what用法总结

what用法总结
温馨提示:what用法很多，对专升本有用的我已经用红色字体显示，由于部分同学考研可能要用到，把几乎所有用法都附上了。

what的用法是各种类型英语科测试的热点，what的用法灵活多变，出题花样翻新，只有对其有一个全面的掌握，才能灵活运用。

本文以2006年的两道高考题为例，总结what的用法，希望能让同学们对它有一个全面的了解。

The shopkeeper did not want to sell for _____ he thought was not enough.（2006山东卷第26题）
A. where
B. how
C. what
D. which 答案：C
Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer _____ it was 20 years ago, _____ it was so poorly equipped.（2006安徽卷第32题）
A. what; when
B. that; which
C. what; which
D. which; that 答案：A.
上述两题中的what都是关系代词，一般含义是“the thing that”。

第一题中what 的意思是“the price that”，引导宾语从句；第二题中what的意思是“the school that”，引导的是表语从句。

what的其他结构还有：
一、what + little
在此结构中，little是名词，强调某种东西“虽少但已是全部”，至于被强调的是什么，只能凭借上下文来判断。

例如：（1）What little he said on the subject was full of wisdom.
（2）She saved what little of the money she could out of her slim salary to help her brother
go to school
二、what little + 名词
此结构为上一结构的延伸，所不同的是，little在这里不是名词，而是形容词了。

例如：（1）He gave me what little money he had about him.
（2）My father spent what little spare time he had in writing.
三、what + few + 名词
当被修饰的名词为可数名词时，little应换成few，含义为“仅有的几个”。

例如：（1）What few friends I have are very kind to me.
（2）I will lend you what few books I can spare.
四、what if
这是一种常用的省略结构，相当于“what will(would) happen if …”，意思是“如果……怎么办”。

例如：What if he does not come?
五、what is called
此结构为“what we call”的被动形式，意为“通常所说的”、“所谓的”、“一般所说的”。

例如：
（1）That is what is called Newton’s law.
（2）They are what is called “the lowly” in the USA.
六、what with (by)…and what with (by)
“what with (by)”相当于“partly with”，意思是“一则……再则……”、“一方面……另一方面……”、“由于……和……的缘故”，第二个“what with”有时可省略。

例如：（1）What with overwork and (what with) undernourishment, she fell ill.
（2）What by policy, what by force, the English made themselves masters of all India.
七、what作连词
what作连词，表示两种事物之间的相似关系，分以下几种情况：
1. A is to B what C is to D.
例如：（1）A pen is to a writer what the gun is to a fighter.
（2）Air is to us what water is to fish.
2. A does for B what C does for D.
例如：Leaves do for plants what lungs do for animals.
3. What C is to D that A is to B.
该结构是由第二种结构演变而来，what引导的从句与what引导的主句呼应。

例如：What food is to man’s body, that reading is to the mind.
上述句型中的介词to、for可根据需要变换为其他介词。

例如：What the lion is among beasts is that the eagle among birds./Letters do in writing what sounds do in speaking.
八、what for
意思是“为什么”，相当于why。

例如：What did you do that for?
九、what though
意思是“即使……又有什么关系”。

例如：What though it’s raining?/What though the way is long?
十、what of
这是一种惯用法，意为“那又怎么样呢”、“那有什么关系呢”。

例如：（1）His speech may not be exactly standard English but what of that?
（2）—The boy is wearing a red coat.—What of it?
十一、but what
用于疑问句之后，意为“不……而不”，
例如：There isn’t a day but what it rains these days.
十二、so what
口语中，常含有“不高兴”、“不重视”之意，可译为“那又怎么样呢”。

例如：You don’t like my drinking. So what?
十三、what’s what
口语中通常与动词know、tell、learn、show等连用，意为“事情的真相”。

例如：（1）It will take you a few weeks to know what’s what in this job.
（2）If you want to know, I will tell you what’s what.
十四、what it takes
what引导名词性从句，常常与动词have或have got连用，意为“取得成功或达到目的的必要条件”。

例如：（1）He’ll be all right. He’s got what it takes.
（2）She may not be very gifted but she certainly has what it takes.
十五、and what not
这一用法相当于“and some things of the same kind”，意思是“等等”。

例如：We had some beef, and what not in the restaurant.
十六、what has become of …?
这一结构的意思是“……的结果如何”、“……的下场如何”。

例如：What has become of the rebellion?。