日耳曼语言学导论3.Phonetik und Phonologie
日耳曼语言学导论5. Semantik
Polysemie Das Wort hat mehrere Bedeutungen:
含有多个义项的词
laufen, Arbeit, Zeit, Haus, Wasser，花、日
10
就词与词之间的关系而言
11
3.2.2. Paradigmatische R.1 : Antonymie
语义的聚合关系1 : 反义词
Kontrad.
反差型
leben/sterben, Tag/Nacht
konträ re
过渡型
eisig-kalt-mild-warm-heiß
konvers
互补型
geben – nehmen, kaufen - verkaufen
12
3.2.2. Paradigmatische R. 2 ： Synonymie
一个观念：词汇的系统性
Ansatz: Systematik des Wortschatzes Zwei Relationen
共时观察法(synchronisch)
两个关系：
paradigmatisch 聚合关系
Beziehung von Elementen, die an einer Stelle ausgetauscht werden kö nnen. 词义的可替代性
Suchen Sie die Oberbegriffe aus!
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
waschen, spü len, putzen, reinigen, saubermachen. Gehalt, Lohn, Sold, Verdienst, Honorar. Ochse, Kuh, Rind, Kalb, Stier, Bulle. Henne, Hahn, Huhn, Kü ken. Laden, Geschä ft, Kaufhaus, Supermarkt. Fachhochschule, Institut, Universitä t, Hochschule
日耳曼语言学导论7Syntax
Artikel 冠词
Partikel小品词
Nomen
Adjektiv
Pronomen*
Deutsch
Verb
Konjunktion Adverb
Chinesisch
Präposition
Numeri
量词
路漫漫其悠远
助词
日耳曼语言学导论7Syntax
Klassifikation
der deutschen Wortklassen
聚合关系
austauschbar 可置换
Der Mann
Der Kerl
geht über die Straße.
Die Frau
rote Der grüne
blaue
路漫漫其悠远
Mantel
日耳曼语言学导论7Syntax
Bedeutung der paradigmatischen Beziehung –
verschmutzt die Luft.
路漫漫其悠远
日耳曼语言学导论7Syntax
Funktionen des Kasus im Satz
格的句子功能
Kasus
Satzglied
Wortart
Nominativ Akkusativ /
Dativ
Genitiv
Subjekt, Prädikatsnomen, Apposition
Genus 词性
Kasus 格
Konjugation
Verb
Person, Numeri, 人称、数、时态、 Tempora, Modi, 主动/被动式、
Genus verbi 直陈式/虚拟式
路漫漫其悠远
日耳曼语言学导论7Syntax
Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language_语言学导论
Chapter 2 The Sounds of LanguageI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and theydistinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.2. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.3.English is a tone language while Chinese is not.4.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.5.In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms ofthe amount of information conveyed.6.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.7.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the partof the tongue that is raised the highest.8.According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which theconsonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.9.Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tonguein the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.10.According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels,semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1.Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible forvarieties of articulation than any other.2.English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in termsof p_______ of articulation.3.When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speechsound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.4.S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of thesegments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.5.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language arecalled s____ rules.6.The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broadtranscription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.7.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the wordin isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.8.P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.9.T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibrationof the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.10.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds ofstress: word stress and s_________ stress.III. Define the terms below:1. phoneme2.allophone3. International Phonetic Alphabet4. intonation5. auditory phonetics6. acoustic phonetics7. minimal pairIV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:1.What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?2.Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.3.In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?Suggested AnswersI. 1. F 2. F 3. F 4.T 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. F 9. T 10. FII.1. tongue2. place3. stop4. Suprasegmental5. sequential6. narrow7. intonation8. Phonology9. Tone 10. sentenceIII.1.Phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctivevalue. