研究生学术英语翻译4教学教材
高教版新编研究生英语综合教程Unit 4 教参
Unit 4 International RelationsText APre-reading questions1)What’s your own comprehension of Chin ese Dream? Make a rough comparison andcontrast between American Dream and Chinese Dream.Chinese Dream is a phrase appearing during and after establishment of the new Chinese leadership in 2012-2013 used by the government and journalists in the People…s Republic of China to describe the aspiration of self-improvement in Chinese society.The concept of Chinese Dream is very similar to the idea of “American Dream”. It stresses the importance of entrepreneurial spirit. It also glorifies a generation of self-made men and women in post-reform China，such as those rural immigrates who moved to the urban centers and achieve magnificent improvement for improving their living standards.Chinese Dream can be interpreted as the collective consciousness of Chinese people during the era of social transformation and economic progress.2)If someone who is completely ignorant of China asked you to introduce China, whichaspects would you choose?Aspects for reference:location, history, traditions, economic development, current events, folk life, etc.3)How would you comment on the current Sino-American relations?a. cooperative and beneficialb. stressful and conflictingc. complicated and tangled课文翻译走进未知国度数年前，我读了一本关于当今时代的现代科学伟大方程的精彩文集，书名叫《天地有大美》。
研究生学术英语翻译
Deciding on a topic决定一个主题As a college student of science and technology,you are often required to write a literature review about a certain topic,or a 1500-word term paper.In either case,the writing is a complex process which involves choosing a topic,searching for relevant materials,and compiling a reference list.Hence the first thing you need to do is to choose a research topic.作为一个研究科学技术学生，你通常需要写一个关于某一主题的文献综述，或一个1500字的论文。
不管是哪种，写作都是一个复杂的过程，涉及选题，查找资料，编写参考清单。
因此，你首先需要做的是选择一个研究课题。
A topic is what the essay or research paper is about.Choosing a topic for your literature review or research paper requires careful consideration.A topic that is too specialized or the general may bring many problems in terms of the time you can devote to the research or the sources of information available on the topic.How do you choose a topic which is possible to research?There are four principles:主题就是文章或研究论文是与什么有关的。
研究生英语教程(上Unit 4 Love and Romance
Unit 4 Love and RomanceText A We Lave Who We Lave( I )Dr. Joyce Brothers1 I know of one couple; He is burly ex-athlete who, in addition to being a successful salesman, coached a children ’ s softball team, was active in his; Rotary Club and played golf every Saturday with friends. Meanwhile, his wife is petite, quiet and a complete homebody. She doesn’t even like to go out If dinner.我认识一对夫妇,他魁梧的前退役运动员,除了作为一个成功的推销员,一个孩子的垒球教练团队,积极活跃在;扶轮社,每个星期六和朋友打高尔夫球。
与此同时,他的妻子是娇小的,安静,是一个不折不扣的家庭主妇。
她甚至不喜欢外出如果晚餐。
2 What mysterious force drives us into the arms of one person, while pushing us away from another who might appear equally desirable to any unbiased observer?是什么神秘力量使我们投入到某个人的怀抱,而推动我们远离那些可能出现另一个旁观者眼里同样可取的?3 Of the many factors influencing our idea of the perfect mate, one of the most telling, according to John Money, a Professor Emeritus of Medical Psychology and Pediatrics in the United States, is what he calls our “love map”— a group of messages encoded in our brains that describes our likes and dislikes. It shows our preferences in hair and eye color, in voice, smell, and body build. It also records the kind of personality that appeals to us, whether i t’s the warm and friendly type or the strong, silent type.许多因素影响我们心目中的完美伴侣,其中最有力的,根据约翰金钱名誉教授,儿科医学心理学在美国,是他所谓的“爱情地图”——一群消息编码在我们的大脑,它描述了我们的好恶。
