to provide high energy, which be adventage for fat-soluble vitamin. Fat is good for carriers of flavor, smooth texture and mouth feel, while it is heat transfer media.5、what are requirements on varieties used for processing?（1）To consider of the yield, supply period, storage time, edible part ratio, physical quality, chemical compositions and sensory quality when choosing fruits and vegetables（2）The texture, chemical composition, yield, processing characteristics and harvesting time are closely related to the variety of fruits and vegetables（3）The fruits used for processing should follow the requirements below: high acid，adequate ratio of sugar to acid, small core and stone, rich pulp（果肉）, tight and micromesh（细致的）texture, strong heat endurance, bigger percentage of edible part, and with good color, aroma and taste.（4）The vegetables used for processing should be rich in pulp（果肉）, have tender and micromesh texture, less crude fiber, much edible part and good color.6. The standards for a good variety of fruit and vegetable:①Stable and yield.②Long period’s supply.③Convenient to mechanized farming and harvesting④Strong resistance to plant diseases and insect pets，long storage time，good adaptability.⑤Sensory quality meets there quirements of processing.7.What are the Enzymic Changes for fruit and vegetable ?Oxidation of phenolic substances (苯酚) by phenolase (苯酚酶) (leading to enzymatic browning酶促褐变);• Sugar - starch conversion by amylases(淀粉酶);• Post-harvest demethylation（脱甲基化）of pectic substances （果胶物质）8.What are the principles thof Preservation that sugar used in jam and jelly can prevent the growth of microorganisms?(1)Add sugar to increase osmotic pressure（渗透压）to prevent microorganism development.