美国文学复习资料
美国文学史复习资料
美国文学史复习资料美国文学史复习（colonialism)第一部分殖民主义时期的文学一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）their voyage to the new land2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) About dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit3、清教徒的思想：1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be事的权利。
没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。
6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor.学习指南：1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was thiskind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven.2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese.美国文学史复习2（reasoning and revolution) (2009-01-17 15:54:25)一、美国的性质：The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 联邦的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国。
(完整)美国文学复习整理
美国文学复习整理一、殖民主义时期的文学（colonial settlements)＆理性和革命时期文学（revolutionary period）（文艺复兴时期)1.清教主义的shaping influence2.代表人物“T he Tenth Muse”第一位移民诗人2. Philip Freneau 菲利普·佛瑞诺有宗教隐喻，关注本土地貌、人文.写印第安人故事。
美国诗歌之父 father of American poetry代表作《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle3。
Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊起草了独立宣言 The Declaration of Independence 17764.Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因拥护独立宣言代表作：《常识》Common Sense《理性时代》The Age of Reason5.Jonathan Edwards乔纳森·埃德沃兹大觉醒运动的代表人物 the Great Awakening6.Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林代表作：《自传》The Autobiography《穷理查德历书》Poor Richard's Almanac美国梦的代表二．浪漫主义时期的文学(American Romanticism）早期浪漫主义（Early Romantic Period）1.背景：1> 时间：18世纪末到内战爆发前夕（1861）2> 条件：○1国家的快速发展，大量移民和工业化发展错误!小说的发展，期刊杂志（periodical)出现错误!受英国文学的影响2.浪漫主义的基本特征1>Stressing emotion rather than reason2>Stressing freedom and individuality3>Idealism rather than materialism4>Writing about nature, medieval legends（中世纪传说）and with supernaturalelements。
美国文学复习资料
美国文学复习资料美国文学复习资料美国文学是世界文学宝库中的重要组成部分，它以其独特的风格和丰富的内容吸引着广大读者和研究者。
在这篇文章中，我们将为大家提供一些关于美国文学的复习资料，希望能够帮助大家更好地了解和掌握这一领域的知识。
一、美国文学的起源美国文学的起源可以追溯到17世纪早期的殖民地时期。
当时，由于殖民者来自不同的国家和文化背景，美国文学呈现出多元化的特点。
早期的美国文学作品主要以宗教和探险为主题，其中最著名的作品包括《普利茅斯故事》和《马萨诸塞湾殖民地的历史》等。
随着时间的推移，美国文学逐渐发展壮大。
18世纪的启蒙时代，美国文学开始借鉴欧洲文学的思想和风格，融合了理性主义和启蒙思想。
这一时期的代表作品有本杰明·富兰克林的《自传》和托马斯·潘恩的《常识》等。
二、美国文学的经典作品美国文学的经典作品数不胜数，下面我们列举一些代表作品，供大家参考。
1. 马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》：这是一部以南北战争时期为背景的小说，通过主人公哈克贝利的冒险经历，揭示了奴隶制度的黑暗面和人性的复杂性。
2. 纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》：这是一部关于道德与罪恶的小说，讲述了一个女性因婚外情而被判刑的故事。
小说通过对社会道德观念的探讨，揭示了人性的复杂性和社会的偏见。
3. 威廉·福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》：这是一部以南方小镇为背景的小说，通过对人物内心世界的描写，探讨了种族、阶级和家庭关系等社会问题。
4. 埃米莉·狄金森的诗歌：狄金森是美国文学史上最重要的女性诗人之一，她的诗作以独特的风格和深刻的思想而著称，对后世的诗人产生了深远的影响。
三、美国文学的主题与风格美国文学的主题多种多样，涵盖了社会、政治、种族、性别、宗教等各个方面。
在风格上，美国文学也呈现出多样性，既有浪漫主义的热情奔放，也有现实主义的冷静客观。
此外，美国文学还有一些独特的风格流派，如南方文学、黑人文学和美国现代主义文学等。
美国文学复习资料
殖民主义时期JohｎSmiｔｈ美国第一位作家Ａnne Ｂradstｒeet第一位移民诗人Edward Taylor 清教徒诗人文艺复兴时期Beｎｊａmin Fｒankｌin参与了起草独立宣言成名作《Poor Rｉchard’s Ａｌmanacｋ》《Ａutobiｏgｒaphy》Ｔhomas Paiｎe 拥护独立宣言成名作《Ｇreat Comｍoner oｆMａｎkinｄ》最平凡的人<Commｏn Ｓensｅ＞常识＜tｈe Aｇe ofReason> 理性时代＜Amｅrican Ｃriｓｉs>美国危机ThomaｓJeｆfersｏn起草了独立宣言Phiｌip Ｆreneａu 美国诗歌之父文艺复兴的诗人《the Wild Ｈｏｎey》野金银花浪漫主义时期Irving 第一位纯文学作家（bｅlleｔｒiｓｔ）<the Ｓkｅｔch Book>第一部短篇小说第一位浪漫主义散文体作家(pｒose ｓｔyliｓt)<ｔhe LegenｄｏｆSlｅeｐｙHollow>享有国际声誉＜ a Hiｓｔorｙｏf ＮeｗYork>第一部诙谐作品Cｏpｐer 开创了海上传奇小说和边疆传奇小说<ｔheＳｐy><tｈeDｅerslaｙeｒ><the Pｉlot> ＜Leaｔhｅrsｔoｃｋing Ｔales＞<the Last of Mohicans><tｈe Praiｒｉe>Bｒｙant 第一个获得美国主要诗人的称号<to ａWatｅｒfowl>最完美的短诗Poｅ现代短故事之父侦探小说之父＜tｈe Falｌof Hｏｕse of Uｓheｒ>＜the Ｒaven＞<Ｔales of ｔhe Grotesｑue and Arabesquｅ>第一部短篇小说集＜to Helen><Annabel Lｅe>Emeｒson 超经验主义运动<Nature＞<Seｌｆ-ｒeｌiａncｅ> <Esｓayｓ＞＜thｅAmｅrican Scholar> 知识分子独立宣言<Repreｓentaｔivｅmｅn＞<English traiｔs>Tｈoｒｅau 成名作<Wａldｅn><Civil Dｉsｏbeｄiencｅ>Hａｗtｈｏｒne 象征主义作家＜tｈｅHouse of the Seｖen Gable ｓ><thｅSｃaｒlet Leｔｔｅr>Melvｉlle<Modｙdick>Ｌongｆellｏw19世纪最受爱戴的诗人< a Psａlm oｆLifｅ><the Ｓong of Hiawａtha> 第一部印第安人史诗歌唯一被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人现实主义时期Wｈiｔmａn 创建了自由体诗歌frｅe ｖeｒｓe <Leaves of Grass＞美国历史上一部史诗Ｄicksoｎ该时期最伟大的女诗人＜I Died fｏr Beauty> Stowe 该时期唯一的女散文作家< UnｃleＴｏm’s Cabin>Mark Twain 现实主义文学代表作<Aｄveｎturｅsof Hucｋｌeberｒy Fｉnn><Aｄventures of Tom Sawｙer ＞<tｈｅGiｌｄｅｄage>＜Ｌiｆｅonｔｈe Misｓissippｉ＞<Hｏｗto Telｌa Ｓｔｏrｙ>对美国早期幽默文学的总结O.Henrｙ<thｅFour Mｉllion><the Ｇiｆt ofＭａｇi><the Cop ａnd tｈe Anｔhem>Henry Ｊamｅs 心理现实主义的开创者＜the Pｏrｔraｉt ｏf Ladｙ>＜DaｉsｙＭiｌlｅr><ｔhｅWiｎgs ofｔhｅDove><the Gｏlｄｅn Bowl><the Amｂaｓsadｏrs>Ｊａck Londoｎ＜the Peoplｅof ｔhe Ａbｙsｓ><tｈe Ｓｏn ｏfｔhe Ｗｏlf>＜thｅCall of the Wｉｌd>＜Martin Edeｎ>自传体小说Dreｉｓer<an American Tｒaｇｅdy>最成功的小说金钱万能<Sister Ｃａｒrie>欲望三部曲<the Fｉnaｎcier><thｅTｉtａn＞＜theSｔｏic＞二十世纪文学Poｕnd意象派的创始人< iｎａSｔaｔion ofＭetro><tｈｅCａntos＞Ｆrost 自然派诗人民族诗人<thｅＲoad not Ｔａken>＜ＡfｔeｒApｐｌ ePicking><MｏuntaiｎIｎtervaｌ>Ｓteveｎs 秩序理念<tｈe Man wiｔｈthe Bｌue Gｕiｔar>＜Neｃessary Aｎgel> <Anｅｃdote oｆthe Jaｒ>Ｅliot 现代主义创始人＜tｈe WastｅLanｄ＞标志现代主义文学诞生<Ｆｏur Quarteｔｓ><Murder ｉｎtｈｅＣaｔｈedrａl>Ｆitzgeralｄ<the Gｒeat Gatsby>＜tｈe Side oｆParａd ｉse><Teｎdｅｒis the Nigｈｔ>Heｍingｗaｙ推动报告文学的发展<FoｒWhom ｔhe Ｂell Toｌｌs＞强调momeｎt of tｒutｈ＜ｔhｅOld M ａn andｔhｅSea>＜the Sun Ａｌso Ｒiｓes><a Fareｗell ｔo Arms>Sｔeinbｅcｋ美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家<tｈｅGrapes oｆWr ａth＞<oｆＭice anｄMe ｎ>Faulkｎer 心灵与自己冲突是永恒的主题成名作<the Sｏund ａnd ｔhe Fury><a Rose for Ｅmilｙ>。
美国文学复习重点
1. Colonial American (1607-1765)Puritanism in America 清教主义1.Influence①American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind(思维模式),rather than a set of tenets.( ['tɛnɪt] 教义)②To them, religion was a matter of primary importance.③They accepted the doctrine of predestination(命运),original sin(原罪),total depravity(堕落),and limited atonement(赎罪) through a special infusion([ɪn'fjuʒn] 神典) of grace from God.[John, Calvin]④In a word, American Puritans are ready for any misfortune and tragic failures that might lie in wait for them.2. Colonial America did not always write the way Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor wrote. Some people wrote for civil and religious freedom, and some others wrote for America shaking off(摆脱) the fetter(束缚) of the savage(残酷) and rapacious(贪婪) British colonial rule.3. Early writersJohn Smith A Description of New England《新英格兰叙事》Anne Bradstreet(first American poet) Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America ( 1650 )《第十位诗神》.On the Burning of Our House 《写在我家失火之际》Edward Taylor(finest 出色的) Huswifery 《家务》Upon a Spider Catching a Fly《蜘蛛扑捉苍蝇之遐想》Chapter 2. The period of Enlightenment and the Independence War (1765 -1800)1.Eighteenth-century American thinking was dominated by two basic patterns of thought .Toward the latter part of theseventeenth century, a completely new view of the universe came into being.