大学英语作文笔记(陈萍教授归纳)
浅谈陈萍教授治疗气血虚弱型先兆流产的经验
CJCM 中医临床研究 2020年第12卷第33期 中华医学·国医名师 -1-浅谈陈萍教授治疗气血虚弱型先兆流产的经验Discussion on Professor Chen Ping's experience in treating threatened abortion with weak Qi and blood赵琦1张娥2陈萍2*（1.河南中医药大学，河南郑州，450000；2.河南中医药大学第一附属医院，河南郑州，450000）中图分类号：R714.21文献标识码：A文章编号：1674-（2020）33--03证型：BGA【摘要】目前先兆流产的发病率逐年升高，临床上中医治疗该病也更加多样化。
本文通过对气血虚弱型先兆流产临床医案阐述，总结吾师陈萍教授治以补气养血，固肾安胎的治疗经验。
通过对不同医家治疗不同证型先兆流产的总结，以及对先兆流产有关现代医学的影响因素的叙述，可以对先兆流产的中医治疗有更好的认识。
【关键词】胎动不安；气血虚弱；经验；胎盘胎膜后血肿【Abstract】At present, the incidence of threatened abortion is gradually increasing, and the clinical Chinese medicine treatment of it is more diverse. This paper expounds the clinical case of threatened abortion with weak Qi and blood, and summarizes the experience of Professor Chen Ping, my tutor, in the treatment of nourishing Qi and blood, and fixing kidney and placenta. At the same time, through the summary of different doctors treating different syndromes of threatened abortion and the description of the influential factors of threatened abortion related to modern medicine, we can have a better understanding of the treatment of threatened abortion in traditional Chinese medicine.【Keywords】Threatened abortion; Weak Qi and blood; Experience; Placental postplacental hemorrhagedoi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7860.2020.33.001先兆流产是指孕28周前，阴道出现少许暗红色血液，常伴有阵发性下腹及腰部疼痛，不伴妊娠组织排出的妊娠期疾病。
六级写作笔记
六级写作笔记Lesson1一、题型分类1 社会热点话题 prevalent2 图表题account for3 书信题grateful4 对比观点选择题不同的人有不同的观点。
There is no consensus of opinions concerning this controversial issue among people.三、六级考试语言常见七宗罪1.越来越......1)(people)+in ever expending numbers2) be increasingly+adj…….are aware that….越来越多的人意识到......2. 以我所见from my persectiveBased on what I know3.very : extremely extraordinarily 极端地Undoubtedly undeniably 毫无疑问地4.重要indispensable vital crucial essential irreplaceable 不可取代的Play a role on5&6. 好坏1) positive /beneficial/favourable/far—reaching(深远的)bring about a far-reaching influence2) negative/adverse/unfavourable7. 带来/意味着bring about give rise to result in contribute toLesson 2语言包装一四大从句的修饰一．因果状语从句的修饰(1)+名词owing to as a result of on account of because of due toI will sail throngh my CET-6 which is monotonous and arduous ，on account of my persistence and painstaking efforts(2)+句子Because=as=since，for the reason that 因为It rains today，and as a result(as a consequence)a great number of students fail to come. As a consequence=therefore=as a result因此people in ever expending numbers participated in the graduated exam, and therefore (and as a result=and as a consequence) it is increasingly difficult for us to find a proper job.二．让步状语从句的修饰Although despite+N in spite of+NDespite (in spite of) the fact thatDespite all the beauties in the real world ，only you can fascinate me______never fails to fascinate me三．条件状语从句的修饰(1) if =on condition thatI spare no efforts to prepare，_______(2) 只要as long as =so long as(3) 倒装only by doing......can you do.......(4) 宾语同位语的转化(1) I believe that I cling to a belief that(2) I am convinced that语言包装二一．弊1.bring about a adverse/negative/unfavorable influence/consequence on sb./sth.2.pose a potential and probable threat on/to3.put a enormous/tremendous pressure upon4.sound an alarm to二．利1. far-reaching/positive/favorable/beneficial2. lay a solid foundation for3. play an irreplaceable/crucial role in4.A serves as a catalyst for BIt is imperative for us to place great emphasis upon this issue.(适用于第三段)语言包装三解决问题的写法解决：address dispose of handle tackle形容词：delicate/grave/alarming问题：issue trouble解决问题：reverse the disturbing trend_______ is a delicate problem with which this country is confrontedIt is self-evident(不言而喻) that......Which can be listed as followsInitially Additionally FinallyFirst/foremost furthermore/moreover last but not leastOf equal importance is+名词Lesson 3社会热点话题P1一.