(2)In food preservation with sugar, water activity can’t be reduced < 0.845 --- sufficient for bacteria andyeast inhibition, but does not prevent mold attack.9.what is gluten and How about is it in bread process?Gluten consists of two protein: -Glutenin （麦醇溶蛋白）and -Gliadin （麦谷蛋白）• They interact with each other by the kneading（和面；揉捏和）of a wet dough, to form a ‘protein complex• Gluten is a highly elastic material–Protein complex gives bread structure and elasticity and essential doe the leavening process–Poorly formed or absent in nonwheat flours–Most commercial breads contain some wheat10、How does baking powder make cakes rise?Baking powder contains:sodium hydrogencarbonate (碳酸氢钠). When this is heated during cooking it breaks down into sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide gas and water.---It is the carbon dioxide gas that makes the cakes rise.11、Yeast makes bread rise?!1.Yeast is a type of fungus. It is used to make bread rise. Bread is usually made from wheat flour. As yeast digests the carbohydrates in flour it produces carbon dioxide.2.Making bread from yeast is an aerobic reaction. This means it needs oxygen.3.Once the yeast has been added, the uncooked dough is left to rise.12、What is the chemistry of milk?The principal constituents of milk are water, fat, proteins, lactose (milk sugar) and minerals (salts). Milk also contains trace amounts of other substances such as pigments, enzymes, vitamins, phospholipids (substances with fatlike properties), and gases.Cows’milk consists of about 87% water and 13% dry substance. The dry substance is suspended or dissolved in the water.13.Why do eggs look different before or after cooked?Eggs are a protein food and so are made up of amino acids. When eggs are cooked they become firmer. This is because cooking eggs changes the shape of the amino acids chains. This is called denaturing.14.what is the protain isoelectric point ?At isoelectric point (specific for each protein),positive charges = negative charges →total charge = 0No charge –no repulsion –clotting of protein – e.g. production of dairy products (milk isoelectric point at pH 4.5)15.how about is the results after that enzymes act on