1_Liquid Metal Processing and Casting
铅酸电池板栅连续铸造工艺流程
铅酸电池板栅连续铸造工艺流程1.铅酸电池板栅连续铸造工艺流程需要将铅合金熔化为液态。
The continuous casting process of lead-acid battery grid requires the lead alloy to be melted into liquid state.2.然后将液态铅合金注入到模具中。
Then the liquid lead alloy is injected into the mold.3.模具可以是连续循环使用的，以便连续铸造板栅。
The mold can be continuously used in a cycle for continuous casting of grids.4.注入模具的液态铅合金会逐渐冷却并凝固成板栅的形状。
The injected liquid lead alloy will gradually cool and solidify into the shape of the grid.5.接着，板栅会通过传送带或装置被取出并进行后续的处理。
Then, the grid will be taken out and undergo further processing through a conveyor belt or device.6.这个后续处理可能包括清理、修整和加固等步骤。
The subsequent processing may include cleaning, trimming, and strengthening steps.7.完成后的铅酸电池板栅将被用于装配电池。
The finished lead-acid battery grid will be used for assembling batteries.8.工艺流程中需要确保铅合金的纯度和温度控制等关键参数。
The process requires ensuring key parameters such as the purity of the lead alloy and temperature control.9.连续铸造工艺的优点包括生产效率高和成本低廉。
流变铸造的主要工艺流程
流变铸造的主要工艺流程英文回答：Rheo-casting, also known as semi-solid metal casting, is a manufacturing process used to produce high-quality metal components with complex shapes. It combines the advantages of both casting and forging processes. The main steps involved in rheo-casting are as follows:1. Material Preparation: The process begins with the preparation of a semi-solid slurry. This slurry is made by partially solidifying a metal alloy, typically aluminum or magnesium, at a temperature just above its liquidus temperature. Various methods can be used to achieve this, such as thixocasting or thixomolding.2. Mold Preparation: The mold used in rheo-casting is typically made of steel or other heat-resistant materials. The mold is designed to have a cavity in the shape of the desired component. It is preheated to a temperaturesuitable for the rheo-casting process.3. Slurry Injection: The semi-solid slurry is injected into the preheated mold cavity under high pressure. The slurry fills the cavity and takes the shape of the component. The injection pressure is carefully controlled to ensure uniform filling and to prevent defects such as porosity.4. Solidification: After the slurry is injected into the mold, it starts to solidify. The cooling rate is carefully controlled to achieve the desired microstructure and mechanical properties. The solidification process is usually completed by cooling the mold or by applying a cooling medium to the mold surface.5. Ejection and Finishing: Once the component is fully solidified, it is ejected from the mold. Any excess material or flash is removed, and the component is finished by machining or other post-processing operations as required.Rheo-casting offers several advantages over traditional casting methods. It allows for the production of components with complex shapes and thin walls, while maintaining high dimensional accuracy and surface finish. The semi-solid slurry used in rheo-casting also has better flowability compared to fully liquid metal, resulting in reduced defects and improved mechanical properties of the final component.中文回答：流变铸造，也被称为半固态金属铸造，是一种用于生产高质量金属零件的制造工艺，可以制造出复杂形状的零件。
铸造生铁生产工艺流程
铸造生铁生产工艺流程1.铸造生铁是一种重要的金属加工工艺。
The production of cast iron is an important metal processing technology.2.铁矿石是铸造生铁的原材料之一。
Iron ore is one of the raw materials for producing cast iron.3.蒸汽锅炉用于熔化铁矿石。
Steam boilers are used to melt iron ore.4.在高温下，铁矿石会融化成液体铁。
At high temperatures, iron ore will melt into liquid iron.5.添加石灰石可以减少铁中的硫含量。
Adding limestone can reduce the sulfur content in iron.6.熔化后的铁液需要经过脱硫处理。
The molten iron needs to undergo desulfurization treatment.7.从高炉底部取出铁水，用于铸造。
The iron is taken out from the bottom of the blast furnace for casting.8.铸造生铁需要模具来定型。
Casting cast iron requires molds for shaping.9.将液态铁水倒入模具中进行凝固。
Pour the liquid iron into the mold for solidification.10.冷却后，铸件需要进行淬火处理。
After cooling, the castings need to undergo quenching treatment.11.淬火可以提高铸件的硬度和强度。
Quenching can improve the hardness and strength of castings.12.美工加工可以提高铸件的表面光洁度。
钛合金铸件造型材料及工艺
(3) investment casting, also known as lost wax casting, titanium alloy castings accurate size, smooth surface, can cast intricate shapes of titanium alloy castings, can improve the utilization of metal materials, production flexibility, adaptability.
