材料科技与工程专业英语部分复习资料

五选一：

1.“ Materials science ” involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, “Materials engineering ”is, on the basis of these structure-property correlations ,designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.材料科学涉及材料到研究材料的结构和性质的关系。相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。

2. Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic ,optical, and deteriorative.实际上，所有固体材料的重要性质可以概括分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀性。

3.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials ,namely ” processing ”and” performance”.除结构与特征外，材料科学与工程还包括另外两项重要的研究内容，即（材料的）加工与性能。

4.The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure-property relationships ,as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.工程师与科学家越熟悉材料的各种性质、结构、功能之间的关系以及材料的加工技术，根据以上的几个原则，他或她对材料的明智选择将越来越熟练和精确。

5.On only rare occasion does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties. Thus ,it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another.只有在少数情况下材料才具有最优或理想的综合性质，因此，有必要对材料的性质进行平衡。

四选一：

1.直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties .

2.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。Material engineering mainly to solve the problem and create material application.

3.材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。Materials processing process is not only to de structure and decided that the material characteristic and performance.

4.材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的形变有关。Material mechanical properties with the extemal force or in de deformation of the load.

四选一：

1．金属元素有许多有利电子，金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons，many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.

2．许多聚合物材料是有机化合物，并具有大的分子结构。Many of polymers are organic compounds,and they have very large molecular structures.

3．半导体材料的典型特征介于导体材料（如金属、金属合金）与绝缘体（陶瓷材料和聚合体材料）之间。Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors ( viz. metals and metal alloys ) and insulators ( viz. ceramics and polymers ).

4．生物材料不能产生毒性，并且不许与人体组织互相兼容。Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.

四选一：

1.An object will float in water if its density is less than the density of water and sink if its

density is greater that that of water. Similarly , an object with specific gravity less than one will float and those with a specific gravity greater than one will sink. 一个物体的密度比水小时，它会浮在水上，比水大时，它会下沉。类似的，当一个物体的比重小于一，它就会上浮，比重大于一，它就会下沉。

2.Materials that cause the lines of flux to move farther apart , resulting in a decrease in

magnetic flux density compared with a vacuum , are called diamagnetic . Materials that concentrate magnetic flux by a factor of more than one but less than or equal to ten are called paramagnetic ; materials that concentrate the flux by a factor of more than ten are called ferromagnetic 反磁性体是一类会引起磁力线疏离导致磁通量比真空低的材料。顺磁性体是会引起磁力线密度成倍增加，倍率系数大于1，小于等于10的材料。铁磁性体是磁力线密度增加倍率超过10的材料。.

3.Certain ferromagnetic materials , especially powdered or laminated iron , steel , or nickel

alloys , have μr that can range up to about 10000000. Diamagnetic materials have μr less than one , but no known substance has relative permeability much less than one.一些铁磁性材料，尤其是粉末状或层压状的铁、不锈钢或镍基合金的相对磁导率μr可达1000000,。反磁性材料的相对磁导率μr小于1.已知材料中尚未发现相对磁导率比1小很多的。

4.When a paramagnetic or ferromagnetic core is inserted into a coil , the inductance is

multiplied by μr compared with the inductance of the same coil with an air core.当先圈内插入一个顺磁性体或铁磁性体芯，其电感是空气芯的相同线圈电感的μr倍。

四选一：

1.化学性质是用来描述一种物质是怎样变成另外一种完全不同的物质的性质。Physical

properties are those that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. 2.相变是一种物理性质，并且物质存在四种相：固相、液相、气相和等离子体。Phase is a physical

property of matter and matter can exist in four phases : solid , liquid , gas and plasma .

3.当温度低于熔点时，聚合物的晶体结构破坏，但其分子任然连接在分子链上，从而形成一种

柔软和柔顺性材料。Instead , at some temperature below the melting point , they start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains , which results in a soft and pliable material.

4.在工程应用中，渗透率通常用相对值而不是绝对值表示。In engineering applications ,

permeability is often expressed in relative , rather than in absolute , terms .

四选一：

1.通常，温度低于室温时，金属合金的强度性质降低，而延展性、破碎韧度和拉伸性能增强。

Temperature above room temperature usually cause a decrease in the strength properties of metallic alloys.

