日耳曼语言学导论7Syntax
Syntax语言学之句法学
句法学的重要性
句法学是语言学研究的重要组成部分 ，它对于理解语言的本质、演变和功 能具有重要意义。
句法学的研究成果有助于我们深入了 解语言的表达方式和意义生成机制， 对于语言教学、翻译、自然语言处理 等领域也有着重要的应用价值。
03
短语结构规则是句法学中的基础规则，是构建句子 和理解句子的关键。
转换规则
转换规则是指将一种句子结构转换为另 一种句子结构的规则。
转换规则包括被动转换、主动转换、疑问转 换等，通过转换规则可以将一个句子转换为 另一个等义的句子。
转换规则在语言学中具有重要的意 义，可以帮助我们理解不同句子之 间的结构和语义关系。
syntax语言学之句法学
目录 Contents
• 句法学概述 • 句法结构 • 句法规则与理论 • 句法现象与问题 • 句法应用与实践
01
句法学概述
句法学定义
句法学是语言学的一个分支，主要研 究句子结构的规律和规则。它致力于 揭示不同语言中句子的构造特点和组 织原则，并探究句子成分之间的关系 和变化。
01
康复训练
基于句法学的康复训练方法能够针对性 地帮助患者纠正语言障碍，提高其语言 表达能力。
02
03
语言康复评估
通过评估患者的句法结构，能够对其 语言康复效果进行客观的评估和反馈。
社会语言学与方言研究
社会方言
不同社会群体的语言使用习惯和句法结构存在差异，社会 语言学和方言研究关注这些差异及其社会文化背景。
2
生成语法理论认为，人类语言具有一种天生的语 法能力，能够根据一系列的规则和参数生成合乎 语法的句子。
7. Syntax
Linguistik Jingping Wang
2
paradigmatische Beziehungen
austauschbar
Der Mann Der Kerl Die Frau geht ü die Straß ber e.
Der
rote grü ne blaue
Mantel
3
Linguistik Jingping Wang
13
Grammatische Kongruenz
Ein alter Mann bringt dem Kind einen Hund.
Zwei Flexionsarten im Syntax
Sing./Pl. Artikel Nomen Genus Kasus Verb Person, Numeri, Tempora, Modi, Genus verbi
Linguistik Jingping Wang
19
Satzklammerkonstruktionen
Hilfsverb + Vollverb – Er wird bald ausreisen./ Er ist gestern ausgereist. – Er kann mir helfen. – Der Mantel wird von ihm gereinigt. Trennbares Verb + Prä fix Er nimmt am Deutschkurs teil.
Im Imperativ und Entscheidungsfrage: Stellung I
Gib mir ein Bier! Hast du morgen frei?
Im Nebensatz: Endstellung
日耳曼语言学导论2.Wesen und Funktionen der Sprache
Sprache ist ein zur Kommunikation und zum Denken dienendes Zeichensystem, das durch die Laute die Bedeutungen verweist. 语言是从事社会交际和思维的音义结合 的符号系统。
2
Soziale Wesen 社会属性 Strukturierung 结构性 Unbegrenzten Ausdrucksumfang 跨越时空的表达能力 Physische Voraussetzungen:
Empfänger
zwischen menschliche Verecher/-in Schreiber/-in
mündliche Äußerung
Hörer/-in Leser/-in
schriftlicher Text
KommunikationsText, Nachricht, Kommunikations Botschaft (message) partner 2 partner 1
Gehirn, Artikulationsorgane
Unterschiede von der Tiersprache
生理条件:
大脑、发达的发音器官
Mehr Zeichenformen 多符号形式
3
Charakterisierung der Sprache 人类语言的特性
sozial
national
Sender
Ausdrucksfunktion表达功能
Z
Empfänger Appell-funktion 招呼功能
12
Kommunikationsmodelle Axiome von Watzlawick u.a. （Watzlawick理论）
Syntax（句法学）%26Semantics（语义）（第五章,第七章）
Syntax（句法学）%26Semantics（语义）（第五章,第七章）Syntax1.Syntax（句法）is a branch of linguistics that studies howwords are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2.IC analysis（直接成分分析） is a new approach of sentencestudy that cuts a sentence into two (or more) segments. This kind of pure segmentation is simply dividing a sentence into its constituent elements without even knowing what they really are.3.The term “category”（范畴）in some approaches refers toclasses and functions in its narrow sense, e.g., noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase, etc. More specifically it refers to the defining properties of these general units: the categories of the noun, for example, include number, gender, case and countability; and of the verb, for example, tense, aspect, voice, etc.Semantics1. Semantics（语义学）----the study of language meaning. Meaning is central to the study of communication.2. Word meaningSense and reference are both concerned with the study ofword meaning. They are two related but different aspects of meaning.Sense（意义）---- is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract.Reference（指称）----what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.3. Major sense relations3.1 SynonymySynonymy（同义词）refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.3.2 Antonymy （反义）a. Gradable antonyms（可分级反义词）----there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair, e.g. old-young, hot-cold, tall-short, …b. Complementary antonyms（互补反义词）----the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other, e.g. alive-dead, male-female, …c.Relational opposites（关系对⽴反义词）----exhibits thereversal of the relationship between the two items, e.g. husband-wife, father-son, doctor-patient, buy-sell, let-rent, employer-employee, give-receive, above-below, …d. Reversive（可逆性反义词）3.3 Hyponymy （上下关系）Hyponymy （上下关系）----the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.a. Superordinate（上义词）: the word which is more general in meaning.b. Hyponyms（下义词）: the word which is more specific in meaning.c. Co-hyponyms（同级下义词）: hyponyms of the same superordinate.e.g. Superordinate: furnitureHyponyms: bed, table, desk, dresser, wardrobe, sofa, …3.4 Polysemy （⼀词多义）----the same one word may have more than one meaning.3.5 HomonymyHomonymy---- the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, e.g. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.Homophone（同⾳异义词）---- when two words are identical insound, e.g. rain-reign, night/knight, …Homogragh（同形异义词）---- when two words are identical in spelling, e.g. tear(n.)-tear(v.), lead(n.)-lead(v.), …Complete homonym---- when two words are identical in both sound and spelling4. Componential analysis（成分分析）---- a way to analyze lexical meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example,Man: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, +ANIMATE, +MALE]Boy: [+HUMAN, -ADULT, +ANIMATE, +MALE]Woman: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, +ANIMATE, -MALE]Girl: [+HUMAN, -ADULT, +ANIMATE, -MALE]Pragmatics语⽤学Pragmatics is the study of how speakers of a language usesentences to effect successful communication.Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning, contextualmeaning, how more gets communicated than is said.The originSemanticsContext considered Context unconsideredPragmatics Traditional semanticsSentence and utterance话语The relation: Meaning of a sentence is abstract anddecontextualized while meaning of an utterance isconcrete and context-dependent. The meaning of anutterance is based on a sentence meaning and therealization of the abstract meaning of a sentencein a real situation of communication.Example: My bag is heavy. (utterance meaning: a statement,indirec t or polite request, declining someone’s requestfor help)Cooperative Principles and violation of the conversation maxims合作原则和准则的违反The maxim of quantity 数量准则Make your utterance as informative as required. No more and no less.The maxim of quality 质量准则Do not say what you believe to be false and do not saywhat you lack evidence for.The maxim of relation 关系准则Be relevantThe maxim of manner ⽅式准则Avoid obscurity, ambiguity. Be brief and orderly Violation of the maxims and revealing conversation implicature 会话含义The use of the terms principle and maxim does not meanthat the CP and its maxims will be followed by everybody all the time. People do violate them and tell lies. In fact, the significance CP lies in the violations.Examples of the violations of the maxims:1) Violation of the Maxim of QuantityA: What are you readingB: A book.A: Do you know where Dr. Townsend livesB: Somewhere in the southern suburbs of the city. (saidwhen it is known to both A and B that B has Dr. Townsend’s address)2)Violation of the Maxim of QualityA: Would you like to come to our party tonightB: I’m afraid I’m not feeling so well today.(said when it is known to both A and B thatB is feeling perfectly well)3) Violation of the Maxim of RelationA: What time is itB: Well, the paper’s already come.A: The hostess is an awful bore. Don’t you thinkB: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren’t theyA: What do you think of the lectureB: He’s a good cook.4) Violation of the Maxim of MannerA: Let’s stop and get something to eat.B: Okay, but not M-c-D-o-n-a-l-d-s.A: What did your sister buy at Sears yesterdayB: She bought a red dress, she bought a green dress, and she bought a blue dress.。
Chapter 7 Syntax(句法规则)分析
Chapter 7 Syntax
Syntax
• Syntax: (Greek) Two morphemes: syn + tax syn: together tax: to arrange
• Syntax
– a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences
are paraphrases made possible by transformations • ---to construct and understand new sentences never heard or written before
• II. Types of grammar
– Traditional Grammar and the prescriptive approach:
• Noam Chomsky • This system of rules have much in common with
the types of rules found in mathematics. • This mathematical point of view helps to explain
– parts of speech, subject，predicate, number, gender and case.