(Deism 自然神论)2.Benjamin Franklin(Enlightenment thinkers and writers)1）Poor Richard’s Almanac《格言历书》（Maxims格言and axioms哲理)2）Autobiography《自传》a.It is perhaps the first real post-revolutionary (开山之作)American writing as well as the first real autobiography inEnglish.b.It gives us the simple yet immensely(全面) fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state ofpoverty and obscurity(卑微) into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man. (自我奋斗成功)c．Comments1) First of all, it is a puritan document(清教徒传记). The most famous section describes his scientific scheme ofself-examination(审视) and self-improvement(完善).2) It is also an eloquent elucidation(清楚表明) of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of eighteenthcentury enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free(善良自由), by nature endowed(赋予) by God with certain inalienable(不可剥夺的) rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.3) It is the pattern of Puritan(典型清教写作风格) simplicity, directness, and concision(明朗). The plainness(平实) of itsstyle, the homeliness(通俗) of imagery(比喻), the simplicity of diction(措词), syntax and expression are some of the salient(突出) features we cannot mistake.3.Hector St John de Crevecoeur Letters From an American Farmer «美国农人书简»或者《信札》\American Romanticism（1800-1865）Section 1 Early Romantic PeriodWhat is Romanticism?A．Romanticism is a literary movement throughout the 19th C and it can be divided into the early period and the late period. Also it remains powerful in contemporary literature and art.B. It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass.C. Romanticism is associated with imagination and boundlessness, as contrasted with classicism,D. The most clearly defined romantic literary movement in the U. S. was Transcendentalism.E. The representatives of the early period includes Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper. Waldo EmersonHistorical Background: 1.American Puritanism 2.New England Transcendental Movement 3.American westward Expansion.American RomanticismFeatures：(1)American romanticism was in a way derivate: American romantic writing was some of them modelled onEnglish and European works.(2)American romanticism is a cultural heritage(文化遗产),American moral values were basically Puritan.(3)American romanticism was both imitative and independent.(4)Writers like Emerson and Whitman thought and wrote differently. They calling for the creation of a nativeAmerican culture and literature, represent“the deeper forces(坚实力量) ”of a Romanticisms at onceindigenous(本土化) and universal(广为人知).1. Washington Irving-- One of the first American writers to earn an international reputation, an early Romantic writer, and Father of the American short stories, The Father of American Literature ,“the American Goldsmith”Work：A History of New York《纽约外史》（DK）won him wide popularityThe Sketch Book《见闻札记》（GC）won international fame→contains German folk tales Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy HollowThe History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus 《哥伦布市传》A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada《攻克格拉纳达》The Alhambra《阿尔罕伯拉》Selections:Rip Van Winkle:I have observed that he was a simple, good-natured man; he was, moreover, a kind neighbor and an obedient, henpecked husband.Rip’s sole domestic adherent was his dog Wolf, who was as much henpecked as his master; For a long while he used to console himself, when driven from home, by frequenting a kind of perpetual club of the sages, philosophers, and other idle personages of the village, which held its sessions on a bench before a small inn, designated by a rubicund portrait of his majesty George the Third. “The Union Hotel, by Jonathan Doolittle.”Instead of the great tree which used to shelter the quiet little Dutch inn of yore, there now was reared a tall naked pole, with something on the top that looked like a red nightcap, and from it was fluttering a flag. The red coat was changed for one of blue and buff, a sword was stuck in the hand instead of a scepter, the head was decorated with a cocked hat, and underneath was painted in large characters, GENERAL WASHINGTON.The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Tarry Town, New York, Ichabod Crane, Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, Katrina Van Tassel Literary career: two parts---1809~1832a.Subjects are either English or Europeanb.Conservative love for the antique---1832~1859: back to USStyle –beautiful, Romanticism, Humor, Irony(1)avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining(2)enveloping stories in an atmosphere(3)vivid and true characters(4)humour – smiling while reading(5)musical language2.James Fenimore Cooper (the American Scott)a. He is the first border writer;(边疆作家)b. Created a myth about the formative period of American nation;（创造了美国格式化时代的神话）c. Helped introduce the “Western”tradition into American literatureWork：A：Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》(masterpiece, a series of five novels)The Pioneers《拓荒者》The Prairie (1827), 《大草原》(1823)---old The Last of Mohicans(1826), 《最后的莫西干人》The Pathfinder 《探路者》(1840)---middle-age, The Deerslayer (1841) 《杀鹿人》---youth (This process is the American quest for an ideal community.)Analysis of Natty Bumppo:Presented as an ideal American, living a virtuous and free life in God’s world. To him the wilderness is good, pure, perfect, where there is freedom not tainted （变质）by human institutions; He find “civilization” both corrupt and corrupting; The civilization is poisoned at the root from the very beginning.Analysis of Judge Temple: Judge Temple is a good indication of Cooper’s ambivalence(矛盾)，as a Writer of frontier life; He is a man of honor and integrity. He is as much a frontiersman as Natty Bumppo; He represents “the practically inevitable” (实实在在的实用)aspect of frontier life, He symbolizes law and civilization.His themes:a.Native subject of frontier and wilderness(荒原)b.New sources of fiction.Section 2 American Transcendentalism （summit of the Romantic Movement）（1836-1860）Appearance：1836, “Nature” by EmersonBackground: The Mexican-America War(1846-1848)美西战争，The westward expansion 西部大开发开始What is Transcendentalism：（Puritan heritage+Foreign influence）●appeared in 1830s in US●emphasis on spirit or Oversoul and stressing importance of the individual●regarding nature as symbols of the spirit or God and emphasis on brotherhood of man●representatives: Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David ThoreauResources：Transcendentalist Club in New England—the Dial《日晷》Features1.spirit/oversoul(超灵)2.importance of individualism3.nature – symbol of spirit/God; garment(外衣) of the oversoulSignificanceA. influenced a large group of writersB. summit of American RomanticismC. marked the independence of American literatureTranscendentalism: quotes----“Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.”1. Ralph Waldo Emerson (Father of Transcendentalism)Works:Nature 自然(1836) ：“the manifesto(宣言) of American transcendentalism” and “the Bible of New Eng land Transcendentalism.”