2.从材料的角度来说，盈利是一种在材料内部所分布的力，他可以平衡所施加的负荷并与其发

生相互作用。From the perspective of what is happening within a material , stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it.

3.工程应变可定义为：所施加立方向上的材料的改变量与材料原始长度的比值。Engineering

strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material .

4.高强度和高延展性的材料比低强度和地延展性的材料的韧性高。A material with high stress

and high ductility will have more toughness than a material with low strength and low ductility .

四选一：

1.作为陶瓷的金刚石是所知的材料中具有最高导热性的材料。Diamond , which is classified as a

ceramic , has the highest thermal conductivity of any known material .

2.陶瓷的压缩强度大于拉伸强度，而金属的压缩强度与拉伸强度相当。Ceramics are stronger in

compression than in tension , whereas metal have comparable tensile and compressive strengths .

3.尽管陶瓷与复合材料结合可以显著地改善陶瓷的韧性，但是在通常情况下陶瓷的韧性比较

差。Ceramics generally have low toughness , although combining them in composites can dramatically improve this property .

4.陶瓷产品的功能取决于它们的化学组成和微结构，正式这些化学组成和微结构决定着它们的

性能。The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical composition and microstructure , which determines their properties .

四选一：

1.想要了解任一材料的行为与性能，有必要先了解它的结构。T o understand the behavior and

properties of any material , it is essential to understand its structure .

2.晶粒尺寸是由初始粉体颗粒的大小和它们的凝结方式所决定的。The grain size is determined

by the size of the initial powder particles and the way in which they were consolidated。

3.透明与半透明陶瓷需要限制由气孔和二相粒子引起的光散射。Transparent or translucent

ceramics require that we limit the scattering of light by pores and second-phase particles . 4.因为氧化铝陶瓷具有高电阻率和低介电常数，所以它可以用作点的绝缘体。Alumina ceramics

are used as electrical insulators because of their high electrical resistivity and low dielectric constant .

六选二：

1.If a nearly inert material is implanted into the body it initiates a protective response that

leads to encapsulation by a non adherent fibrous coating about 1μm thick .如果一种接近惰性的材料被植入体内将会引起一种保护性反应，这种反应可引起非黏着性纤维层的包裹，厚度大约1μm。

2.An example is a bioactive glass coating on stainless steel , which utilizes the strength and

toughness of steel and the surface-active properties of the glass .不锈钢生物活性玻璃涂层就是一个例子，它主要利用钢的强度和韧性以及玻璃的表面活性特征。

3.The composite consists of collagen , which is flexible and very tough , and crystals of an

apatite of calcium and phosphate , resembling calcium hydroxyapatite .这种复合物是由非常有弹性以及韧性的骨胶原和钙羟基磷灰石极为相似的钙磷灰石晶体组成的。

4.The difference in E between the various types of connective tissues ensures a smooth

gradient in mechanical stress across a bone , between bones m and between muscles and bones .不同种类的连接组织的弹性模量不同，这种不痛能够保证在骨、骨与骨之间以及肌肉与骨之间存在一个机械应力光滑梯度。

5.Studies show , as you might expect , that increased loads and longer times increase the

probability of failure .研究表明，可能像你期待的一样，负荷的增加以及时间的延长会增加失效的概率。

6.Results from aging and fatigue studies show that it is essential that AL2O3 implants be

produced with the highest possible standards of quality assurance , especially if they are to be used as orthopedic prostheses in younger patients .老化与疲劳的研究结果表明，Al2O3植入物要具有可能最高标准的质量保障，尤其是它们用于年轻患者的矫正假肢上。

五选一汉译英：

1.生物材料是应用到医疗机械中并与生物系统发生相互作用的一种非活性材料。Biomaterial is

a non-viable material used in a material device intend to interact with biological systems .

2.当现有的机体部分发生突变、损坏或是简单的磨损时，这些修复就会变得很有必要。These

repairs become necessary when the existing part becomes diseased , damaged , or just simply wears out .