– Structuralism and descriptive approach:
Syntax
relations of substitution are often called paradigmatic relations. It refers to the relations between words or phrases that can be substituted for each other in the same grammatical position. I( ) Tom the book. passed handed threw gave The ( ) smiles. strong man old professor pretty girl tall boy
• Descriptive usages are generally understood and don't need to be taught, especially to native speakers. Because descriptivists more easily accept change due to syntax modifications and cultural influences, they believe language is learned or understood, rather than taught.
语言学导论考试题目英语专业
一、D: language acquisition device 语言习得机制2. Displacement: Displacement is that language can refer to the contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. 移位法3、cultural transmission：文化传递性Animals call systems are genetically transmitted. Human languages are culturally transmitted.4. Interpersonal function: 人际关系Interpersonal function is the most important sociological use of language, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society. In addition, the ways in which people address others and refer to themselves indicate the various types of interpersonal relations. Finally, language marks our identity.5.Linguistics: Linguistics is defined as the systematic (or scientific) study of language 语言学6、Applied linguistics: Applied linguistics is a branch of study which apply linguistics to the research of other areas. 应用语言学7、Syntax: Syntax studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences. 句法学8. morphology: Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes. 形态学二、1. Language acquisition and language learningLanguage acquisition is to get a language subconsciously and naturally with no great effort. Language learning is to get a language consciously with great efforts and usually under the teachers’ instruction.For instance, for most Chinese, their knowledge about their mother tongue-Chinese, is language acquisition, while their knowledge about English is language learning.2. Foreign language and second languageA language has gained official status in certain region or country is called second language, while foreign language has not.For example, for most Indians, English is their second language since English has gained official status in their country while English is regarded as foreign language in China.3. Expressive function and Evocative functionExpressive function is the use of language to reveal something about the feelings and attitudes of the speaker. In this function, language is used to evaluate, appraise and assert the speaker’s attitudes, etc.Evocative function is the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer. It aims to amuse, startle, anger, soothe, worry or please.4. Phonetics and Phonology.Phonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is, how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, thedescription and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech.Phonology is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages.5. Semantics and PragmaticsSemantics studies the meaning of languagePragmatics is the study of meaning in context.6. Synchronic and DiachronicSynchronic description takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.7. Langue and paroleLangue is the linguistic competence of the speaker. It refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.Parole is the actual phenomena or data of linguistics. It refers to the actualized language.Langue is abstract, stable, systematic and not actually spoken by anyone. Parole is specific, personal, subject to personal and situational constraints and always a naturally occurring event.petence and performance(语言能力和语言运用）A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules iscalled his linguistic competence.Performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.