(1) Die Casting Including graphite casting and metal casting. Shi Li Kou type mold life of up to 3 to 10 times, some combined graphite processing life of up to 30 to 40 times. It is suitable for static casting, but also for centrifugal but only titanium alloy castings with a wall thickness greater than 10mm are suitable for use with graphite workmanship. Metal casting process is easy, more accurate casting size, low production cost _ small castings. The disadvantage is the casting surface often cold, flow marks, there is a brittle layer on the surface of titanium alloy castings.
铝合金的熔炼与铸造（Meltingandcastingofaluminumalloy）
铝合金的熔炼与铸造（Melting and casting of aluminum alloy）Melting and castingMelting and pouring of aluminum alloy is the main link in casting production. The whole process of melting and casting is strictly controlled, which plays an important role in preventing casting defects such as pinholes, inclusions, castings, cracks, porosity and shrinkage. Because the aluminum melt absorbs the hydrogen tendency, the oxidation ability is strong, dissolves the iron easily, in smelting and the casting process, must take the simple and careful preventive measure, obtains the high-quality casting.1 、 preparation and quality control of aluminum alloy burdenIn order to smelt high quality aluminum melt, the qualified raw material should be selected first. To carry out scientific management and proper processing of raw materials, otherwise it will seriously affect the quality of the alloy, the production practice has proved that the raw materials (including metal materials and auxiliary materials) lax control will make batch scrap castings.(1) raw materials must have qualified chemical composition and organization, and the specific requirements are as follows:In addition to the analysis of the main components and impurities in the alloy ingots, the microstructure and fracture of the alloy were examined. Practice has proved that the use of serious shrinkage cavity, pinhole, and bubbles of aluminum liquid, it is difficult to obtain dense castings, and even causethe whole furnace, batch castings scrapped.It was found in the study of Al Si alloy ingots of Aluminum Alloy pinhole, does not appear in the molten pure sand casting pinhole test block, when the aluminum silicon alloy ingot with low and unqualified specimens, pinhole serious, and the grain size large. The reason is the heredity of the material. The heredity of Al Si alloy and heredity increased with the increase of content and the amount of silicon reached 7%. Continue to increase silicon content to eutectic component, heredity decreases slightly again. In order to solve the casting defects caused by the heredity of the burden, aluminum ingots, intermediate alloys and other charging materials with high metallurgical quality must be selected. Specific standards are as follows:(1) there should be no pinholes or holes in the fracture surfacePinhole shall be within grade three, and local (not exceeding 25% of the inspected area) shall not exceed three grade. Over three grade shall be taken by means of heavy smelting to reduce the degree of puncture. Remelting refining method and the general Aluminum Alloy smelting, casting temperature should not exceed 660 degrees, for the original grain large aluminum ingot, alloy ingot, should be the first to use the lower mold temperature, making them rapid solidification, grain refinement.2 、 burden treatmentBefore using the burden, it should be treated by blowing sandto remove the surface rust, grease and other dirt. The time is not long, Aluminum Alloy ingot and metal scrap surface is clean without blowing sand, but should be in charge of the elimination of mixed iron filters and inserts, all shall be in charge of preheating furnace, to remove the surface of the water, shorten the melting time in 3 hours above.3 、 management and storage of burdenReasonable storage and management of burden is important to ensure the quality of alloy. The burden shall be stored in a dry warehouse with little change in temperature.2 、 preparation of crucible and melting tools(1) crucible casting aluminum alloy commonly used iron crucible, also can use cast steel and steel plate welding crucible.New and old is not for a long time in the crucible crucible, before use should be blowing sand, and heated to 700--800 degrees, to keep 2--4 hours, to burn water and attached to the inner wall of the crucible of combustible material, to be cooled to 300 degrees below, carefully clean the inside of the crucible, at a temperature not lower than 200 degrees when spraying paint.The crucible should be preheated to dark red (500--600 degrees) before use and kept warm for more than 2 hours. Before the new outer crucible melting, melting scrap with the best grades of a furnace.