----“a transparent eyeball”The American Scholar美国学者(1837)："America's Declaration of Intellectual Independence"(知识分子独立宣言) Self-Reliance 论自助: the importance of cultivating oneself (自我培养)----individualism2. Henry David ThoreauCivil Disobedience 《论公民的不服从》Walden：a series of 18 essays；Comparing with Emerson who was a great thinker, Thoreau was a great experimentalist Selection:“I went into the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of lif e and see if I could not learn what it has to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.“We live meanly, like ants; though the fable tells us that we were long ago changed into men ... it is error upon error and clout upon clout, and our best virtue has for its occasion a superfluous and evitable wretchedness. Our life is frittered away by detail. .”3. Nathaniel Hawthorne (Typical romantic writer ;born in Massachusetts)Works:Major romances or novels ：•The Scarlet Letter 《红字》(1850) (Hester Prynne 女主；Arthur Dimmesdale 情人；Roger Chillingworth 丈夫) •The House of the Seven Gables《七个尖角阁的房子》(Matthew Maule被害死，坏人也受到诅咒而死---sin will get punished)•The Blithedale Romance 《福谷传奇》(1852)•The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》(1860)Short stories：a)Twice-Told Tales 1837 《故事重述》b)Mosses from an Old Manse1843 《古宅青苔》c)The Snow-Image, and Other Twice-Told Tales 1852 《雪人和其他重讲一遍的故事》Puritan background•The Birth-Mark《胎记》(1843)•Rappaccini’s Daughter《拉帕奇尼的女儿》(1844)•The Minister’s Black Veil《教长的黑面纱》(1836)•Young Goodman Brown《好小伙子布朗》(1835)* The Scarlet Letter(清教思想融入了美国浪漫主义，象征手法)：Adultery(通奸)—Able(能干)—Angle(天使)The scarlet letter A is ambiguous(不明确的). And the ambiguity is one of the salient(显著的) characteristics of Hawthorne’s art.*Young Goodman Brown :( Goodman Brown and Faith) Everyone possesses some evil secret.Hawthorne’s point of viewEvil is at the core of human life.(2) Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation.(3) Evil educates.(4) He has disgust in science. One source of evil is overweening (too proud of oneself) intellect.4.Herman Melville (全拼—Going out to sea; marriage; friendship with Hawthorne)Works:•Typee«泰皮»•Omoo«欧穆»•Mardi«玛地»South Pacific islands•Redburn«雷得本»voyage to England•White Jacket«白外衣»United States•Pierre«皮埃尔»•Billy Budd《比利•巴德》(a sign that he had resolved his quarrel with God)•Clarel《克拉莱尔》( a poem)Moby-Dick «白鲸»(masterpieces)A．the first American prose epic散文史诗B．an encyclopedia百科全书of everythingC．a Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against fatesPrincipal CharactersIshmael (The narrator of the story) ；Captain AhabThe symbolism of Mobby-Dick1.The voyage to catch the white whale is the one of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of universe.2. To Ahab, the whale is an evil creature or the agent of an evil force that control the universe. As to readers, the whale is a symbol of physical limits, or a symbol of nature. It also can stand for the ultimate mystery of the universe and the wall behind which unknown malicious things are hiding.5.Walt Whitman（Free verse（自由体诗）, Envelope structure（信件结构）I - me, my nation (society), Catalogue）Work：Leaves Of Grass 《草叶集》written in the founding documents of both the Revolutionary War in the United States and the Civil War.Including：1. There Was a Child Went Forth 2. Cavalry Crossing a Ford 3. Song of MyselfThere Was a Child Went Forth 《一个孩子的成长》how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments, be identified with the childhood of a young, growing America.Selected readings：There was a child went forth every day, And the first object he look'd upon, that object he became, And that object became part of him for the day or a certain part of the day, Or for many years or stretching cycles of years. The early lilacs became part of this child, And grass and white and red morning-glories, and white and red clover, and the song of the phoebe-bird, And the Third-month lambs and the sow's pink-faint litter, and the mare's foal and the cow's calf, And the noisy brood of the barnyard or by the mire of the pond-side,I Hear America Singing 《我听见美利坚在歌唱》Selected readings：I hear American singing, the varied carols I hear,Those of mechanics, each one singing his as it should be blithe and strongThe carpenter singing his as he measures his plank or beam, The mason singing his as he makes ready for work, or leaves off work,The boatman singing what belongs to him in his boat, the deckhand singing on the steamboat deck.The shoemaker singing as he sits on his bench, The hatter singing as he stands, The wood-cutter’s song, the ploughboy's on his way in the morning, or at noon intermission or at sundown,The delicious singing of the mother, or of the young wife at work, or of the girl sewing or washing,Each singing what belongs to him or her and to none else,The day what belongs to the day-at night the party of young fellows, Robust, friendly,Singing with open moths their strong melodious songs.Song of Myself 《自我之歌》The longest and the best . Whitman is a man bubbling with energy and laden(装满) with ideas, spontaneous(自发的) expression of his original ideasSong of MyselfSelected readings：I CELEBRATE myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loafe and invite my soul, I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass. My tongue, every atom of my blood, form'd from this soil, this air, Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin, Hoping to cease not till death.O Captain! My Captain! ( Captain" is Lincoln himself)When Lilac s Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d,(小院丁香花开时)6. Emily Dickenson (Along with Whitman, Dickinson is one of the two giants of American poetry of the 19th century)Works(1)Because I Can’t Stop for Death (masterpiece about death )Selection:Because I could not stop for Death—He kindly stopped for me—The Carriage held but just Ourselves—And Immortality.We slowly drove—He knew no haste. And I had put away My labor and my leisure too, For His Civility We passed the School, where Children strove .At Recess—in the Ring—We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain—We passed the Setting Sun—Or rather—He passed Us—The Dews drew quivering and chill—For only Gossamer, my Gown—My Tippet—only Tulle—We paused before a House that seemed A Swelling of the Ground—The Roof was scarcely visible—The Cornice—in the Ground—Since then—'tis Centuries—and yet Feels shorter than the Day I first surmised the Horses' Heads Were toward Eternity—(Death is not to be feared since it is a natural part of the endless cycle of