总体趋势 1句二.分：举例，联系实际 1-2句particularly For instance besides三.总(可不要)热门和流行：1. prevalent2. pervasive3. hotly-debated issue4. the focus of the public5. the spotlight of......6. not uncommon7.The phenomenon has been the spotlight of(the focus of) ......8.Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that wasting has been a grave/delicate problem with which we are confronted.P21. A multitude of factors, both individual and social,/from my perspective, could account for/contribute to the phenomenon of____ 或者干脆写could account for this phenomenon.2. The reasons for the phenomenon, which are obvious to all/both individual and social/from my perspective, can be listed as follows.3. Considering every aspect of the issue, we may attribute the fact/phenomenon to the following factors.4. A number of factors ,____, are responsible for decisions in choosing teachers.二．层次感：关联词1．两点：第一On the one hand; on the other hand /第二For one thing; for another thing2. 三点：第一First and foremost / initially;第二In addition / Additionally / Besides / Furthermore / Moreover /第三last but not least / finally灵活处理的：To begin with;What also plays an indispensable role is ______也可以写为Another contributory factor is_____.写长的5大方式1.因果2.解释说明，which means ，that is ，3.举例细节：such as A and B involving including4.定语从句5.正反论证on the contrary6. It is self-evident that......It is no exaggeration to say that......There is no denying the fact that......There are abundant examples to prove the view.P3一．我的观点+原因be in favor of I am inclined to二．建议1.总It's imperative /urgent/sensible for sb to.........2.分for one thing.....For another thing自己it's our obligation to......他人社会法律教育3.总（可有可无）I am convinced that only by taking effective and efficient measures can we survive and thrive.总：1.On on account can we turn a blind eye to this controversial issue.2.On on account can we fail to take ___ into account.3.It is imperative / sensible / urgent for us to take this issue into consideration.分：1.自己如何做：It is our obligation to.....We should spare no efforts to...... 不遗余力We ought to take concerted actions to ___.I intend / propose to 计划2.呼吁：appeal to sb to.....立法：proper laws and regulations should be worked act and effected to3.教育：we should educate & enlighten the awareness of people that..4.媒体：mass media 大众传媒play an irreplaceable role in总：一．好：我的观点加原因The analysis we have made points to an unshakable conclusion that......Taking into account the above factors, we can safely draw a conclusion that......From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that......二．坏：解决问题1．The analysis we have made points to an unshakable conclusion that considerable importance should be attached to the issue.2．两点建议3．总结三．影响/好处或问题（双刃剑double-edged sword）1.两好，当然也可以只写一好，考虑到字数和层次，建议写两点2.两坏，（那么这个一定是个坏事，不如考解决问题的建议）3.一好一坏1）Obviously, there is both positive and negative sides of XXX. On the one hand, it is beneficial in that…..On the other hand, it is harmful, for….2) Obviously, there is no consensus of opinions among people as to the view of this matter. On the one hand, students are treated better than before. On the other hand, some top teachers will be ignored, if they are not able to please the market. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that further attention will be paid to this matter.P3经典总结：And I cling to an unshakable belief that_____________.Only + in this way / by doing sth / if + 句子can sb + 谓语Only if we spare no efforts to perfect ourselves can we demonstrate grace underpressureLesson 4语言包装4：短句拉长原则1.并列句：A + B = CA ，andB （一定要有逗号）2.套句：“大家都知道”（self-evident），2~3句每句8词3.非限制定语从句：.............