1.定语从句
定语从句(1)
定语从句一．定语从句的定义：所谓定语从句，就是用一个句子来做定语来修饰一个名词，其中被修饰的名词叫做先行词，连接先行词和从句之间（或者说引导定语从句）的词语叫做关系词，关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。
其中常见的关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose,as,but,than;常见的关系副词有：why,when,where.（注意：what，how，whether，if和特殊疑问词+ever不能引导定语从句）。
二．如何选择定语从句的连接词：首先明确先行词是什么，然后找到后面的从句，把从句单独拿出来分析，看一看先行词在句子中做什么成分，根据语法选择连接词。
Eg:He tried to escape from the prison that/which was builtin the Middle Age .分析：1.找先行词：prison 2.把prison放入从句中可以看到prison在从句中是做主语，即the prison was built in the Middle Age .而在定语从句中能充当主语的连接词一般情况下是that和which，于是就能选出连接词了。
三．连接词的用法：1.that：可以修饰人和物，在从句中作主语或宾语,表语，做宾语的时候一般情况下可以省略。
Eg: She is a girl who/that has long hair.(在从句中做主语) Is this the news (that)/which you wanted to tell me yesterday?(在从句中做宾语，可以省略that)He is no longer a kind-hearted man that he used to be(在从句中做表语)注意：1）that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：His father died in the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
1.定语从句（形容词性从句）专题讲解
定语从句（Attributive Clause）一关系代词引导的定语从句(who/whom/whose/which/that)1.Who,指代范围是人，句子中充当主语/宾语（限定性定语从句中作宾语可省略）①作主语The boy who is standing there is my cousin.②作宾语The young man(who)Jane loves is standing there.2.Whom,指代范围是人，句子中只充当宾语（限定性定语从句中作宾语可省略）The man(whom) you met yesterday is my teacher.注意：紧接着介词后面作介词的宾语时只能用whom,不用who；如果介词在词尾两者都可以。
①This is the person from whom I learn about news.②This is the person who/whom I learn about news from.不过按照习惯，一般介词都会放在前面，①中那样比较常见。
3.Whose(of whom/of which),指代范围人/物，句子中充当定语①Do you know the boy whose father(the father of whom) is an teacher?②He lives in a house whose windows (the window of which) face south.注意：“介词+关系代词”从句中作定语时被修饰词常常需要提前。
There is a room, the window of which faces the river.4.Which 代指物，句子中充当主语/宾语（限定性定语从句中作宾语可省略）①Children like to read books which have wonderful pictures.②The pen(which) my uncle gave me is missing.注意：which除了指物以外，还可以指代婴儿、动物和表示表示单数意义的集合名词，此外还可以指人的职业、地位或品格等。
(完整版)定语从句(完整版)
定语从句定语从句及相关术语1. 定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2. 关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that, whi ch, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。
关系词常有3个作用：1,引导定语从句。
2,代替先行词。
3 ,在定语从句中担当一个成分。
注：关系代词有主语.宾语之分。
一般whom作为宾语。
4. 定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用’••…的'表示。
主要由形容词担任。
此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任.单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。
短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。
先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。
（一）限定性定语从句一、关系代词（在句中作主语、宾语或定语）1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。
［eg : this is the book （which ） you want。
］而且，如果which在从句中作不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括当先行词是anyt hing, everything, nothing , none 等不定代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, muc h等修饰时等，这时的that 常被省略还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有which时，都只能用that4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语5. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物，当它引导的从句修饰物体时，可以与of which调换，表达的意思一样。
语法专题一：定语从句
语法专题一：定语从句1. 定语从句的几个基本概念：1) 先行词：即被定语从句修饰的名词或代词，通常位于定从的前面。
2) 先行词在从句中担当成份：根据不同成份，用相应的关系代词或关系副词。