3.因为松质骨的密度低，所以它的弹性模量比骨皮质低，断裂应变率比皮质骨高。Because of its

lower density , cancellous bone has a lower E and higher strain-to-failure radio than cortical bone .

4.利用降低弹性模量的方法来排除应力屏蔽是生物陶瓷复合材料发展的一个主要目的。

Eliminating stress shielding , by reducing E , is one of the primary motivations for the development of bioceramic composites .

5.这里有许多关于氧化锆陶瓷α辐射排放的长期效应问题，尽管这种作用很小。Although the

activity is small , there are questions concerning the long-term effect of αradiation emission from ziconia ceramics

四选二：

1.复合材料既保留了各组分原有的性能，又具有每种组分单独存在是所不具备的性能。

Composite retains its own distinctive properties and has properties that can not be achieved by any of the components acting alone .

2.碳环氧树脂复合物的重量是铝的2/3，硬度是铝的2.5倍。该材料耐老化，已修复。Carbon-epoxy

composites are two thirds the weight of aluminum , and two and a half times as stiff

3.由复合材料的概念可知，强化塑料、金属基复合物、陶瓷基复合物及混凝土等都是复合材料。

Known by the concept of composite , reinforced plastics , metal-matrix composite , ceramic-matrix composite and concrete are all composites .

4.在纤维增强复合材料中，纤维主要起承载负荷的作用。玻璃纤维和碳纤维就是这种复合材料

中的两种。In fiber-reinforced composites, the fiber in the primary load-bearing component.

Fiberglass and carbon fiber composites are examples of fiber-reinforced composites .

Stone Ag e石器时代Bronze Age青铜时代heat treatments热处理naked eye肉眼

In-service conditions操作环境dielectric constant介电常数Thermal capacity热容

elastic modulus弹性模数（系数）silicon dioxide二氧化硅transparent ceramics透明陶瓷translucent半透明陶瓷opaque不透明陶瓷high-performance material高性能材料Composite materials复合材料advanced materials 先进材料semiconductors 半导体Smart materials智能材料nonlocalized electrons 游离电子stiffnesses硬度，强度Biomaterials 生物材料nanoengineered materials 纳米材料piezoelectric ceramics压电陶瓷implant into植入specific gravity 比重thermal conductivity热导率

linear coefficient of thermal expansion线性热膨胀系数magnetic permeability磁导（渗透）率glass transition temperature玻璃化转变温度para/dia/ferro+magnetic顺/反/铁磁性的

non-ferrous metals有色金属impact resistance抗冲击性f racture toughnes s断裂韧性critical stress临界应力yield strength/point屈服强度/点reduction in area断面收缩率elastic/plastic /localized deformation弹性/塑形/局部形变stress-area应力（横截）面积

static loading静负荷dynamic loading动负荷stress-strain curve应力应变曲线

stress distribution应力分布t ensile/compressive strength抗拉/压强度

ionic-covalent bonding离子共价键valence electron价电子glass optical fiber玻璃光纤

the finest level最精细水平the electron configuration电子构型long-range order长程有序hotpressed ceramic热压烧结陶瓷the scattering of ligh t光散射oxide additive 氧化物添加剂oxide coating 氧化物涂层the oxygen content 氧含量crystal defect晶体缺陷

crystalline ceramic晶体陶瓷noncrystalline ceramic非晶体陶瓷polycrystalline ceramic多晶陶瓷alkaline metal oxide碱金属氧化物the color scale 颜色标度protective response保护性反应bioactive ceramic生物活性陶瓷pyrolytic carbon coating热解碳涂层service life使用寿命

the reinforcement phase增强相strain-to-failure ratio断裂应变率cyclic loading周期性载荷a grain growth inhibitor晶体生长抑制剂martensitic transformation马氏体相变

ultrahigh-molecular weight polyethylene超高分子量聚乙烯mechanical bonding 物理结合phase transformation temperature相转变温度reinforced concrete强化混凝土

tungsten carbide碳化钨mechanical stress 机械应力strengthening mechanism增强机理dispersion strengthened/Particle reinforced/Fiber reinforced弥散/颗粒/纤维强化

polymer/ceramic-matrix composite聚合物基/陶瓷基复合材料stress shielding应力屏蔽