，which + 结果（好三坏四）（far-reaching ，PPPT）4.动词V1，V2并列，not only...，but also......5.举例细节such as / including ranging from A to B to .......6.合并同类项7.插入语（表示限定性）① both individual and social② to some extent 在某种程度上（主谓之间）③ to a large extent 很大程度上In all works of life 在各行各业之中表达“多”：a great number(C) / deal(U) / mass(万能) of a variety ofa wide range of knowledgevarious of认为：claim argue maintain say图表类P1 描述图表As is demonstrated in the ___.P2原因P3 提纲（同社会热点类）一、数据语言1、种类line chart 线状图Bar chart 柱状图Pie chart 饼状图Table 数据表2、表示“上升”①慢速上升：increase slowly / steadilyascend / rise (rose)②剧增：increase sharplysoar 猛增3、表示“下降”decrease / fall / decline4、数据2 ~ 10 increase from 2 to 10Increase by 82 ~ 4 doubled2 ~ 6 the number tripled5、时间91到00年Over the past ten-year time span from 91 to 00.6、占据份额Take up / account for二、P1写法1、总体描写社会趋势The past XX-year time span from 199X to 2000 witness / experienced a dramatic increase / decrease / changes2、分写具体变化①顺承besides②转折on the contrary如图所示as is illustrated / shown in the书信类1、开门见山说意图What am I going to do / who am I咨询建议一二三中间二三段TS + 1,2,3 层次清晰（见社会热点类）2、不同内容可分段3、感谢客气不可少grateful4、期待回信成惯例（辞职信、公开信不可用）P2I'm writting this letter to do sthFor the purpose of doingTo inform you thatbecauseI would be grateful if you would take the following contents into consideration / account1、感谢看信（1）I am indebted to you for your attention to my letter（2）I appreciate your attention to my letter（3）I would like to express my gratitude to you for your attention to my letter 2、诸多不便打扰了Let me apologize for my any inconveniences I may have cause3、请速回信I shall feel obliged by a reply at your tallist convenience4、留下联系方式Please feel free to contract for more information对比观点选择类四段式P1：（2句）1.热点话题 2.强调人们观点不一no consensusP2：正面hold positive view say / claimSome people are in favor of it, and the reason can be ......P3：反面hold opposite view maintain / argueOthers, however, hold the opposite perspective.P4：双刃剑补充：be likely tocriticalascribea multitude of factorsoverwhelming majority 绝大多数which means 解释说明Absorb the positive aspects, abandon the negative sides. 取其精华，去其糟粕student with outstanding academic performance 好学生finance their education 交学费serious grave 严重的t here is no denying the fact that …..毫无疑问的是......concerning 关于dispose of 对付rise the money to pay for …筹钱…expand one,s horizon 扩大视野account for 占据play great emphasis upon 重视attach great importance to 重视thought-provoking 令人深思的, 发人深省的symbolic meaning 象征意义Confronted with the challenge of 面临Strive for 奋斗be entitled as 被命名为Living in the dorm has a great number of merits，which can be listed as follows.we can effectively and efficiently improve our academic performance and exam score，for the reason that roomates can communicate with each other concerning any of study and preparation method.I am convinced that only by making sufficient prepration can I survive and thrivein the...... (survive and thrive=succeed)总结：All in all，this controversial issue can be conceived as a double-edged sword.。
考研英语作文大学生理财
Financial Management for UniversityStudents: A Crucial Step towardsIndependenceIn the fast-paced world of today, financial management has become a crucial skill for individuals, regardless of their age or stage of life. This is especially true for university students, who are often faced with the dual challenges of managing their studies and their finances. As they transition from dependency to independence, mastering the art of financial management becomes imperative.**Setting Financial Goals**The journey of financial management begins with setting clear and achievable goals. For university students, these goals could range from saving up for textbooks and tuition fees to planning for future investments or emergency funds. Defining these goals helps students stay focused and motivated in their financial decisions.