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.2.Allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in differentphonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.3.International phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally acceptedsystem of phonetic transcription.4.Intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather thanthe word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.5.Auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. Itstudies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.6.Acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. Itstudies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.7.Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for onesound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.IV.1. They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it isinterested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech soundsin a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.2. 1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import andim`port. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: 'blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives, adverbs, etc. arepronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.” for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3) English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: Whenspoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.3. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting onesound for another results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.。
《语言学导论》中文笔记
《语言学导论》中文笔记语言学导论中文笔记(完整)什么是语言学?- 语言学是研究语言的科学- 研究语言的性质、结构和功能- 研究语言的发展、变化和使用语言学的分支1. 语音学: 研究语音的产生、传播和认知2. 词汇学: 研究单词的构成、意义和使用3. 句法学: 研究句子的结构和语法规则4. 语义学: 研究词语和句子的意义5. 语用学: 研究语言在特定情境中的使用方式语言的特点1. 语言是人类特有的沟通工具2. 语言具有拟态性，即能通过语言表达事物的形状、动作等特征3. 语言具有符号性，即语言中的单词和语法符号代表着特定的意义4. 语言是可以研究和教授的，通过语言能够传递文化和知识语言的功能1. 意指功能: 通过语言表达思想、情感和意图2. 表示功能: 通过语言描述和描绘事物、现象和过程3. 交际功能: 通过语言实现沟通和交流4. 记忆功能: 通过语言记录和传递信息5. 心理功能: 通过语言影响和塑造个体的心理活动语言与文化- 语言是文化的一部分，反映了社会和文化的价值观和观念- 不同的语言体现了不同的文化方式和思维方式- 语言的变化和发展与文化的变迁和演变相互关联语言的变化和发展- 语言是动态的，不断发展和变化- 语言变化的原因包括：社会文化变迁、语言接触和语言演化- 语言变化常常由语言使用者的创新和共同接受推动语言的使用- 语言使用涉及语言使用者的语法知识、语境理解和交际目的- 语言的使用方式受到社会、文化、地域等因素的影响- 语言的使用也受到个体因素和语言使用者之间的关系影响以上是《语言学导论》的简要笔记，介绍了语言学的定义、分支、特点、功能、与文化关系、变化和使用等方面的内容。
对于进一步学习语言学的人来说，这份笔记能够提供一个全面的概览，并为深入研究打下基础。
《语言学理论》讲授提纲
《语言学理论》讲授提纲必读书目：索绪尔《普通语言学教程》叶斯帕森《语法哲学》萨丕尔《语言论》布龙菲尔德《语言论》乔姆斯基《句法结构》第一讲西方语言学发展概述一．语言研究的萌芽与发展：1．神话传说阶段：公元前五世纪希腊历史学家西罗多德（Herodotus）《历史》《旧约全书》中的《创世纪》弗拉塞尔（Frazer）[英国]《旧约全书中的民间传说》《吠陀》（印度最古的文献）中的《教义集》“以通神明之理，以类万物之情”“黄帝之史仓颉，见鸟兽蹄迒之迹，知分理之可相异也，初造书契。
”——许慎《说文解字叙》2．世界语言研究的三大发源地：公元前四、五世纪古希腊：柏拉图的对话录《克拉底洛篇》古印度：《波尼尼经》（又名《八章书》）/ “人类智慧的丰碑之一”（布龙）中国：“名无固实，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约则谓之不宜。
名无固实，约之以命实，约定俗成谓之实名。
名有固善，径易而不拂，谓之善名。
”（荀子《正名篇》）二．西方语言学的发展阶段：（见第二页）第二讲古希腊罗马的语言研究一．古希腊哲学家的语言研究：1．公元前四世纪，关于名称与事物关系的争论。
（柏拉图《克拉底洛篇》）克拉底洛：名称由性质产生，语言自然具有意义。
赫尔摩根：名称指称事物由于惯例，使用者达成的协议可以改变。
苏格拉底：论述两种观点的优缺点。
如：catastrophe(大祸) = cat(猫) + astro(天体) + fee(费用) rho 音表示运动。
但例外由惯例造成。
反映了“自然派”（柏拉图、斯多葛派）与“惯例派”（亚里士多德及其学生）的不同看法。
引起探索词源的浓厚兴趣。
1．按时间划分： 2.按每一时期的主要倾向划分： 500B.C.斯多依葛学派（本质派，不规则派）语文学希语法创始人：齐诺（Zeno）上腊特拉克斯（Thrax）亚历山大里亚学派（习俗派，类推派）时《语法术》创始人：阿里斯塔库斯（Aristarchus）期齐诺多塔斯（Zenodotus）300B.C.罗语法古马瓦罗（Varro）代表：多纳塔斯（Donatus）时（区分屈折普列希安（Priscian）期和派生）500A.D.“纯理语法”中代表：孔切斯（William of Conches）只研究拉丁语海里阿斯（Peter Helias）古贝肯（Roger Bacon）1400A.D.经验主义：[英] 洛克（Locke）传统语法文培根（Bacon）艺收集语言材料理性主义：[法] 笛卡尔（Descartes）复出现描写语法 [法] 波尔罗瓦雅学派兴历史主义观点“普遍唯理语法”1800A.D.[德] 洪堡特十历史比较法 [丹] 拉斯克历史比较九语音演变规律 [德] 葆朴、格里姆、施莱歇尔语言学世构拟原始语别 [德] 新语法学派纪“谱系树” [法] 社会学派1900A.D.现代语言学诞生 [瑞] 索绪尔《普通语言学教程》结构主义思潮 [匈] 布拉格功能学派结构语言学二 [丹] 哥本哈根语符学派十 [美] 描写语言学派世萨丕尔、布龙菲尔德纪转换生成理论 [美] 转换生成语法学派生成语言学乔姆斯基《句法理论》2．传统语法范畴体系的确立。
(完整版)英语语言学概论--整理
Chapter 1 Language语言1. Design feature （识别特征） refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal systemof communication。
2. Productivity（能产性） refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantitiesof sentences in their native language。
3. arbitrariness （任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between alinguistic form and its meaning.4. symbol （符号） Symbol refers to something such as an object, word， or sound that represents something else by associationor convention.5. discreteness (离散性） Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct.6. displacement(不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about thingsthat are not in the immediate situations of its users。
语言学导论PPT课件
In the mid of 19th
3.Philology
→
Linguistics
F.De Saussure (the founder of general linguistics）
(语文学） （语言学）
.