3) 关系代词：即先行词在定从中作主、宾、表、定。
作主语：指物，则用that, which引导，且不能省略；指人，用that, who引导，不省略。
作宾语：即及物动词宾语和介词宾语：指物，用that, which引导，可省略；指人，用that, who, whom引导，可省略。
注意：如将介词提到了定从之首，先行词指人，只能用whom; 指物只能用which。
作表语：一般指人、指物皆用that, 可省略。
作定语：指人、指物皆用whose,不省略。
4) 关系副词：即先行词在定从中作状语，指时间用when, 地点用where, 原因用why，亦可用介词+which替代。
所谓作状语：即先行词不能直接放入从句中，需要有一个介词连接，而从句中却没有这个介词。
5) 非限制性定语从句：即用逗号与主句或先行词分开，用于补充说明。
(1) which: 用于指代先行词（物），或整个主句，不能省略。
(2) who / whom: 用于指代先行词（人），不能省略。
(3) all / some of + which / whom: 用于指代先行词的部分。
(4) as为关系代词，“正如、就像”的意思, 引导定从时可置于句首、句中或句末。
注意：在非限制性定从中，不能用that。
2. 一些特殊用法：1) 一般只用that引导从句的情况：(1) 限制性定语从句中，当先行词被强调，如被any, every, each, few, little, no, some, theonly, the very等修饰时；(2) 先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等时；(3) 先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级所修饰时；(4) 先行词既有人又有物时；(5) 当句中已有who时，为避免重复。
定语从句1
定语从句一、定语从句及相关概念1、定语从句（The Attributive Clause)：在句中作定语，修饰某一名词或代词(甚至整个主句)的从句。
Mary is a beautiful girl 形容词作定语Mary is a girl （who has long hair）.The girl (whom I met) is Lucy.The school (where I study) is far from my home.I still remember the day（when I came here）.句子作定语, 叫做定语从句2、先行词（Antecedent)：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词或句子.3、关系词(Relatives)引导定语从句的词，并代替先行词在从句中担任一定的成分二、定语从句中关系词及其作用，定语从句关系词分两类：1 Relative Pronouns（关系代词）:who , whom, which, that, whose, as2 Relative Adverbs（关系副词）:when, where, why关系词的作用：1、指代作用：指代先行词；2、连接作用：连接主从句；3、成分作用：在从句中充当成分The man who lives next to us sells vegetables.I’ll never forget the days which we spent together.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you know the reason why she was late.1 .The man who came to our school is Mr. Wang.（主语）2. The girl whom I met is Lucy.（宾语）3. A child whose parents are dead is called Tom.（定语）4. I like the book which you bought yesterday.(宾语)5. China is not the country that used to be.（表语）6. I like the person to whom you just talked.（宾语）关系代词的用法练习，把下列两个句子合成一个1．The eggs were not fresh. I bought them yesterday.2. The friend was not hungry. He came to supper last night.3. He prefers the cheese. It comes from his parent’s farm.4. The noodles were delicious. You cooked them.5. I don’t like the people. They smoke a lot.6The teacher praised the student. His English is the best in our class.7The house is mine. The window of the house is broken.填入相应的关系代词1. The person _______you are waiting for has gone.2. I know a lady _______ father is a famous writer.3 Those______ collect stamps are very interested in the “First Day Covers4. The computer____ they use belongs to the school.5.The school ____ is five meters away will be rebuilt.6. I will never forget the days____ we studied together.四．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限定作用,常和先行词紧密相连2 而非限制性定语从句是对先行词起补充说明作用, 非限制性定语从句中，先行词与定语从句往往有逗号隔开,非限制性定语从句相当于并列句、状语从句, 非限制性定语从句不能用that来引导, 非限制性定语从句常常用来修饰整个句子如：I want to see this man, who can speak English.He gave up the plan, which was a very good one.I met John, who told me the news.I will take this one, which seems to be the best one.He has two sons, who work in the same company.He has two sons who work in the same company.教师评价: 批阅日期。
1 定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,一般
injured in the accident?