protein ?1.Proteolytic enzymes (pepsin（胃蛋白酶）, rennin（凝乳酶）, trypsin（胰蛋白酶）) hydrolyze peptide bonds of protein →can lead to large changes in structure & function2.Desirable & undesirable changes during processing & storage of proteins3.Lead to changes in peptide side chains, make some amino acids unavailable, indigestible16、what is the most common food proteins in our daily food?Egg white, blood usually contain albumin白蛋白, but myofibrillar protein（肌纤维蛋白）is from Actin, myosin（肌球蛋白）in muscles.Gluten（谷蛋白、麸质或面精）in wheat can make dough good structure for bread making. most Connective tissue inLigaments（韧带）, fibrous contains much more collagen（胶原蛋白）, while milk protein mainly is casein(酪蛋白).17、What is the physiological functions of proteins & amino acids?Composition of body, improve growth• Composition of enzymes and hormone, regulate biological function• Form antibody, improve the immune-activity of body• Regulate osmotic pressure, otherwise protein-energy malnutrition.• Supplement of energy• Keep the flexible of skin• Transport fat, iron, oxygen and CO218、What is Physiologic roles of Lipids and Fats?(1).Source of energy (during sustained activity)1 g food lipid can produce 37.7kJ (9kcal) energy in body.(2). Structure of cell membrane.(3). maintain body temperature normally.(4). Protect viscera (脏器) from harmful.(5).Play some role in endocrine(内分泌作用).(6).Offer essential fatty acid. Such as linolie acid亚油酸, linolenic acid -亚麻酸。
食品科学概论试题
⾷品科学概论试题第⼀章填空：1.⾷品科学是⼀门（交叉）学科，是整合和应⽤⽣物学、化学、物理学、医学以及⼯程学等基础学科理论去研究（⾷品的性质）、（导致⾷品变质的因素）、（加⼯过程原理）以及（改造⾷品以满⾜公共需求）的学科。
2.⾷品科学的任务是：（提⾼⼈民的健康⽔平）、（为开创新⾷品奠定理论基础）、（保证⾷品的安全与卫⽣）、（推动⾷品法规与标准化建设）。
第⼆章判断1、制作⾷品泡沫时，⼀般都是先打发泡，然后再添加糖，以使泡沫稳定。
（√）2、虎克定律：在弹性极限范围内，物体的应变与应⼒的⼤⼩成反⽐。
（×）3、应⼒松弛时间：τM=η/E，表⽰应⼒松弛快慢，黏性越⼤，应⼒松弛时间越长（√）4、⼴义麦克斯韦模型模拟实际黏弹性体应⼒松弛性质。
⼴义开尔芬模型模拟实际黏弹性体蠕变性质。
（√）5、⾷品有⼀个很短的应⼒松弛过程，从⽛齿的咬合到重新张开间有短暂的静⽌期，麦克斯韦模型的应⼒松弛时间为6-8s，⼝感柔软。
当松弛时间达到10-14s时，⼝感较硬。
（√）6、在动态粘弹性的测量中，当应⼒和应变很⼩时，各模量与时间呈线性关系。
（√）7、布拉本德粉质仪是搅拌型测试仪。
淀粉粉⼒测试仪是搅拌型测试仪。