nature. )(2)I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I died (a description of the moment of death)Selection: I heard a Fly buzz --- when I died --- The stillness in the Room Was like the stillness in the Air -- Between the Heav es of Storm --The Eyes around -- had wrung when them dry -- And breaths were gathering firm For that last Onset -- when th e King Be witnessed ---- in the Room - I willed my keepsakes ---Signed away What portion of me be Assignable --- and then it was There interposed a Fly -With Blue - uncertain stumbling Buzz - Between the light ---- and me --And the windows failed ----and then I could not see to seethemes: based on her own experiences/joys/sorrows(1)religion – doubt and belief about religious subjects(2)death and immortality(3)love – suffering and frustration caused by love(4)physical aspect of desire(5)nature – kind and cruel(6)free will and human responsibilityStyle:(1)poems without titles(2)severe economy of expression(3)directness, brevity(4)musical device to create cadence (rhythm)(5)capital letters – emphasis(6)short poems, mainly two stanzas(7)rhetoric techniques: personification – make some of abstract ideas vividComparison: Whitman vs. Dickinson1.Similarities:(1)Thematically, they both extolled(赞美), in their different ways, an emergent America, its expansion, itsindividualism and its Americanness, their poetry being part of “American Renaissance”.(2)Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking free of the convention ofthe iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in form unknown before: they were pioneers in Americanpoetry.2.differences:(1)Whitman seems to keep his eye on society at large; Dickinson explores the inner life of the individual.(2)Whereas Whitm an is “national” in his outlook, Dickinson is “regional”.(3)Dickinson has the “catalogue technique” (direct, simple style) which Whitman doesn’t have.7. Edgar Allen Poe (inventor of the detective-fiction )WorksNovels(1)The Tell-tale Heart《泄密的心》(2)The Gold-Bug（侦探小说）《金甲虫》(3)The Black Cat《黑猫》(4)The Fall of the House of Usher”《厄舍古屋的倒塌》(5)The Purloined Letter” –one of the world’s greatest detective stories. 《一封失窃的来信》Poems•To Helen 《致海伦》-----physical beauty-soulful beauty–(选读)•Annabel Lee 《安娜贝尔·李》--expresses great loss and sadnessSelection: That a maiden there lived whom you may know 住着一位少女你或许认得Second stanza---But we loved with a love that was more than love可我们相爱，爱超越了爱---Coveted her and me. 也把我和她妒嫉。
美国文学期末复习资料（作家作品）
美国文学期末复习资料（作家作品）——美国文学1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴2）“The Way to Wealth”致富之道“The Autobiography”自传18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传2、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家，the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家“Sketch Book”《见闻札记》, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。
“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《西班牙征服记》A History of New York 纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra 阿尔罕伯拉3.James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀“Leatherstocking Tales”《皮袜子故事集》，包括“The Deerslayer”《杀鹿者》、“The Last of the Mohicans”《最后的莫希干人》、“The Pathfinder”《探路人》、“The Pioneers”《拓荒者》、“The Prairie”《大草原》, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。
美国文学复习资料
Unit3Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫-华尔多-爱默生作品1《论自然》Nature2《论美国学者》The American Scholar3《神学院致辞》The Divinity School Address4《论文集》Essays:First Series5《论文集：第二辑》Essays:Second Series6《人类代表》Representative Men7《人生的行为》The Conduct of Life8《英国特征》English Traits9《诗集》Poems10《五月节》May-Day and other PiecesUnit4Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔-霍桑作品1《范肖》Fanshawe2《故事重述》Twice-Told Tales3《古宅青苔》Mosses from an Old Manse4《红字》The Scarlet Letter主人公：白兰（Hester Prynne）齐里沃斯（Chillingworth）狄姆斯台尔（Dimmesdale）5《带有七个尖角阁的房子》The House of the Seven Gables6《福谷传奇》The Blithedale Romance7《玉石雕像》The Marble FaunUnit5Herman Melville赫尔曼-梅尔维尔作品1《泰比》Typee2《欧穆》Omoo3《玛地》Mardi4《雷德本》Redburn5《白外衣》White Jacket6《白鲸》Moby Dick主人公：以实玛利（Ishmael）埃哈伯（Ahab）白鲸（Moby Dick）7《骗子的化妆表演》The Confidence Man8《战士集》Battle Pieces9《克拉瑞尔》Clarel10《约翰-玛尔和其他水手》John Marr and Other Sailors11《梯摩里昂》Timoleon12《毕利-伯德》Billy BuddUnit7一、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加-爱伦-坡作品1《安娜贝尔-李》Annabel Lee2《乌鸦》The Raven3《十四行诗—致科学》Sonnet---To Science4《致海伦》To Helen二、Walt Whitman沃尔特-惠特曼1《草叶集》Leaves of Grass2《我歌唱自我》One’s Self Sing3《噢，船长！我的船长！》O Captain!My Captain!Unit8Mark Twain马克-吐温原名：萨缪尔-朗荷恩-克莱门Samuel Langhorne Clemens作品1《卡拉维拉县驰名的跳蛙》The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 2《傻瓜出国记》The Innocents Abroad3《镀金时代》The Gilded Age4《汤姆-索耶历险记》The Adventures of Tom Sawyer5《密西西比河上》Life on the Mississippi6《哈克贝里-费恩历险记》The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn7《亚瑟王朝廷上的康涅狄格州美国佬》A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court8《傻瓜威尔逊》The Tragedy of Pudd’ nhead Wilson9《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》The Man That Corrupted HadleyburgUnit9Henry James亨利-詹姆斯1《热衷游历的人》A Passionate Pilgrim2《罗德里克-赫德森》Roderick Hudson3《亨利-詹姆斯小说、故事集》The Novels and Tales of Henry James4《一个美国人》The American5《黛西-密勒》Daisy Miller6《一个女士的画像》The Portrait of a Lady7《波士顿人》The Bostonians8《卡萨玛西玛公主》The Princess of Casamassima9《波音敦的珍藏品》The Spoils of Poynton10《螺丝在拧紧》The Turn of the Screw11《未成熟的少年时代》The Awkward Age12《鸽翼》The Wings of the Dove13《专使》The Ambassadors14《金碗》The Golden Bowl15《小说的艺术》The Art of FictionUnit10Stephen Crane作品1《街头女郎麦姬》Maggie:A Girl of the Streets2《红色英雄勋章》The Red Badge of Courage3《海上扁舟》The Open Boat4《新娘来到黄天镇》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky5《蓝色旅店》The Blue HotelUnit14 F. Scott Fitzgerald弗-斯科特-菲茨杰拉德作品1《人间天堂》This Side of Paradise2《漂亮的冤家》3《姑娘们与哲学家》The Beautiful and the Damned4《爵士乐时代的故事》Tales of the Jazz Age5《了不起的盖茨比》The Great Gatsby主人公：盖茨比(Jay Gatzby)黛西(Daisy)汤姆(Tom) 故事叙述人：Nick Carraway6《夜色温柔》Tender is the Night7《崩溃》The Crack-UpUnit15William Faulkner威廉-福克纳作品1《大理石牧神》The Marble Faun2《士兵的报酬》Soldier’s Pay3《蚊群》Mosquitoes4《喧嚣与骚动》The Sound and the Fury5《我弥留之际》As I Lay Dying6《八月之光》Light in August7《押沙龙，押沙龙！》