【结论5】指人时，定语从句中的关系代词只能用
who的情况：
①当先行词是anyone, those时，只用who。
②有两个定语从句皆指人时，其中一个关系代词
已用that，另一个宜用who。
【完成例句】 (16)那个门破了的教室在二楼。 The classroom whose door / the door of which / of which the door is broken is on the second floor. 【结论6】whose可以指代人或物，在定语从句 中作定语， 后跟名词。指物时，whose ＋ 名 词＝ of which ＋名词 ＝ 名词＋ of which。
known to all. (4)每家有台电视,30年前我们认为是不可能的，现 在实现了。
To own a TV set in each family, which we think was impossible 30 years ago, now has become true.
例如：Harry Potter is the most interesting novel that I have read. (that I have read是定语从句；novel 是先行词；that 是关系代词，代替先行词novel， 在从句中作have read的宾语。)
个主句，相当于and this或and that。二者的区别主 要在于：
①as引导的非限制性定语从句既可以在主句前， 也可以在主句后，有时还可以在插入句中，常带有 “正如……，正像……”的意思。而which引导的非 限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后，翻译成“这”。
定语从句
英语基础语法——定语从句■有关定语从句的概念(1)定语从句：就是在复合句里充当定语的从句，它通常紧靠在所修饰的名词或代词后面。
(2)先行词：就是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。
(3)关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词有关系代词who, whom, whose, which和that等；关系副词有when, where, why等。
关系词不仅起连接作用，而且还代表先行词并在定语从句中担任某一句子成分，关系代词作主语、宾语、定语、表语等，关系副词作状语。
如：This is the book that my father bought me yesterday. 这就是我父亲昨天帮我买的那本书。
说明：句中修饰the book的that my father bought me yesterday就是定语从句；被定语从句所修饰的the book这是先行词；代表the book的关系代词that在定语从句中作bought的直接宾语。
The time when he arrives is not known. 他到达的时间还不知道。
说明：句中when he arrives是定语从句，被定语从句修饰的the time是先行词，关系副词when作时间状语。
■关系代词的一般用法先行词是人，在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom或who，作定语用whose；先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which，作定语用of which或whose均可。
在限制性定语从句中which, who, whom都可用that代替。
关系代词作宾语时常被省略。
This is the man who helped me yesterday. 这就是昨天帮助我的那个人。
(作主语)The teacher (who/whom/that) you want to see is coming. 你要见的老师来了。
(作see的宾语，可以省略)I met a boy whose father was a astronaut. 我认识一位男孩，他的父亲是宇航员。
高三英语一轮复习语法专题---定语从句知识点梳理与题库
定语从句知识点梳理1.定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。
关系词常有3个作用：1.引导定语从句2.代替先行词3.在定语从句中担当一个成分。
3. 先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。
一、关系词的用法(一)关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which（在句中作主语、宾语或定语）关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。
（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.3）which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.4) asAs用于先行词前有as, so, such, the same修饰的限制性定语从句.You can take as many books as you need.(二) 关系副词when, where, why（在句中作状语）1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2) The time when we got together finally came.2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when hegrew up.注意：介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)(2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.4. 介词后面的关系词不能省略。
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The women that/who are speaking at the
meeting are famous scientists. (主句)The women are famous scientists.
{主语是复数}
2)She is the girl whom I went with there. She is the girl with whom I went there. She is the girl that I went with there. She is the girl 省略 I went with there.
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❖注意
定语从句的时态不受主句的限制。
The woman who/that spoke at the meeting yesterday is my mother. (主句)The woman is my mother.(叙述客观事实用一般现在时) (从句)The woman(who/that) spoke at the meeting yesterday. (句中yesterday表示过去时间)
先行词 ＝ 关系词 ＝The hotel at which we stayed wasn’t clean.
＝The hotel which we stayed at wasn’t clean
＝The hotel 关系词略we stayed at wasn’t clean .