**Budgeting Basics**Creating a budget is the backbone of financial management. It involves estimating income and expenses,allocating funds to various categories such as accommodation, food, transport, entertainment, and savings. By tracking their spending and sticking to their budget, students can avoid unnecessary expenses and save money for their future goals.**Saving Habits**Saving money is an integral part of financial management. University students should aim to save a portion of their income every month, even if it's a small amount. Saving habits can be cultivated by setting aside a fixed amount of money into a savings account or investing in low-risk financial products. These savings can serve as a safety net in case of emergencies or as a foundation for future investments.**Informed Decision-Making**Financial management also involves making informed decisions about spending and investing. Students should research and compare different options before committing to any financial product or service. They should be aware of the risks involved and make decisions based on their financial goals and risk tolerance.**Financial Education**To become proficient in financial management, university students should seek financial education opportunities. This could include attending workshops, reading books and articles, or seeking advice from financial experts. Financial education helps students understand the intricacies of money management and equips them with the knowledge and skills necessary to make sound financial decisions.In conclusion, financial management is a crucial skill for university students. By setting financial goals, creating a budget, cultivating saving habits, making informed decisions, and seeking financial education, students can lay the foundation for a secure financial future. As they embark on this journey, they should remember that financial management is not just about managing money, but also about managing their lives and future.**大学生理财：迈向独立的重要一步**在当今快速发展的世界中，理财已成为每个人无论年龄或生活阶段都必须掌握的重要技能。
大一英语总结英文版作文
大一英语总结英文版作文英文：As a freshman in college, I have had a lot of new experiences and learned many valuable lessons. One of the biggest challenges for me was adjusting to the new environment and making new friends. I found it difficult at first to connect with people from different backgrounds and cultures, but I soon realized that we all have something in common. For example, I met a classmate from a different country who spoke limited English, but we were able to bond over our love for music and movies.Another important lesson I learned in my first year of college was the importance of time management. With so many classes, assignments, and extracurricular activities, it was easy to feel overwhelmed. I had to learn how to prioritize my tasks and make a schedule that allowed me to balance my academic and social life. For instance, I joined a study group for one of my classes and found that ithelped me stay on top of my assignments while still having time to hang out with friends.In addition, I discovered the value of seeking help when I needed it. Whether it was from a professor, a tutor, or a counselor, I realized that it's okay to ask for assistance when I'm struggling. This was a tough lesson for me to learn, as I've always been independent, but I found that reaching out for help actually made me feel more connected to the college community.Overall, my first year of college has been a rollercoaster of emotions and experiences. I've faced challenges, made new friends, and learned a lot about myself. I'm excited to see what the next three years have in store for me.中文：作为大学新生，我经历了许多新的经验，学到了许多宝贵的教训。