Absalom，Absalom!8《沙多里斯》Sartoris9《村子》The Hamlet10《小镇》The Town11《大宅》The Mansion12《烧牲口棚》Barn Burning主人公：阿伯纳（Abner）萨蒂（Sarty）哈里斯（Harris）Unit16Ernest Hemingway厄内斯特-海明威作品1《在我们的时代里》In Our Time2《太阳照样升起》The Sun Also Rises3《永别了，武器》A Farewell to Arms主人公：亨利Henry 4《丧钟为谁而鸣》For Whom the Bell Tolls5《老人与海》The Old Man and the Sea6A Clean，Well-Lighted PlaceUnit17Ezra Pound埃兹拉-庞德1《狂喜》Exultations2《人物》Personae3《中国》Cathay4《诗章》Cantos5《意象派诗选》Des Imagistes6《在一个地铁车站》In a Station of the Merto Wallace Stevens华莱士-斯蒂文斯1《必要的天使》The Necessary Angel2《坛子的轶事》Anecdote of the JarUnit18Eugene Glastone O’Neil尤金-格拉斯通-奥尼尔1《东航加的夫》Bound East for Cardiff2《在这一带》In the Zone3《漫长的返航》The Long Voyage Home4《加勒比的月亮》The Moon of the Caribees5《琼斯皇帝》Emperor Jones6《毛猿》The Hairy Ape7《大神布朗》The Great God Brown8《奇异的插曲》Strange Interlude9《榆树下的欲望》Desire Under the Elms10《悲悼》Mourning Becomes Electra11《送冰的人来了》The Iceman Cometh12《诗人的气质》A Touch of the Poet13《长日终入夜》Long Day’s Journey Into Night14《月照不幸人》The Moon for the Misbegotten15《休依》Hughie16《更庄严的大厦》More Stately MansionsUnit21Ralph Waldo Ellison拉尔夫-华尔多-埃利森作品1《看不见的人》Invisible Man2《影子与行动》Shadow and Act3《走向领域》Going to the TerritoryUnit24Saul Bellow索尔-贝娄1《晃来晃去的人》Dangling Man2《受害者》The Victim3《奥吉-玛琪历险记》The Adventures of Augie March 4《只争朝夕》Seize the Day5《雨王汉德森》Henderson the Rain King6《赫尔索格》Herzog7《塞姆勒先生的行星》Mr Sammler’s Planet8《洪堡的礼物》Humbolt’s Gift9《院长的十二月》The Deans December10《更多人死于悲痛》More Die of Heartbreak11《盗窃》The Theft12《真实的》The Actual13《拉维尔斯坦》Ravelstein14《奥斯比的回忆及其其他故事》Mosby’s Memories and Other Stories15《最后的分析》The Last AnalysisUnit25Joseph Heller约瑟夫-海勒1《第二十二条军规》Catch-222《我们轰炸了纽黑文》We Bombed in New Haven3《出了毛病》Something Happened4《像高尔德那样好》Good As Gold5《天晓得》God KnowsUnit26Toni Morrison托尼-莫里森1《在黑暗中游戏：白色与文学想象》Playing in the Dark:Whiteness and the Literary Imagination2《最蓝的眼睛》The Bluest Eye3《秀拉》Sula4《所罗门之歌》Song of Solomon5《柏油孩子》Tar Baby6《宠儿》Beloved7《爵士乐》Jazz8《天堂》Paradise9《爱》LoveⅠ.Complete the following statements with a proper word or a phrase according to the textbook.1.The arbiter of nineteenth-century literary realism in America was __________ ( William Dean Howells )2._______________had already pointed towards Mark Twain’s uneasyacceptance of the values of nineteen-century American society.( The Gilded Age)3._____________ (1878) which one American critic described as “anoutrage to American girlhood” brought James his first international fame.( Dassy Miller)4.______________(1900), which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeberand the tragic decline of G.W.Hurstwood, was Dreiser’s first novel.( Sister Carrie)5.In the years preceding World War I, nineteenth-century realism and_____________remained vital forces in American Literature.( naturalism)6.Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged thatthey were a “______________”, devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization.( Lost Generation)7.Early in the 1920s the most prominent of the new American playwrights,_______________established an international reputation.( Eugene O’Neil)8.Jazz music of the American ___________-- the most influential art formto originate in the United States-spread throughout the world.( Negro) 9.In London, Frost’s first book, ______________, brought him to theattention of influential critics(A Boy’s Will)10.Frost employed the plain speech of rural ________________and preferredthe short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative.( New Englanders) 11.In his finest novels, The Great Gatsby and_________________,Fitzgerald had revealed the stridency of an age of glittering innocence.(Tender is the Night)12.________________was the first American to be wounded in Italy duringWorld War I.( Hemingway)13.A Farewell to Arms portrayed a farewell both to ______and to _______(war; love)14.In 1952, Hemingway portrayed an old fisherman____________ in The OldMan and the Sea.( Santiago)15.The only Faulkner novel that had come close to being a best seller inits day was____________, a book more famous for its shock value than for its literary quality.( Sanctuary)16.*Oxford was with some fictional modifications, a prototype ofJefferson, in the mythical county of Yoknapatawpha, the setting of ____________and most of Faulkner’s subsequent works.( Sartoris) 17.Emerson was recognized throughout his life as the leaderof_____________ movement, yet he never applied the term to himself or to his beliefs and ideas.( Transcendentalist)18.Emerson’s truest disciple, the man who put into practice many ofEmerson’s theories, was_________.( H.D Thoreau)19._______________deals with the effects of a curse, and though the taleitself is fiction, the germ of the story sprang from the author’s family history.( The House of the Seven Gables )20.Hawthorne’s unique gift was for the creation of strongly_________stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature.The finest example is the recreation of Puritan Boston, _______________.( symbolic; The scarlet letter)21. _____________ is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuitof a seemingly supernatural white whale. (Moby-Dick)22.As we have seen, __________dominated the Puritan phase of Americanwriting . ____________was the next great subject to command the attention of the best minds.( theology; Politics)23.From 1732 to 1758 , Franklin wrote and published hisfamous_______________, an annual collection of proverbs(Poor Richard’s Almanac)24.In 1828 the election of the frontier hero ________________as theseventh President of the United States had brought an effective end to the “Virginia Dynasty” of American Presidents .( Andrew Jackson) 25.Washington Irving’s ______________became the first work by an Americanwriter to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic .(Skwtch Book )26._____________________was the first great prose stylist of Americanromanticism , and his familiar style was destined to outlive the formal prose of such contemporaries as Acott and Cooper ,and to provide a model for the prevailing prose narrative for the future .( Washington Irving) II. Define the literary terms listed below.1.*American NaturalismAmerican naturalism was a new and harsher realism. It had been shaped by the war and by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. Although naturalist literature described the world with brutal realism, it also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.2.*Local ColorismLocal Colorism or Regionalism as a trend first exist in the late 1860s and early 1870s in America. It may be defined as the careful attegogoms in speech, dress or behavior especially in a geographical locality. The ultimate aim of the local colorists is to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities which tells it apart from the world outside. The social and intellectual climate of the country provided a stimulating milieu for the growth of local color fiction in America. Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions. They tended to idealize and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life. They formed an important part of the realistic movement. Although it lost its momentum toward the end of the 19th century, the local spirit continued to inspire and fertilize the imagination of author.3.