2
4. Linguistic study (1) diachronic study 历时性学习 Study the development of language in the course of time. 研究语言在不同时期的特点。 (2) synchronic study 共时性学习 Study linguistics at a particular point of time (given linguistic status or stage of a particular language) 研究语言在同一时期的不同阶段。
※ Performance is the realization of the knowledge ※ Knowledge is the essence of the competence
Behavior is the essence of the performance ※ Communicative Competence-------Hymes
languages.
2. Phonetics(语音学）：how the sounds produced,
transmitted, received.
3. Phonemes(音位）：speech sound segments that
.
13
Chapter Three Phonetics: sound of language 1. Definition of phonetics: The scientific study of speech
语言学导论-第3章
整理ppt
19
Word formation
Derivation 派生法 Compounding 合成法 Blending 拼缀法 Clipping 截短法 Acronyms 首字母缩略法 Onomatopoeia 拟声 Back formation 逆成法 Borrowing 借用 Coining 新造
8
Bound & Free morpheme
Morpheme: ‘minimal unit of sound and meaning’
A further division: whether they can occur on their own or not:
No:
Bound morpheme 黏着词素
/p/
phoneme
[p] [ph]
allophones
Morphemes
?
Allomorphs
整理ppt
6
Morpheme & Allomorphs
In phonology
allophones: the same phoneme, in particular contexts.
In morphology
Definition: can occur by itself, not attached to other morphemes
E.g.: girl, teach, book, class, the, of, etc.
A. lexical morpheme (open class)
feature: has lexical meaning; new examples can be freely added
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5
6
1.3 Phonetische Struktur und Klassifikation der Laute
音素及分类 Phon: Die kleinste lautliche Einheit der gesprochenen Sprache. 音素的定义: 讲话中最小的语音单位。
Phon Vokal Konsonant
Beispiele
stimmhaft
Park Karten Tusche Bart, Garten duschen
10
Typen
stimmlos
Frikativ 擦音 [f] [s] [∫] [χ] [ç ]
Beispiele
Fahrt, Riß rasch, , Hafen, durch
Wert sieben
发音原理 – 语音是怎样发出的？
• Laute beschreiben
描述记录语音
• Laute klassifizieren
语音分类
3
语音学的研究领域
• Artikulatorische Phonetik
发音学：研究语音的发音过程。
• Akustische Phonetik
音响学：研究语音的传递过程。
Lang- Kurzvokal时位：Bett – Beet, Stadt – Staat，Koma - Komma
中文
Tonhö he调位：ma, la, li
Gemeinsamkeit in den beiden Sprachen: Intonation
德汉语音的共同点: 语调表示语义
28
Lesen Sie den Satz in richtiger Intonation und dann ü bersetzen Sie!