英语作文知识要点归纳
英语作文知识要点归纳Certainly! Here's a summary of key points to keep in mind when writing an English essay:1. Clear Thesis Statement: Start with a clear and concise thesis statement that presents the main argument or point of your essay. This statement should guide the reader throughout the essay.2. Introduction: Introduce the topic and provide necessary background information. Engage the reader's interest and clearly state the purpose of the essay.Briefly outline the main points that will be discussed.3. Body Paragraphs: Each body paragraph should focus ona single main idea or argument that supports your thesis statement. Begin each paragraph with a topic sentence that introduces the main point, followed by supporting evidence and examples. Use transition words and phrases to create coherence and flow between paragraphs.4. Supporting Evidence: Use relevant evidence tosupport your arguments, such as facts, statistics, examples, and quotations from credible sources. Make sure to properly cite your sources according to the required citation style (e.g., APA, MLA).5. Analysis and Interpretation: Analyze and interpret the evidence you've presented to demonstrate how itsupports your thesis. Explain the significance of your findings and how they contribute to the overall understanding of the topic.6. Counterarguments: Acknowledge and address counterarguments or opposing viewpoints. Anticipatepossible objections to your argument and refute them with evidence and logical reasoning.7. Conclusion: Summarize the main points of your essay and restate your thesis statement in different words. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion. End with a strong closing statement that leaves a lasting impressionon the reader.8. Language and Style: Use clear, concise language and avoid unnecessary jargon or overly complex vocabulary. Vary sentence structure to maintain reader interest. Proofread carefully for grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and punctuation errors.9. Coherence and Cohesion: Ensure that your essay is well-organized and flows logically from one point to the next. Use transition words and phrases to signal connections between ideas and paragraphs.10. Revision and Editing: After completing the first draft, take the time to revise and edit your essay. Check for clarity, coherence, and consistency. Consider seeking feedback from peers or instructors to improve your essay further.By following these key points, you can write a well-structured and persuasive English essay that effectively communicates your ideas to the reader.。
所有英语作文知识点归纳
所有英语作文知识点归纳英语作文是教育中重要的一门学科，也是培养学生综合语言运用能力的重要途径。
掌握英语作文的基本知识点对学生的英语学习和提高英语写作能力非常重要。
下面将详细介绍英语作文的各个知识点。
1. 文章结构一个完整的英语作文通常由三部分组成：引言、正文和结论。
引言部分主要是为了引入话题并吸引读者的注意；正文部分是文章的核心内容，包括主要观点和论据；结论部分是对文章的总结和结束。
2. 表达清晰的主题句每段文章都应该有一个明确的主题句，它可以帮助读者理解段落的内容，并确保文章的逻辑连贯。
3. 使用恰当的连词和过渡词连接词和过渡词可以使文章的结构更加完整，段落之间的逻辑关系更加清晰。
例如：and （和）、but（但是）、however（然而）、therefore（因此）等。
4. 正确使用时态和语态时态和语态是英语作文中非常重要的要素。
正确使用时态可以使文章的时间序列清晰明了，正确使用语态可以准确表达句子的主体动作。
例如：一般现在时、进行时、过去时、将来时、被动语态等。
5. 使用恰当的句式和句型多样化的句式和句型可以丰富文章的表达方式，使文章语言更加生动有力。
例如：倒装句、强调句、条件句、比较句、虚拟语气等。
6. 使用适当的修辞手法修辞手法能够使文笔更加优美，同时也能够增强文章的说服力。
例如：比喻、拟人、夸张、排比、反问等。
7. 用例子来支持论点通过提供具体的例子和事实来支持自己的论点是写作中常用的技巧之一。
例子的使用可以使文章更加具体，并增加可信度。
8. 清楚明了的段落结构一个好的段落应该包括一个主题句、支持细节和例子，并且它们之间应该有清晰的逻辑关系。
9. 注意标点符号的使用适当的标点符号能够帮助读者理解句子的含义和强调句子的重要部分。
例如：句号、逗号、冒号、感叹号等。
10. 合理组织文章一个合理组织的文章可以使读者更好地理解作者的意图和论点。
例如：时间顺序、因果关系、对比和分析等。
11. 避免重复和废话重复和废话会使文章显得啰嗦和冗长，需要避免在写作中频繁使用相同的词汇和表达方式。
the craft of writing effectively笔记
the craft of writing effectively笔记1. 引言1.1 概述在现代社会，书面表达能力被认为是一项至关重要的技能。
无论是在学校、工作还是日常生活中，我们都需要不断提升自己的写作能力以有效地沟通和传达信息。
然而，许多人在写作时感到困惑和无措，难以准确地表达自己的想法和意见。