研究生学术综合英语1-6课课文及翻译精编版
Presenting a speech（做演讲）Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。
我们用语言language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself.传承文化。
事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。
[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality butalso helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events].和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。
——语序的调整。
Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately.好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。
【学术英语】(4)
【学术英语】（4）【College English】(Band 4)一、基本信息课程代码：【2020009】课程学分：【4】面向专业：【信息技术学院14级部分专业学生】课程性质：【学术英语必修课】课程类型：【理论教学课】开课院系：【外国语学院】使用教材：主教材：【新核心《综合学术英语教程(4)》，蔡基刚总主编，上海交通大学出版社，2014《全新版大学英语（第二版）听说教程(4)》，虞苏美主编，上海外语教育出版社，2014参考教材：【《大学英语语法手册》，张成袆主编，上海外语教育出版社，2004】【《12句作文法与3步翻译法》，王长喜主编，外语教学与研究出版社，2013】先修课程：【大学英语2】后续课程：【学术英语4】二、课程简介大学英语教学是高等教育的一个有机组成部分，大学英语课程是大学生一门必修的基础课程。
大学英语教学是以英语语言知识与应用技能、学习策略和跨文化交际为主要内容，以外语教学理论为指导，并集多种教学模式和教学手段为一体的教学体系。
本课程目的是：培养学生具有较强的阅读能力和实用有效的听、说、写、译能力，帮助学生从通用英语顺利过渡到用英语进行专业学习，使他们能用英语交流信息。
大学英语教学应帮助学生打下扎实的语言基础，掌握良好的语言学习方法，具有较强的英语应用能力和相应的综合文化素养，以适应社会发展和经济建设的需要。
大学英语(4)是大学英语第四学期（共4学期）的课程，经过大学英语前三个学期的训练，学生在词汇、结构、翻译与写作方面都有了长足的进步。
此阶段以微技能为主线组织各个单元，以学术阅读和写作技能为每单元的主题组织阅读、听力、口语、和写作的课文和练习并采用任务或项目驱动的方法编写练习。
六个单元分别为“定义”、“分类”、“比较”、“因果”、“举例”、和“引证”，每单元分为4个任务，共计3000字左右。
其中第一个任务300字左右，旨在让学生阅读和了解本单元的阅读和写作技能；第二个任务500字左右，旨在通过听讲座、做练习，让学生进一步了解本单元的技能；第三个任务涉及两篇长度约1000字左右的文章。
新世纪研究生英语教程（第四版）课文译文—第6单元
新世纪研究生英语教程（第四版）课文译文—第6单元无纸化办公之神为什么你的办公室愈加混乱不堪?弗雷德里充·依·艾伦［１］在1970年《未来者》杂志中阿尔温·托福乐声称“打印任何资料是机器的一种原始用途，违背了其本身的初衷。
”五年后，施乐公司的帕罗·阿尔托研究中心的主任认为无纸化办公已经初现端倪，并大胆预言在未来“不知道这个世界上我还会需要多少硬拷贝。
”［２］如果他还和我们一样，那么，他仍然被许多纸张包围，很可能比以往任何时候更加严重。
几十年来,我们一直期待着无纸化办公的到来,但是,新技术层出不穷,旨在帮助我们取代在几千年前最先由埃及人利用河咒苇制造的纸。
这些新技术包括电子记事本,体积越来越小的笔记本电脑和内容总在不断更新的电子书籍。
我们都知道纸张占据宝贵的空间,一次只能够放在一个地方,检索或查询非常困难,而且缺少超文本所具有的交互性和链接功能。
因为了解这一点,所以我们为继续依赖纸张而内疚。
为什么我们还不能够克服这一陋习呢?［３］两位英国研究人员阿比加尔·宅和理此埃持仁哈坡决定对此进行研究,并将其研究成果写成《无纸办公室的神话》一书,由麻省理工学院出版社出版。
书中举例说明了我们所处的困境:他们在一家高科技研究实验室遇到了一位经理,其办公室里到处都堆积着纸张——椅子上、工作台上、办公桌上、电脑周围。
他似乎有一种超能力,只用几秒钟就在乱七八糟的纸堆里找到所需文件,但是,这的确会让他的老板感到难堪。
每当公司老板到来之时,他不得不把所有的纸张收拾起来,藏入壁橱的箱子里。
这样做的结果使他此后一两周的工作效率大减。
这就产生了问题:难道纸张真的妨碍我们的工作吗?[4] 我们很容易这么认为。
关于计算机化信息处理的优点我们已经耳熟能详,但是,我们却从未听说过纸张的优点。
塞伦和哈坡已经发现了纸张的优点。
以他们如何描述一张普通办公桌上的文件摆放为例。
它准确地描述了我的,也许还有你的乱糟糟的办公室:一叠重要的文件放在办公桌中间,可能紧靠在电话旁,这些文件被他们称为特急件,需要马上处理。
研究生英语综合教程UNIT4课文及翻译(含汉译英英译汉)
UNIT41. Think for a moment about your own life — the activities of your day, the possessions you enjoy, the surroundings in which you live. Is there anything you don’t have at this moment that you would like to have? Anything that you have, but that you would like more of? If your answer is “no,” then congratulations — either you are well advanced on the path of Zen self-denial, or else you are a close relative of Ted Turner . The rest of us, however, would benefit from an increase in our material standard of living. This simple truth is at the very core of economics. It can be restated this way: we all face the problem of scarcity.2 Almost everything in your daily life is scarce. You would benefit from a larger room or apartment, so you have a scarcity of space. You have only two pairs of shoes and could use a third for hiking; you have a scarcity of shoes. You would love to take a trip to Chicago, but it is difficult for you to find the time or the money to go — trips to Chicago are scarce.3 Because of scarcity, each of us is