(two) preparation of smelting toolsZhong Zhao, press ladle, mixing spoon, ladleAt the other before use shall be preheated, and at 150 degrees ---200 degrees temperature, coated with a protective coating, and thorough drying, the drying temperature is 200--400 degrees, holding time of 2 hours, after use should be thoroughly removed attached on the surface of oxide and fluoride (preferably blowing sand).3, smelting temperature controlThe melting temperature is too low, is not conducive to the dissolution of alloying elements and gas inclusions, discharge, tendency segregation, cold shut, undercasting increase formation, but also because of insufficient heat riser, the casting without reasonable feeding, has information that,The melting temperature of all aluminum alloys should be up to 705 degrees and should be stirred. The melting temperature is too high, not only a waste of energy, more serious is because the higher the temperature, the hydrogen absorption of the grain becomes thick, aluminum oxide is more serious, some of the burning loss of alloy elements is more serious, which leads to a decrease in the mechanical properties of the alloy, casting the deterioration of mechanical properties and modification, weaken the effect of air the castings reduce.The production practice shows that the molten alloy rapid heating to high temperature, reasonable stirring to dissolve all alloy elements (especially refractory metals), scrapingscum down after the pouring temperature, so that the minimum degree of segregation, melting of hydrogen is less favorable, to obtain the uniform and compact alloy mechanical properties high. Because the aluminum melt temperature is difficult to determine with the naked eye, so no matter what type of the melting furnace, should use temperature control instrument. The instrument should be regularly checked and the maintenance cycle should thermowell with metal brush clean, coated with a protective coating, in order to ensure the accuracy and prolong the service life of the measurement result.4 、 control of smelting timeIn order to reduce the oxidation, gettering and dissolution of molten aluminum, the residence time and rapid melting of molten aluminum should be shortened. From the beginning of the melt to the end of the casting, the sand casting shall not exceed 4 hours, the die casting shall not exceed 6 hours, and the die casting shall not exceed 8 hours.In order to speed up the smelting process, should first join the scrap aluminum silicon intermediate alloy medium size, low melting point, in order to accompany the formation of molten pool as soon as possible in the crucible bottom, then add the returns for larger pieces and pure aluminum ingot, so that they can gradually expand slowly immersed in molten pool, fast melting. When the main part of the furnace is melted, the intermediate alloy with higher melting point and small quantity is melted and stirred to accelerate the melting. Finally, cool down and press the oxidizable alloy elements to reduce the loss.5, melt transfer and pouringAlthough the density of the solid alumina is similar to the density of the aluminum melt, it will take a long time to sink to the bottom of the crucible after entering the interior of the molten aluminum. Alumina film is oxidized and aluminum melt formation, but only in contact with the molten aluminum side is dense, and exposed to the air side loose and there is a lot of 60--100A diameter holes, its large surface area, strong adsorption, easy adsorption in water vapor, the tendency of anti floating. Therefore, in this film and aluminum melt proportion difference is small, be mixed with the melt, and the speed is very slow, it is difficult to exclude from the melt, porosity inclusion formation in castings too. Therefore, the key to transfer aluminum melt is to minimize the agitation of molten metal and minimize the contact between the melt and the air.By tilting the crucible melt injection, in order to avoid mixing melt and air, should be as far as possible by the ladle furnace nozzle, and inclined, melt down along the side wall of the ladle, no direct impact on the bottom of the bag, occurrence of agitation, splash.The proper and reasonable pouring method is one of the important conditions to obtain high quality castings. In the production practice, it is effective to prevent and reduce casting defects by paying attention to the following items.