因此，深入了解如何有效撰写文章的技巧显得尤为重要。
1.2 文章结构一篇有效的文章往往包含引言、正文和结论三个基本部分。
引言部分主要用于引起读者的兴趣，并简要介绍文章将要讨论的主题。
正文部分是文章的核心内容，其中包含对特定问题或主题的详细说明、观点阐述、证据支持等内容。
最后，在结论部分，作者总结了整篇文章的主要观点，并提出自己对该问题或主题的看法与建议。
1.3 目的本文旨在帮助读者掌握撰写有效文章的技巧和方法。
通过提供一些实用的指导原则和实例分析，本文将教授读者如何选择合适的词汇、组织结构和句子结构，以及如何利用适当的语言风格和修辞手法来提高文章的可读性和影响力。
值得一提的是，本文并非一篇万能的指南，因为写作是一个创造性的过程，每个人都有自己独特的写作风格。
然而，本文将为读者提供一些基本原则和技巧，并激发他们在写作中开展自己的创造力。
因此，在继续阅读之前，请确保您已准备好进入写作之旅，并愿意通过学习并不断实践来改善自己的写作能力。
掌握撰写有效文章的技巧不仅对学习和工作有所裨益，更会增强我们在社交和情感表达方面的能力，使我们成为更好、更全面发展的个体。
让我们一起踏上这个旅程吧！2. 正文在写作的过程中，我们需要掌握一些技巧和方法来有效地表达我们想要传达的信息。
下面我将介绍几个关键因素，帮助你提升写作效果。
首先是选择合适的词汇和语言。
在写作中，选择恰当的词汇能够确切地表达意思，避免产生歧义。
请尽量使用简明扼要的语言，避免过多的修饰词和复杂句式，使文章更易读、更具有吸引力。
其次是注重文章结构。
一个好的文章应该有清晰的结构和层次感，使读者能够理解文章的组织框架，并轻松跟随作者的思路。
西湖大学的英文作文
西湖大学的英文作文英文：As a student of Westlake University, I have had a unique experience of studying in a bilingual environment. The university offers courses in both Chinese and English, and students are encouraged to use both languages in their daily lives.One of the benefits of studying in a bilingual environment is the opportunity to improve language skills.I have found that constantly using both Chinese and English has helped me to become more proficient in both languages. For example, I used to struggle with understanding certain Chinese idioms, but now I am able to understand them more easily because I have been exposed to them more frequently.Another benefit is the cultural exchange that occurs in a bilingual environment. By interacting with students who speak different languages and come from differentbackgrounds, I have gained a deeper understanding and appreciation of different cultures. For instance, I have learned about the customs and traditions of different regions in China, as well as the cultures of other countries represented on campus.However, there are also challenges that come with studying in a bilingual environment. One challenge is the need to constantly switch between languages. Sometimes I find myself struggling to express myself in one language because I have been using the other language for an extended period of time. Additionally, it can be difficult to keep up with the pace of the class when the teacher switches between languages.Overall, I believe that studying in a bilingual environment has been a valuable experience for me. It has helped me to improve my language skills and gain a deeper appreciation of different cultures. While there are challenges, the benefits outweigh them.中文：作为西湖大学的学生，我有着独特的双语学习经历。
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理论篇一、前言(一)最新作文得分统计：四级新题型考试后，一项内部阅卷统计显示——考生作文标准得分36分—下为30%，36分—63分为40%，63分—85分为20%，85分以上为10%。
70%的考生得分为63 以下。
（二）写作中应该注意的问题1.长度问题：四级作文一般120～150词为宜：①第一部分3～4句；②第二部分6～8句③第三部分3～4句2. 格式问题 3 结构正确 4.卷面整洁5.字体工整6. 语法无误7. 中心（句）突出8. 内容完整（三）四级写作中语言重于内容：1. 词汇方面：①拼写错误（分可原谅错误----难词和不可原谅错误----简单词）②谓语动词过于简单：主要表现在用词单一；时态和语态单一2. 句子方面：①语法错误：主谓不一致；时态问题；语态问题②句型单一3. 篇章方面：①常用三段式②三个主题句③有闪光点④疯狂使用定语从句二、高分作文的要素1、结构清晰。
2、语言丰富。
3、内容充实。
4.出现亮点：①遣词造句要地道②开头结尾破常规③适当应用修辞法④恰当使用警言句三、四级写作过程(—)前写作阶段：审题、列提纲（前3～5分钟）1第一步：解决文章内容问题：读懂考题，划出考题要点第二步：解决文章结构问题：依据要点，打开思路例1、中心思想interview is good分论点①interview forces us to study harder(第一方)② interview is good to employer company(第二方—对方)③interview is good to society(第三方)第三步帅选出最佳写作思路，从多个角度考虑一个相同的问题：第一方--己方；第二方—对方；第三方2（二）写作阶段：1任务：解决文章语言问题（6th～30th分钟）2 成功语言体现的几个方面：(1) 长句、短句错落有致(2) 倒装、强调适当穿插(3) 主动、被动合理应用(4) 比较结构巧妙应用3 选择的适切性(1) 考虑读者与作者的关系（写给朋友与公司是不能用同一种方法来写）(2) 语言的正式程度（幼儿与成人、口语与书面语不同）四四级考试作文的结构要求1引言段：表明文章话题，吸引读者兴趣，暗示正文内容①用数字：e.g.: Nowadays tens of thousands university students are graduated from school, and they all want to be successful in this modern world.②用问题e.g.: Do you know any university students who do not want to succeed in the society? What does it take for them to succeed in the modern society?