*Lost GenerationLost Generation or the Sad Young Men, which was created by F.S. Fitzgerald in his book All the Sad Young Men. It refers to the post-World War Igeneration, but a group of US writers who experienced the war established their reputation in the 1920s. It stems from a remark made by Gertrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway, “You are all a lost generation.”Hemingway used it as an epigraph to The Sun Also Rises, a novel that expressed the attitudes of a hard-drinking, fast living set of disillusioned young expatriates in postwar Paris. The generation was “lost”in the sense and its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from US, they seemed hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotionally barren. The term includes Hemingway, Fitzgerald, Dos Passos, E.E. Cummings and so on.4.*ImagismImagism is a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.5.*Hemingway Heroes“Hemingway Heroes “refer to some protagonists in Hemingway’s works. Such a hero is an average man of masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent .And usually he is a man of action and of few words .He is such an individualist, alone even when with other people, somewhat an outsider, keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place where one can not get happiness .The Hemingway heroes stand for a whole generation. It must end in defeat, no matter how hard he strives. This is the essence of a code of honor in which all of Hemingway’s heroes believe ,whether he is Nick Adams, Jake Barnes, Frederic Henry .But surely they differ some from others in their view of the world .The difference which comes gradually in view is an index to the subtle change which Hemingway’s outlook has undergone.6.*The Jazz AgeWorld War1 was a tragic failure of old values, of old politics, of old ideas .The social mood was often one of confusion and despair. But during the 1920s American did not seem desperate, Instead, they entered a decade of prosperity and exhibitionism that prohibition, the legal ban against alcoholic beverages more to encourage than to curb. Fashions were extravagant; more land more automobiles crowded the roads, advertising flourished, and nearly every American home had a radio in it .Fads swept the nation. This was the Jazz Age, when New Orleans musicians moved “up the river” to Chicago, and the theatre of New York’s Harlem pulsed with the music that had become a symbol of the times . The roaring of the decade served to mask a quiet pain, the sense of loss that Gertrude Stein had observed in Paris. F. Scott.Fitzgerald portrays the Jazz Age as a generation of “the beautiful and damned”, drowning in their pleasures.7.American TranscendentalismAmerican Transcendentalism is more of a tendency, an attitude, than thephilosophy. To “transcend” something is to rise above it, to pass beyond its limits. Transcendentalists took their ideas from the romantic literature of Europe, fromnew-Platoism, from German idealistic philosophy, and from the revelations ofOriental-mysticism. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialismof American society. Features:1、they placed emphasis on spirit as the most important thing in the Universe.2、they stressed the importance of the individual..3、they offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spiritor God.8. SymbolismSymbolism is the writing technique of using symbols. A symbol conveys two kinds of meaning; it is simply itself, and it stands for something other than itself. In other words, a symbol is both literal and figurative. People, places, things and even events can be used symbolically. A symbol is a way of telling a story and a way of conveying meaning. The best symbols are those that are believable in the lives of the characters and also convincing as they convey a meaning beyond the literal level of the story. Hawthorn and Melville were the two masters of symbolism. For example, the scarlet letter “A” on Hester’s breast can give you symbolic meanings. If the symbol is obscure, then the very obscurity may also be part of the meaning of the story.Answer the following questions.III. Answer the following questions1.*What does Huck Finn reflect?Huck Finn is a veritable recreation of living models. Huck and his father, Jim, the swindlers, Colonel Sherburn and the drunkard Boggs—all these characters had prototypes in real life. The portrayal of individual incidents and characters achieved intense verisimilitude of detail. Serious problems are being discussed through the narration of a little illiterate boy. The fact of the wilderness juxtaposed with civilization, the people half wild and half civilized, many of whom are coarse, vulgar, and brutal; and the fact of brutal slavery an of human beings—Blacks—being sold in the market places like animals. All these and many other incidents are depicted in true-to-life detail as the background against which Huck Finn’s awareness of good and evil develops. Though a local and particular book, it touches upon the human situation in a general, indeed “universal”way: Humanitarianism ultimately triumphs.2.*What is Mark Twain’s contribution to American Literature?One of Mark Twain’s significant contributions to Americanliterature lies in the fact that he made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium in the literary history of the country. The style has swept American literature and made books before Huck Finn and after it quite different. Its influence is clearly visible in twentieth-century American literature. It is continued in both prose and poetry. Among the number of American authors who acknowledged their indebtedness to Mark Twain are Sherwood Anderson, Ernest Hemingway, T.S.Eliot, William Faulkner, and contemporary authors such as J.D.Salinger, E.A.Robinson, Robert Frost, Carl Sandburg, William Carlos Williams, E.E.Cummings and even Ezra Pound. The importance of the style in American literature cannot be overrated.3.*What are the major features in American Realism?⑴ Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday life scenes are represented in a straightforward or matter-of-fact manner.⑵In realist fiction characters from all social levels are examined in depth. This is a major change, and it is one of the examples of the truthful treatment of material, because this is how real life is.⑶ Open ending is also a good example of the truthful treatment of material.⑷Realism focuses on commonness of the lives of the common people who are customarily ignored by the arts.⑸ Realism emphasizes objectivity and offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.⑹ Realism presents moral visions.Realists are aware of accepted social standards. In their works they recreate real life and show the dilemmas that the people are having as they try to understand what life means in an ethical way. They are able to probe deeply into these problems of the human conscience. Their method is completely objective and carries with it the whole theoretical meaning of why people choose to be objective.4.