（√）问答题1、消泡原理：答：消泡剂滴⾄泡膜时，会在膜表⾯扩散。
在消泡剂扩散之处，表⾯张⼒局部降低，使得这部分膜变得很薄⽽导致破裂。
2、果实成熟过程的变化：答：未成熟的果实细胞间含有⼤量原果胶，它不溶于⽔，与纤维素、半纤维素等组成坚固的细胞壁，组织坚硬；随着成熟的进程，原果胶⽔解成⽔溶性果胶，溶⼊细胞液内，使果实组织变软⽽有弹性；最后，果胶发⽣去甲酯化作⽤，⽣成果胶酸，果胶酸不会形成凝胶，果实变成软溏状态。
第三章填空：1.Ostwald熟化是由于不同直径的⽓泡之间（⽑细管压⼒差），⼩泡中的⽓体会向⼤⽓泡转移，导致⼤⽓泡越变越⼤，⼩⽓泡越变越⼩，最终消失。
2.泡沫体系的稳定机制：（⽓体扩散）、（⽑细流动）、（重⼒排液）、（Ostwald熟化）。
《食品科学与工程导论》模拟试卷3
《食品科学与工程导论》模拟试卷3一、单项选择题（每小题 1 分，共 15 分）1、以下蛋白质的功能性质中，在冰淇淋制作中没有明显体现的是（）。
A. 水溶性B. 水合性C. 起泡性D. 乳化性2、在一定温度下加热，活菌数减少一个对数周期（即90%活菌被杀死）时，所需的时间称为（）。
A. TDT（热死时间）B. D值C. Z值D. F值3、一块蛋糕和一块饼干同时放在一个密闭容器中，一段时间后饼干的水分含量（ B ）。
A.不变B.增加C.降低D.无法直接预计4. 淀粉老化的较适宜含水量为(B )。
A.10%B.40%C.80%D.100%5．工业上称为液化酶的是( C )（A）β-淀粉酶 (B) 纤维酶 (C)α-淀粉酶 (D)葡萄糖淀粉酶6关于水分活度描述有误的是____D___。
A）αW能反应水与各种非水成分缔合的强度。
（B）αW比水分含量更能可靠的预示食品的稳定性、安全性等性质。
（C）食品的αW值总在0～1之间。
（D）不同温度下αW均能用P/P0来表示。
7当食品中的αW值为0.40时，下面哪种情形一般不会发生？___C____（A）脂质氧化速率会增大。
（B）多数食品会发生美拉德反应。
（C）微生物能有效繁殖（D）酶促反应速率高于αW值为0.25下的反应速率。
7 环糊精由于内部呈非极性环境，能有效地截留非极性的___D____和其他小分子化合物。
（A）有色成分（B）无色成分（C）挥发性成分（D）风味成分8 马铃薯淀粉在水中加热可形成非常黏的__A____溶液。
（A）透明（B）不透明（C）半透明（D）白色9对面团影响的两种主要蛋白质是 ( C )A麦清蛋白和麦谷蛋白 B麦清蛋白和麦球蛋白C麦谷蛋白和麦醇溶蛋白 D 麦球蛋白和麦醇溶蛋白10赖氨酸为碱性氨基酸，已知pKa1=2.18 pKa2=8.95 pKa3=10.53 则赖氨酸的等电点pI为（ C ）。
A.5.57B.6.36C.9.74D.10.5311不属于蛋白质起泡的必要条件是___D____（A）蛋白质在气-液界面吸附形成保护膜（B）蛋白质充分伸展和吸附（C）在界面形成黏弹性较好的蛋白质膜（D）具有较高的蛋白质浓度12中性氨基酸的等电点范围是____D___（A）7.6~10.6；（B）6.3~7.2；（C）2.8~3.2；（D）5.5~6.313下列脂酸脂中必需脂肪酸是( B ）。
食品科学导论练习题库(附参考答案)
食品科学导论练习题库（附参考答案）一、单选题（共50题，每题1分，共50分）1、维生素D主要存在于动物性食品中,其中主要以()。
A、肉类B、蛋类C、海产鱼肝D、乳类正确答案：C2、微生物在固体平板上生长的集团称A、混浊B、菌落C、菌膜D、菌苔正确答案：B3、下列食品添加剂中属于安全防腐剂的是()。
A、苯甲酸钠B、山梨酸C、亚硝酸钠D、苯甲酸正确答案：B4、常用化学防腐剂().A、BHAB、TBHQC、山梨酸钾D、异抗坏血酸正确答案：C5、果蔬中有收敛性涩味且对制品风味具有重要作用的物质是（)。
A、有机酸B、糖苷C、氨基酸D、单宁正确答案：D6、空气对流干燥过程中，下列因素中既影响恒率干燥阶段的速率，也影响降率干燥阶段速率的是（）。
A、温度B、大气压力C、相对湿度D、空气流速正确答案：A7、反映食品一般性污染状况的微生物指标是（）。
A、霉菌数B、大肠菌群C、菌落总数D、酵母菌数正确答案：C8、下述()可作为机体利用的直接能源。
A、脂肪B、维生素C、蛋白质D、糖类正确答案：D9、以下哪一项不属于粮谷类食物的特征。
（）A、以蛋白质为主要营养成分。
B、常食不厌、供应充足。
C、成本较低、便于流通。
D、可以转化为动物性食品。
正确答案：A10、下列食物中,脂肪含量最多的是()A、鸭肉B、核桃C、鱼肉D、猪肉正确答案：B11、下述碳水化合物中,能被机体消化、吸收、利用的是()。