forced to make choices. We must allocate our scarce time to different activities: work, play, education, sleep, shopping, and more. We must allocate our scarce spending power among different goods and services: food, furniture, movies, long-distance phone calls, and many others.4 Economists study the choices we make as individuals and how those choices shape our economy. For example, the goods that each of us decides to buy ultimately determine which goods business firms will produce. This, in turn, explains which firms and industries will hire new workers and which will lay them off.5. Economists also study the more subtle and indirect effects of individual choice on our society. Will most Americans continue to live in houses, or — like Europeans will most of us end up in apartments? Will we have an educated and well-informed citizenry? Will museums and libraries be forced to close down? Will traffic congestion in our cities continue to worsen, or is there relief in sight? These questions hinge, in large part, on the separate decisions of millions of people. To answer them requires an understanding of how people make choices under conditions of scarcity.6. Think for a moment about the goals of our society. We want a high standard of living for all citizens: clean air, safe streets, and good schools. What is holding us back from accomplishing all of these goals in a way that would satisfy everyone? You probably already know the answer: scarcity. 1. 想一想你的生活：你每天从事的活动，你所拥有的财产，你所居住的环境。
研究生学术英语读写教程1-4单元翻译
笛卡尔错了：“他人在，故我在”乌班图哲学起源于古代非洲。
按照它的说法，新生儿尚不能称为“人”。
初生时，人没有自我。
随着时间的推移，在互动和经验中才能习得它。
因此，西方哲学中自我/他者之间清晰的分界在乌班图哲学中变得模糊起来。
出生于肯尼亚的哲学家约翰·姆比蒂（John Mbiti在著作《非洲的宗教与哲学》（African Religions and Philosophy）中如是说：我在，因为我们在；因为我们在，所以我在。
日常经验告诉我们，一个人一部分从社会的历练中锻造出来。
社会关系赋予我们自我认知。
我是谁，这个问题的答案依赖于众多他者：家庭、朋友、文化背景、同事等等。
在杂货店购物的我和与博士导师交谈的我不是同一个自我。
即便是最私人化、最个性化的自我印象也无法摆脱他人的意见和印象：赞同我的人，批评我的人，以及那些称赞我的人。
但是，自我的摇摆不定和充满歧义让人不安。
很大程度上，我们可以把这份不安归因于笛卡尔。
这位十七世纪的法国哲学家相信，人本质上是独立自给的，是一个内在理性的存在应该用怀疑主义的态度来面对他头脑以外的世界。
尽管笛卡尔没有单独创造出现代思维，但他在定义其框架上起到了很大的推动作用。
笛卡尔给自己提出了一个特别的谜团。
他想不倚靠上帝赐予的智慧，另外找到一个稳固的观点来观察世界，使得他能观察到自然界的白云苍狗之下的永恒规则。
笛卡尔坚信，在确定和世俗的富足之间，存在权衡。
你唯一能确定的，就是“我思故我在”——即，你思考的状态。
其他人和其他事物是不稳定且难以预测的存在。
因此，它们和认识自己的基本律条毫无关系。
认识自我从来都是独自进行的，需要不断的深思在认识到精神和身体是完全独立存在的基础上，很少有备受尊敬的哲学家和心理学家被认为是个彻底的笛卡尔式的二元论者。
但笛卡尔式的我思故我在目之所及，已遍布每一个角落。
记忆测试的实验设计趋于从一个假说出发，即自我和世界之间是可能存在明确界限的如果记忆仅仅存在于我们的头颅中，那么，将一个人从他的日常生活的环境和社会关系中剥离出来，并在人造的封闭实验室中使用卡片或荧幕来检测他的记忆是百分百可行的。
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研究生学术英语翻译4Writing a literature review撰写文献综述A literature review is a very important part of the research project.It may be a self-contained review or a part of the introduction to an academic essay.In either case,its purpose is to demonstrate a clear understanding of the topic beingly,your literature review must tell what has been done on the topic,what different scholars have said about their own research,what major findings have been published,and what controversial area exist.A good literature review can enhance the credibility of your research by indicating that your present study is based on a thorough and critical knowledge of what has been done in the field.Before writing,to be critical,you must ask questions like these about each book or article you read:文献综述是研究项目的一个重要组成部分。
它可以是一个独立的综述或是一个学术论文引言的一部分。
在每一种情况下，它的目的都是表明对所研究的课题有一个清晰的认识。
即你的文献综述必须告诉大家对这一主题已经做了什么，不同的学者是怎么说自己的研究的，什么结果是已经发表的，和什么地方是有争议存在的。
一个好的文献综述可以提高你的研究的可信性通过表明你目前的研究是基于在该领域已被报道的知识的全面的，批判的了解。