简答题:1. What are the design features of language?Arbitrariness任意性Duality二元性Creativity创造性Displacement移位性Culture transmission文化传递性Interchangeability互换性2. What is morpheme? Morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning. For example，“purify”consist of “pur” and“ify”，and the noun“disappearance” consist of three morphemes: appear, dis and ance. They all have meanings, and cannot be divided any more.3. What is phoneme? Example. Phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning. E.g.：/b/ /p/ /k/ /g/.4. What is the performative function of human language? Supply example s to illustrate.The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons .It can also extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religions occasion .For example ,language is always used in the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children and the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony.5. What are the basic three branches of phonetics?Articulatory phonetics, Acoustic phonetics, Auditory phonetics.6. Giving four branches of macrolinguistics.Psycholinguistics心理语言学sociolinguistics社会语言学Anthropological linguistics人类语言学Computational linguistics 计算语言学.7. What are the seven function of language.Informative信息功能interpersonal function人际功能performative 施为功能Emotive function感情功能phatic communion寒暄功能recreational function娱乐功能metalingual function元语言功能。
syntax句法
the game
Phrase structure rules and X-bar theory
上面的短语结构规则并没有囊括英语中所有的 短语结构规则，但是我们能使用这些规则生成 许多短语结构了。 自七十年代开始，Chomsky (1970)、Jackendoff (1972)对短语结构规则做了 重大修改，提出了著名的X杠理论（X' theory)。
NP
AP
NP
N
PP
very smart students
of lingusitics
Noun Phrase (NP)
In order to differentiate the two NPs, we call the NP at the intermediate level N-bar (N')
NP
X-bar (X') theory
内容3：中心词可以被另外一个短语修饰，该修饰语 短语是中心词的指示语，处于中心词的上一层次 。 XP
ZP (指示语)
?
X (中心词)
YP (补足语)
X-bar (X') theory
例如，副词 quickly 可以修饰动词短语 open the door ，此时，quickly 处于指示语的位置，结构如下：
所以为了避免一个中心词投射成多个短语的问题，我们将 open the door 处理为V'（V杠: V-bar）成分，这就是X杠理 论的由来。
X-bar (X') theory
有了X杠理论，所有的短语，不管其中心词是什么，我 们都能将其表现为下列结构。 A phrase have three levels: the phrasal level, the intermediate (bar) level, and the word level.
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Artikel 冠词
Partikel小品词
Nomen
Adjektiv
Pronomen*
Deutsch
Verb
Konjunktion Adverb
Chinesisch
Präposition
Numeri
量词
路漫漫其悠远
助词
日耳曼语言学导论7Syntax
Klassifikation
der deutschen Wortklassen
聚合关系
austauschbar 可置换
Der Mann
Der Kerl
geht über die Straße.
Die Frau
rote Der grüne
blaue
路漫漫其悠远
Mantel
日耳曼语言学导论7Syntax
Bedeutung der paradigmatischen Beziehung –
verschmutzt die Luft.
路漫漫其悠远
日耳曼语言学导论7Syntax
Funktionen des Kasus im Satz
格的句子功能
Kasus
Satzglied
Wortart
Nominativ Akkusativ /
Dativ
Genitiv
Subjekt, Prädikatsnomen, Apposition
Genus 词性
Kasus 格
Konjugation
Verb
Person, Numeri, 人称、数、时态、 Tempora, Modi, 主动/被动式、
Genus verbi 直陈式/虚拟式
路漫漫其悠远
日耳曼语言学导论7Syntax
Person Genus Numerus
Tempus
Passiv
beschreibende Einheit.
可描述的最小的句法单位。
Satz: syntaktisch abgeschlossene Sinneinheit und grammatische Einheit.
句法完整的语义单位和语法单位
路漫漫其悠远
日耳曼语言学导论7Syntax
paradigmatische Beziehungen
Beijing gehört zu den großen Städten der Welt.
anders sagen, ohne den Sinn zu ändern?
请改变下面句子的表达方法，不改变内容。
路漫漫其悠远
日耳曼语言学导论7Syntax
ortarten im Chinesischen und Deutsc汉h德en词类比较
日耳曼语言学导论 7Syntax
路漫漫其悠远
2020/11/16
日耳曼语言学导论7Syntax
Begriffe
概念
Syntax: griech., Syn = zusammen, Syn=一起
tax = anordnen tax =排列 Wort: die kleinste syntaktisch zu
德语词类的词形变化
Flektierbar
有词形变化的词类
▪ Verben ▪ Nomen ▪ Artikel ▪ Pronomen ▪ Adjektive ▪ Numerale
Nicht-flektierbar
没有词形变化的词类
➢ Präposition ➢ Adverb ➢ Konjunktion ➢ Partikel
这里 有
住处。
Subjekt
Es
gibt hier
Unterkunft.