A、果胶B、阿拉伯胶C、纤维素D、淀粉正确答案：D12、容易导致龋齿的糖类是()。
A、山梨醇B、葡萄糖C、麦芽糖D、蔗糖正确答案：D13、防止冻肉脂肪酸败的重要因素之一是()。
A、控制微生物B、控制湿度C、控制风速D、控制温度正确答案：D14、果蔬中有机酸的含量通常以果实中含量最多的一种有机酸来表示，如葡萄以酒石酸表示，柑橘以何种有机酸表示？（）A、苹果酸B、草酸C、柠檬酸D、琥珀酸正确答案：C15、大脑没有能量储备,必须依靠血液中()来供能。
食品学科导论考试题库
食品学科导论考试题库一、选择题1. 食品科学是一门研究什么的学科？A. 食品的加工技术B. 食品的营养成分C. 食品的安全性和健康性D. 所有以上选项2. 下列哪项不是食品加工过程中常见的物理变化？A. 颜色变化B. 质地变化C. 营养成分损失D. 微生物数量增加3. 食品保藏的主要目的是什么？A. 提高食品口感B. 延长食品保质期C. 增加食品营养价值D. 改变食品形态4. 食品中的微生物污染主要来源于哪里？A. 空气B. 水源C. 土壤D. 所有以上选项5. 食品添加剂的主要作用是什么？A. 提高食品的营养价值B. 改善食品的感官品质C. 延长食品的保质期D. 增加食品的重量二、填空题6. 食品科学中的“HACCP”代表的是________________。
7. 食品中的三大营养素包括蛋白质、脂肪和______________。
8. 食品加工过程中，_________是指食品在加工、储存、运输过程中因微生物活动而变质的现象。
9. 食品中的______________是指食品在加工、储存、运输过程中因氧化作用而变质的现象。
10. 食品中的农药残留主要来源于______________。
三、判断题11. 食品科学是一门综合性学科，涉及化学、生物学、物理学等多个领域。
（）12. 食品加工过程中，食品的营养成分不会发生变化。
（）13. 食品添加剂的使用是不受限制的，只要能够提高食品品质。
（）14. 食品的保质期是指食品在特定条件下保持其品质和安全性的最长时间。
（）15. 食品的感官评价只能通过视觉和嗅觉来进行。
（）四、简答题16. 简述食品科学的主要研究内容。
17. 解释什么是食品的微生物污染，并举例说明常见的微生物污染类型。
18. 描述食品添加剂的分类及其在食品加工中的作用。
19. 阐述食品保藏技术的重要性及其常见的保藏方法。
20. 讨论食品标签的重要性及其包含的主要信息。
五、论述题21. 论述食品科学在现代社会中的重要性及其对人类健康和生活质量的影响。
大学食品导论考试题及答案
大学食品导论考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 食品科学主要研究的内容包括以下哪项？A. 食品的营养成分分析B. 食品的加工与保存技术C. 食品的感官评价D. 所有以上选项答案：D2. 下列哪项不是食品添加剂的主要功能？A. 增加食品的营养价值B. 提升食品的感官品质C. 延长食品的保质期D. 作为食品的主要成分答案：D3. 食品腐败变质的主要原因是？A. 微生物的生长和大量繁殖B. 食品自身的酶促反应C. 食品接触氧气D. 食品温度过高答案：A4. 哪种维生素在高温下最容易被破坏？A. 维生素AB. 维生素BC. 维生素CD. 维生素D答案：C5. 食品中的哪种成分与心血管疾病的发病率密切相关？A. 蛋白质B. 脂肪C. 碳水化合物D. 矿物质答案：B6. 下列哪种物质不是食品中的三大营养素之一？A. 糖类B. 油脂C. 维生素D. 蛋白质答案：C7. 哪种类型的食品最适合采用巴氏杀菌法进行处理？A. 罐头食品B. 干燥食品C. 液态奶制品D. 冷冻食品答案：C8. 食品中的哪种物质可以作为食品的天然防腐剂？A. 盐B. 糖C. 醋D. 所有以上选项答案：D9. 下列哪项是食品加工过程中常见的非热杀菌技术？A. 高温杀菌B. 微波杀菌C. 超高压杀菌D. 辐射杀菌答案：C10. 哪种食品添加剂被广泛用于防止食品氧化？A. 抗坏血酸B. 柠檬酸C. 乳酸D. 碳酸氢钠答案：A二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. 食品的感官评价包括_______、_______、_______三个方面。
答案：视觉、嗅觉、味觉12. 食品中的微生物可以通过_______、_______、_______等方式进行控制。
答案：加热、冷藏、干燥13. 食品中的蛋白质主要来源于_______、_______、_______等食品。