在写作之前，关键的是，关于你读的每一本书或文章，你必须问这样的问题：.Is the problem clearly defined?Is its significance clearly established?.Could the problem have been approached more effectively from another perspective or an another theory?.Is the author’s research orientation(e.g.descriptive,critical,empirical)appropriate?.Is there a theoretical framework and is it appropriate to theresearch(e.g.psychological,developmental,cognitive,feminist)?.Has the author evaluated the literature relevant to the problem/issue?Does the author include literature taking positions she or he does not agree with?.How reliable are the basic components of the studydesign(e.g.population,variables,outcome)?How accurate and valid are the methods used?Is the analysis of the data accurate and relevant to the research question?Are the conclusions validly based upon the data and analysis?Does the author avoid using one-sided examples,or rhetorically-charged language and tone?Is there an objective basis to the reasoning?In what ways does this book or article contribute to your understanding of the problem under study，and in what ways is it useful for practice?What are thestrengths and limitations?While writing your literature review,it is important for you to take the following tips: .indicate the objective of the literature review;.search for materials relevant to the topic being investigated;.read the materials carefully and critically before determining which literature contributes most to your topic;.discuss the findings and conclusions of each article in a critical way;.describe the relationship of each work to others under consideration;.organize your review in a logical order(e.g.those in support of the topic,those against it,those offering alternatives);.explain if possible their similarities and differences;.Identify gaps in the literature for further study or point out what is left to explore;.indicate the way forward for further research.问题被明确地定义了吗？它的重要性被清楚地认识到了吗？从另一个角度或另一个理论，可以更有效地接近这个问题吗？作者的研究方向（e.g.分类，批判，实证）合适吗？有一个理论框架，并适当研究吗（如，心理的、发育、认知、女权主义）？作者评估了文献相关的问题/争论吗？作者包括文献是否有一个立场，她或他不同意某些？本研究设计的基本成分是如何可靠（例如人口、变量、结果）？方法是如何准确和有效的使用的？分析数据是否是准确的并与研究问题是相关的？根据数据分析得出的结论是有效的吗？作者是否避免使用片面的例子，或在修辞学上可能引起激烈反应的语言和语调？是否有客观的依据？这本书或文章是以什么方式帮助你理解所研究的问题，又是以什么方式对实用有益？它的优势和局限性是什么？在写你的文献综述时，采取以下建议是重要的：指出文献综述的目的；搜索已研究的与主题相关的材料；仔细批判性地阅读材料，然后再确定哪些文献对你的主题最有益；以批判性地讨论每一篇文章的调查结果和结论；考虑后描述每项工作与其他工作之间的关系；按逻辑顺序组织你的评论（哪些支持主题，哪些反对它，哪些提供替代品）；如果可能的话，解释他们的相似性和差异性；找出文献中可进一步研究的空白，或指出进一步的探索是什么；指明了进一步研究的方向。
Writing a self-contained literature review写一个独立的文献综述There are two types of literature review.One is an independent,self-contained report,and the other is a part of an academic essay.A self-contained literature review reports the past research activities on the topic being investigated,especially their studies and findings.To some extent the literature review itself is an essay.Hence it should be written in detail,including the methods apart from findings and conclusions.The steps of writing a self-contained literature review are the followings：有两种类型的文献综述，一是独立的，自足的报告，二是作为其他学术文章的一部分。
一个独立的文献综述报告之前话题被研究的研究活动，特别是他们的工作和发现。
在某种程度上，文学综述本身就是一篇文章。
因此应该详细地介绍，除了调查结果和结论还要包括方法。
写一个独立的文献综述的步骤如下：1）write a summary of each article you have gathered for your literature review;2）Combine the summaries logically,by using connective phrases or sentences;3）Write an introductory paragraph,including the definition of the topic and its background information;4）Make your comments,if necessary,on the past studies.1）为你已经为你的文献综述收集的每一篇文章写一个总结；2）通过使用连接短语或句子将总结符合逻辑地结合起来；3）写一篇介绍性的段落，包括主题的定义和它的背景信息；4）如果有必要的话，基于过去的研究中提出你的意见。