(1) the temperature of the melt, the capacity of the ladle and the degree of dryness of the coating on the surface shall beexamined carefully before pouring, and whether the preparation of other tools meets the requirements or not. The metal gate Cup before casting 3--5 minutes in the sand on a good place, the ladle with the temperature less than 150 degrees for premature or excessive temperature, pouring tract hold large amounts of gas, there is a danger of explosion when pouring.(two) not in the "draught" casting occasions, as well as strong melt oxidation, combustion, the casting defects such as oxide inclusions.(three) obtained by melt in the crucible, should first use of bottom oxide layer or the flux through gently melt surface, slowly immersed in the melt with the ladle, ladle a wide mouth melt, and then gently lift the ladle.(four) the end of the package should not be flat; the pace should be steady; the ladle should not be raised too high; the metal level in the ladle must be stable and free from movement.(five) to be cast, with net ladle slag should be,In order to avoid pouring slag, oxide, etc. into the mold.(six) in the casting, the melt flow is stable, can not be interrupted, not into the mouth with the bottom. Sprue should be full from beginning to end, liquid level shall not turn, casting speed should be properly controlled. Usually, the casting starts slightly slower, filling the melt, stabilizing it, then slightly faster, and keeping the casting speed constant.(seven) in the pouring process, pouring ladle and gate distance as close as possible, not more than 50 mm limit, so as not to melt too much oxidation.(eight) with a blocked gate, the plug cannot be dialed too early. After the melt has filled the gate, it is slowly tilted out so as to prevent the melt from producing eddy current when it is injected into the sprue.(nine) the melt less than 60 mm from the bottom of the crucible shall not be poured into the casting.Aluminum alloy casting (ZL)According to the main elements other than aluminum, silicon, copper, magnesium and zinc are divided into four kinds, and the codes are 100, 200, 300 and 400 respectively.In order to obtain high quality precision castings of various shapes and specifications, aluminum alloys for casting usually have the following characteristics.(1) a narrow slot filled with good liquidity part(2) there is a melting point lower than that of a general metal, but it can meet most of the requirements(3) the thermal conductivity is good, the heat of molten aluminum can be transferred rapidly to the mold, and the casting cycle is shorter(4) hydrogen and other harmful gases in the melt can be effectively controlled by treatment(5) Aluminum Alloy casting, no cracking and tearing cracking tendency(6) good chemical stability and strong corrosion resistance(7) it is not easy to produce surface defects, the casting surface has good surface finish and gloss, and easy to surface treatment(8) Aluminum Alloy casting processing performance is good, can die, die, sand and dry sand mold, gypsum type casting casting, vacuum casting, can also be used for low and high pressure casting, extrusion casting, semi-solid casting, centrifugal casting forming method, with different purposes, different varieties of production specifications and different properties of various castings.Cast aluminum alloy has been widely used in cars, such as cylinder head, intake manifold, piston, wheel hub, steering booster housing, etc.。
液固双金属复合铸造结合界面温度场的模拟
收稿日期：２００８＿０２—１６ 作者简介：邱逊（１９８３一），男，浙江义乌人。在读硕士，主要从事铸造过
程温度场研究。 基金项目：河南省科技厅自然科学基金项目，项目编号：５１１０５２４００
万方数据
图１锤头试验模型
·２９·
韧性。保证锤头工作时不断裂。锤柄预先放置在砂 型中，预热温度在８００℃左右，然后进行复合铸造， 向型腔内浇人复合的锤头部分，出铁温度ｌ ５８０℃。 浇注温度ｌ ５６０℃。柄部进行表面预处理，以免在 预热及浇注过程中被氧化。降低金属液的表面张 力，增加它与浇注的高铬铸铁液的润湿性［２】。
3.刘高碘 温度场的数值模拟 1999 4.周丹晨 铸件温度场,应力场仿真与工艺优化设计系统的设计开发[学位论文] 2001 5.谭真.郭广文 工程合金热物性 1994 urentiu Nastac A Monte carlo.Approach for simulation of heat flow in sand and metal mold easting 1998
关注的问题是复合界面的固体表面是否发生熔融
以实现冶金结合。由于铸造过程中结合界面温度变
化难以实测，计算机模拟就成了首选方法。
，
基于有限元方法的ＡＮＳＹＳ数值模拟软件是解
决温度场等工程问题的大型工程模拟软件，广泛应 用于各种工业领域［１］。本文借助有限元软件ＡＮＳＹＳ
对液一固双金属复合铸造过程中界面的温度场进行
Ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ Ｆｉｅｌｄ Ｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ Ｌｉｑｕｉｄ—Ｓｏｌｉｄ Ｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅ
Ｂｉｍｅｔａｌ Ｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅ Ｃａｓｔｉｎｇ
ＱｌＵ Ｘｕｎ．删Ｚｈｅｎ．－ｑｉｎｇ
（Ｓｃｈｏｏｔ ｏｆＭａｔｅｒｉａｌ Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ ａｎｄ Ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，，刀ａｅｎｇｚｈｏｕ ＵｎｂＪｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｚｈｅｎｇｚｈｏｕ Ｈｅｎａｎ ４５０００２，Ｃｈｉｎａ）
铸造生产流程相关的英语