答案：肉类、豆类、乳制品14. 食品添加剂的使用必须符合_______、_______、_______的原则。
浙江省2011年10月自学考试食品科学导论试题
浙江省2011年10月高等教育自学考试食品科学导论试题课程代码：01616一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1.维生素D缺乏易得( )A.夜盲症B.佝偻病C.癞皮病D.齿龈出血2.粉碎后产品粒度在1～5mm的操作为( )A.粗碎B.中碎C.细碎D.超细碎3.奶油属于下列哪种乳状液( )A.O/W乳状液B.O/O乳状液C.W/O乳状液D.W/W乳状液4.低温菌的最适生长温度是( )A.15-20℃B.20-25℃C.25-30℃D.30-35℃5.某罐食品内含微生物总数为100万，将其加热并在特定温度下持续5倍D值时间后，罐中残活的微生物总数为( )A.1B.10C.100D.10006.热保藏强度最大的是( )A.热烫B.巴氏杀菌C.商业无菌D.灭菌7.属于非平衡浓缩的是( )A.蒸发B.反渗透C.盐析D.冷冻浓缩8.制做冰淇淋的工艺流程为( )A.混合料配制→均质→巴氏杀菌→老化→凝冻→灌装成型→硬化→成品储藏B.混合料配制→均质→巴氏杀菌→凝冻→老化→灌装成型→硬化→成品储藏C.混合料配制→巴氏杀菌→均质→老化→凝冻→灌装成型→硬化→成品储藏D.混合料配制→巴氏杀菌→均质→凝冻→老化→灌装成型→硬化→成品储藏9.最低酒龄为4年的白兰地为( )A.X.OB.V.S.O.PC.V.OD.V.S10.食品包装的首要功能是( )A.信息功能B.方便储运功能C.保护功能D.促进销售功能二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题3分，共15分)在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选、少选或未选均无分。
1.水溶性维生素包括( )A.维生素CB.维生素DC.尼克酸D.泛酸E.维生素K2.下面属于食品加工中常用的成型方式的是( )A.冲印成型B.辊式成型C.膨化成型D.挤出成型E.浇模成型3.下面属于膜分离技术的是( )A.反渗透B.盐析C.电渗析D.微滤E.超滤4.植物油的提取方法有( )A.酶提法B.浸出法C.水代法D.压榨法E.复合法5.生鲜肉制品的包装可采用( )A.真空保鲜包装B.复层塑料包装C.热收缩包装D.气调保鲜包装E.保温包装三、填空题(本大题共10小题，每空1分，共20分)请在每小题的空格中填上正确答案。
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一、填空
1、列出4种脂溶性维生素A、D、E、K。
2、列出5中必需氨基酸丙氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、色氨酸、苏氨酸、精氨酸、蛋氨酸。
3、列出3种常用的食品干燥方法日晒或盘车干燥、喷雾干燥、冷冻干燥。
4、列举4个能引起食品劣变的因素微生物如细菌酵母和霉菌、食品中的酶的活性、得到或失去水分、与氧的反应、光、时间、机械压力或损伤。
5、列出食品干燥过程中发生的3个化学变化焦糖化反应、酶促褐变、增加腹水难度、风味、损失。
6、列出4种食品包装的基本材料金属、植物材料、玻璃、塑料。
7、在肉的研制过程中，加入硝酸盐的作用是保藏、护色、防止肉毒杆菌中毒。
8、胚乳是谷粒的中心部位；胚芽是谷粒末端的微小结构，它富含脂肪、蛋白质、维生素和微量元素。
9、肉在腌制过程中，加入食盐的作用是保藏和增加风味。
10、糖果中最常见的糖是非晶态糖；晶态糖是在温度达到一定5值时，糖发生脱水、分解及聚合。
二、问答题
1、按产品种类举出所有7种食品分类。
①谷物和烤制食品；②肉、鱼和禽；③乳制品；④果蔬；⑤糖及糖制品；
⑥油脂；⑦软饮料及酒精饮料。
2、巴氏杀菌的2个主要目的是什么？（1）破坏所有的可能在特定的食品中繁殖的病原性微生物
（2）通过减少腐败性微生物的数量来延长食品的货架寿命。
3、解释DNA重组技术。
从任何活的生物，包括植物、动物和微生物中分离出已知的特征基因，然后把它整合到其它生物中。
这些性状包含在基因中-在所有活生物体内发现的DNA分子片段。
把一个已知的性状整合到一个新的DNA分子形成重组基因。
4、描述初级、次级、三级食品包装的功能。
初级包装的功能：装质功能：能增加产品外观美感，对流通环节起着启示作用，使消费者通过装演设计了解产品的有关信息，同时，能增加其商品的附加值，还能对消费吝起着潜移默化的审美教育与欣赏趣味。