*What do you know about The Old Man and the Sea?It is a short novel ,a fable of a kind ,about an old Cuban fisherman Santiago and his battle with a great marlin . For 84 days Santiago does not catch a single fish but he does not feel discouraged .He goes far out into the sea and hooks a giant marlin. A desperate struggle ensues in which Santiago manages to kill the fish and tie it to his boat, only to find that on the way home he has to fight a more desperate struggle with other dangerous giant sharks, which eat up the marlin, leaving only a skeleton. The old man brings it home and goes to bed to dream, almost dead with exhaustion. Here in Santiago we see again the spirit of the noble—if tragic –Hemingway type of individualism, contending with a force he knows it is futile to battle with. He keeps on fighting because he believes that “a man is not made for defeat …A man can bedestroyed but not defeated”. However ,the old man eventually comes to the realization that in going far out alone, “beyond all the people in the world ”,he has met his doom ,and he feels good to be one of the human and the natural world .That he begins to experience a feeling of brotherhood and love not only for his fellowmen but. For his fellow creatures in nature is a convincing proof that Hemingway ‘s vision of the world has undergone profound changed.5.*“Make a comparison between Hemingway and Fitzgerald.The world after the first World War was quite different. All the old certainties were gone, and everything was new. There was affluence and excitement on the one hand, and on the other, disturbing indications that the old world was simply dying. Against this background Fitzgerald and Hemingway wrote. Fitzgerald was an analyst.He stayed in the United States and wrote about the Jazz Age. We go to him know what this world was like. Hemingway, on the other hand, reacted to it; he did not describe it. He went away to Europe and wrote about the expatriates. His world was basically rootless. It is Fitzgerald who was so broken emotionally by their times. Both were talented writers; both lost the ability to write rather early in their career.Ultimately when the dust of time settles down and a clearer outline appears visible, it may be that both will remain great, the one as the other, but for different reasons: Hemingway predominantly for his style, and Fitzgerald for the fact that he tried to understand American culture at its roots and thus had more to say to posterity.6.*What are features of Faulkner’s language?Faulkner is a difficult writer. Like all modern authors his demand on the cooperative response of the readers is exacting. He always structures his stories in his own original fashion and is proficient in employing a distinctive narrative method of gradually fitting in and of withholding or even giving confusing information. Gradually confusions vanish as context and periphery are defined and the center is revealed. There is a lot of interior monologues; the modern stream of consciousness technique is frequently and skillfully used. Words are often run together, with no capitalization and no proper punctuation. Sentences are not always clearly indicated; many long ones are pushed together in peculiar ways. One fragment runs into another without which often causes irritating perplexity. There is also Faulkner’s handling of language to consider. His prose ranges from colloquial, regional dialects to highly charged courtroom rhetoric, covering a variety of “registers” of the English language. Faulkner was a master of his own particular style of writing.第一部分殖民地时期的美国文学What are the characteristics of Colonial America?All of the works written during this period are utilitarian , polemical ,or didactic .The purpose of literature for these Puritans was first of all usefulness . It should teach some kond of lesson . In content , the literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or both . The literary style of the earliest American writers , in fact seems to have been determined by a practical consideration of the sort of impression each writer wanted to make upon a selected group of readers . Puritans’metaphorical mode of perception helped to develop literary symbolism as they saw the physical world a symbol of God . Hence symbolism as a technique was a common practice in writing . The Piritans placed unusual stress upon plainness in writing because they were unusually interested in influencing the simp;e-minded people . Bearing the direct influence fo the Christian Biblical poetics , the Puritan writings are fresh , simp;e ,direct , and with a touch of nobility . As it faithfully imitated and transplanted European forms to the new experience , early American literature was as much a product of continuities as an indigenous creation.第二部分理性文学和革命文学.1、 EnlightementThe eighteenth –century England is also , and better , known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age fo Reason . The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement going on throughout Europe at the time , with France in the vanguard . The Enlightenment celebrated reason (rationality) , equality , science and human beings’ ability to perfect themselves and their society . The movement was based on the basic theories provided by the philosophers of the age , which ranged from John Locke’s materialism , Lord Shaftsbury’s deism , and George Berkeley’s immaterialism to David Hume’s skepticism . Whatever philosophical beliefs they might have , they held the eommom faith in human rationality and the possibility of human perfection through education . They believed that when reason served as the yardstick for the measurement of all human activities and social relations , superstition , injustice , privilege and oppression were to yield place to “eternal truth”,”eternal justice”, and “natural equality”or inalienable rights of men . Everything was put under scrutiny , to be measured by reason . No authorities , political or religious or otherwise , were acepted unchallenged while almost all the old societies and governments and all the traditional concepts , including Christianity , were examined and criticized . The belief provided theory for the French Revolution in 1789 and the American War of Independence in 1776 .Alexander Pope (1688~1744) , Joseph Addison (1672~1719) , Richard Steele (1672~1792) , Jonathan Swift (1667~1745) , Daniel Defoe (1660~1731) , Henry Fielding (1707~1754) , Richard B. Sheridan (1751~1816) , Oliver Goldsmith (1730~1774) , Edward Gibbon (1737~1794) , and Samuel Johnson (1709~1784) were among the famous enlighteners in England . As England had already gone through its bourgeois revolution ,what the English enlighteners were lege to do was to strive the bring the revolution to and end by clearing away the feudal remnants and rep;ace them with bourgeois ideology .