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❖定语从句的辨认（思考步骤）
▪ 找出先行词
a.确定在从句中关系代词的人称、数。 b.确定定语从句的位置
▪ 确定关系代词在从句中的成分以确定关系代词的格（主、宾、定）
▪ 确定从句的时态 （定语从句的时态都不受主句的限制）
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❖关系代词与介词
指物: that/which (宾语,可省略)
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which 作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省
These are the trees which were planted last year.
This recorder （which） he is using is made in Japan.
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知识详解: 定语从句
概念
➢定语可以由形容词、代词、数词、名词、分词、不定 式、介词短语等来担任，修饰名词。(以分词、介词短语 为例）
例： The girl behind the tree is Kate. The man driving too fast was a drunk.
关系副词:where﹑when﹑why
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➢先行词和关系词
先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 先行词、关系词/引导词
He is an English teacher who likes singing songs.
I saw a woman . Her bag was stolen . I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.
Please show me the book . Its cover is red. Please show me the book whose cover is red. I’ll call a person. His father knows you. I’ll call a person whose father knows you.
从 句
3.why的用法： ( 表示原因的名词) The reason why I’m calling you is to invite you to a party.
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使用关系代词还是关系副词 当引导词在句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词； 当引导词在句中作状语时，要用关系副词。如：
• 关系副词：where(on which), when(in which), why(for which) why 只修饰reason （在句中作状语）
❖ 关系代词的使用取决于先行词，它们的关系非常密切，因为 关系代词在定语从句中代替主句中的先行词，所以它在一般 情况下都跟在先行词之后，而且它的 人称、数必须和先行 词一致。 The woman that/who is speaking at the meeting is my mother. (主句) The woman is my mother (从句) The woman is speaking at the meeting.
Is this the library (which) you borrow books from?
Is this the library from which you borrow books?
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whose 是代词的所有格形式, 它既可以代人也 可以代物。
介词放在关系代词的前面时,介词宾语只能用which代物, 和whom代人。(介词在末尾时,关系词可以省略)
1)This is the hero(whom) we are proud of. This is the hero of whom we are proud . This is the hero(that) we are proud of .
注意: 固定动介词组不可分割,介词不能提前.例如:look after,look at …
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Here are the picture-books that the children are looking for . Here are the picture-books which the children are looking for. Here are the picture-books the children are looking for.
(从句)The women are speaking at the meeting.
关系词判 断 步 骤 :
❖ 首先，要辨别出先行词。 如果先行词是指人,关系词可能就用
who,that,whom,whose。如果先行词指物,关系词可能用which或that ❖ 然后，要确定关系词在从句中的成分。请看下表
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关系副词
关系副词也是用来引导定语从句的，它和关系代词一样，具 有 几种作用。 △在从句中代替先行词。 △在句中作状语。 △连接作用，把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的复合句。 关系副词有三种： where:在从句中作地点状语,指代地点. ( on/in/at…which) when: 在从句中作时间状语,指代时间。(on/ in…which) why: 在从句中作原因状语,指代原因。 the reason why
I will remember the day when I left my hometown for ever.
This is the palace where he works. (where状语时，等于 in which)
I often think of the days that I spent in Brown’s last summer.(that作spent的宾语=the days) He kept the laughing during the two hours (that) it took to fly to Beijing. (that作took的宾语，等于two hours)
先行词 人 物
主格
who,that which,that
宾格
who(m),that which,that
所有格
whose whose,of which
❖ 最后，要确定关系代词的人称和数(请看以上例句)
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例 1. The man __th_a_t_/w_h_o___ gave you the talk yesterday is our teacher.
Hunan Arts & Crafts Vocahere 的用法：(先行词应是地点名词） The hotel wasn’t clean. + We stayed at the hotel.
We stayed there. =The hotel where we stayed wasn’t clean.
2.when的用法： （先行词应是表示时间的名词）
I’ll never forget the day. + I joined the League on that day.
I’ll never forget the day on which I joined the League .
I’ll never forget the day when I joined the League.
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