促销功能：包装无论大小、内外都应有利于销售，起到降低成本、节省流通费用的功能，防护功能：保护商品免受雨淋、潮湿、曝晒、腐蚀、破损、变质、防菌、防污染、防氢化、防挥发、防渗漏、防震等，从而延长商品的寿命。
如真空、无菌包装等。
次级包装：方便功能：为了方便生产、销售和消费的包装形式。
如：胡椒粉、芥末、色拉调味汁的瓶盖用开盖便可使用。
三级包装：运输功能：使商品迅速、安全地送到储藏地、销售地或消费音手中。
集散功能：把零散的商品用包装物集中起来，按不同数量、体积、重量构成一个整体单位(即中包装或大包装)。
如：一条烟、一箱酒等。
5、影响肉嫩度的因素有哪些？影响肉嫩度的因素有遗传、物种和年龄、饲料、肌肉类型、胴体的悬挂方式、电刺激、冷却速率、熟化、机械嫩化、化学嫩化、冷冻和冻结方式、烹饪和切割方式。
6、跃变型和非跃变型水果的区别有哪些？跃变型果实在成熟过程中产生乙烯气体，同时对乙烯敏感，能促进内源乙烯的打量生成。
非跃变型果实在成熟过程中不会促进内源乙烯增加。
7、提取植物油脂的常用的方法有哪些？机械压榨法：这种方法可以将大豆、棉籽、花生等含有较多的油料种子籽中的油压榨出来，通常在提取油之前会先进行碾磨和焙抄。
溶剂提取法：一种油的溶剂进入破碎的种子是种子中的油溶进溶剂中然后从溶剂中提取出油。
8、食品交叉感染的途径有哪些？①手，接触了食品原料（如鸡）的手再去摸不在烹调的食物，如各种色拉配料。
②与食品接触的表面，如案板、抹布等，这些物品在接触食品原材料后，未经洗涤或消毒，在于已经准备吃的食物接触；③食品原材料或污染的食品。
这些食品中的液体接触到或滴到已烹制的食品或即食食品上。
三、论述题
1、试述HACCP的七个步骤。
①危险分析。
准备一份加工过程程序清单，标明在哪些地方可能发生重大危险，以及将采取或正在采取何种预防控制措施；②明确关键控制点，即在加工过程出现失控时可能会影响食品安全的地方；③对2中所确认的关键控制点建立严格的控制标准；④建立HACCP监控程序，包括监控什么、如何监控、监控频率和谁来监控等内容，以确保控制标准得以完全符合。
⑤在监督过程中，如果发现有不符合条款3中确定的控制标准，采取必要的纠正行动；⑥建立有效的记录保持程序；⑦建立验证程序，证明HACCP系统是否正常运转
附：1、顺式脂肪酸和反式脂肪酸：氢原子或者其他基团围绕脂肪酸中的双键存在顺式和反式形式。
顺式和反式的碳、氢、氧原子数目相同，结构不同。
碳链越长熔点越高，双键越多熔点越低。
顺式脂肪酸的熔点低于反式脂肪酸。
2、控制发酵的因素：PH、盐浓度、温度
3、乳的杀菌：热杀菌，即加热原料的乳以除去所有可能存在的致病微生物。
杀菌方法：低温长时63℃ 30min；高温短时72℃ 15s；超高温杀菌 138℃ 2s。
4、糖的焦糖化反应和梅拉德反应：焦糖化反应是指加热使温度达到某一点时糖发生脱水、分解以及聚合，每种糖都具有各自的焦糖化反应温度。
蔗糖170℃；果糖110℃；麦芽糖180℃。
美啦得反应又称为羰氨反应，指食品体系中含有氨基的化合物与含有羰基的化合物之间发生缩合反应而使食品颜色加深的反应。
5、食品劣变的类型：物理性、化学性、生物性。
6、食品干燥的作用：降低含水量从而阻止微生物生长；食品重量更轻、所占体积更小、运费成本更低。
7、食品工业的组成部分：生产、制造/加工、物流、营销
8、瓶装饮料：在瓶装水行业中，存在着具两种代表性的产业和部门。
一是体积最大为19L的或可回收使用容器的水行业。
二是优质的瓶装水，越来越多的瓶装水生产商从原来的玻璃瓶转变为使用聚碳酸酯，后者包装的质量可信度更高。
瓶装水是一个有利可图的行业，与相同体积的碳酸饮料相比，瓶装水可以以相同或更高的价格出售。
9、蛋白质的品质和利用率受那些因素影响：①蛋白质的功效比值（PER）；②蛋白质的净利用率（NPU）③；蛋白质的生物价（BV）。
利用率影响因素：①必需氨基酸的比例；②饮食中蛋白质含量；③个体的生理状态；④可消化性。
10、说明发酵遵循的一般反应并列出5类常见的发酵食品：葡萄糖→丙酮酸→乙醛+二氧化碳→乙醇常见食品：泡菜、橄榄、酸奶油、农家干酪、咖啡、某些肉制品
11、10种营养上非常重要的矿物质：铬、钴、铜、氟、碘、铁、锰、铝、镍、硒、硅、锡、锌、钒
12、特色包装的要求：必须能够经受冷冻的温度，不会导致发热燃烧也要经受住沸腾和水蒸气的温度；微波包装必须符合所有包装的要求，并且能够耐受高温并让微波穿过；军用食品其包装必须能保护其中的食物，在恶劣的条件下简单加工即可食用。
13、鱼的保藏方法：干品、盐腌、烤、烟熏制品、辐射保藏、冷藏冷冻、罐装。