Adverbiale！
今天星期三。
Heute ist Mittwoch.
我们组三个人。
Unsere Gruppe besteht aus drei Personen.
Übersetzen Sie: 看完这本书你需要多久？
路漫漫其悠远
❖ Trennbares Verb + Präfix 可分动词+ 前缀 ❖ Er nimmt am Deutschkurs teil.
• Subjunktion + Verb im Nebensatz 从句连词+ 从句动词 Er hofft, dass sie bald wieder gesund wird.
路漫漫其悠远
日耳曼语言学导论7Syntax
Pronomen im Chinesischen und Deutschen
Arten
代词种类
Personal-
Beispiele im Dt. Du, er, wir, ihr, Sie
Beispiele im Chin. 我们、你们、他们
Demonstrativ- dieser, die Fahrkarte verloren. Martins Fahrkarte geht verloren.
Er schreibt mir einen Brief. Er schreibt einen Brief an mich.
路漫漫其悠远
日耳曼语言学导论7Syntax
主语、表语、同位语
Objekt, adv. Bestimmung (jeden
Tag) 宾语、状语
Attribut,- Objekt adv. Bestimmung
(eines Tages) 定语、宾语、状语
Nomen, Pronomen
路漫漫其悠远
日耳曼语言学导论7Syntax
Stellung des Verbs im deutschen Satz 动词在德语句子中的位置
日耳曼语言学导论7Syntax
syntaktische Funktion der Wortarten 词类的句法功能
synt. F. Sprache
Subjekt/ Prädikat Attribut Adverbiale Objekt
Deutsch
Nomen, Pronomen
Verb
N. Pron. Adjektiv, Adj. Adv. Adverb
日耳曼语言学导论7Syntax
Syntagmatische Beziehungen
组合关系
Anreihung der Wörter nach festen Regeln
按照句法规则排列
kombinierbar
可组合
Verb
Satzglied Satzart
路漫漫其悠远
日耳曼语言学导论7Syntax
Deutsch
路漫漫其悠远
Prädikat
Person und Numeri Modus 式: Indikativ, Konjunktiv Tempus 时态: Präsens, Perfekt,... Genus verbi: Aktiv/Passiv
日耳曼语言学导论7Syntax
路漫漫其悠远
beenden. 4. Er fand einen Zettel auf den Tisch. 5. Der Arzt verbietet ihn, zu rauchen. 6. Er nimmt das Fußballspiel teil. 7. Die übrige Arbeit lässt mich tun. 8. Von Autos geben Abgas ab, deshalb
Bedeutung der syntagmatischen Beziehung –
unterschiedliche Betonung
组合关系对学习外语的意义– 准确表达侧重点
l Das Fußballspiel findet heute statt. l Die Schule hält heute das Fußballspiel ab.
Funktionen der Verben
im Chinesischen und Deutschen
Sprache Satzteil
Funktion im Satz
句子成分
Chin.
Prädikat Verknüpfung des Satzes Vt regieren das Objekt.
连接句子，有些支配宾语
IInterrogativ- wer, was, wo
Reflex-
sich, mich, uns
这个、那里！ 谁、什么、哪儿？
Possesiv- mein, dein, sein, unser
Indefinitiv-
Relativ-
路漫漫其悠远
Jeder, man, keiner der, denen, dessen
路漫漫其悠远
日耳曼语言学导论7Syntax
Satzklammerkonstruktionen
德语动词的框架结构种类
Hilfsverb + Vollverb 助动词 + 完全动词 – Er wird bald ausreisen./ Er ist gestern ausgereist. – Er kann mir helfen. – Der Mantel wird von ihm gereinigt.
Modus
Feststellung der syn. Funktion.
路漫漫其悠远
Chinesisch
Deutsch
Lexem词汇: Pronomen Pron. + Konjugation
Lexem: 男女, 他/她/它 Art., Nomen；Pron.
Lexem：们
Deklination： Art.+Nomen, Pron.
日耳曼语言学导论7Syntax
Grammatische Kongruenz