铸造生产流程相关的英语The casting production process involves a series of steps that transform raw materials into finished castings. This complex process requires careful attention to detail and adherence to strict quality control measures to ensure the production of high-quality castings. Here is a detailed overview of the casting production process:1. Molding Material Preparation: The first step in the casting process is the preparation of the molding material. This typically involves selecting an appropriate molding sand, which is then mixed with a binder and other additives to create a strong, durable mold. The molding sand must have the right consistency and properties to withstand the high temperatures and pressures encountered during the casting process.2. Pattern Design and Fabrication: The next step is the design and fabrication of the pattern, which is a replica of the desired casting. The pattern is usually made fromwood, metal, or plastic and is used to create the mold cavity. The design of the pattern must take into account the dimensions, complexity, and material properties of the final casting.3. Mold Assembly: Once the pattern is ready, it is used to assemble the mold. This involves packing the molding sand around the pattern, creating a cavity that will hold the molten metal during the casting process. The mold must be assembled tightly to prevent leaks and ensure uniform metal distribution.4. Melting and Pouring: The next step is the melting of the metal, which is typically done in a furnace. The metal is heated to a high temperature until it reaches a liquid state. Once the metal is fully melted and ready, it is poured into the mold cavity through a gating system. The gating system controls the flow of metal into the mold and ensures that the casting is filled uniformly.5. Cooling and Solidification: After the metal is poured into the mold, it cools and solidifies, taking theshape of the mold cavity. The cooling process can take several hours or even days, depending on the size and complexity of the casting. During this time, it is crucial to maintain a controlled environment to prevent warping or other defects.6. Mold Removal and Casting Extraction: Once the metal has solidified completely, the mold is removed, and the casting is extracted. This step requires careful handling to avoid damaging the casting. The casting may require further cleaning and finishing to remove any excess sand or imperfections.7. Post-Casting Processes: After the casting is removed from the mold, it undergoes various post-casting processes to enhance its properties and appearance. These processes may include heat treatment, machining, grinding, painting, or coating. The specific processes used depend on the requirements of the final product.8. Quality Control and Inspection: Throughout the casting process, strict quality control measures areimplemented to ensure the production of high-quality castings. This includes regular inspections and testing at various stages of the process to identify and correct any defects or imperfections.In conclusion, the casting production process is a complex and meticulous task that requires careful attention to detail and adherence to strict quality control measures. From material preparation to mold assembly, metal melting, cooling, mold removal, and post-casting processes, each step plays a crucial role in the production of high-quality castings. By understanding and mastering this process, manufacturers can produce castings that meet their specific requirements and applications.。
制造技术(中英文课件)
Gas
welding(气焊）
Electric arc welding（电弧焊） Electric resistance welding（电阻焊）
Engineering Materials and Their Properties
ultimate strength
Tensile strength is measured
d stress
yield strength
( 极限强度)
L
(elastic deformation)
Standard specimen
2.1 Strength
(1) Strength: The resistance offered by a material on application of external force Tensile strength(抗拉强度） Depending on the type of load applied
Drop
forging(模锻)
Rolling (轧制) Press forging(压力机锻造) Upset forging(顶锻) Extrusion (挤压） Wire drawing （拔丝）
Introduction to Manufacturing Processes
(c) Fabrication Processes
Diamond (金刚石)
10
Engineering Materials and Their Properties
低压铸和重力压铸中英文对照
低压铸和重力压铸Low pressure casting and high pressure casting低压铸造是液体金属在压力作用下充填型腔，以形成铸件的一种方法。
由于所用的压力较低，所以叫做低压铸造。
其工艺过程是：在密封的坩埚（或密封罐）中，通入干燥的压缩空气，金属液在气体压力的作用下，沿升液管上升，通过浇口平稳地进入型腔，并保持坩埚内液面上的气体压力，一直到铸件完全凝固为止。
然后解除液面上的气体压力，使开液管中未凝固的金属液流坩埚，再由气缸开型并推出铸件。