第三部分美国的浪漫主义文学4 What are the unique features of American Romanticism?Although foreign influences were strong, American romanticism exhibited from the very outset distinct features of its own. It was different from its English and European counterpart because it originated from an amalgam of factors which were altogether American rather than anything else. American romanticism was in essence the expression of ”a real new experience ”and contained ”an alien quality”for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place”was radically new and alien. For instance, the American national experience of “pioneering “into the west proved to be a rich fund of material for American writers to draw upon. The wilderness with its virgin forests ,the sound of the axe cutting its way westward, the exotic landscape with its different sights, smells, and sounds(the robin rather than the nightingale is Emily Dickinson’s “criterion of tone,”for example), and the quaint, picturesque civilization of a primitive race—all these constituted an incomparably superior source of inspiration for native authors. A rude Natty Bumppo in buckskin, dwelling in a frontier blockhouse, treading a solitary bridle path through virgin forests was , perhaps , matter enough for any romantic genius. And indeed, American authors were quite responsive to the stimulus which American life offered. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s tentive treatment of the frontier and the Indians in his works such as Hudson valley, William Cullen Bryant’s sketches of the wild west prairie where no human being had ever set foot and James Fenimore Cooper’s five Leatherstocking tales with”their majestic descriptions of American’s limitless forests and broad blue inland lake”—these are but aafew instances whereby the new American sensibility began to make itself felt.And ,of course , we should not forget to mention Emerson,Thoreau,Hawthorne,Melville and Whitman, all people who were instrumental ,in one way or another ,in creating an indigenous American literature.Then there is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider.American moral values were essentially Puritan.Public opinion was overwhelmingly Puritan;social life and cultural taste were predominantly conditioned by the Puritan and cultural taste were predominantly conditioned by the Puritan atmosphere of the nation.Nothing has left a deeper imprint on the character of the people as a whole than did Puritanism;no one has been so successful in imposing his way of thinking on the continent as the American Puritan.puritanical influence over Ameican romanticism w3as conspicuously noticeable.One of its。
美国文学复习资料
美国文学复习资料（Realism）一、Background1）Mechanization 机器化2）Urbanization 城市化3）Industrialization 工业化4）Federal government(race种族平等进入宪法）标志着马克·吐温的《镀金时代》开始5）Railway system工业化的一大标志，电力和石油的应用6) Northern industrialism had triumphed over Southern agrarianism.二、文化特征：1）女性发挥作用明显，女性的作者和读者明显增多2）开始关注Mid class3）现实主义（realism）-->New York replaced Boston as the nation's literary center. 纽约成为新的文化中心。
一、时期综述：1、镀金时代：The Gilded Age, an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope. 无节制、走极端，倒退和进步、贫困和富有并存，既令人沮丧又让人有希望的时代。
2、Although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne,and Poe, the great age of American romanticism had ended. By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned. 新英格兰的文艺复兴已开始接近尾声。
3、现实主义和自然主义作家的人物刻画方法：19世纪末,the literary naturalists who followed them, rejected the portrayal of idealized characters and events. Instead, theysought to describe the wide range of American experience and to present the subtleties of human personality, to portray characters who were less simply all good or all bed.反对在作品中描绘理想化了的人物和事件，关注人性中的微妙之处。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
殖民主义时期
John Smith 美国第一位作家
Anne Bradstreet 第一位移民诗人
Edward Taylor
清教徒诗人
文艺复兴时期
Benjamin Franklin
参与了起草独立宣言
成名作 《Poor Richard ' Almanack 》
《 Autobiography 》
Thomas Paine
拥护独立宣言 成名作 《 Great Commoner of Mankind 》最平凡的人
<Common Sense> 常识 <the Age of Reason> 理性时代 <American Crisis> 美国危机
Philip Freneau 美国诗歌之父 文艺复兴的诗人
《 the Wild Honey 》野金银花
浪漫主义时期
Irving 第一位纯文学作家( belletrist ) <the Sketch Book> 第一部短篇小说 第一位浪漫主义散
文体作家( prose stylist ) <the Legend of Sleepy Hollow> 享 有国际声誉
< a History of New York> 第一部
诙谐作品
Copper
开创了海上传奇小说和边疆传奇小说
<the Spy> <the Deerslayer> <the Pilot> <Leatherstocking Tales> <the Last of Mohicans> <the Prairie>
Bryant 第一个获得美国主要诗人的称号 <to a Waterfowl> 最完美的短诗
Poe
现代短故事之父 侦探小说之父
<the Fall of House of Usher> <the Raven>
<Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque>
第一部短篇小说集
<to Helen>
<Annabel Lee>
<Nature> <Self-reliance> <Essays>
<the American Scholar> 知识分子独立宣言 <Representative men> <English traits>
成名作 <Walden> <Civil Disobedience>
Thomas Jefferson
起草了独立宣言
Emerson 超经验主义运动
Thoreau Hawthorne 象征主义作家 <the House of the Seven Gables>
<the Scarlet Letter>
<Mody dick>
Longfellow 19 世纪最受爱戴的诗人 < a Psalm of Life>
<the Song of Hiawatha> 第一部印第安人 史
诗歌 唯一被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人
现实主义时期
Whitman 创建了自由体诗歌 free verse <Leaves of Grass> 美国历史上一部史诗
Mark Twain
现实主义文学代表作 <Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn> <Adventures of Tom Sawyer>
<the Gilded age>
<Life on the Mississippi>
<How to Tell a Story> 对美国早期幽默文
学的总结
O.Henry
<the Four Million> <the Gift of Magi>
<the Cop and the Anthem>
Henry James
心理现实主义的开创者
<the Portrait of Lady> <Daisy Miller> <the Wings of the Dove> <the Golden Bowl> <the Ambassadors>
Jack London
< the People of the Abyss> <the Son of the Wolf> <the Call of the Wild> <Martin
Eden> 自传体小说
<an American Tragedy> 最成功的小说 金钱万能 <Sister Carrie>
欲望三部曲 <the Financier>
Melville
Dickson 该时期最伟大的女诗人 < I Died for Beauty> Stowe 该时期唯一的女散文作家
< Uncle Tom 's Cabin>
Dreiser
<the Titan> <the Stoic>
世纪文学
Pound
意象派的创始人
< in a Station of Metro> <the Cantos>
Frost
自然派诗人
民族诗人
<the Road not Taken> <After Apple Picking> <Mountain Interval>
Stevens
秩序理念
<the Man with the Blue Guitar>
<Necessary Angel> <Anecdote of the Jar>
Eliot
现代主义创始人
<the Waste Land> 标志现代主义文学诞生
<Four Quartets> <Murder in the Cathedral>
Fitzgerald
<the Great Gatsby> <the Side of
Paradise> <Tender is the Night>
<For Whom the Bell Tolls> <the Old Man and the Sea> <the Sun Also Rises>
<a Farewell to Arms>
<the Grapes of Wrath> <of Mice and Men>
成名作 <the Sound and the Fury> <a Rose
for Emily>
Hemingway 推动报告文学的发展
强调 moment of truth
Steinbeck 美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家
Faulkner
心灵与自己冲突是永恒的主题。