18
Wö rterbucherklä rung ideenarm Eisenerz
sechseckig chaotisch Wortakzent
Kooperation Italiener
Vorort
offiziell
Reinertrag
Poetik
Ministerium
beobachten
19
IPA [ ], 1888
stimmlos stimmhaft [l]
Beispiele
Latein, Pille, lernen
13
Artikulationsart stimmlos stimmhaft
Vibrant 颤音 [r] [R]
Beispiele
Ring, Reis, reisen, Beere
14
Besonderheiten der deutschen Aussprache
•grö ere und krä ß ftige Mundbewegung •口型动作大、用力大 •stimmlos/stimmhaft: kalt – Geld •区分清浊音，不强调送气音：Tusche - Dusche •betont/unbetont, anfangen - beenden •Langvokal/kurzvokal: Beet/Bett •Diphthonge: auch, Kaiser,Leute •有双元音：Leute, laut, leider •Konsonanten als Wortendung: Stadt,heiß •Folgen von Konsonanten: selbst •Vibrant: Radfahrer,Druckerei •有颤音：Druckerei, Literatur
•语音学和音位学
1
语音的两个观察视角
•In phonetischer Hinsicht
–Phon（音素）
•从语音学的视角观察
•In phonologischer Hinsicht
–Phonem （音位）
•从音位学的视角观察
2
语音学的任务
• Phonetische Grundlage – Erzeugung der Laute
24
• Freie Allophone自由变体 –Ich, Material, Karriere, gucken，奶奶、小孩 • Stellungsbedingte Varianten条件音位变体 – auch/ ich, lieb/lieben, Rad/da – 调节/声调、银行/行为、会计/会议
17
• Klassifikation：（分类） • Offene Silbe：See, Aula, 拉、把、非、我 • Geschlossene Silbe ：an, Wand, 竟、天 •Besonderheiten der deutschen Silbe：
• Nach der Bedeutung getrennt: Feierabend • Ein Wort aus mehreren Silben：Universitä t • Ein Silbe mst. aus einer oder mehr Konsonanten：Herbst, selbststä ndig
• Funktion
区分词义
–Bedeutungen der Wö zu unterscheiden 数字/素质 rter
• Methode: oppositive Minimalpaare
•方法：最小（音位）对立体 z.B. stecken – stechen, beim –Leim, Mö - Lö we we, Tor – Tü Leiter – leider, Glas – Gras,打 – 塔, 密-闭 r,
22
Bilden Sie zu den folgenden Wörtern Minimal- / Oppositionspaare.
请为下列各词配音位对应的词
• Wahl• Wagen • Hebel • Ring • Bier – • Krug -
• Kasten –
• Waage • Stirn • dein • Meile – • Dach 23
15
Ein wichtiger Hinweis！
16
Lesen Sie laut !
• Blaukraut bleibt Blaukraut. • Blaukleid bleibt Blauk fischt frische Fische, • Frische Fische fischt Fischers Fritz.
Stimmhaft
浊音
Stimmlos
清音
7
元音四边形
8
Stimmlos - stimmhaft: fasse -Vase
Behaucht -unbehaucht: pa – ba
送气音和不送气音
9
辅音的主要分类
Typen 发音类型 stimmlos
Plosiv 塞音 [p] [k] [t] [b] [g] [d]
25
Arten der Phoneme
音位分类
• Lautl. Phoneme：Unterscheidung durch Phon
• 音质音位：以音素为辨音依据。
Deutsch
Chinesisch
stimmlos - stimmhaft behaucht – unbehaucht 送气 - 不送气 kalt - galt 怕 -爸，快 -怪 Vibrante – Laterale Nasale – Laterale
颤音 - 边音 鼻音- 软腭音
reiten - leiten
南 -兰，你 –里
26
Hase Schnee
Vieh oh
Schock Heft
27
• Bedeutungsunterscheidung nicht durch Laute
•通过非音质因素进行辨义。
bersetzen, blutarm Deutsch Betonung重音位：ü
stimmhaft
[v] [z]
11
Artikulationsart 发音类型 stimmlos stimmhaft
Nasal 鼻音
Beispiele
[n] [m] []
Nase, naß Monat, morgen Hunger, hä ngen
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Artikulationsart Lateral 边音
Wie kann man die Phoneme feststellen?
如何判断音素是否为音位？
Substituieren 替换法
durch ein anderes Phon 1. Konsonanten： Wand – Hand – Land Heim – heiß– Heil fü hren – fü hlen 2. Vokale： Leder – leider Tasche – Tusche
• • • • • • • Paula will Paul nicht. Paula will Paul nicht? Paula will, Paul nicht. Paula will, Paul nicht? Paula will? Paul nicht. Paula, will Paul nicht? Paula will Paul, nicht?
• Auditive Phonetik
听觉语音学：研究语音的被感知过程。
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1.2 Naturwesen der Laute
语音的自然属性 • Physische Eigenschaften: • 生理特性 1. Sprechwerkzeuge发音体 - Stimmbä nder声带 2. Luftstromprozess动力部分 - Lunge, Luftrö hre肺、气管 3. Resonanzorgane共鸣部分 - Rachen, Mundhö Nasenhö hle, hle - 喉头, 口腔, 鼻腔 - Frequenz, Amplitude, Dauer, Klangfarbe -频率、振幅、周期、音色 • Physikalische Eigenschaften:物理特性