Low pressure casting is a method of molten metal f ills the cavity under the pressure and then f orms the casting .due to the pressure is not high ,so it is called low pressure casting .The technical process is : in the hermetic crucible (or sealed pot ) injecting the dry compressed air ,molten metal under the effect of gas pressure goes up along the pipe then through the gate placidly run into the cavity ,then keep the gas pressure upper the liquid in the crucible until the casting solidif ication totally .then remove the gas pressure to make the unf reezing metal in the pipe f or opening run back into the crucible and at the same time use the cylinder open cavity to detrusion the casting .低压铸造独特的优点表现在以下几个方面：The unique characteristics of low pressure casting perf ormed as below :1．液体金属充型比较平稳；Molten metal f ull the cavity smoothly.2．铸件成形性好，有利于形成轮廓清晰、表面光洁的铸件，对于大型薄壁铸件的成形更为有利；The f orming property is good and in f avor of f orming the edge shapeness and surf ace bright and clean .It is f avorabl e f or the large casting parts with thin section casting3．铸件组织致密，机械性能高；The tissue of casting is densif ication ,and mechanical behavior is high .4．提高了金属液的工艺收得率，一般情况下不需要冒口，使金属液的收得率大大提高，收得率一般可达90％。
casting quality level 2 -回复
casting quality level 2 -回复Casting Quality Level 2: Enhancing Product Performance and AccuracyIntroduction:Casting is an ancient manufacturing process that has been used for centuries to produce a wide range of metal components. It involves pouring liquid metal into a mould and allowing it to solidify into the desired shape. However, the quality of the casting plays a vital role in determining the performance and accuracy of the final product. With advancements in technology, modern casting processes have been developed to achieve higher levels of quality and precision. In this article, we will explore the concept of casting quality level 2 and its significance in enhancing product performance and accuracy.Understanding Casting Quality Level 2:Casting quality level 2 is a classification system used to assess the quality of castings based on specific criteria. It represents a higher level of quality control as compared to level 1. Achieving level 2casting quality requires adherence to stricter standards and the implementation of advanced techniques to eliminate defects and inconsistencies.The Importance of Casting Quality Level 2:1. Enhanced Mechanical Properties: Level 2 casting quality ensures improved mechanical properties of the final product, such as strength, hardness, and durability. By eliminating defects like porosity, shrinkage, and inclusions, the casting becomes more structurally sound and capable of withstanding higher loads and stress.2. Improved Dimensional Accuracy: Casting quality level 2 emphasizes better dimensional accuracy, ensuring that the final product conforms to precise specifications. This is particularly crucial for components that require tight tolerances and intricate details. Accurate dimensions ensure proper fit and alignment, reducing the need for additional machining or rework.3. Fewer Defects: One of the primary objectives of level 2 casting quality is to minimize defects. Defects, such as cracks, voids, andsurface roughness, can compromise the functionality and aesthetics of the product. By implementing advanced quality control measures, including rigorous inspection and non-destructive testing, the occurrence of defects is significantly reduced.Steps to Achieve Casting Quality Level 2:To achieve casting quality level 2, several steps need to be followed during the casting process:1. Proper Mold Design: The first step is to design a mold that ensures proper metal flow and solidification. The mold design should account for factors like material properties, thermal characteristics, and potential shrinkage during solidification. Utilizing computer simulations and modeling techniques can aid in optimizing the mold design.2. Quality Material Selection: Choosing the right alloy and ensuring its quality is another crucial step. The material should possess the necessary mechanical properties and be free from impurities that could lead to defects. Conducting material testingand analysis helps in ensuring its suitability for casting.3. Advanced Quality Control Techniques: Level 2 casting quality requires the implementation of advanced quality control techniques. These include visual inspection, ultrasonic testing, X-ray examination, and magnetic particle inspection. Non-destructive testing methods help detect defects that may not be visible to the naked eye.4. Process Optimization: Proper process optimization plays a key role in achieving level 2 casting quality. Factors such as melt temperature, pouring speed, gating system design, and cooling rates need to be carefully controlled to