③用引语e.g.: "Success comes not only from perspiration and inspiration, but also from sati factory performance in interview." commented Dr Kenly in his book.④开门见山式e.g.: In the modern society, almost all university students look forward to success⑤驳论式（推荐使用：先说错的，后说对的，然后解释为什么）e.g.: As the modem society puts more emphasis on personal difference and personal values, it provides more opportunities for students to seek success. However, the fact is that not everyone can succeed. Success calls for certain opportunities, but more importantly, it calls for many personal qualities.2 正文段的写法(1)第一部分：本段主题句(2)第二部分：三组支持的论据(以下R=理由)：① R1 + R2 + Example2 + R3② R1+ Example1；R2 + Example2； R3 + Example3(3)第三部分：简单重复本段内容3 结论段的写法：(1)总结的写法：简单的重复前文内容(2)评论的写法：自己的观点实战篇一、四级写作构思文章（一）确保文章内容正确（二）确保文章内容充实1 expert testimony专家证言（不一定专家与证言对号）2 statistics统计数计法（不要老用very, 数据不一定正确，但要真是、合理、适中）3 example举例法①权威事例②身边事例（For example, Here is an example, I got from sb./sth.+定语从句，which works quite well in this case）③举例万能公式： if + if not + so--- 增加文章长度④所举事例必须是积极而非消极的4 personal experience个人经历（谢积极经历而非消极经历）e.g：如果有电脑，我就玩游戏；如果没电脑，我就认真学习，所以电脑不好。
改为：如果有电脑，他们就天天玩游戏，没人和我一起学英语。
5 logic and reasoning 逻辑推理法① why (分析问题段)： R1; R2 + E; R3. 或 R1 +权威事例； R2+ 身边事例② How （解决问题段）宏观观点+ 他人观点 + 自己观点6 known facts常识法7 analogy类比法二四级作文常用句式：1 there be 结构: ①时态变化②单复数变化（就近原则）(1) be动词变化There is（was）a concert last night.There are(is an ) English book, a dictionary and some(+other ) books on the desk.(2) There are many people (+who ) like to go to movies. There were many friends (+who )visited our school.2否定结构(1)词的否定：need 和have 的否定:①needn’t / haven’t ② don’t need to/ don’t have to ③ have no(2)否定转移：与思维、大脑有关的动词需要用否定转移(3) 部分否定：指all, both, every与not 构成的成分——I don't(x) remember (not) all the details.全部否定：指肯定式的谓语动词+ 否定意义的词（rare, scare, seldom, never,neither, none, hardly, barely）——I have never seen such things before.(4) 双重否定：其功能表①肯定②加强语气She is too sensitive not to notice that.(5)具有否定意义的短语：by no means （句中）in no way （句尾）in no wise （句尾）on no account （句首，且倒装）eg: The problems are by no means difficult to solve.On no account are you to cheat in the coming exams.The situation is serious in no wise.(=is not serious)(6) 常用于否定的词组：at all by many meansin any way in the leasteg: I am not tired in the least.(7)含有否定词不含否定意义: can’t but do sth.; can’t help doing不含否定词但否定意义：free，fail to do, lack, short3 比较结构eg: The climate in Shengyang is colder than (+that in )other cities. Comparing ( Compared )with cars, train runs much faster.(1) 同级比较——我叔叔和你父亲一样高。
—这个杯子里的水和那个杯子里的水一样多。
—你的帽子和我的帽子一样。
(2) 比较级—和英语相比我更擅长物理。
(3) 固定句型：A：“越…越…”——他越忙越感到快乐。
——你越努力取得的进步越大。
B：句子主要成分+比较级+and+比较级——假期航班越来越不贵了。
—在这上面花的时间越来越多。
C：句子的主要成分+the+比较级+of the two—这是两个问题中比较简单的一个。
D：句子成分+more than+…——He is more than a singer; he is a famous composer.——A science is more than a large amount of information on some subject. ------I am more than sad to hear that.------More than 70% of people are man.(4) 选择比较：—与其说他聪明，不如说他幸运。
—在春节，人们宁愿在家一起看电视，也不要出去旅游。
4. 因果结构（1）原因类——My secretary didn't attend the meeting because he was ill.——I won't tell you about it since you've not interested.——We went without him as he wasn't ready in time.--In that he is very busy, he feels unable to do it.-She didn't get the job on the ground that she was young.-Not that I don't like the novel, but that I have no time for it.(2)结果类—Everyone work hard, so that the work was finished ahead of achedule.-I was asleep, with the result that I didn't heat the telephone.-He studied hard, so he passed the exam.(3) 动词短语—前因后果: lead to, contribute to—前果后因: credit to, attribute to—混合因果: be bound up with, be associated with,5 目的结构: with the purpose of—我们采取这样的措施是为了解决这个问题。