minimize defects and ensure uniform solidification.5. Post-Casting Heat Treatment: Some castings require heat treatment processes to enhance their mechanical properties. Heat treatment methods such as annealing, quenching, and tempering can help improve strength, hardness, and overall performance of the cast product.Conclusion:Casting quality level 2 represents a significant advancement in ensuring the performance and accuracy of cast products. By adhering to stricter standards and employing advanced quality control techniques, manufacturers can produce castings with enhanced mechanical properties, improved dimensional accuracy, and minimal defects. Achieving level 2 casting quality requires careful mold design, appropriate material selection, advanced quality control methods, process optimization, and post-casting heat treatment. By continually striving to improve casting quality, manufacturers can meet the demands of various industries, including automotive, aerospace, and machinery, where precision and reliability are essential.。
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Liquid Metal Processing and Casting
Foreword
Over the past three decades,considerable effort has been made by researchers to improve our knowledge of mechanisms and processes involved in thefield of liquid metal processing and casting(LMPC).Liquid metal processing and casting,including solidification,represents a key stage in the development of many metallic materials, since it provides thefinal product with most of its intrinsic properties.In order to gather the industrial and scientific communities in thefield of specialty metals’melting and refining,the series of‘‘International Symposium on Liquid Metal Processing and Casting’’was started in1994.Now held alternatively every two years between Santa Fe,NM, and Nancy,France,LMPC conferences provide a unique forum for intensive discussion on advanced experimental and mathematical modeling research.
During all of these meetings,this subject area has attracted great interest,and the latest meeting was no exception, providing an excellent spectrum of presented work in a total of58papers.During LMPC2007,held in Nancy in September2007,the presentations and ensuing discussions spanned a range of scales from the theoretical mathematical models to full-scale industrial investigations.The papers were distributed in six sessions on vacuum arc remelting (VAR),electroslag refining(ESR),steel processing,solidification,titanium processing,and process modeling and optimization.
Of these presentations,one quarter of the presenters were asked to submit journal articles to be reviewed and published in this special section of Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B,highlighting the key scientific and engineering advances in thefield.As expected,this selection of articles shows an intense interest in the advanced modeling of the processes,most of them including results from industrial processing to be related to the model predictions.Classical computationalfluid dynamics methods are applied in most simulation cases,ranging from remelting processes to vacuum oxygen decarburization,ladle metallurgy,or cold crucible melting.A few articles directly address the solidification process,from experimental and theoretical perspectives,as well as the use of electromagneticfields and their interaction with the melt.Slag/metal reactions are also investigated.
A large number of the contributions present investigations of the physics and control of consumable electrode remelting processes(VAR and ESR).Experimental investigations offinal product performance,full-scale industrial experiments,and integrated modeling are all covered within these articles,which combine to form an excellent review of the process detail and provide an exceptionally good overview of how models can be applied to industrial processes. In summary,this collection of articles provides an overview of the state-of-the-art research into both the experimental and computational investigations of liquid metal processing and casting.The articles included here show that our scientific understanding of these processes is still far from complete.
Organizers:
P.D.Lee
Department of Materials
Imperial College London
London SW72BP,United Kingdom
E-mail:p.d.lee@
A.Mitchell
Advanced Materials Laboratories
University of British Columbia
Vancouver,BC V6T1Z4,Canada
A.Jardy and J.P.Bellot
Laboratoire de Science et Ge nie des Mate riaux et de Me tallurgie(UMR7584),
Ecole des Mines
54042,Nancy Cedex,France METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B VOLUME40B,JUNE2009—247。